1.

Components of Food
PAGE 9
Judge Your Progress
A. Tick the correct option.
1. (d) paneer 2. (b) vitamin C 3. (a) wheat
4. (a) chick 5. (c) bicycle
B. Answer these questions.
1. (a) protein (b) minerals (c) vitamin
(d) carbohydrate (e) nutrients (f) fats
2. Water and tomato juice do not provide any nutrients.
PAGE 14
Judge Your Progress
A. Fill in the blanks.
1. scurvy 2. obesity 3. roughage
4. some vitamins and minerals 5. vitamin C
B. Answer these questions.
1. Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins and minerals provide
nutrients.
2. Water and roughage do not provide any nutrients.
Exercises
A. Tick () the correct option.
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (b)
6. (b) 7. (c) 8. (a)
B. State whether true or false.
1. True 2. True 3. True 4. False 5. True
C. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words to complete these
sentences.
1. Constipation 2. changes 3. carbohydrates
4. protein 5. digestion 6. cereals
7. milk 8. butter 9. sugar

1
 10. vitamin A 12. protein
11. Spinach is a rich source of vitamin A. (Get it corrected)
D. Match the columns.
1. (e) 2. (f) 3. (b) 4. (c) 5. (d)
6. (a)
E. Very short-answer questions.
1. Glucose is a kind of sugar.
2. Our hair and nail are made of proteins.
3. Hydrochloric acid is found in gastric juice.
4. Roughage contains cellulose.
5. Marasmus is a disease which is caused by the deficiency of
proteins.
F. Short-answer questions.
1. Carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals and vitamins are
nutrients found in our food.
2. Protein is a body-building food. It helps our body grow, repair
damaged parts, and replace worn out tissues.
3. Fats are energy-giving food. They give more fats than
carbohydrates.
Butter, ghee and cream are animal fats. Edible oils like mustard
oil, sunflower oil and coconut oil are animal fats.
4. Vitamins are protective food. They help our body protect
against diseases. They are required by our body in small
amounts.
5. Roughage is not a nutrient but it is equally important to
our body. It helps retain water in our body and prevents
constipation.
6. Liver and muscles are the places of storage for the carbohydrates
in our body.
7. Spices makes the food tasty but they do not add nutritional
value to the food. For example, potato chips are tasty but they
are not nutritious. Similarly, boiled vegetables are not tasty but
are nutritious.
8. Vitamins and minerals are needed to protect our body from
diseases, so they are required in small amounts.

2
G. Long-answer questions.
1. The main function of carbohydrates is to provide our body
with energy to play, work and repair.
The rich sources of carbohydrates are rice, wheat, maize,
potatoes, sweet potatoes, bananas and apples. All food that
taste sweet are sources of carbohydrates.
2. Polar bear lives in a very cold place. They need to store fats
under their skin to keep their body warm. During hibernation
polar bears need little energy which they get from the stored
fats under their skin.
3. The excess amount of energy in our body gets converted into
fats. So we never suffer from the deficiency of fats in our body.
4. A balanced diet is composed of all the nutrients in right
amounts required by our body. It also contains roughage and
water.
The age, size of the body, sex and physical activities are the
factors that determine the composition of a balanced diet. For
example a labourer requires more carbohydrates and fats that
a person who works in an office. Similarly, an adult man needs
more food than a women.
5. Minerals play the following roles in our body.
• They help form muscles, bones and teeth. They also keep
them healthy.
• Minerals help form certain enzymes required for digestion.
• Minerals help form hormones that are required for
regulating the activities of organs.
• Minerals also help form blood and hydrochloric acid.
6. Banana has more dietary fibre than grapes. Banana also has
more vitamins than grapes.
7. Potassium: It helps keep our cells and blood healthy.
Calcium: It keeps our teeth and bones healthy. It also help in
blood clotting.
Sodium: It helps in proper functioning of the nervous system.
Fluorine: It helps make our bones and teeth.
8. Give reasons.
(a) Pulling a rickshaw is a physical activity that requires a lot
of energy. Teaching is not a physical activity and it does
3
 not requires too much energy. So a rickshaw-puller needs
more energy than a teacher
(b) Extra fats in our body gets deposit under the skin for future
use. So fats are called energy banks.
(c) Proteins are body-building food — they help our body
grow. The children comes under the growing period. So
they need a lot of proteins for their proper growth. Adults
have grown to their fullest. So they do not need proteins
for their growth.
(d) To much food leads to obesity, which may have a negative
effect on our body. So we should avoid too much fats.
(e) The human digestive system does not have any enzyme for
the digestion of cellulose. So they can’t digest cellulose.
9. Goitre is caused by the deficiency of iodine in our body. People
living in coastal areas generally do not suffer from goitre. This
is because they eat sea food which contains enough iodine.
10. It is necessary that older people get enough calcium. An
adequate amount of calcium helps maintain bone strength and
keep bones healthy during older age.
11. Fruits and vegetables should be washed before cutting them. If
they are washed after washing, they lost a lot of nutrients.
12. She should include food items rich in dietary fibre or roughage
to avoid constipation. Whole grains, fruits and vegetables are
rich in dietary fibre.
13. (a) She is suffering from [Link].
(b) Vitamin A is lacking in her diet.
(c) She should include food items rich in vitamins A. They
include carrot, papaya, mango, milk, and fish oil.

