Kinetics of a Particle:

Work and Energy Method

Engr. Kristelle Ann V. Ginez, MECE
KINETICS OF PARTICLES
 Kinetics is the study of the relations between unbalanced forces
and the resulting changes in motion
WORK (U) - the amount of energy transferred by a force
acting through a distance.

 Work is only done by forces that are in the direction of or

opposing the direction of Motion
The KINETIC ENERGY (T) of
an object is the energy that it
possesses due to its motion. It
is the work needed to
accelerate a body of a given
mass from rest to its stated
velocity. Having gained this
energy during its acceleration,
the body maintains this
kinetic energy unless its speed
changes.
The POTENTIAL ENERGY is
the energy held by an object
because of its position relative
to other objects, stresses within
itself, its electric charge or
other factors. It is associated
with forces that act on a body
in a way that the total work
done by these forces on the
body depends only on the
initial and final positions of the
body in space.
The cars of a roller coaster reach their
maximum kinetic energy when at the
bottom of the path from the top. When
they start rising, the kinetic energy
begins to be converted to gravitational
potential energy
When the archer does work on the bow,
drawing the string back, some of the
chemical energy of the archer’s body is
transformed into elastic potential
energy in the bent limb of the bow.
When the string is released, the force
between the string and the arrow does
work on the arrow. The potential energy
in the bow limbs is transformed into the
kinetic energy of the arrow as it take
flights.
PRINCIPLE OF WORK & KINETIC ENERGY
1.) WORK – ENERGY EQUATION

- The total work (U) done by all forces acting on a particle as it moves from point 1
to point 2 equals the corresponding change in Kinetic Energy of the particle

Kinetic Energy Expression:

T – Kinetic Energy (N.m or Joules/ ft.lb)

v - velocity
Frequently occurring Forces
A. WORK ASSOCIATED WITH CONSTANT EXTERNAL FORCE

Work is a scalar quantity. It is defined as

the product of the force and the
displacement in the direction of the force.
It is denoted by letter U. Units of work are
N.m or Joule (J).
A special case, when ϴ=0 i.e. force acts
along the placement, then work by force
U1-2 = PLcosα U=PL
Also when ϴ=90 i.e. force is ꓕ to the
displacement, then work by force = 0
B. WORK ASSSOCIATED WITH A SPRING FORCE
- The basic force on a spring force is
proportional to the change of the
spring length.
F=kx
k= spring modulus, it represents
the force required to deform a given
spring through
a unit distance.
x= displacement from the
unstretched position
U1-2 =½k(x1²-x2²) –by meriam and kraige

or
U1-2 =-(½kx2²-½x1²) – by hibbeler
 C. WORK ASSOCIATED WITH WEIGHT

Case A: g = Constant
If the altitude variation is
sufficiently small so that the
acceleration of gravity g may be
considered constant.

U1-2 = -mg (y2-y1)

Take note that if the body rises then

(y2-y1) > 0 and this work is negative.
Note that the work is from point 1
If the body falls, (y2-y1) < 0 then the
(lower point) to point 2 (upper
work is positive
point)
 C. WORK ASSOCIATED WITH WEIGHT

Case B: g ≠ Constant
If large changes in altitude occur,
then the weight (gravitational force)
is no longer constant.

 ]]
U1-2 = -mg (y2-y1)

where:
g = acceleration of gravity at the
earth’s surface
R= radius of the earth
r= radial distance from the center
of the earth
 D. WORK AND CURVILINEAR MOTION
 Work done on a particle of mass m,
moving along a curved path under
the action of the force F, which
stands for the resultant of all forces
acting on the particle.

U1-2 =½ m (v2²-v1²)
 E. WORK OF A FRICTION FORCE
Consider a block of mass m slide
down distance s on an inclined rough

plane. If u and u are the

s k

coefficient of static and kinetic

friction, the block's motion would be

resisted by the frictional force = u kN.

U1-2 =- u Nxs
k
 F.) POWER And EFFICIENCY

Consider a case of two persons in a race, set to

climb the stairs and reach the top of a 10 storied
building. Here both the persons would be doing an
equal amount of work in reaching the top, but if
one person reaches earlier than the other, he would
be said to have exerted a greater power than the
other one as he has completed the work in lesser
time. Thus the rate at which the work done is
equally important

- The capacity of a machine is measured by the

time rate at which it can do work or deliver energy.
- The capacity of a machine is rated by its power,
which is defined as the time rate of doing work
 F.) POWER And EFFICIENCY
 The mechanical efficiency of a machine is the ratio of the
useful power produced (output power) to the power
supplied to the machine ( input power)

e = power output
power input
 If the time interval for output and input is the
same
e = energy output
energy input

 e < 1 (always less than 1)

Advantages of the Work- Energy Method
It avoids the necessity of computing the acceleration and leads directly to
the velocity changes as functions of the forces which do work
This principle is useful whenever the problem involves known or
unknown parameters like forces, mass, velocity and displacement.
Examples:
From Hibbeler, and examples from my notes
The first thing to do is to analyse what
Since the crate is going down then
work have been done on the problem, So work from friction will be deducted
my 2, work done by weight and friction. from the work weight, since against
 Work, u= mg(vertical distance from a-b) ang friction sa movement ng crate


Friction, u = u N (distance =10)
k
 In this problem, we need to
compute the acceleration
of the truck since it will
also be the acceleration of
the crate(para hindi
mahulog).
 Work done in this problem
is by friction.
 Work done by spring force and external
force
 The first deformation of the
spring x1 = 0.233 (dati na siyang
nastretch at pt A)
 X2 = 0.233+1.2m (since the block
will be stretch at pt B, take note
that you need to add 0.233 since
deformed na dati ang spring at
the beginning)
 The work done by the external
force 300N is multiplied by the
distance na natravel nang cable na
nakatali sa block, imagine that the
length of the cable is 1.5m, hinila
siya hanggang point B, so we need
to deduct 0.9 since un ang natira sa
cable(ht from pt B-pt C), kaya 0.60
lang ang natravel ng 300N force

 Afterward, just use the work –

energy equation, since at rest ang
block kaya 0 ang T1.
 Work done by power and
friction.

