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1Q. Define work done and mention its unit.

Ans. The work done by a force on a moving body is defined as the product of
force and the distance moved in the direction of the force.
W.D. = P.S cos θ
Where, θ is angle between the force and the direction of motion.
Units = N-m = Joule
Joule is defined as the amount of work done by one Newton force when the
particle moves one metre distance in the direction of applied force.
2Q. Explain force-displacement curve.
Ans. Let the force is p
If the particle moves a distance δs
Then the work-done = p X δs
If a force (Vs) displacement curve is drawn, the area under the curve gives the
work-done by the force.
W.D. = ΣPs = ∫Pds
3Q. Define energy, potential energy and kinetic energy.
Ans. Energy: energy is defined as the capacity to do the work. Its units is N-m or
Joule
Potential energy (PE): It is the capacity to do the work by virtue of position of
the body.
P.E. = mgh
Kinetic energy (KE): It is the capacity to do the work by virtue of motion of the
body.
K.E. = ½ mv2
4Q. define power and give its unit?
Ans. Power is defined as the rate of change of work with respect to time.
Power = W.D / time = N-m / sec = Watt
W.D = F x S
P = d/dt(W.D) = d/dt(F x S)
P = F x d/dt(S)
P=Fxv
Power = force x velocity
5Q. Derive work-energy principle.
Ans. Consider a body subjected to a system of forces F1, F2, F3.......... and
moving with an acceleration ‘a’ in X –direction. let its velocity at A be ‘u’ and
final velocity when it moves a distance (AB = S) be ‘v’.
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From Newton’s second law
F = ma
Multiplying both sides with ds
F ds = ma ds
F ds = (W/g) v (dv/ds) ds
F ds = (W/g) v dv
On integrating
∫0s F ds = ∫uv m v dv
Fs = m [v2/2]uv
Fs = m/2 (v2 – u2)
Fs = (mv2/2) – (mu2/2)
Work done = change in kinetic energy
“Work energy principle states that work done by a system of forces acting on a
body during a displacement is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the body
during the same displacement”.
6Q. Derive Impuse-momentum principle.
Ans. Let F is the force acting on a body of mass m.
From, Newton’s second law = F = ma
But a = dv/dt
F = m dv/dt
F dt = m dv
On integrating
∫0t F dt = ∫uv m dv
F [t]0t = m [v]uv
Ft = m(v-u)
Ft = mv – mu
Imulse = final momentum – initial momentum
Impulse = change in momentum
“Impulse-momentum principle states that impulse of force acting during a time
interval is equal to the change in momentum of a particle during the same
interval of time”.
7Q. State principle of conservation of energy and conservation of momentum.
Ans. Principle of conservation of energy: “it states that sum of the potential
energy and the kinetic energy of a particle remains constant during the motion
under the action of conservative forces”
E1 = E2
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(K.E)1 + (P.E.)1 = (K.E.)2 + (P.E.)2
Conservation of energy: “It states that the momentum of the system remains
constant, when sum of the impulses due to external forces is zero”.
∫0t F dt = Σmv2 – Σmv1
If ∫0t Fdt = 0
0= Σmv2 – Σmv1
Σmv2 = Σmv1
Final momentum of the system = initial momentum of the system.
Problems:
1. In a police investigation of tyre marks, it was concluded that a car while in
motion along a straight level road skidded for a total of 60mts after the brakes
were applied. If the μ between the tyres and the pavement is 0.5. What was
the probable speed of the car just before the brakes were applied? Ans. u=
24.26 m/sec Hint: -F s = ½ m (v2 – u2)
2. A body weighing 300N pushed up a 30º plane by a 400N force acting parallel
to the plane. If the initial velocity is 1.5 m/sec and μ = 0.2, what velocity will
the body have after moving 6m? Ans. v = 8.942 m/sec

