Republic of the Philippines

NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY

3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURAL AND BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING

Laboratory Exercise no. 6

DESIGN OF A SMALL WATER
IMPOUNDING PROJECT

Submitted to:

MARY HAZEL JOY C. UGOT, PhD

Submitted by:

NASSER JOSHUA B. FLORES

BSABE 4A

June 2023
 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

I. INTRODUCTION

The Small Water Impounding Project or SWIP is a structure constructed across a narrow
depression or valley to hold back water and develop a reservoir that will store rainfall and run-off
during the rainy season for immediate or future use. It has a height of 5 m to a maximum of 15 m
and service area of 25 ha to 150 ha.

The SWIP has always been recommended as one of the mechanical measures to
conserve soil and water in support to the general objective of effectively promoting the maximum
utilization of and conservation of soil and water resources in upland areas. It could transform poor
upland rural communities into more self-reliant and viable communities while harmonizing natural
resources management and infrastructure development. More importantly, it also enhances the
environmental services of agriculture in terms of flood mitigation, fostering groundwater recharge
and sediment capture.

SWIP provides water for supplemental irrigation, domestic purposes and livestock
production in critical, less accessible upland areas and isolated, vulnerable resource-poor
communities. It enhances upland productivity with a strong sense of responsibility among farmers
while ensuring environmental sustainability. It facilitates inland fish production through the culture
of freshwater fish, shrimps, eels, and other native freshwater species.

Small Water Impounding Projects serve as strategic small-scale upland structure of flood
prevention and control in high rainfall areas to ensure whole-year-round agricultural production,
and for soil and water conservation in areas with distinct wet and dry seasons to increase cropping
intensity and enhance crop diversification.

The Main Components of a Small Water Impounding System (SWIS)

The main components of a Small Water Impounding System (SWIS) are outlined in the
Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES) 225:2017. These components ensure the
proper design, construction, and functionality of the system. The key components of a SWIS are
as follows:

(1) Catchment Area

The catchment area refers to the land area that contributes water to the impounding
system. It includes the watershed or drainage area that directs runoff water to the system. Proper
identification and assessment of the catchment area are essential in determining the water
storage requirements and potential inflow of the system.

(2) Reservoir
The reservoir is the primary storage component of the SWIS, responsible for collecting
and storing water. It can be in the form of a small dam, pond, or reservoir, depending on the site
conditions and project requirements. The PAES provides guidelines for designing and
constructing the reservoir, including specifications for its capacity, embankment materials, and
stability.

(3) Inlet Structure

The inlet structure regulates the inflow of water into the reservoir. It is designed to capture
and direct water from the catchment area, ensuring efficient filling of the reservoir while minimizing
sedimentation and debris accumulation. The PAES provides standards for inlet structure design,
including dimensions, materials, and flow control mechanisms.

(4) Canal Outlets

The outlet structure allows controlled release of water from the reservoir for various
purposes such as irrigation, livestock watering, or aquaculture. It ensures the efficient and
regulated use of stored water. The PAES outlines the specifications for outlet structure design,
including dimensions, materials, and mechanisms for flow control and measurement.

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

(5) Earth Embankment

The embankment is a constructed earth structure that surrounds and supports the
reservoir. It provides stability, prevents water seepage, and resists hydraulic pressures and
erosive forces. The PAES provides guidelines for designing and constructing the embankment,
including specifications for embankment slopes, materials, and erosion protection measures.

(6) Spillway
The spillway is an essential component that allows excess water to safely discharge from
the reservoir during periods of heavy rainfall or when the reservoir reaches its maximum storage
capacity. It prevents overtopping of the embankment, which could lead to erosion or failure. The
PAES provides standards for designing the spillway, including its dimensions, capacity, and
positioning.

These components, as specified in the Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES)

225:2017, form the fundamental elements of a Small Water Impounding System (SWIS). Adhering
to these standards ensures the effective and compliant design and construction of the SWIS,
enabling proper water storage and management for agricultural and rural purposes.

