4a: The shape of molecule is determined by the
number of pairs of electrons surrounding the
central atom and the electron pairs repel each
other to arrange their self in space so they far
away from each other that is lone pair-lone pair
repulsion is more than lone pair-bond pair
repulsion and this one is more than bond pair-
bond pair repulsion.
C:
BF3: trigonal planar, 120 degrees
NH3: trigonal pyramidal,107 degrees
Nh4 + : tetrahedral, 109.5 degrees
SF6: octahedral, 90 and 180 degrees.
6ai: London forces and dipole-dipole forces
and hydrogen bonding
6aii: London forces and dipole-dipole forces.
6b: Ethanol can form hydrogen bond with
water is stronger than the dipole-dipole
bond between methoxymethane molecules
and water molecules. And ethanol have
higher boiling temperatures because it has
hydrogen bond in addition that it is harder t
break it than London force or dipole-dipole
force.
8a: The only type of attractive forces present
between methane molecules are London
dispersion forces. These forces are quite
weak, which is why methane has a low
boiling point, only a small amount of energy
is needed to break these interactions. In
contrast, water molecules experience not
only London forces but also dipole-dipole
interactions and hydrogen bonds. The
hydrogen bonds, in particular, are
significantly stronger than London forces,
resulting in a greater overall intermolecular
attraction in water compared to methane.
8b: As the chain length increases, the
number of contact points between the
molecules also grows. Consequently, longer
chains lead to a higher number of London
dispersion forces, which results in an
increase in the overall intermolecular
attractions.
8c: Because of branching of the chain the
London force is weaker and the boiling
temperature is lower.
9a:
Formula of
molecule H2O NH3 CH4 BCl3
Number of
bonding pairs 2 3 4 3
Number of non-
bonding pairs 2 1 0 0
9bi: A polar bond occurs when there is an
uneven distribution of electrical charge
across the bond. This means that one end of
the bond has a partial positive charge (S+)
while the other end has a partial negative
charge (S-). This charge separation results
from differences in electronegativity
between the atoms involved in the bond.
9bii: In ammonia, the three dipoles
generated by the three polar N-H bonds all
point in the same direction, which causes
them to strengthen each other. Conversely,
in boron trichloride, the three dipoles offset
each other because the molecule has a
symmetrical structure.
