10/17/2022

Situations Involving Kinetic Friction Quick Quiz 8.4

K  Eint  0  f k d  Eint  0 Eint  f k d You are traveling along a freeway at 65 mi/h. Your car
has kinetic energy. You suddenly skid to a stop because
Work done on system by forces other than friction: of congestion in traffic. Where is the kinetic energy your
W  K  Eint car once had?
(a) It is all in internal energy in the road.
(b) It is all in internal energy in the tires.
(c) Some of it has transformed to internal energy and
some of it transferred away by mechanical waves.
(d) It is all transferred away from your car by various
mechanisms.

Example 8.5: Example 8.5:

A Block Pulled on a Rough Surface A Block Pulled on a Rough Surface
A 6.0-kg block initially at rest is pulled to the right K  E  W W  F x  Fd
along a horizontal surface by a constant horizontal
force of magnitude 12 N.
F y  0  n  mg  0  n  mg

(A) Find the speed of the f k   k n   k mg

block after it has moved
3.0 m if the surfaces in 1 
 mv f  0    k mgd  Fd
2

contact have a coefficient 2 

of kinetic friction of 0.15. 2
vf    f k d  F x 
m

 12 N 
v f  2  3.0 m     0.15   9.80 m/s 2    1.8 m/s
 6.0 kg 

Example 8.5: Example 8.5:

A Block Pulled on a Rough Surface A Block Pulled on a Rough Surface

 BSuppose the force F is applied at an angle  as K  Eint  W W  F x cos   Fd cos 
shown in the figure. At what angle should the force be
applied to achieve the largest possible speed after the
F y  n  F sin   mg  0
block has moved 3.0 m to the right? n  mg  F sin 
K f  0   fk d  K f  W f  f k d
K f  Fd cos    k nd  Fd cos    k  mg  F sin   d
dK f
  Fd sin    k  0  F cos   d  
d
 sin    k cos     tan    k
  tan 1  k   tan 1  0.15   8.5

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Example 8.6: Example 8.6:

A Block-Spring System A Block-Spring System
A block of mass 1.6 kg is attached vi = 0 at xi = –2.0 cm, what is vf at xf = 0?
to a horizontal spring that has a
1 2
force constant of 1 000 N/m as K  Ws Ws  kxmax
shown in the top figure. The 2
spring is compressed 2.0 cm and
1 1 2 k
is then released from rest as in the mv f 2  0  kxmax  v f  xmax
2 2 m
bottom figure.
(A) Calculate the speed of the
1000 N/m
block as it passes through the v f   0.020 m   0.50 m/s
1.6 kg
equilibrium position x = 0 if the
surface is frictionless.

Example 8.6: Example 8.6:

A Block-Spring System A Block-Spring System
(B) Calculate the speed of the block as it passes through What if the friction force were increased to 10.0 N?
the equilibrium position if a constant friction force of What is the block’s speed at x = 0?
4.0 N retards its motion from the moment it is released.
1 
  mv f 2  0   f k d  Ws
f k d  10.0 N  0.20 m   0.20 J
K  Eint  Ws
2 
2 2 1 2 
vf  Ws  f k d  vf   kxmax  f k d 
m2
m 
2 1
1000 N/m  0.20 m    4.0 N  0.020 m  
2
vf 
1.6 kg  2 
 0.39 m/s

Changes in Mechanical Energy Example 8.7:

for Nonconservative Forces Crate Sliding Down a Ramp
A 3.00-kg crate slides down a ramp. The ramp is
K  U g  Eint  0
1.00 m in length and inclined at an angle of 30.0 as
shown in the figure. The crate starts from rest at the
top and experiences a constant friction force of
magnitude 5.00 N. The crate continues to move a
short distance on the horizontal floor after it leaves
the ramp, and then comes
to rest.
(A) Use energy methods to
determine the speed of the crate
at the bottom of the ramp.

