The Role of MBT in Europe: Wolfgang Müller

Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH
The Role of MBT in Europe

Wolfgang Mller
Ingenieurgesellschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH, Bischhuser Aue 12 D-37213 Witzenhausen Germany; Tel.: +49-5542-9308-13 w.mueller@igw-witzenhausen.de
MBT in Europe
Why pretreat waste before landfilling ?

EU Landfill Directive (99/31/EC) targets Adverse environmental effects
Target percentage reduction in landfilling Requirement leachate groundwater pollution of biodegradable waste Country heaviliy reliant on global warming
landfill gas production
Recycling/Recovery
75% of the 1995 levels
landfill will be able to claim derogations to delay meeting targets by 4 years, e.g. UK By 2010
ferrous and non-ferrous metals by 2005 RDF (from high calorific fraction)
By 2006
by 2010
by 2015
50% of the By 2009 By Recycling or 1995 levels rate composting (from biodegradables, by AD) 2013 renewable energy 25% 30% 33% of household waste
other recyclables: paper, plastics, glass, inerts

By 2014
compost/soil conditioner Recovery rate of municipal waste
35% of the 1995 levels
By 2019
40%
45%
67%
Waste compositition
anaerobic degradability sugar starch porteins lipids
LOI of BMW
easily
cellulose
LOI
less
hemicellulose lignin/ humic substances carbonates water plastics
no
no
inorganic substances/ ash
MBT-tunnel windrow composting (Frohnleiten)
MBT-tunnel and roofed open windrow composting (Frohnleiten)
Nachrotte Linz
MBT with AD; Hannover (D)

capacity: MBT including anaerobic digestion: 200.000 to/a Main elements: Front-end: shredding, screening, ballistic separation dry digestion, followed by table windrow composting with gantry turning system
Performance data AD Retention time AD: Retention time maturation: Gas production: Output to landfill: RDF flow: Exhaust air flow: 21 6 150 70.0000 100.000 3.500 days weeks m/tADinput t/a t/a m/tinput
MBT in Europe
Mass reduction
120 total fresh matter [Mg/batch] 100 80
74.4 93.4
entire w aste (batch 18)
fresh matter balance

fines < 80 m m (batch 20)
69.5 55.5 58.5 56.7
60 40 20 0 0 7 14 21 28 35 42 49 56 63 70 77
84
composting period [days]
MBT in Europe
Degradation of organic matter depending on the type composting technologies

70 oDM-bio-degradation (% )
60
50
stationary panel pile 4 weeks pressure ventilation, then stationary panel pile 18 weeks intensive composting < 80 mm, 9 weeks box composting, then stationary panel pile 8 weeks pressure ventilation then stationary panel pile
40
30
20
10
0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 composting time (weeks)
MBT in Europe
13
Landfill-Simulation-Reactor (LSR)
2
12 11
10
3 4
1: Lysimeter (refined steel) length 100 cm, diameter 40 cm, volume 125 l 4: Sprinkler 5: Perforated refined steel plate with filter screen 6: Pump 9: tube for percolate water recirculation 13: Gascollection bag
8 1
Waste
7 6 15 14
MBT in Europe
Gas formation in landfill simmulation reactor

300
Cumulative Gas Production [Nl/kg dry matter]
untreated MSW 80 pretreated MSW 1 60 pretreated MSW 2 40 20 200 0
60 40 20 0
100
Time [d]
200
300
100
200 Time [d]
300
reduction of gas formation 100
0 0 100 200 300 Time [d] 400 500 600
MBT in Europe
Paramters to assess biological stability
SRI (AT4) [mg O2/g DM] 100.0
KW1 KW3 8 KW4 10 KW5 11 6 13
90.0 80.0 70.0 60.0 50.0 40.0 30.0 20.0 10.0 0.0 0 1 2 3 4
Graphik AT4 Osterholz
5 weeks
10
MBT in Europe
250
potential landfill gas (l / kg DM)
Correlation between the potential of landfill gas formation and SRI/AT4
200
150
100
Institutes BOKU
50
BUGW TUD TUHH
0 0 10 20 30 40 Respiration acitivity SRI/AT4 (mg /O2/g DM Respiration activity BOD4 (mg g DM) 50
Correlation between various tests (Adani); amended

PDRI PDRI SRI/AT4 SOUR SAPROMAT DOC DOC hydrophilic DOC hydrophobic 1 0.78 0.70 0.65 0.36 0.46 0.14 1 0.55 0.72 0.31 0.05 0.30 1 0.57 0.60 0.69 0.14 1 0.53 0.42 0.52 1 0.91 0.72 1 n.s. 1 SRI/AT4 SOUR SAPROMAT DOC DOC hydrophilic DOC hydrophobic
BM100 0.64 0.74
Correlations between BM100 and AT4 and PDRi are derived from samples from 15 operational MBTs throughout Europe (including Italy), covering all major types of technology for composting and some AD processes
Stability parameters used in Europe