3. A block weighing 2500N rests on a level horizontal plane for which μ = 0.2.
The block is pulled by a force of 1000N acting at an angle of 30º to the
horizontal. Find the velocity of the block after it moves 30 m starting from
rest. If the force of 1000N is then removed, how much further will it move?
Ans. v = 10.4745 m/sec, s = 27.96m

Homework:
1. Find the power of a locomotive, drawing a train whose weight including that
of engine is 420KN up an incline 1 in 120 at a steady speed of 50Kmph, the
frictional resistance being 5 N/KN. While the train is ascending the incline, the
steam is shut off. Find how far it will move before coming to rest; assume that
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the resistance to motion remains the same?

1. A small block starts from rest at a point A and slides down the inclined plane
as shown in figure. What distance along the horizontal plane will it travel
before coming to rest? µ between the block and either plane is 0.3. Assume
that initial velocity with which it starts to move along BC is of the same
magnitude as that gained in sliding from A to B? Ans. vB = 5.943 m/sec, S = 6m

Hint: From figure, length AB = √(3)2 + (4)2 = 5m

Sinθ = 3/5 = 0.6, Cosθ = 4/5 = 0.8
2. A block of mass 5Kg resting on a 30º inclined plane is released. The block after
travelling a distance of 0.5m along the inclined plane hits a spring of stiffness
15 N/cm. Find the maximum compression of spring assume μ = 0.2? Ans. v =
1.79 m/sec (From 1 to 2), δ = 0.115m.

3. (a) A ball of mass m is dropped on to a spring of stiffness ‘k’ from a height ‘h’.
Find the maximum deflection ‘𝝳’ of the spring. Assume m = 5 Kg, k = 500 N/m,
h = 10 cm? Ans. 𝝳= 26.91 cm. Hint: mgh = (1/2) mv2 (From 1 to 2 position)
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(b) If the spring is placed horizontally as shown in the figure and the same ball
now strikes the spring with a velocity equal to that attained by a vertical fall of
height (h=10 cm), find the maximum compression in the spring? Ans. 𝝳= 0.14
m.

Homework:
1. A collar of mass 5 Kg can slide along a vertical bar as shown in the figure. The
spring attached to the collar is in un deformed state of length 20 cm and
stiffness 500 N/m. If the collar is suddenly released find the velocity of the
collar if it moves 15 cm down? Ans. V = 16.4 m/sec

Problems on Work-energy principle (Connected Bodies)

1. Determine the constant force P that will give the system of bodies shown in
figure. A velocity of 3m/sec after moving 4.5 m from rest. μ between blocks
and the plane is 0.3. Pulleys are smooth? Ans. P = 1383.39N

2. In what distance will body ‘A’ shown in figure attains a velocity of 3 m/sec
starting from rest. μ= 0.2 and pulleys are friction less and weight less? Ans. s =
3.529m
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Hint: Sinθ1 = 4/5, cosθ1 = 3/5, Sinθ2 = 3/5, cosθ2 = 4/5

From figure, If A moves a distance‘s’ then B moves to (s/2)
And if A attains a velocity ‘v’ then B attains (v/2)
3. Two bodies weighing 300N and 450N are hung to the ends of a
rope passing over an ideal pulley as shown in figure. How much
distance the blocks will move in increasing the velocity of system
from 2m/sec to 4m/sec. How much is the tension in the string?
Use work energy method? Ans. S = 3.058m, T = 360N

4. A block and pulley system is shown in the figure. The pulley is friction less.
Find the tension in the cable and the velocity of 50 Kg block after it has moved
a distance of 1.5 m when the system starts from rest. Neglect the mass of the
pulley. Take µ = 0.25. use the principle of work and energy?