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Example 8.7: Example 8.7:

Crate Sliding Down a Ramp Crate Sliding Down a Ramp

K  U g  Eint  0 (B) How far does the crate slide on the horizontal floor
if it continues to experience a friction force of
1  magnitude 5.00 N?
 m v f  0    0  mgy i   f k d  0
2

2  K  E  Eint  0

2
vf 
m
 mgyi  f k d   0  0    0  m gy i   f k d total  0

mgyi  3.00 kg   9.80 m/s   0.500 m 

2
2
vf   3.00 kg   9.80 m/s 2   0.500 m    5.00 N 1.00 m   d total    2.94 m
3.00 kg   fk 5.00 N
 2.54 m/s

Example 8.7: Example 8.8:

Crate Sliding Down a Ramp Block-Spring Collision
A cautious worker decides that the speed of the crate A block having a mass of 0.80 kg is given an initial
when it arrives at the bottom of the ramp may be so velocity vA = 1.2 m/s to the right and collides with a
large that its contents may be damaged. Therefore, he spring whose mass is
replaces the ramp with a longer one such that the new negligible and whose force
ramp makes an angle of 25.0 with the ground. Does constant is k = 50 N/m as
this new ramp reduce the speed of the crate as it
shown in the figure.
reaches the ground?
0.500 m 0.500 m (A) Assuming the surface to
sin 25.0  d   1.18 m be frictionless, calculate the
d sin 25.0
2
maximum compression of
vf   3.00 kg   9.80 m/s 2   0.500 m    5.00 N 1.18 m   the spring after the collision.
3.00 kg  

 2.42 m/s

Example 8.8: Example 8.8:

Block-Spring Collision Block-Spring Collision
(B) Suppose a constant force of kinetic friction acts
K  U  0 between the block and the surface, with k = 0.50. If
the speed of the block at the moment it collides with
 1 2  1 2  the spring is vA = 1.2 m/s, what is the maximum
 0  mvA    kxmax  0   0
 2   2  compression xC in the spring?

m 0.80 kg
xmax  vA  1.2 m/s   0.15 m
k 50 N/m

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Example 8.8: Example 8.9:

Block-Spring Collision Connected Blocks in Motion

f k   k n   k mg Two blocks are connected by a light string that passes

K  U  Eint  0 over a frictionless pulley as shown in the figure. The
block of mass m1 lies on a horizontal surface and is
 1 2  1  connected to a spring of force constant k. The system is
 0  mvA    kxC  0    k mgxC  0
2

 2   2  released from rest when the spring is unstretched. If the

hanging block of mass m2
kxC 2  2 k mgxC  mvA 2  0
falls a distance h before
coming to rest, calculate the
 k mg  kv 2 
xC    1  2 A 2  1 coefficient of kinetic friction
k   k mg 
  between the block of mass
m1 and the surface.
xC  0.092 m or  0.25 m

Example 8.9: Conceptual Example 8.10:

Connected Blocks in Motion Interpreting the Energy Bars
U g  U gf  U gi U s  U sf  U si The energy bar charts in
the figure show three
K  U g  U s  Eint  0 instants in the motion of
the system described in
 0  0    0  m2 gh    
1 2
kh  0   f k h  0 the previous example.
 2  For each bar chart,
1 2 identify the
 m2 gh  kh   k m1 gh  0
2 configuration of the
1 system that corresponds
m2 g  kh to the chart.
k  2
m1 g

Conceptual Example 8.10:

Interpreting the Energy Bars Power

dE W
P Pavg 
dt t

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Instantaneous Power Units of Power

W dW 1 W  1 J/s  1 kg  m 2 /s3
P  lim 
t  0 t dt
  1 hp  746 W
dW  F  dr
 1 kWh  103 W   3600 s   3.60  106 J
dW  dr  
P  F  Fv
dt dt  0.100 kW 1.00 h   0.100 kWh  3.60  105 J

 dr
v
dt

Example 8.11: Example 8.11:

Power Delivered by an Elevator Motor Power Delivered by an Elevator Motor
An elevator car has a mass of 1 600 kg
and is carrying passengers having a F y  T  f  Mg  0
combined mass of 200 kg. A constant
friction force of 4 000 N retards its T  Mg  f
motion.  
P  T  v  Tv   Mg  f  v
(A) How much power must a motor
deliver to lift the elevator car and its
passengers at a constant speed of
3.00 m/s?
P  1800 kg   9.80 m/s 2    4000 N    3.00 m/s 
 6.49  10 4 W

Example 8.11: Example 8.11:

Power Delivered by an Elevator Motor Power Delivered by an Elevator Motor
(B) What power must the motor deliver at the instant
the speed of the elevator is v if the motor is designed
F y  T  f  Mg  Ma

to provide the elevator car with an upward T  M a  g   f

acceleration of 1.00 m/s2?
P  Tv   M  a  g   f  v

P  1800 kg  1.00 m/s 2  9.80 m/s 2   4 000 N  v

  2.34  10 4 N  v

P   2.34  10 4   3.00 m/s   7.02  10 4 W