EU Static respiration index AT4 Dynamic respiration index PDRI Germany Static respiration index AT4 Gas formation test GB21 Austria Static respiration index AT4 Gas formation test GB21 or GS21 Italy Dynamic respiration index PDRI (Adani method) England and Wales Change of biodegradability in from beginning to end of a treatment process, biodegradability parameters: - Biological methane potential BM100 - Dynamic respiration index DR4 Scotland Change of organic content from beginning to end of a treatment process Assessment parameter proposed: - LOI (loss on ignition) Equivalent to England/Wales Scottish Environment Agency Guidance < 7 mg/g O2 dm < 20 Nl/kg dm Regional <1,000 mg O2/(kg VS x h) requirements No limits but determination of the reduction of the gas potential in a treatment plant UK Environment Agency guidance < 5 mg O2/g dm < 20 Nl/kg dm Fixed in Austrian landfill ordinance < 10 mg O2/g dm <1,000 mg O2/(kg VS x h) 2nd draft EU biowaste directive 2001, withdrawn Fixed in German landfill ordinance
Process testing with respect to BMW/LATS diversion according to the UK guidance on MBT
BMW diversion (% of input to biological treatment)
100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0
table windrow composting-1 table windrow composting-2 table windrow composting-3 aerated windrow composting-1 aerated windrow composting-2 Anaerobic digestion - dry system 1 Anaerobic digestion - dry system 2
10
11
12
13
treatment time (weeks)
MBT in Europe
Stabilized organic matter from MBT in landfill

Long-term carbon storage reduced global warming High water holding capacity reduction of leachate production Very little degradation in landfill methane can be oxidized at the landfill surface cap (landfill oxidation layer) High pH buffer capacity and capacity to fix pollutants in the waste like heavy metals release of pollutants will be reduced/happen to a lower rate
MBT in Europe
water CO2 water stablilised organics Mechanical and Biological Treatment inorganic material
organic matter high calorific material inorganic material
CH4
MBT in Europe
Main MBT approaches Biological stabilisation stabilised waste for landfilling (or land spreading) Bio-drying (Ecodeco, Herhof) production of RDF Anaerobic digestion renewable energy from biogas Sophisticated mechanical separation separation of recyclables Physical treatment: Autoclaving production of fibre; physical drying (instead of biological drying)
Main MBT approaches Biological stabilisation including AD and composting
Input
100%
mechanical processing
RDF (5 - 50%) Recycables (3 - 25%)

(metals, plastics, etc.)
50 - 95% AD maturation
70 - 120 m Biogas/t
stabilised waste
25 - 60%
RDF, recycables post refinement compost like output (5 - 15%)
rejects to landfill
approx. 20%
Main MBT approaches Biological stabilisation stabilised waste for landfilling or land spreading
Input
100%
mechanical processing
RDF (5 - 50%) Recycables (3 - 25%)

(metals, plastics, etc.)
50 - 95% Water Carbon dioxid
composting
20 - 30%
stabilised waste
25 - 60%
RDF, recycables post refinement compost like output (5 - 15%)
rejects to landfill
approx. 20%
MBT Crbern (Leipzig)
Project: Client: Project dates: Investment costs: current stage:
MBT Crbern WEV GmbH Mechanical and Biological Treatment Plant: tunnel composting + windrow composting ca. 68 Mio. Operational since june 2005 300.000 Mg/a
MBT in Europe
Integrated Waste treatment centre Hannover
MBT in Europe
MBT capacity in Italy (Favoino, 2006)
MBT in Europe
MBT plants in Germany 48 plants Capacity: 5.5 Mio tpa
www.asa.de
MBT in Europe
0.9
MBT plants in Germany

3.8
48 plants
24.3
Capacity: 5.3 Mio tpa
household waste commercial waste bulky waste sewage sludge (Hu: 9.750 MJ/Mg) 71.1
Energy balance from MBT plants in Germany

consumption kWh per Mg waste input electricity gas (RTO) diesel heat electricity oder or MBT without AD 30 - 50 30 - 90 5 - 20 200 - 500 MBT with AD 30 - 70 20 - 90 5 - 20 10 - 30 800 -1.800 30 - 150 25 - 170 heat electricity and und heat yield from RDF yield from Biogas
Bio-Drying
50 - 110
40 - 110
2 - 10
300 - 550
1,200-2,000
MBT in Europe
Respiration acitivity < 5 mg/g DM (German/Austrian limits) Composting AD + composting 8 16 weeks 2-3 weeks AD 4 10 weeks composting
Respiration acitivity UK approach < 10 mg/g DM (EC limit ??
5 8 weeks 2-3 weeks AD 2 5 weeks composting
flexible ?? > 4 weeks flexible ?? 2-3 weeks AD > 1 week composting
MBT in Europe
Thank you for your attention w.mueller@igw-witzenhausen.de
Main MBT approaches Anaerobic digestion renewable energy from biogas

In p u t
100%
s h re d d in g
c o m p o s tin g
(a p p ro x. 1 - 3 we e ks)
W a te r C a rb o n d io xid
20 - 30%
7 0 - 8 0% m e c h a n ic al p ro c e s s in g R D F (4 0 - 5 0 % ) m e ta ls (2 - 4 % ) R e c y c ab le s ?
re je c ts to la n d fill
a p p ro x . 2 0 %
MBT in Europe
Reduction of environmental impact of landfills by about 65 % (according to landfill directive)

Threshold values to meet EU-landfill directive Respiration activity AT4 (within 4 days) < 10 mg/g DM
Proposed in 2nd draft of EU Biowaste directive: AT4 < 10 mg/g DM PDRI < 1,000 mg O2/(g VS * h) Proposed: - Italy (regionally) - France - Spain

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Ingenieurgemeinschaft Witzenhausen Fricke & Turk GmbH