SESSION OUTCOMES

At the end of this session, Students will

be able to
1. Understand Kinetics of rigid body. 
2.Relate between force, mass &
acceleration. 
3.Solve relevant problems
Newton’s Second Law:
• Newton stated that acceleration is proportional to the applied
force with the mass as the constant of proportionality.
• Newton’s second law can be written in mathematical form as:

F = ma for a single force

F = ma for several forces

Where
F =force (N)
m =mass (kg)
a or Ẍ = acceleration (m/s2)
Free body diagram
• We note that since the motion is caused by forces acting on the
body, the first step would be to determine all the forces acting on it.
• This is set out in the form of a free body diagram indicating clearly
all external and internal forces.
• The solution involves summing all the forces to obtain the force that
causes unbalance and equating that with mass times acceleration
i.e. F = ma.
Sign convention

• We choose the direction of the

resulting motion as the positive
direction (note that this is different
from Statics)

• However, any direction can be selected

as positive but this must be strictly
adhered to throughout the analysis.
Friction

When the body moves on a rough surface, there will be friction resisting the
motion.

The friction force equation is

F = kN
where F is the frictional force (in Newtons)
k is the coefficient of kinetic friction (No unit)

N is the normal reaction (in Newtons).

1. An elevator of gross weight W=4450N when
stopping, moves with constant deceleration and from
the constant velocity v = 1.8m/s, comes to rest in 2 s.
Determine the pressure P transmitted during stopping
to the floor of the elevator by the feet of a man
weighing 765.5N. (Ans.P=685.3N)
2. The driver of an automobile, travelling along a
straight level highway, suddenly applies the brakes
so that the car slides for 2 s, covering a distance
9.66m, before coming to a stop. Assuming that
during this time the car moved with constant
deceleration; find the coefficient of friction between
the tyres and pavement. (Ans. µ=0.5)
3. A mine cage of weight W= 8.9KN starts from rest and
moves downward with constant acceleration, travelling a
distance s = 30m in 10 s. Find the tensile force in the
cable during this time.
(Ans. S=8348.2N)
4. A weight W= 4450N is supported in a vertical plane by a
string and pulleys arranged as shown in Fig.1. If the free
end A of the string is pulled vertically downward with
constant acceleration a = 18 m/s2, find the tension S in the
string. Neglect friction in the pulleys.
(Ans. S=2432.37N)

Fig.1
5. Weight W and 2W are supported in a vertical plane
by a string and pulleys arranged as shown in Fig.2.
Find the magnitude of an additional weight Q applied
on the left which will give a download acceleration
a=0.1g to the weight W. Neglect friction and inertia
of pulleys. (Ans.Q=W/6)

Fig.2
6. A train is moving down a slope of 0.008 with a velocity
of 48kmph. At a certain instant, the engineer applies the
brakes and produces a total resistance to motion equal to
one-tenth of the weight of the train. What distance x will
the train travel before stopping? (Ans. x =
98.1m)
7. To determine experimentally the coefficient of friction
between two materials, a small block of weight W= 44.5N
is projected with initial velocity Vo= 9m/s along a
horizontal plane covered with the same material. If the
block travels a total distance x= 13.5m before coming to
rest, what is the coefficient of friction? (Ans.
µ=0.31)
8.Refering to Fig.3, find the acceleration a of the falling
weight P if the coefficient of friction between the block
Q and the horizontal plane on which it slides is
µ.Neglect inertia of the pulley and friction on its axle.
The following numerical data are given P=44.5 N, Q=
53.4N, µ=1/3. (Ans. a=3g/11)

Fig.3
9. A police investigation of tire marks shows that a car
travelling along a straight level street had skidded for a total
distance of 43.5 m after the brakes were applied. The
coefficient of friction between the tyres and pavement is
estimated to be µ=0.6. What was the probable speed of the
car when the brakes were applied? (Ans.57.6 kmph)
10.A small block of weight W rests on an adjustable inclined
plane as shown in Fig.4. Friction is such that sliding of the
block impends when α=30o.What acceleration will the block
have when α=45o? Neglect any difference between static and
kinetic friction. (Ans. a = 0.3g)

• Fig.4
Work Energy
• Which of the following is NOT work?
– Pushing a Stalled Car
– Pulling a Wagon
– Climbing stairs
– Falling Down
– Carrying a Heavy Backpack Down the Hall
• Work
• The amount of force
used to move
something a distance
• Want the force in the
direction of distance
• W= Fcosθ x d
• Lady pulls a backpack on wheels down the
100-m hall. The 60-N force is applied at an
angle of 30° above the horizontal. How
much work is done by The lady?

• W = 5200 J
• Man is carrying books (200 N) down the 100-
m hall. How much work is the man doing on
the books?

• W=0J

• The force is vertical

displacement is horizontal.
• You carry some books (200 N) while
walking down stairs height 2 m and length
3 m. How much work do you do?

• W = -400 J
• Do work means  W = Fd
• F = ma

• So work by a net force gives an object some

acceleration

• Acceleration means the velocity changes

• Energy is the
ability to do work
• K E =1/2mv2
• Kinetic Energy :
Energy due to
motion
• Scalar quantity
– If something in • Units Joule(J) or Nm
motion hits an
object, it will move
it some distance
 Work energy theorem states that the total change in
kinetic energy of a particle during a displacement is equal to
the work of the acting force on the displacement
11.A small block of weight W=44.5N is given an
initial velocity vo=3m/s down the inclined plane
shown in figure. If the coefficient of friction
between the plane and the block is µ=0.3, find
the velocity v of the block at B after it has
travelled a distance x=15m.
(Ans.v =8.85m/s)