Lecture 11-Section-14.1-14.3

THE WORK OF A FORCE, THE PRINCIPLE OF
WORK AND ENERGY & SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES
Today’s Objectives:
Students will be able to:
1. Calculate the work of a force. In-Class Activities:
2. Apply the principle of work and • Work of a Force
energy to a particle or system of • Principle of Work and
particles. Energy
• Group Problem Solving
Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

R.C. Hibbeler All rights reserved.
APPLICATIONS
A roller coaster makes use of gravitational forces to assist the

cars in reaching high speeds in the “valleys” of the track.
How can we design the track (e.g., the height, h, and the radius
of curvature, r) to control the forces experienced by the
passengers?
APPLICATIONS (continued)
Crash barrels are often used

along roadways in front of
barriers for crash protection.
The barrels absorb the car’s

kinetic energy by deforming.
If we know the velocity of

an oncoming car and the
amount of energy that can
be absorbed by each barrel,
how can we design a crash
cushion?

WORK AND ENERGY
Another equation for working kinetics problems involving

particles can be derived by integrating the equation of motion
(F = ma) with respect to displacement.
By substituting at = v (dv/ds) into
Ft = mat, the result is integrated to
yield an equation known as the
principle of work and energy.
This principle is useful for solving problems that involve

force, velocity, and displacement. It can also be used to
explore the concept of power.
To use this principle, we must first understand how to
calculate the work of a force.
WORK OF A FORCE (Section 14.1)
A force does work on a particle when the particle undergoes a

displacement along the line of action of the force.
Work is defined as the product of force

and displacement components acting in
the same direction. So, if the angle
between the force and displacement
vector is q, the increment of work dU
done by the force is
dU = F ds cos q
By using the definition of the dot product r2
and integrating, the total work can be U =
written as
1-2  F • dr
r1

WORK OF A FORCE (continued)
If F is a function of position (a common

case) this becomes
s2
U1-2 =  F cos q ds
s1
If both F and q are constant (F = Fc), this equation further

simplifies to
U1-2 = Fc cos q (s2 - s1)
Work is positive if the force and the movement are in the

same direction. If they are opposing, then the work is
negative. If the force and the displacement directions are
perpendicular, the work is zero.
WORK OF A WEIGHT
The work done by the gravitational force acting on a particle

(or weight of an object) can be calculated by using
y2
U1-2 =  - W dy
y1
U1-2 = - W (y2 − y1) = - W Dy
The work of a weight is the product of the magnitude of

the particle’s weight and its vertical displacement. If Dy
is upward, the work is negative since the weight force
always acts downward.
WORK OF A SPRING FORCE
When stretched, a linear elastic spring

develops a force of magnitude Fs = ks, where
k is the spring stiffness and s is the
displacement from the unstretched position.
The work of the spring force moving from position s1 to position

s2 is s2 s2
U1-2 = Fs ds =  k s ds = 0.5 k (s2)2 – 0.5 k (s1)2

s1 s1
If a particle is attached to the spring, the force Fs exerted on the

particle is opposite to that exerted on the spring. Thus, the work
done on the particle by the spring force will be negative or
U1-2 = – [ 0.5 k (s2)2 – 0.5 k (s1)2 ].
SPRING FORCES
It is important to note the following about spring forces.
1. The equations above are for linear springs only! Recall

that a linear spring develops a force according to
F = ks (essentially the equation of a line).
2. The work of a spring is not just spring force times distance

at some point, i.e., (ksi)(si). Beware, this is a trap that
students often fall into!
3. Always double check the sign of the spring work after

calculating it. It is positive work if the force on the object by
the spring and the movement are in the same direction.

