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731 views7 pagesRaabe Test
Raabe Test
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BK_2004Copyright
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580 TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
Case IL. Let 22, be divergent, so that p <1.
‘Then 2, also diverges if “** oe or if log a
o it i uw)
o it
or if or if Lt nlog
o if |e pst
Un store.
Unt
‘Thus the series 2u, converges or diverges according as Lt_n log
Note 1, The test fails if Ltn log
Note 2. The test is applied after the failure of Ratio test and generally when in Ratio test,
inst
involves
Article 13. Gauss Test
Statement. If for the series Su, of positive terms, “can be expanded in the form
sondso(S)
then Su, converges if > I and diverges if.< 1.
Note. The test never fails as we know that the series diverges for %= 1, Moreover the test is
p 1
applied after the failure of Ratio test and when itis possible to expand —"~ in powers of by Binomial
‘Theorem or by any other method.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
213
Example 1. Discuss the convergence ofthe series: E+ 2%
1.3,5.souQn-D)
Sol. Here Dr ee ee
1.8.5 oon (Bn= Dn +0
MD on MBMKON+2) INFINITE SERIES 581
uy Qin +2)
Beet (On Dn +H
1
eee
a eel
* Slasn =,
m+1,,1 °°%
2a
: D’Alembert's Ratio test fails.
uy _y]e,(20*2_y)__@ 2
"lina ) "[@aead | "Basa 9,7
0
Lt “fe - Hl
By Raabe's test, 2, diverges.
Example 2, Discuss she convergence ofthe series 5
2 9? p? _yt
Sol. Here a, Ce
OR #6... On
2.3? 5 ores (Qn—1)"(2n + DP
and Se ya eee
Lt
Hence the ratio test fails,
n+ 2)?
-a= a
tener]
an [Amt t8n 4 (an 4 dn +0)
Qn+ dD?
at
An
ns)
Slasne
Raabe's test also fails, 582 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
When D'Alembert ratio test fails, we can directly apply Gauss test, Now,
we have 4 = 1, Thus by Gauss test, the series 2u, diverges.
Example 8. Discuss the convergence of the series:
Sol. Neglecting the first term, we have w,
246 nu(Ba) “Bath
a 21.8.8... 82 Daned) xt
am Bat BA Bio (BnKOn +B) | Bnd
fie x?> 1
If 1, then Ratio Test fails
Whe oacwenave pee aNay ea) el EOE.
Hoot Qn+D an? +4n +1
2
ty n(n) ue of tO
noe Uva nce" an? ean INFINITE SERIES 583
Gn? + Gn
ant panel ae
4
By Ranbe's Test, the series converges,
Hence 2u, is eonvergent if? < 1 and divergent if.x? > 1.
x 2! 2 3!
Example 4, Discuss the convergence of the series: 1+ = +
ate
Sol. Neglecting the first term, we have
nt n+0!
u, = x and u,
Oe aD
= geet
ns = ae ee
ee yy 8! m42y"' 1
ne Ugg Mme DE DT
sa ay eee
(2) (44)
By DiAlember¢s ratio test, the series convergent £ > Larix e.
Ix
e, the ratio test fails, Lt
meta
[ie
r
er
Since the expression
Now when x=e,
= I
Ble
7 inwalves the number ¢, so we da not apply Raabe's test but
‘apply logarithmic test
4,
ogy mine Wag (142)
=@+0 fiog[ +
1
* VE
(n 1) bog ( 3) loge
toe(1+2)|- 584 A TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
1
ty oy nf 2-34
Be mtoe = nl gee
By logarithmic test, the series diverges.
Hence the given series Bu, converges if
Example 5. Discuss the convergence of the series:
0B, wa DBS) » , afar Ma +2) H+ H+ 2) 5,
1.2.44 1) L234 + D4 D
Sol. Neglecting the first term,
al +2)... (@+2-DMB+D.. G@tn—D
1+
V2 one tA + Dovel =D)
CFD ($= DEE MBBS D (84 N=DBEM
Bet TB Binns DU FD +l tA—D HA)
(oe)
ea) a
(G8) *
int Dy +n)
tye (arnMiem)
bt Ma
ate tiny
By D/Alombert’s Ratio tant id eavied Su cinveribe itt si
ie, ifx< Land diverges if <1 orite> 1
if x=1, lt “* =1 2 Ratio test fails.
JQut
Putting x=1in(a), He =) _#a\ ny
[Expand by Binomial Theorem] INFINITE SERIES 585
(obbeglets
=irtary-a-+0 (3)
2: By Gauss test, the series Su, converges if1+y-a->1 ie, ify>a+Pand
diverges if1+y—a—B<£1 te, ifysa+p
‘Thus the given series converges if x < I and diverges if x > 1. If x = 1, then the series
converges ify > a+ Band alivenges ify < + B.
TEST YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Discuss the convergence of the following series:
. +? ie Se eee
2,368.9 5
3 B82 Ph tow
710.18
5 to
1
= v+(2)(b8 P{L35V oo qo 2a Med, wor EHD
a) “lara *(aace} * b” Ob+D * BIKER >"
ajaatdl, ,aatda+ 2)
* 6 bbsd HOY abs ad * * BSUS ESE
nt 1,13,
2 Lvevierd..en-D Brag Tagg? hee
4. tow
ie 2.4.6 “on
A700)
18, nye
20. 8 tos > 0) 21. vlog 201 + eMlog 3¥ + xHflog 4) +... tom
Answers
1. Divergent 2. Convergent 8. Convergent for x 1, divergent for.2> 1
AL Divergent 5B. Convergent far <1, divergent for y= 1
1 1 1 1
Convergent for x< > , divergent for 7. Convergent for x =~ , divergent for: >> 586 TEXTBOOK OF ENGINEERING MATHEMATICS
L
8. Conversent forse < 5, divergent for s> Convergent for p +2, divergent for p <2
10, Convergent for >a +1, divergent forb a-+d, divergent forr>1orx=1andb sa+d
12. Convergent forxe> 2, divergent for 2 18, Convergent for< 1, divergent for 21
14. Convergent for <1, divergent for > 1 18, Convergent for <1, divergent fora >1
16. Convergent forx< 1 divergent forx 2 1 17. Convengent for. 1, divergent for 22> 1
18, Convergent fors? 2
20, Convergent fors?e4, divergent fors?24 21. Convergent for < 1 divergent for 21
Article 14. Cauchy’s Integral Test
Statement. If for x2 1, fia) is a non-negative, monotonic decreasing function of x such
that ftn) =u, for all positive integral values of n, then the series Xu, and the integral Ls Fx) de
‘converge or diverge together.
Proof. Let r be a +ve integer. Choose .x such that r+ 132721
Since f (#) is a monotonic decreasing function of x
P+ NEFOSFO) = Uy Sf G)Su, bs flo)=ayme NI
> fo sdes [poms [ude
= ta fMaesfedesn, [78
> at [.]