Problems on Impulse-Momentum Principle

1. A glass marble whose weight is 0.2N, falls from a height of 10m and rebounds
to a height of 8m. Find the impulse and the average force between the marble
and the floor, if the time during which they are in contact is 1/10 of a second?
Ans. v = 14.007 m/sec (downward), u = 12.528 m/sec (upward), I = 0.541 N-
sec, F = 5.41N
2. A 1N ball is bowled to a bats man. The velocity of
ball was 20 m/sec horizontally just before batsman
hits it. After hitting it went away with a velocity of
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48 m/sec at an inclination of 30º to horizontal as shown in figure. Find the
average force exerted on the ball by the bat if the impact lasts for 0.02 sec?
Ans. P = √(Px)2 + (Py)2 = 336.81N, θ= 21.30
3. A 1500N block is in contact with a level plane, μ = 0.1 if the block is acted
upon by a horizontal force of 300N, what time will elapse before the block
reaches a velocity of 16 m/sec starting from rest? if 300N force is removed,
how much longer will the block continues to move? Use Impulse-momentum
principle? Ans. t= 16.31 sec, t= 16.31 sec
Homework:
1. A block weighing 130N is on an incline whose slope is 5 vertical to 12
horizontal. Its initial velocity down the incline is 2.4 m/sec. What will be its
velocity 5 sec later? μ = 0.3 Ans. v= 7.68 m/sec Hint: tanθ = 5/12

Problems on Impulse-Momentum (connected bodies)

1. Determine the time required for weights shown
in figure to attain a velocity of 9.81 m/sec. What
is the tension in the chord? μ = 0.2 for both the
planes, assume the pulleys as frictionless? Ans. T
= 1363.48N, t = 117.11 sec
2. Determine the tension in the strings and the velocity of 1500N block shown in
figure? 5 seconds after starting from a) Rest b) Starting with a down ward
velocity of 3m/sec. Assume pulleys are smooth and weightless
Ans. (a). v = 7.007 m/sec, T = 642.86N; (b). v= 9.15m/sec and T = 655.96N

Hint: when 1500N block moves a distance ‘s’, the 500N block will moves a
distance of ‘2s’.
Similarly, if the velocity of 1500N block is ‘v’ m/sec and that of 500N block will
be ‘2v’ m/sec.
If T is the tension in the chord connecting 500N block and the tension in the
wire connecting 1500N block will be 2T.
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3. The system shown in figure has a right ward velocity of 3 m/sec. Determine
velocity after 5 seconds. μ=0.2 assume pulleys to be frictionless? Ans. v=
20.19 m/sec

Homework:
1. The system shown in the figure has a right ward velocity of 4 m/sec, just
before a force P is applied. Determine the value
of P that will give a left ward velocity of 6 m/sec
in a time interval of 20 sec. µ = 0.2.

Problems on conservation of momentum & work-energy principles

1. A car weighing 50 KN and moving at 54 Kmph along the main road collides
with a lorry of weight 100 KN which emerges at 18
Kmph from a cross road at right angles to main
road. If the two vehicles lock after collision, what
will be the magnitude and direction of the
resulting velocity? Ans. vx = 18 Kmph, vy = 12
Kmph, v = 12 Kmph, θ = 33.69
2. A gun weighing 300KN fires a 5KN projectile with a velocity of 300 m/sec.
With what velocity will the gun recoil? If the recoil is over come by an average
force of 600KN how far will the gun travel? How long will it take? Ans. v = 5
m/sec (recoil), s = 0.637 m, t = 0.255 sec. Hint: The initial velocities of gun and
projectile are zero.
3. Bullet A of mass 0.01 Kg moving with a velocity of 100 m/sec its a bob of a
simple pendulum horizontally as shown in figure. Find the maximum angle
through which the pendulum swings when (a) The
bullet gets embedded in the bob (b) The bullet
rebounds from the surface with a velocity of 20
m/sec (c) The bullet escapes from the other end of
the bob with a velocity of 20 m/se. Assume mass of
the bob is 1 Kg and length of the pendulum is 1 m.
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Homework:
1. A bullet travelling horizontally with a velocity of 600m/sec and weighing
0.25N striking a wooden block of weight 50N resting on a horizontal floor. μ =
0.5 find the distance through which the block is displaced from its initial
position? Ans. v = 2.98 m/sec (common), s = 0.9 m.
2. A bullet weights 0.5 N and moving with a velocity of 400 m/sec hits centrally a
30 N block of wood moving away at 15 m/sec and gets embedded in it. Find
the velocity of the bullet after the impact and the amount of kinetic energy
lost? Ans. v = 21.31 m/sec (common), K.E. lost = 3715.47 Joules. Hint: Loss in
K.E. = Initial K.E. – Final K.E.