PRINCIPLE OF WORK AND ENERGY
(Section 14.2 & Section 14.3)
By integrating the equation of motion,  Ft = mat = mv(dv/ds), the

principle of work and energy can be written as
 U1-2 = 0.5 m (v2)2 – 0.5 m (v1)2 or T1 +  U1-2 = T2
U1-2 is the work done by all the forces acting on the particle as it
moves from point 1 to point 2. Work can be either a positive or
negative scalar.
T1 and T2 are the kinetic energies of the particle at the initial and final
position, respectively. Thus, T1 = 0.5 m (v1)2 and T2 = 0.5 m (v2)2.
The kinetic energy is always a positive scalar (velocity is squared!).
So, the particle’s initial kinetic energy plus the work done by all the
forces acting on the particle as it moves from its initial to final position
is equal to the particle’s final kinetic energy.
PRINCIPLE OF WORK AND ENERGY (continued)
Note that the principle of work and energy (T1 +  U1-2 = T2) is
not a vector equation! Each term results in a scalar value.
Both kinetic energy and work have the same units, that of
energy! In the SI system, the unit for energy is called a joule (J),
where 1 J = 1 N·m. In the FPS system, units are ft·lb.
The principle of work and energy cannot be used, in general, to

determine forces directed normal to the path, since these forces
do no work.
The principle of work and energy can also be applied to a system

of particles by summing the kinetic energies of all particles in the
system and the work due to all forces acting on the system.
WORK OF FRICTION CAUSED BY SLIDING
The case of a body sliding over a rough surface merits special

consideration.
Consider a block which is moving over a
rough surface. If the applied force P just
balances the resultant frictional force k N,
a constant velocity v would be maintained.
The principle of work and energy would be
applied as
0.5m (v)2 + P s – (k N) s = 0.5m (v)2
This equation is satisfied if P = k N. However, we know from
experience that friction generates heat, a form of energy that does
not seem to be accounted for in this equation. It can be shown that
the work term (k N)s represents both the external work of the
friction force and the internal work that is converted into heat.
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING II
Given: Block A has a weight of 60 lb

and block B has a weight of 40
lb. The coefficient of kinetic
friction between the blocks and
the incline is k = 0.1. Neglect
the mass of the cord and pulleys.
Find: The speed of block A after block B moves 2 ft up the

plane, starting from rest.
Plan: 1) Define the kinematic relationships between the blocks.
2) Draw the FBD of each block.
3) Apply the principle of work and energy to the system
of blocks. Why choose this method?
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING II (continued)
Solution:
1) The kinematic relationships can be determined by defining
position coordinates sA and sB, and then differentiating.
Since the cable length is constant:

2sA + sB = l
sA sB 2DsA + DsB = 0
When DsB = -2 ft  DsA = 1 ft
and 2vA + vB = 0
 vB = -2vA
Note that, by this definition of sA and sB, positive motion
for each block is defined as downwards.

2) Draw the FBD of each block.

WA
2T T WB
y
x
A kNA B
kNB
30
60 NB
NA
Sum forces in the y-direction for block A Similarly, for block B:

(note that there is no motion in y-direction):
NB = WB cos 30
Fy = 0: NA – WA cos 60 = 0
NA = WA cos 60
3) Apply the principle of work and energy to the system (the

blocks start from rest).
T1 + U1-2 = T2
[0.5mA(vA1)2 + .5mB(vB1)2] + [WA sin 60– 2T – kNA]DsA

+ [WB sin 30– T + kNB]DsB = [0.5mA(vA2)2 + 0.5mB(vB2)2]
where vA1 = vB1 = 0, DsA = 1ft,

DsB = -2 ft, vB = -2vA,
NA = WA cos 60, NB = WB cos 30
 [0 + 0] + [ 60 sin 60– 2T – 0.1(60 cos 60) ] (1)

+ [ 40 sin 30 – T + 0.1(40 cos 30) ] (-2)
= [ 0.5(60/32.2) (vA2)2 + 0.5(40/32.2) (-2vA2)2 ]
Again, the Principal of Work and Energy equation is:

 [0 + 0] + [60 sin 60– 2T – 0.1(60 cos 60)] (1)
+ [40 sin 30 – T + 0.1(40 cos 30)] (-2)
= [0.5(60/32.2)(vA2)2 + 0.5(40/32.2)(-2vA2)2]
Solving for the unknown velocity yields

 vA2 = 0.771 ft/s
Note that the work being done due to the cable tension
force on each block cancels each other (add to zero).