Figure 1. Main Components of a Small Water Impounding System (SWIS)

II. Site Characterization and Identification

Barangay Busilac, located in Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya, presents itself as a highly

suitable site for the construction of a small water impounding project. In accordance with the
Philippine Agricultural Engineering Standards (PAES) 225:2017, several factors contribute to the
site's suitability for such a project.

The topography of Barangay Busilac exhibits a favorable slope for water impounding
purposes. The standards specify that the slope should be within a certain range to facilitate
effective water collection and storage. The area's gentle slope ensures efficient water flow and
minimizes the risk of erosion, contributing to the feasibility of the project.

The soil composition in Barangay Busilac meets the requirements outlined in PAES
225:2017. The standards emphasize the importance of soil characteristics such as permeability,
compaction, and stability. The presence of suitable soil in the area ensures proper water retention
and reduces the potential for leakage or seepage, enhancing the effectiveness of the impounding
system.

The presence of a well-defined watershed in Barangay Busilac contributes to the viability

of a small water impounding project. A watershed serves as a natural catchment area for rainfall

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

and surface runoff, providing a consistent supply of water to be stored and utilized. The availability
of a reliable water source within the site ensures the sustainability and long-term functionality of
the impounding system.

The presence of water supply in Barangay Busilac is crucial for the success of the project.
The standards outlined in PAES 225:2017 stress the importance of a dependable water source
for the impounding system. With the presence of water supply within the site, the project can
effectively meet the irrigation needs of nearby agricultural lands, ensuring the availability of water
for crop cultivation.

Figure 2. Proposed Location of the Project

Figure 2.1 Contour Map of the Location

295
275
300 280
285
290 275
275
SITE

280

275 N

2D CONTOUR MAP OF THE LOCATION

D N T S

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

III. Agrohydrologic Studies and Analyses

A.1 Estimation of Runoff and Derivation of Inflow Hydrograph

Required Data:
• Drainage Area
• Mainstream length from outlet to highest ridge
• Mainstream outlet to point nearest basin centroid.
• Elevation difference
• Watershed gradient
• Soil Type
• Land Cover
• Land Use

A.1.1 Lag Time (𝑻𝑳 )

𝑎 0.38
𝐿𝐿𝑐 10 𝑥 12
𝑇𝐿 = 𝐶𝑡 𝑥 ( ) = 0.35 𝑥 ( ) ; 𝑇𝐿 = 2.73 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
√𝑌 √0.29
A.1.2 Time to Peak
1 1
𝑇𝑝 = 2 ∆𝐷 + 𝑇𝐿 = 2 (30) + 2.73; 𝑇𝑝 = 17.73

A.1.3 Adjusted Lag Time

1 𝑇 1 2.73
Adjusted 𝑇𝐿 = 𝑇𝐿 + 4 (∆𝐷 − 5.5𝐿 ) = 2.73 + 4 (30 − ); Adjusted 𝑇𝐿 = 10.11 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠
5.5

Flow Velocity (Lined Channels)

𝑚
𝑀𝑎𝑥. 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 0.60
𝑠
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑅𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 : 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 0.0130, 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 1: 5: 1

A.1.4 Time of Concentration

𝐿𝑇 ℎ𝑟𝑠
𝑇𝑐 = 0.70 = 2.73 0.70; 𝑇𝑐 = 3.9

A.1.5 Peak Rate of Runoff

0.20𝐴 0.20(0.00125 𝑘𝑚2 ) 𝑘𝑚2 92 𝑚2
𝑔𝑝 = = ; 𝑔𝑝 = 0.000092 ≈
𝑇𝐿 2.73 ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 ℎ𝑟 ℎ𝑟

A.1.6 Rainfall Depth (Nueva Vizcaya)

𝑎𝑡 𝑐
𝑃 = 𝑖𝐷 ; 𝑖 = (𝐷+𝑏)𝑑 ; 𝑎 = 47.263; 𝑏 = 0.40; 𝑐 = 0.2290; 𝑑 = 0.598; 𝑅 = 0.9949

A.1.7 Canal Cross-Section (Rectangular type)