4
 14.
D E
C F I I E N C Y
A A U
N R S T A R C H
A B R
E O R I C K E T S
M H E
I Y N B
B A L A N C E D D I E T E
R S C U R V Y
I A I
R T B
G O I T R E E
N S R
I

2. SORTING MATERIALS INTO GROUPS

PAGE 25
Judge Your Progress
A. Fill in the blanks.
1. matter 2. wood, iron 3. element
4. atoms
B. State whether True or False.
1. False 2. True 3. False 4. False 5. True
C. Answer these questions.
1. Anything that has mass, occupied space and can be perceived
by our senses.
2. Matter is composed of atoms.
3. Grouping things on the basis of their similarities and differences
is called classification.
4. Solid, liquid and gas are the states of matter.

5
PAGE 29
Judge Your Progress
A. Tick the correct option.
1. (b) soft drink 2. (d) glucose 3. (d) muslin cloth
4. (c) (i) and (iv) 5. (c) (i) and (iii)
B. Answer these questions.
1. Soft materials: rubber, leaf, eraser, cooked rice
These materials can be compressed and bend.
2. (a) — (iii) (b) — (iv) (c) — (i) (d)— (ii)

Exercises
PAGE 32
A. Tick the correct option.
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (a) 5. (d)
6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (a), (b), (d)
10. (c)
B. State whether True or False.
1. False 2. True 3. True 4. True 5. True
6. False 7. False 8. True
C. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words to complete the given
statements.
1. transparent 2. easier 3. oxygen
4. lesser 5. liquid 6. two
7. soft (gas) 8. opaque
D. Very-short answer questions.
1. Glass and water are transparent material.
2. Alcohol and milk are soluble in water.
3. Grouping of materials based on their similarities and
differences is called classification.
4. When a solute is dissolved in a solvent, we get solution.
5. Salt and sugar are soluble in water.
6. They are called insulators.
6
E. Short answer questions.
1. Grouping things on the basis of their similarities and differences
is called sorting.
2. We sort out materials to study their properties and
identification. It also helps us locate the particular objects.
3. Good conductors of heat are materials that allow heat to pass
through them, for example iron.
4. The materials that allow electricity to pass through them are
called conductors of electricity.
5. Puja’s mixture is in the solution form as honey is soluble in
water.
6. Unscramble the letters:
(a) aluminium (b) plastic
(c) kerosene (d) vinegar
7. Yes. Anaya’s sister will be able to locate her as glass is a
transparent material.
8. After 10 minute, the plastic ball will absorb water and therefore
sink.
F. Long answer questions.
1. Grouping refers to putting things based on their similarities
and differences.
Grouping helps in
• locating objects easily,
• identity things, and
• studying objects.
2. Ice, feather, apple and cork will float on water surface. This is
because they are less denser than water.
3. Gold is a metal whereas wood is a solid material. Metals are
lustrous — they shine. Being lustrous gold ism used to make
jewellery.
4. Miscible liquids get mixed with water whereas immiscible
liquids do not mix with water. They form separate layer when
mixed water.
Alcohol is a miscible liquid whereas oil is an immiscible liquid.