POWER AND EFFICIENCY
Today’s Objectives:
Students will be able to:
In-Class Activities:
1. Determine the power generated
by a machine, engine, or motor. • Define & Find Power
2. Calculate the mechanical • Define & Find
efficiency of a machine. Efficiency
• Group Problem
Solving

APPLICATIONS
The power output of the motor

lifting this elevator is related to
the vertical force F acting on the
elevator, causing it to move
upwards.
The speed at which a truck

can climb a hill depends in
part on the power output of
the engine and the angle of
inclination of the hill.

POWER AND EFFICIENCY (Section 14.4)
Power is defined as the amount of work performed per unit

of time.
If a machine or engine performs a certain amount of work,
dU, within a given time interval, dt, the power generated can
be calculated as
P = dU/dt
Since the work can be expressed as dU = F • dr, the power
can be written
P = dU/dt = (F • dr)/dt = F • (dr/dt) = F • v
Thus, power is a scalar defined as the product of the force

and velocity components acting in the same direction.

POWER
Using scalar notation, power can be written

P = F • v = F v cos q
where q is the angle between the force and velocity vectors.
So if the velocity of a body acted on by a force F is known,

the power can be determined by calculating the dot product
or by multiplying force and velocity components.
The unit of power in the SI system is the Watt (W) where

1 W = 1 J/s = 1 (N · m)/s .
In the FPS system, power is usually expressed in units of
horsepower (hp) where
1 hp = 550 (ft · lb)/s = 746 W.
EFFICIENCY
The mechanical efficiency of a machine is the ratio of the

useful power produced (output power) to the power supplied
to the machine (input power) or
e = (power output) / (power input)
If energy input and removal occur at the same time, efficiency

may also be expressed in terms of the ratio of output energy
to input energy or
e = (energy output) / (energy input)
Machines will always have frictional forces. Since frictional

forces dissipate energy, additional power will be required to
overcome these forces. Consequently, the efficiency of a
machine is always less than 1.
PROCEDURE FOR ANALYSIS
• Find the resultant external force acting on the body causing

its motion. It may be necessary to draw a free-body diagram.
• Determine the velocity of the point on the body at which the

force is applied. Energy methods or the equation of motion
and appropriate kinematic relations, may be necessary.
• Multiply the force magnitude by the component of velocity
acting in the direction of F to determine the power supplied
to the body (P = F v cos q ).
• In some cases, power may be found by calculating the work
done per unit of time (P = dU/dt).
• If the mechanical efficiency of a machine is known, either
the power input or output can be determined.
EXAMPLE
Given: A 50 kg block (A) is hoisted by the

pulley system and motor M. The motor
has an efficiency of 0.8. At this instant,
point P on the cable has a velocity of 12
m/s which is increasing at a rate of 6
m/s2. Neglect the mass of the pulleys and
cable.
Find: The power supplied to the motor at this
instant.
Plan: 1) Relate the cable and block velocities by defining position
coordinates. Draw a FBD of the block.
2) Use the equation of motion to determine the cable tension.
3) Calculate the power supplied by the motor and then to the
motor.
EXAMPLE (continued)
Solution:
1) Define position coordinates to relate velocities.
Datum sm Here sP is defined to a point on the cable. Also
SP sB sA is defined only to the lower pulley, since the
block moves with the pulley. From kinematics,
SA
sP + 2 sA = l
 aP + 2 aA = 0
 aA = − aP / 2 = −3 m/s2 = 3 m/s2 ()
Draw the FBD and kinetic diagram of the block:

2T
mA aA
A = A
W = 50 (9.81) N
EXAMPLE (continued)
2) The tension of the cable can be obtained by applying the

equation of motion to the block.
+↑ Fy = mA aA
2T − 50 (9.81) = 50 (3)  T = 320.3 N
3) The power supplied by the motor is the product of the force

applied to the cable and the velocity of the cable.
Po = F • v = (320.3)(12) = 3844 W
The power supplied to the motor is determined using the
motor’s efficiency and the basic efficiency equation.
Pi = Po/e = 3844/0.8 = 4804 W = 4.8 kW

GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING
Given:A 2000 kg sports car increases its speed uniformly from

rest to 25 m/s in 30 s. The engine efficiency e = 0.8.
Find: The maximum power and the average power supplied by
the engine.
Plan: 1) Draw the car’s free body and kinetic diagrams.
2) Apply the equation of motion and kinematic equations
to find the force.
3) Determine the output power required.
4) Use the engine’s efficiency to determine input power.
GROUP PROBLEM SOLVING (continued)
Solution:
1) Draw the FBD & Kinetic Diagram of the car as a particle.
1 W
y 10 ma
x =
Fc
Nc
The normal force Nc and frictional

force Fc represent the resultant
forces of all four wheels.
The frictional force between the wheels and road pushes the
car forward. What are we neglecting with this approach?
2) The equation of motion

+ → Fx = max  – 2000 g (sin 5.711) + Fc = 2000 ax
q W q = tan-1(1/10) = 5.711
Determine ax using constant
acceleration equation max
 v = v0 + ax t Fc
=
Nc
ax = (25 – 0) / 30 = 8.333 m/s2
Substitute ax into the equation of motion and determine

frictional force Fc:
Fc = 2000 ax + 2000 g (sin 5.711)
= 2000(8.333) + 2000 (9.81) (sin 5.711) = 3619 N
3) The max power output of the car is calculated by

multiplying the driving (frictional) force and the car’s final
speed:
(Pout)max = (Fc)(vmax) = 3619 (25) = 90.47 kW
The average power output is the force times the car’s
average speed:
(Pout)avg = (Fc)(vavg) = 3619 (25/2) = 45.28 kW
4) The power supplied by the engine is obtained using the

efficiency equation.
(Pin)max = (Pout)max / e = 90.47 / 0.8 = 113 kW
(Pin)avg = (Pout)avg / e = 45.28 / 0.8 = 56.5 kW

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THE WORK OF A FORCE, THE PRINCIPLE OF

WORK AND ENERGY & SYSTEMS OF PARTICLES

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

A roller coaster makes use of gravitational forces to assist the

Crash barrels are often used

The barrels absorb the car’s

If we know the velocity of

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Another equation for working kinetics problems involving

This principle is useful for solving problems that involve

A force does work on a particle when the particle undergoes a

Work is defined as the product of force

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

If F is a function of position (a common

If both F and q are constant (F = Fc), this equation further

Work is positive if the force and the movement are in the

The work done by the gravitational force acting on a particle

U1-2 = - W (y2 − y1) = - W Dy

The work of a weight is the product of the magnitude of

When stretched, a linear elastic spring

The work of the spring force moving from position s1 to position

U1-2 = Fs ds =  k s ds = 0.5 k (s2)2 – 0.5 k (s1)2

If a particle is attached to the spring, the force Fs exerted on the

It is important to note the following about spring forces.

1. The equations above are for linear springs only! Recall

2. The work of a spring is not just spring force times distance

3. Always double check the sign of the spring work after

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

By integrating the equation of motion,  Ft = mat = mv(dv/ds), the

The principle of work and energy cannot be used, in general, to

The principle of work and energy can also be applied to a system

The case of a body sliding over a rough surface merits special

Given: Block A has a weight of 60 lb

Find: The speed of block A after block B moves 2 ft up the

Since the cable length is constant:

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

2) Draw the FBD of each block.

Sum forces in the y-direction for block A Similarly, for block B:

3) Apply the principle of work and energy to the system (the

[0.5mA(vA1)2 + .5mB(vB1)2] + [WA sin 60– 2T – kNA]DsA

where vA1 = vB1 = 0, DsA = 1ft,

 [0 + 0] + [ 60 sin 60– 2T – 0.1(60 cos 60) ] (1)

Again, the Principal of Work and Energy equation is:

Solving for the unknown velocity yields

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

The power output of the motor

The speed at which a truck

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Power is defined as the amount of work performed per unit

Thus, power is a scalar defined as the product of the force

Dynamics, Fourteenth Edition Copyright ©2016 by Pearson Education, Inc.

Using scalar notation, power can be written

So if the velocity of a body acted on by a force F is known,

The unit of power in the SI system is the Watt (W) where

The mechanical efficiency of a machine is the ratio of the

If energy input and removal occur at the same time, efficiency

Machines will always have frictional forces. Since frictional

• Find the resultant external force acting on the body causing

• Determine the velocity of the point on the body at which the

Given: A 50 kg block (A) is hoisted by the

Draw the FBD and kinetic diagram of the block:

2) The tension of the cable can be obtained by applying the