𝐴 = 𝑏𝑦 ; 𝐴 = 50(25 ); 𝐴 = 1250 𝑚2

𝑃 = 50 + 2(25); 𝑃 = 100 𝑚
𝑏𝑦 50(25)
𝑅= = ; 𝑅 = 12.5 𝑚
𝑏+2𝑦 50+2(25)

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

Figure 3. Canal Dimensions

Figure 4. 3D Model of the Canal

A.1.8 Ordinate of the Synthetic unit Hydrograph

𝑞 𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑈𝑖 = ( ) 𝑥 𝑔𝑝 ; = (0.004)(0.000092); 𝑈𝑖 = 3.68𝑥10−3
𝑔𝑝 𝑚𝑚

A.1.9 Correction factor for synthetic unit hydrograph

3.6Σ𝑈𝑖 𝑥 ∆𝐷 3.6(3.68𝑥103 )(0.5)
𝐾= 𝐴
= 0.00125
; 𝐾 = 0.00053

A.1.10 Flood Routing (𝑺𝒑𝒊𝒍𝒍𝒘𝒂𝒚 𝑹𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝑪𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒘𝒆𝒊𝒓)
3 3
𝑄 = 𝐶𝐿𝐻2 = 1.704(0.8)(1)2 ; 𝑄 = 1.3632 𝑚3

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

A.1.11 Maximum Wind Velocity in Nueva Vizcaya = 270 kph, NSCP 2015
𝑘𝑔3
3190 𝑚
𝐹 = 4 𝑚 (𝑚𝑖𝑛. 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ); 𝑆𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 = 𝑘𝑔3
; 𝑆𝑔 = 3.19
1000 𝑚

IV. Design of Embankment Components

B.1 Embankment Slope Protection
B.1.1 Embankment Slope Protection (Wave Height)
4 4
𝐻𝑤 = 0.032√𝐹𝑉 + 0.763 − 0.271 √0.004 = 0.032√0.004(270) + 0.763 − 0.271 √0.004;

𝐻𝑤 = 0.7 𝑚
B.1.2 Weight of Concrete

0.0023𝐻𝑤 3 𝑆𝑟 𝐶𝑆𝑖 3 (𝑝 − 𝑎) 0.0023(0.7)3 (3.19)(0.80)(1)3 (0.70 − 0.5)

𝑊= =
𝑆𝑟 3.19
− 1
𝑆𝑤 1 −1
𝑡𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑘𝑔
𝑊 = 0.00059 3
𝑜𝑟 0.5 3
𝑚 𝑚

B.1.3 Size of Rock or Stone

𝑊 √1+𝑠 2 1.025 √1+(0.005)2
𝑑𝑚 = 2.23𝐶𝐻𝑤 𝐺−𝑊 𝑥 𝑆(𝑆+2) = 2.23(0.8)(0.7) (1.75−1.025) ( 0.05(0.05+2 ); 𝑑𝑚 = 17.24 𝑚

Figure 5. 3D Model of the Embankment

Design Equation
𝑘𝑡 2 𝑊 0.0001728(0.0045)2 (0.08)
𝑄= 𝐿
= 5
; 𝑄 = 5.6𝑥10−11 (𝑠𝑒𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)

V. Spillway Design
C.1 Spillway Design (Flow depth along the discharge channel)
Using manning’s equation: 𝜇 + 𝑑𝑐 + ℎ𝑣𝑐 = 𝑑𝑖 + ℎ𝑢𝑖 + ℎ𝑡𝑖
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒; 𝜇 = 30 𝑚, ℎ𝑢𝑖 = 20 𝑚, 𝑑𝑐 = 6 𝑚, ℎ𝑡𝑖 = 10 𝑚, ℎ𝑣𝑐 = 4 𝑚
30 + 6 + 4 = 𝑑𝑖 + 20 + 10 ; 𝑑𝑖 = 10 𝑚

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

C.1.1 Freeboard along discharge channel

𝐹𝑏 = 2.0 + 0.025𝑣 3 √𝑑 = 2.0 + 0.025(1.9685)3 √25; 𝐹𝑏 = 2.95 𝑚

C.1.2 Terminal Section (Horizontal Range of Jet)