7
 5. Objects that weigh less in water float on water and this property
is called buoyancy. In other words, buoyancy is the upward
force that water exerts on an object.
6. Transparent materials: The materials that allow light to pass
through them are called transparent materials— We can see
clearly through transparent materials.
Translucent materials: The materials that allow light partly are

called translucent materials — We cannot see clearly through
translucent materials.
Opaque materials: The materials that do not allow light tom

pass through them are called opaque materials — Opaque
materials cast their shadows.
7. Conductors of electricity: The materials that allow electric
current to flow through them are called conductors of
electricity.
Examples — iron, aluminium, copper, etc
Insulators of electricity: The materials that do not allow

electric current to pass through them are called insulators or
bad conductors of electricity.
Examples — plastic, rubber, pure water, etc
8. Differences
Material Hardness Lustre Solubility
Chalk hard rough insoluble
Iron nail hard lustrous insoluble
Wood hard rough insoluble
Aluminium hard lustrous insoluble
Candle hard rough insoluble
Cotton soft rough insoluble
9. Oxygen is must for all living being for their survival. Living
being on the land get oxygen from the air. Oxygen is soluble
in water. The aquatic animals breathe in dissolved oxygen in
water., other wise they would die.
10. Gold is highly lustrous metal, which makes its use in jewellery.
Silver is also a lustrous metal. But it fades easily in moist air.
This is why gold spoon is more lustrous than silver spoon.

8
11. Give reasons.
(a) Grouping items in groups makes it easier to find and
identify them.
(b) Glass is a transparent material through which can be seen.
So windowpanes are made of glass so that we can see
through them the activities outside.
(c) Plastic is a bad conductor of electricity. So electric wires
have a plastic covering to avoid electric shock.
(d) Metals react with moist air and as a result they lose their
shining.
(e) Water has dissolved oxygen that helps fish survive in water.
(f) The hull of a ship is full of air. The weight of water displaced
by the ship is much more than the weight of steel in the
hull.
12. Carbon dioxide is present in cold drink under pressure. When
the bottle is opened pressure is released. Because of that will
bubble out and effervescence will be seen.
13. (a) Insolubility (b) Opaque
14.
Name of the Appearance Transparency Floats/ Soluble/
material (hard/soft) Sinks Insoluble
Plastic pen hard opaque sinks insoluble
Nephthalene hard opaque sinks insoluble
balls
thermocol soft opaque floats insoluble
box
broken glass hard transparent sinks insoluble
salt soft opaque sinks soluble
sugar candy hard opaque sinks soluble
hair soft opaque floats insoluble
green leaves soft opaque floats insoluble
glass marble hard opaque sinks insoluble
iron nail hard opaque sinks insoluble
15. Oil makes the paper translucent through which objects can be
seen but not clearly.

9
 3. Separation of Substances
PAGE 39
Judge Your Progress
A. Tick the correct option.
1. (b) milk 2. (a) diamond 3. (d) H
B. Say, Yes or No.
1. Homogeneous mixture 2. Heterogenous mixture
PAGE 44
Judge Your Progress
A. Tick the correct option.
1. (c) threshing 2. (b) cornflakes in milk
3. (c) handpicking 4. (c) churning
B. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words.
1. handpicking 2. sedimentation
3. substance, mixture 4. grains 5. sieving

Exercises
PAGE 48
A. Tick the correct option.
1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (c)
5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (c) 8. (d)
9. (a) 10. (a) 11. (d) 12. (d)
13. (b) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (b)
B. State whether True or False.
1. False 2. True 3. False 4. True 5. False
6. True 7. True 8. True 9. True 10. False
C. Very short-answer questions
1. filtration 2. combine harvester
3. winnowing 4. winnowing 5. alum
6. evaporation

10
 7. (a) winnowing and sieving
(b) decantation and evaporation
(c) magnetic, decantation and evaporation
(d) winnowing and sieving
(e) separating funnel
D. Short-answer questions.
1. Grains can be separated by the method of winnowing.
The method is based on the weights of the components.
The wind carries lighter component away from the heavier
component which falls vertically down.
2. (a) – (iii) (b) – (iv) (c)– (v) (d)–(ii) (e) – (i)
3. Two immiscible liquids are separated by a separating funnel.
4. Define the following.
(a) Condensation: The process of change of water vapour into
water ic called condensation.
(b) Evaporation: The process of change of water into water
vapour is called evaporation.
(c) Filtration: The process of separating very fine particles of
solids from a liquid, using a filter is called filtration.
(d) Winnowing: The process of separating light component
from the heavier component with the help of wind is
called winnowing.
(e) Solute: The substance that gets dissolves in another
substance is called solute.
(f) Solvent: The substance in which a solute gets dissolve is
called solvent.
(g) Solution: The mixture of solute and the solvent is called
solution.
(h) Loading: The process of improving settling of solid
particles by adding a coagulating agent is called loading.
E. long-answer questions.
1. We need to separate substances for the following purposes;
• To remove undesirable substances, for example pebbles
are removed from food grains.
11
 • To remove harmful substances, for example, khesari dal
which is very harmful is removed from arhar dal.
• To obtain useful components, for example, curd is churned
to separate butter from it.
2. Bran is removed from flour by sieving. Bran being bigger in
size than flour remains in the sieve and the flour gets collected
in a vessel below the sieve.
3. Clear water is separated from mud by the process of sedimentation
and decantation.
Muddy water is kept undisturbed for some time. The mud being
heavier settles at the bottom as sediment. A layer of clear water
is formed above the sediment. The clear water is separated by
the process of decantation.
4. See activity 2 on page 45.
5. Solute is the substance that dissolves into another substance.
Solvent is the substance in which a solute dissolves. The
mixture of solute and solvent is called a solution.
For example, in a sugar solution, sugar is solute, solvent is
water.
Dissolving capacity of water can be increased by heating the
solution.
6. Salt from the sea water is obtained by evaporation. Sea water
is allowed to stand in shallow fields. Water gets heated by the
sun and slowly changes into water vapour. The process is called
evaporation. When all water is evaporated from the field, salt is
left behind.
7. Give reasons.
(a) Alum makes the suspended particles heavier to make them
settle quickly.
(b) Oil is lighter than water. So in a mixture of oil and water,
oil forms the top layer.
(c) Distilled water is the purest form of water. So it is used in
medicines.
(d) River water does not contain salt. SO we cannot obtain salt
from it.