From the 2nd figure, FBD of

the log was cut, so do not
forget the tension force T
from the rope.
Force in power = T and
velocity is given.

Since nagincrease ang power

from 6 hp to 8 hp kaya hindi
na equilibrium ang log, so we
need to use the 2nd law of
Newton to get the
acceleration
 Work done by weight, case
B

 Nothing special, you only

need to substitute the
given on the equation.
(pero hindi niyo
makukuha if sa actual
classroom at hindi niyo
alam ang radius ng earth)

You all know that g=9.81

R= radius of the earth 6371
km
r2=h2+ radius of earth
r1= h1+radius of the earth
 Work done by weight and
friction, same as the first
example
 T2=0, since the wheels lock
causing it to stop.
 Take note that the weight
consider only the vertical
distance.
 Use the equation of work-
energy to get the distance
travelled by the
automobile(s).
 This example shows that you can
use either principles of work and
energy or Kinematics in a given
problem just like the previous
example.

 Work done by weight(-) and by

an external Force(+)
 Since the force given is in
equation, we need to integrate it
from 0-s
 Work done by spring and weight

 The difficult part in spring is the determination of s1

and s2 (deformations)
 s1= 0.6+0.1 = 0.7
The original length of the spring is 1 m, since na
compress siya ,naging 0.4 m nalang ang length,
nagkaron siya ng deformation na 0.60 m, kapag nilagay
na ung block, madadagdagan ng 0.1 m sa compression.
Kapag tumaas na ang block, babalik sa 0.60 m ang
deformation, since 0.40 m ulit ang compression
(nakatali kasi ang platform kaya hanggang dun lang
siya)

 For weight, 2 kg is multiplied by 9.81, pababa siya

because of gravity so negative ang sign, the distance
travelled by the block is h-0.30(since the basis is from
the ground)
 Work done by weight

 You can check your solution again if it is

correct by applying our previous lessons
 For this type of problem, it is much easier if the
principle of work and energy is applied. The
only work done is by work, from pt A to pt B,
the distance is 7.5 m, Since it start from rest,
the kinetic energy at pt A is 0.
 Work done by weight
 Two blocks are considered in this problem,
you need to recall our lesson in absolute
dependent motion
 Kinetic Energy at A is 0 since it start from
rest (you all know that)
 The height of the blocks needed in
computing the work done by weight is the
change in the length of pt A and pt B
 There are 4 sB , by applying the analysis of two
particles, you can compute the distance travelled
by B.
a) NA = weight of the block and the equivalent
vertical of the force
 Work done by external force from pt A-B =
Horizontal equivalent of the force minus the
friction

b) At point B, the external force is removed, so

kinetic energy at point C = 0. Velocity that will be
used at the initial kinetic Energy is equal at Pt B
since dun tatanggalin ung force. Work done is by
friction.
 Work done by weight and friction, same
as the first example
 The horizontal force ang naconsider dito
sa solution, if by vertical weight then
work done by weight = 50(9.81)(10sin 15)
= 1269.50 J (same
answer parin)
  Work done by weight and friction
 At block A, since dalawa ang chord, so 2T. Ang
kinuha na equivalent ng weight is horizontal para
same direction sa change in length na sA and sB
 Since Block B is going up then point A is going
down, so lahat ng force with the same direction
with Block A is positive, all the forces at block B is
against the movement kaya negative.
 Take note that block B is going up, so the friction is
to the right, the weight of block B is also going to
the right because of gravity
 Substitute vA = - vB/2 to the equation in work-
energy method

VB
VA
 The first problem is so simple, the work is
done by friction and external force, just get
all the summations of friction

 For a spring force, you need to identify the

deformations of the spring first.
s1 = 0.050 m(length na nacompress nung my
bullet)
s1 = 0.0375 m(length na nacompress nung
wala ng bullet)
k that was given is kN, so you need to convert
it it N
 Work done by weight and spring

 Work by Weight = 200 x 2.1 height

from pt A to pt B
 Work by spring,
sA = the deformation naman ngayon is
nastretch or humaba ung spring.
Original length is 0.90 m, kapag nasa
point A siya, nastretch siya ng 1.27
kaya ang deformation is 1.27-0.90.
Kapag nasa point B, the length of
spring is 1.50, kaya ang deformation is
1.50 – 0.90
 To compute the power, determine the
force of the car. Given the mass of 2
megagram, convert it to kilogram.
Since constant ang speed at iapply
natin ang equation of equilibrium, so
∑F=0.
 The P that will be computed is the
power output and the power developed
by the engine is the power input.
 ∑F= ma is used because the acceleration is
increasing

 The tension of the pulley is the force needed

in the computation of the power output.
Plate Activity Part 1
Activity Plates to be submitted on April 23, 2021.
Put also in the left side your explanation regarding the problem. (Make your own
explanation and avoid copying your classmates work)
Please use the given template that is posted in Edmodo. Part 2 to be given on April 19.