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KINETICS OF A PARTICLE
Work and Energy
1
Department of Applied Mechanics- School of Mechanical Engineering
Outline
1. Work of a Force
5. Conservation of Energy
How can we design the track (e.g., the height, h, and the radius
of curvature, r) to control the forces experienced by the
passengers?
APPLICATIONS (continued)
U1-2 =
F cos ds
s1
U1-2 = - W dy
y1
U1-2 = - W (y2 − y1) = - W Dy
U1-2 is the work done by all the forces acting on the particle as it
moves from point 1 to point 2. Work can be either a positive or
negative scalar.
T1 and T2 are the kinetic energies of the particle at the initial and final
position, respectively. Thus, T1 = 0.5 m (v1)2 and T2 = 0.5 m (v2)2.
The kinetic energy is always a positive scalar (velocity is squared!).
So, the particle’s initial kinetic energy plus the work done by all the
forces acting on the particle as it moves from its initial to final position
is equal to the particle’s final kinetic energy.
PRINCIPLE OF WORK AND ENERGY
Note that the principle of work and energy (T1 + U1-2 = T2) is
not a vector equation! Each term results in a scalar value.
Both kinetic energy and work have the same units, that of
energy! In the SI system, the unit for energy is called a joule (J),
where 1 J = 1 N·m. In the FPS system, units are ft·lb.
Solution:
Apply the principle of work and energy between position 1
(s1 = 0.6 m) and position 2 (s2). Note that the normal force (N)
does no work since it is always perpendicular to the
displacement. T + U = T S =0.6 m
1
1 1-2 2
S2
There is work done by three different forces;
1) work of a the force F =100 N;
UF = 100 (s2− s1) = 100 (s2 − 0.6)
2) work of the block weight;
UW = 10 (9.81) (s2− s1) sin 30 = 49.05 (s2 − 0.6)
3) and, work of the spring force.
US = - 0.5 (200) (s2−0.6)2 = -100 (s2 − 0.6)2
EXAMPLE (continued)
Solution:
1) Apply the principle of work and energy
TA + UA-B = TB
1 2 1 2
5 + 2 15 = v
2 32.2 2 32.2 C
C
vC = 54.1 ft/s
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING I (continued)
Solution:
1) The kinematic relationships can be determined by defining
position coordinates sA and sB, and then differentiating.
Note that the work being done due to the cable tension
force on each block cancels each other (add to zero).
ATTENTION QUIZ
C) Three D) Four
2 kg
3. POWER AND EFFICIENCY
If we know the engine power output and speed of the truck, can
we determine the maximum angle of climb for this truck?
POWER AND EFFICIENCY
Since the work can be expressed as dU = F • dr, the power can be written
P = dU/dt = (F • dr)/dt = F • (dr/dt) = F • v
The mechanical efficiency of a machine is the ratio of the useful power produced
(output power) to the power supplied to the machine (input power) or
e = (power output) / (power input)
• Find the resultant external force acting on the body causing its motion. It may
be necessary to draw a free-body diagram.
Solution:
1) Define position coordinates to relate velocities.
Datum sm
Here sP is defined to a point on the cable. Also
SP sB sA is defined only to the lower pulley, since the
block moves with the pulley. From kinematics,
SA
sP + 2 sA = l
aP + 2 aA = 0
aA = − aP / 2 = −3 m/s2 = 3 m/s2 ()
W = 50 (9.81) N
EXAMPLE (continued)
Solution:
1) Draw the FBD & Kinetic Diagram of the car as a particle.
1 W
y 10 ma
x =
Fc
Nc
Substitute ax into the equation of motion and determine frictional force Fc:
Fc = 2000 ax + 2000 g (sin 5.711)
= 2000(8.333) + 2000 (9.81) (sin 5.711) = 3619 N
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)
The average power output is the force times the car’s average speed:
(Pout)avg = (Fc)(vavg) = 3619 (25/2) = 45.28 kW
If the sacks weigh 100 lb and the equivalent spring constant is k = 500 lb/ft, what
is the energy stored in the springs?
APPLICATIONS (continued)
The roller coaster is released from rest at the top of the hill A.
As the coaster moves down the hill, potential energy is
transformed into kinetic energy.
What is the velocity of the coaster when it is at B and C?
Also, how can we determine the minimum height of hill A so that the car travels
around both inside loops without leaving the track?
CONSERVATIVE FORCE
Vg = ± W y
T1 + V1 = T2 + V2 = Constant
T1 stands for the kinetic energy at state 1 and V1 is the
potential energy function for state 1. T2 and V2
represent these energy states at state 2. Recall, the
kinetic energy is defined as T = ½ mv2.
EXAMPLE
Solution:
. Datum Note that the potential energy at B has two
parts.
0.5 m VB = (VB)e + (VB)g
0.3 m
Find: The minimum height, h, of Point A so that the car travels around inside loop at B
without leaving the track. Also find the velocity of the car at C for this height, h, of A.
Plan:
0.5 (800) 02 + 0
= 0.5 (800) (vB)2 − 800(9.81) (h − 20) (1)
2) Find the required velocity of the coaster at B so it doesn’t
leave the track.
Datum
Now using the energy
conservation, eq. (1), the
minimum h can be determined.
TA + VA = TC + VC
0.5 (800) 02 + 0 = 0.5 (800) (vC)2 − 800(9.81) (23.75)
VC = 21.6 m/s
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING II
Find: The speed of the 0.3-kg ball and the normal reaction of the circular track on the
ball when = 60.
Plan:
Determine the velocity at = 60 using the conservation
of energy equation and then apply the equation of motion
to find the normal reaction on the ball.
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING II (continued)
Solution:
vB = 5.94 m/s
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING II (continued)