12
 8. In ice-cold water, molecules are very close to each other and
therefore sugar particles do not fit into them. So it is difficult
to dissolve sugar into ice-cold water.
9. Crossword puzzle.
D
E
C W
A E V A P O R A T I O N
N N
T H R E S H I N G N
A O
T L W
I O I
C O N D E N S A T I O N
N D G
I
N
D
10. (a) Monica can easily dissolve 1 teaspoonful of salt into half
glass of water. But it is difficult for Anaya to dissolve too much
salt in little water.
(b) Anaya will be able to form a saturated solution by heating
and stirring the solution.
11. The dirt in the air is washed by the rain. So the visibility
increases after raining
12. Sand is removed from the mixture by sedimentation and
decantation.
Oil is separated by separating funnel.
Salt is removed by the process of evaporation.
13. First separate iron filings by bringing a magnet near the
mixture.
Then remove the oil using a separating funnel.
Then heat the salt solution. Water evaporates leaving behind
the salt.

13
 14. Chalk powder does not dissolve in water and it settles at the
bottom as sediment. Salt is soluble in water. It does not form
sediment. So the jar with sediment has chalk powder and the
other contains salt.
15. She should first add sugar to water. When sugar gets dissolve
completely, she should add ice to it. This is because sugar does
not dissolve in cold water.

4. Getting to Know Plants

PAGE 56
Judge Your Progress
A. Tick () the correct option.
1. (c) pumpkin 2. (b) carrot 3. (c) onion
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. flowering 2. shrub 3. trunk
C. Write True or False.
1. False 2. False 3. False
PAGE 61
Judge Your Progress
A. Tick () the correct option.
1. (c) stamens 2. (d) rhizomes 3. (b) lamina
B. Fill in the blanks.
1. petiole 2. margin 3. veins 4. food factory
5. flower
C. Write True or False.
1. False 2. False 3. False 4. False

Exercises
PAGE 64
A. Tick () the correct option.
1. (c) (Please correct the statement as — Which of these roots
does not store food?