Problems on pile and pile hammer

Problem 1:
A pile of weight W is driven vertically through a distance s when a hammer of
weight w is dropped from a height h. Calculate the average resistance of the
ground. The loss of K.E. during the impact and the time during which the pile is
in motion?
Initial velocity of the hammer = 0
Distance travelled before striking pile = h
From, v2-u2 = 2as
v2 -02 = 2gh
v = √(2gh)
After striking the hammer and the pile move
together
From, m1u1 + m2u2 = (m1+m2)V
(w/g) v + (W/g) 0 = ((w+W)/g) V
V = (wv)/(w+W)
From, work-energy principle
F x s = ½ m (v2-u2)
[(w+W) – R] s = ½ [(w+W)/g] (02-V2)
R s = (w+W) s + [(w+W)V2]/2g
But, V = (wv)/(w+W)
R s = (w+W) s + [(w+W)/2g] x [(w2v2)/(w+W)2]
R s = (w+W) s + [(w2v2)/(2g(w+W)]
But v2 = 2gh
R s = (w+W) s + [(w2*2gh)/(2g(w+W)]
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= (w+W) s +[(w2h)/(w+W)]
R = (w+W) + [(w2h)/(w+W)s]
Loss of K.E.
Initial K.E – final K.E.
½ (w/g) v2 – ½ [(w+W)/g] V2
(wv2)/2g – [((w+W)/2g)* (w2v2/(w+W)2]
v2/2g [w – (w2/(w+W))]
v2 = 2gh
(2gh/2g )[(wW)/(w+W)]
Loss of K.E. = (wWh)/(w+W)
Time during which the pile is in motion
From, impulse-momentum principle
F x t = m(v-u)
[(w+W) –R]t = [(w+W)/g] (0-V)
[R-(w+W)]t = [(w+W)/g] V
But R = (w +W) + [(w2h)/(w+W)s]
And V = [(wv)/(w+W)]
On substituting R and V
[w2/(w+W)] (h/s) t = [(w+W)/g] [(wv)/(w+W)]
[w2/(w+W)] (h/s) t = (w/g) √(2gh)
t = [(w+W)/wg] (s/h) √(2gh)
Problem 2:
A hammer weighing 5N is used to drive a nail of weight 0.2N with a velocity of
5 m/sec. Horizontally into a fixed wooden block. If the nail penetrates by 20
mm pee below. Calculate the resistance of the block, which may be assumed as
uniform? Ans. v = 4.808 m/sec, R = 306.3N
Weight hammer = 5N
Weight of nail = 0.2 N
Velocity of hammer = 5 m/sec
Velocity of nail = 0
From, law of conservation of momentum,
(5/9.81) 5 + (0.2/9.81) 0 = ((5+0.2)/9.81) V
V = 4.808 m/sec
From work-energy principle
F s = ½ m (v2-u2)
-R x 0.02 = ½ ((5+0.2)/9.81) (02-(4.808)2)
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R = 306.3N
Homework:
1. A pile hammer, weighing 15 KN drops from a height of 600 mm on a pile of
7.5 KN. How deep does a single blow of hammer drive the pile if the
resistance of the ground to pile is 140 KN.? Ans. V = 2.287 m/sec, s = 0.051 m