Storyline

Chapter 8:
Conservation of Energy

Physics for Scientists and Engineers, 10e

Raymond A. Serway
John W. Jewett, Jr.
 Example 8.4:
The Spring-Loaded Popgun
The launching mechanism of a popgun
consists of a trigger-released spring. The
spring is compressed to a position yA, and the
trigger is fired. The projectile of mass m rises
to a position yC above the position at which it
leaves the spring, indicated in the figure as
position yB = 0. Consider a firing of the gun
for which m = 35.0 g, yA = –0.120 m, and yC
= 20.0 m.
(A) Neglecting all resistive forces, determine
the spring constant.
 Example 8.3:
The Spring-Loaded Popgun

DK + DU g + DU s = 0

æ 1 2ö
( 0 - 0 ) + ( mgyC - mgyA ) + ç 0 - kx ÷ = 0
è 2 ø
2mg ( yC - yA )
k= 2
x
2 ( 0.0350 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s ) éë 20.0 m - ( -0.120 m ) ùû
2

k=
( 0.120 m )
2

= 958 N/m
 Example 8.3:
The Spring-Loaded Popgun
(B) Find the speed of the projectile as it moves
through the equilibrium position B of the spring.
DK + DU g + DU s = 0
æ1 ö æ 1 2ö
ç mvB - 0 ÷ + ( 0 - mgyA ) + ç 0 - kx ÷ = 0
2

è2 ø è 2 ø
2
kx
vB = + 2 gyA
m
( 958 N/m )( 0.120 m )
2

vB = + 2 ( 9.80 m/s 2
) ( -0.120 m )
( 0.0350 kg )
= 19.8 m/s
 Conservative and
Nonconservative Forces
A force is conservative if the work done on an object
moving between two points is independent of the
path taken by the object.

Gravitational force: conservative

Friction force: nonconservative
Nonconservative Forces
 Analysis Model:
Isolated System (Energy)

DEsystem = 0
If no nonconservative forces act: DEmech = 0
Situations Involving Kinetic Friction
Situations Involving Kinetic Friction
! !
åW other forces =ò ( )
å Fother forces × dr
! !
åWother forces + ò fk × dr
! ! ! !
( )
= ò å Fother forces × dr + ò fk × dr
! ! !
(
= ò å Fother forces + fk × dr )
! ! ! !
åW other forces + ò f k × dr = ò å F × dr
Situations Involving Kinetic Friction
! ! ! !
åW other forces + ò f k × dr = ò å F × dr
! ! ! !
åWother forces + ò fk × dr = ò ma × dr
! !
dv ! tf dv !
= ò m × dr = ò m × vdt
dt ti dt
! ! !
d ! ! dv ! ! dv dv !
( v × v) = × v + v × = 2 × v
dt dt dt dt
! 2
dv ! 1 d ! ! 1 dv
×v = (v × v) =
dt 2 dt 2 dt
Situations Involving Kinetic Friction
! 2
dv ! 1 d ! ! 1 dv
×v = (v × v) = ®
dt 2 dt 2 dt
! ! ! !
åWother forces + ò fk × dr = ò ma × dr
! !
dv ! tf dv !
= ò m × dr = ò m × vdt
dt ti dt
! ! æ 1 dv ö
2

åWother forces + ò fk × dr = òti m ç 2 dt ÷ dt

tf

è ø
1 1 1
= m ò d ( v ) = mv f - mvi = DK
vf
2 2 2

2 vi 2 2
Situations Involving Kinetic Friction
! !
åW other forces + ò fk × dr = DK

åW other forces - ò f k dr = DK

W - f k d = DK
Situations Involving Kinetic Friction
DK + DEint = 0 - f k d + DEint = 0 DEint = f k d
Work done on system by forces other than friction:
W = DK + DEint
 Quick Quiz 8.4
You are traveling along a freeway at 65 mi/h. Your car
has kinetic energy. You suddenly skid to a stop because
of congestion in traffic. Where is the kinetic energy your
car once had?
(a) It is all in internal energy in the road.
(b) It is all in internal energy in the tires.
(c) Some of it has transformed to internal energy and
some of it transferred away by mechanical waves.
(d) It is all transferred away from your car by various
mechanisms.
 Quick Quiz 8.4
You are traveling along a freeway at 65 mi/h. Your car
has kinetic energy. You suddenly skid to a stop because
of congestion in traffic. Where is the kinetic energy your
car once had?
(a) It is all in internal energy in the road.
(b) It is all in internal energy in the tires.
(c) Some of it has transformed to internal energy and
some of it transferred away by mechanical waves.
(d) It is all transferred away from your car by various
mechanisms.
 Example 8.5:
A Block Pulled on a Rough Surface
A 6.0-kg block initially at rest is pulled to the right
along a horizontal surface by a constant horizontal
force of magnitude 12 N.
(A) Find the speed of the
block after it has moved
3.0 m if the surfaces in
contact have a coefficient
of kinetic friction of 0.15.
 Example 8.5:
A Block Pulled on a Rough Surface
DK + DE = W W = F Dx = Fd
åF y = 0 Þ n - mg = 0 Þ n = mg