14
 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (c)
6. (a) 7. (b) 8. (a) 9. (d)
10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (b)
B. Fill in the blanks with the suitable words to complete the
statements.
1. sepals 2. ovary, ovules 3. anther, filament
4. bud 5. petiole 6. climbing 7. hanging
8. shrub 9. stems 10. transpiration
C. State whether True or False.
1. True 2. False 3. False 4. True 5. True
6. False 7. False 8. True 9. False 10. False
D. Very short-answer questions.
1. Name the following.
(a) venation (b) transpiration
(c) reticulate (d) reticulate
(e) Carpel (f) petiole
2. lamina 3. stomata 4. climbers
5. The process by which green plants make food using water
and carbon dioxide in the presence of sunlight is called
photosynthesis.
6. Write the names of the plants
(a) dodder (b) grapevine (c) cactus
(d) pea plant
E. Short-answer questions.
1. No. All the starch stored in the leaf is would have been used
up by the plant. So it will not turn blue black when tested for
starch.
2. Water and carbon dioxide are the raw materials that green
leaves to make food by the process of photosynthesis.
3. Plant leaves have tiny pores called stomata. The exchange of
gases takes place through stomata.
4. A complete flower has all parts (sepals, petals, stamens and
carpel) whereas an incomplete flower misses a part.
15
 5. The root system comprises of the roots whereas the shoot
system comprises of the stem, leaves, flowers fruits and seeds.
6. The arrangement of veins in a leaf is called venation. It may be
parallel or reticulate.
7. Match the parts.
(a) — (iii) (b) — (ii) (c) — (iv) (d) — (i)
8. Read the functions
(a) root (b) leaves (c) flower (d) stem
F. Long-answer questions.
1. Tap root: It is the main root which is thick and bears small
roots called lateral roots. Examples: carrot and radish
Fibrous root: It is a group of many similar roots that arise from
the base of the stem. Examples: wheat and paddy
2. The main functions of the stem are to
• to support branches, leaves, flowers and fruits.
• conduct water and minerals absorbed by the roots to the
leaves.
• support the leaves in such a way that they are properly
exposed to sunlight to carryout photosynthesis.
3. Petiole, lamina, midrib and veins are the main parts of a leaf.
The petiole attaches the leaf to the stem. The lamina is the green
flat part that bears veins. The veins are thread-like structures
that help in conduction of raw material and prepared food.
For diagram see Fig 4.12 on page 57
4. Roots absorb more water than required by the plants. This
water is lost in the environment by the leaves through stomata.
This process is called transpiration which happen all the times.
This can be proved by an activity. See Activity 3 on page 63.
5. Sepals, petals, stamens and carpel are the main parts of a
flower.
Sepals are the outermost part which are usually green. They

protect the inner parts of the flower.
Petals are brightly coloured parts that lie just inside the

sepals. They invite birds and insects that help in the process of
reproduction.
16
 Stamens are male reproductive parts. Each stamen consists

of a long filament and an anther, a knob-like structure. The
anther contains pollens.
Carpel is the female reproductive part of the flower. It consists
of the stigma, style and ovary. The ovary contains ovules.
For structure of the flower see FIg 4.15 on page 59
6. Do it yourself with the help of Fig 4.13 on page 58.
7. (a) 1. petiole 2. midrib 3. lamina 4. veins
(b) The leaf has reticulate venation
(c) Grass leaves have parallel venation.
8. (a) The process of transpiration is demonstrated.
(b) On a sunny bright day
(c) Tony water droplets are seen
(d) Mouth of the polythene bag should be closed tightly.
9. Give reasons
(a) Algae contain the green colouring substance, called
chlorophyll, that is required to carry out photosynthesis.
(b) Fungi does not contain chlorophyll so they can’t make
their own food.
(c) Bright colours of petals attract insects and birds for
pollination (transferring pollens to stigma).
(d) Leaves in a pea plant get modified to tendril to support the
plant to climb up support.
(e) The stem conduct water and minerals from the roots to
the leaves for photosynthesis. It also decides the type of a
plant. So it is called the backbone of the plant.
(f) The leaves make food so they are called kitchen of the
plant.
(g) Insect-eating plants are called insectivores. They eat
insects to meet their nitrogen requirements which is must
for their growth.
10. Excess water may be harmful for the plant. The water lost by
plants keep the air moist. Dry air is harmful to our health.
11. Mushrooms do not make their own food. They absorb their

17
 food in the liquid form from the garbage they grow on.
12. Rose plants grow from stem cuttings rather than seeds. So it
does not bear seeds.
13. Cacti grow in hot deserts where their is scarcity of water. To
avoid lose of water through transpiration, cacti have leaves
modified into spines. So cacti have green fleshy stems to make
food.
14. Plants are the only producers. Without them their would be no
food or life. Plants give out oxygen in the environment which
is required by all living beings for their survival. So to maintain
life on the earth we need to grow more and more trees to get
oxygen and food.
15. When a neem plant is small, it has green tender stem just like
of herbs.
16. Yes the statement is correct. Because plants are producers and
humans are consumers. We consume food prepared by plants.
17. Sweet smell and bright colour of petals attract insects and birds
for pollination.
18.
X O V U L E Y T S T E M L O
Z V E I N W Q H E R B P I P
Y A N I M A L Z E X R N D Q
A R F I L A M E N T M U R Z
B Y A R A B L C O D B E I R
Z L E E U O F O L G H I B A
X A L H I I R J A L X U R X
Y T M T N O T P P Q R R A Z
T E E N S T U F E H V W N Y
U P Y A M G I T S Z Z N C Y
X F L O W E R E H T N A H X
L S T A M E N N S E P A L Z

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20