𝑥 = 1.8𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝐴(𝑑 + ℎ𝑣) = 1.8𝑠𝑖𝑛2 (20)(10 + 10); 𝑥 = 4.21 𝑚

Figure 6. 3D Model of the Spillway

C.1.3 Velocity of flow

𝑄𝑜 𝑚 𝑚3
𝑣2 = ; 𝑄𝑜 = 1250 𝑚2 (1.2 ) = 1500
𝑏𝑑2 𝑠 𝑠
𝑚3
𝑚 𝑚3 1500 𝑠 𝑚
𝑄𝑖 = 1250 𝑚2 (0.6 𝑠 ) = 750 𝑠 ; 𝑣2 = ; 𝑣2 = 23.36
10(6.42𝑚2 ) 𝑠

C.1.4 Depth before jump

𝑚
2𝑣2 𝑑2 𝑑2 2 𝑑2 2(23.36 𝑠 )(6.42) 102 10
𝑑𝑖 = √ + − =√ 𝑚 + − ; 𝑑𝑖 = 4.92 𝑚 𝑜𝑟 5𝑚
𝑔 4 2 9.8 𝑠 4 2

C.1.5 Basin Length

𝐿
𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑛𝑛𝑒𝑥 𝐶. 6, 𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝐼𝑉; 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 5 𝑚
𝑑2

C.1.6 Froude Number

𝑉 23.36
𝐹= = ; 𝐹 = 3.34 ; 2.5 ≤ 𝐹 ≥ 4.5 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑈𝑆𝐵𝐾 𝐵𝑎𝑟𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 𝐼𝑉
√𝑔𝑑𝑖 √9.81(5)

VI. Outlet Works

D.1 Discharge Pipe Sizing
D.1.1 Discharge Pipe Sizing (Size of Preliminary Pipe)

√4𝑄𝐷 √4(750)(0.5)
𝜋 𝜋
𝑑𝑝 = 1 = 1 ; 𝑑𝑝 = 5.83 𝑚 𝑜𝑟 6 𝑚 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒
2(𝑔ℎ)4 2(9.81)4

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

D.1.2 Discharge for the trial size of the pipe

𝜋𝑑𝑡 2 𝜋62 𝑚3 𝑚3
𝑄𝑡 = √2𝑔ℎ𝑛 ( ) ; 𝑄𝑡 = √2(9.81)(292) ( ); 𝑄𝑡 = 2140.09 𝑜𝑟 2140
4 4 𝑠 𝑠

𝑚3 𝑚3
𝐼𝑓 𝑄𝑡 ≥ 𝑄𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 2140 ≥ 750
𝑠 𝑠
Therefore, use 6 m as the pipe diameter.
D.1.3 Corresponding Velocity
4𝑄𝑑 4(750) 𝑚
𝑉𝑡 = = 𝜋62
; 𝑉𝑡 = 106
𝜋𝑑 2 𝑠
( 4𝑡 ) ( 4 )

D.1.4 Friction losses

𝑉𝑡 1 185 𝑛2 185(0.0130)2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓 𝑥 𝐿 𝑥 ;𝑓 = = 1 ; 𝑓 = 0.0017
2𝑔 𝑑𝑡 2 63
(106)2
ℎ𝑓 = 0.0017(30)[ 1 ; ℎ𝑓 = 292 𝑚
63

Figure 7. Top View of the Designed SWIP

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 Republic of the Philippines
NUEVA VIZCAYA STATE UNIVERSITY
3700 Bayombong, Nueva Vizcaya

Figure 8. Outlet Structure

Figure 9. Front View of the Designed SWIP

References
PAES 225:2017 - Rainwater and Runoff Management Small Water Impounding System
http://bswm.da.gov.ph/download/small-water-impounding-project-swip/

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 PERSPECTIVE VIEW
D N T S

SCHOOL: PREPARED BY: CHECKED BY: SHEET CONTENTS: SHEET NUMBER:

FLORES, NASSER JOSHUA B. DR. MARY HAZEL JOY C. UGOT PERSPECTIVE VIEW

NVSU
BAYOMBONG, NUEVA VIZCAYA
BSABE 4A
Date: JUN E 16,2023 Date:
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR I
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