f k = µk n = µk mg

æ1 ö
ç mv f - 0 ÷ + µ k mgd = Fd
2

è2 ø
2
vf = ( - f k d + F Dx )
m

é 12 N 2 ù
v f = 2 ( 3.0 m ) ê - ( 0.15 ) ( 9.80 m/s ) ú = 1.8 m/s
ë 6.0 kg û
 Example 8.5:
A Block Pulled on a Rough Surface
!
( B ) Suppose the force F is applied at an angle q as
shown in the figure. At what angle should the force be
applied to achieve the largest possible speed after the
block has moved 3.0 m to the right?
 Example 8.5:
A Block Pulled on a Rough Surface
DK + DEint = W W = F Dx cos q = Fd cos q
åF y = n + F sin q - mg = 0
n = mg - F sin q
(K f - 0) + fk d ® K f = W f - fk d
K f = Fd cos q - µk nd = Fd cos q - µ k ( mg - F sin q ) d
dK f
= - Fd sin q - µ k ( 0 - F cos q ) d = 0
dq
- sin q + µ k cos q = 0 Þ tan q = µ k
q = tan -1
( µk ) = tan ( 0.15) =
-1
8.5°
Changes in Mechanical Energy
for Nonconservative Forces
DK + DU g + DEint = 0
 Example 8.7:
Crate Sliding Down a Ramp
A 3.00-kg crate slides down a ramp. The ramp is
1.00 m in length and inclined at an angle of 30.0° as
shown in the figure. The crate starts from rest at the
top and experiences a constant friction force of
magnitude 5.00 N. The crate continues to move a
short distance on the horizontal floor after it leaves
the ramp, and then comes
to rest.
(A) Use energy methods to
determine the speed of the crate
at the bottom of the ramp.
 Example 8.7:
Crate Sliding Down a Ramp

DK + DU g + DEint = 0

æ1 ö
ç mv f - 0 ÷ + ( 0 - mgyi ) + f k d = 0
2

è2 ø

2
vf = ( mgyi - f k d )
m

2
vf = é
3.00 kg ë
( 3.00 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2
) ( 0.500 m ) - ( 5.00 N )(1.00 m ) ù
û

= 2.54 m/s
 Example 8.7:
Crate Sliding Down a Ramp
(B) How far does the crate slide on the horizontal floor
if it continues to experience a friction force of
magnitude 5.00 N?
DK + DE + DEint = 0

( 0 - 0 ) + ( 0 - mgyi ) + f k d total = 0

mgyi ( 3.00 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s ) ( 0.500 m ) =

2

d total = = 2.94 m
fk 5.00 N
 Example 8.7:
Crate Sliding Down a Ramp
A cautious worker decides that the speed of the crate
when it arrives at the bottom of the ramp may be so
large that its contents may be damaged. Therefore, he
replaces the ramp with a longer one such that the new
ramp makes an angle of 25.0° with the ground. Does
this new ramp reduce the speed of the crate as it
reaches the ground?
0.500 m 0.500 m
sin 25.0° = ®d = = 1.18 m
d sin 25.0°
2
vf = é
3.00 kg ë
( 3.00 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2
) ( 0.500 m ) - ( 5.00 N )(1.18 m ) ù
û

= 2.42 m/s
 Power

dE W
Pº Pavg =
dt Dt
Instantaneous Power

W dW
P = lim =
Dt ® 0 Dt dt
! !
dW = F × dr
!
dW ! dr ! !
P= = F× = F×v
dt dt
!
! dr
v=
dt
 Units of Power

1 W = 1 J/s = 1 kg × m /s
2 3

1 hp = 746 W

1 kWh = (10 W ) ( 3600 s ) = 3.60 ´ 10 J

3 6

( 0.100 kW )(1.00 h ) = 0.100 kWh = 3.60 ´10 5

J
 Example 8.11:
Power Delivered by an Elevator Motor
An elevator car has a mass of 1 600 kg
and is carrying passengers having a
combined mass of 200 kg. A constant
friction force of 4 000 N retards its
motion.
(A) How much power must a motor
deliver to lift the elevator car and its
passengers at a constant speed of
3.00 m/s?
 Example 8.11:
Power Delivered by an Elevator Motor

åF y = T - f - Mg = 0

T = Mg + f
! !
P = T × v = Tv = ( Mg + f ) v

P = éë(1800 kg ) ( 9.80 m/s 2

) + ( 4000 N )ùû (3.00 m/s )
= 6.49 ´ 10 W
4
 Example 8.11:
Power Delivered by an Elevator Motor
(B) What power must the motor deliver at the instant
the speed of the elevator is v if the motor is designed
to provide the elevator car with an upward
acceleration of 1.00 m/s2?
 Example 8.11:
Power Delivered by an Elevator Motor

åF y = T - f - Mg = Ma
T = M (a + g ) + f

P = Tv = éë M ( a + g ) + f ùû v

P = éë(1800 kg ) (1.00 m/s + 9.80 m/s

2 2
) + 4 000 N ùû v
= ( 2.34 ´ 10 N ) v
4

P = ( 2.34 ´ 10 4
) ( 3.00 m/s ) = 7.02 ´10 4
W