The angiosperms

L7 S2

Origin and Characteristics of the Angiosperms

Greek: angeion case; sperma seed

Angiosperms: Flowers and Fruits

L7 S1

Angiosperms
Mosses

L7 S4

Why are there do many species?

Ferns Conifer s

West Gondwana, equivalent to modern South America plus Africa

Why are there so many Angiosperm species? Angiosperms probably originated in the tropics
Gondwanaland

(Archaefructus liaoningensis) with closed carpels

Earliest record

And an increase in mosses and ferns (canopy effects)

Coevolution

L7 S3

L7 S5

L7 S6

Possible Scenario for Evolution of Angiosperms Insect-Plant Coevolution Early gymnosperms and angiosperms were wind-pollinated

Archaefructus liaoningensis
140-million-year-old fossil from northeast China. Enlarged view of the carpels (each is about 1 mm long) showing seeds in carpel 1 mm Petals are apparently absent, but leaf-like structures subtending each fruiting axis dene them as owers.
1998. Science 282:1692).

The carpel (female reproductive structure) was originally leaf-shaped. It became folded on itself to enclose and protect the ovule from being eaten by the pollinators (hence Angiosperms). Plants with protected ovules would have been selected over ones with ovules that were eaten. coevolution the mutual influence on the evolution of two different species interacting with each other and reciprocally influencing each others adaptations

(Sun, Dilcher, Zheng & Zhou.

L7 S7

The Idea
Like modern gymnosperms, the ovule exuded droplets of sap to catch pollen grains. Insects (beetles) on the plant found this protein/sugar mix and used it as food. Insects became dependent on this food source and started carrying pollen from plant to plant. Beetle-pollination must have been more efficient than wind for some species, so there was natural selection for plants that attracted insects. Next to occur would have been the evolution of nectaries, nectar-secreting structures, to lure the pollinators. Development of white or brightly-colored, conspicuous flowers to draw attention to the nectar and/or other food sources would also have occurred.

Cretaceous

L7 S8

Lower Storey: Angiosperms appear and become dominant over Cycads, Ginkgos, & Ferns Upper Storey: Conifers continue, but experience some replacement by Angiosperms Conifer

Angiosperm (Magnolia)

Angiosperm (this one is forerunner to sycamore) Angiosperm (palm)

L7 S9

L7 S10

By 65 mybp the first bees, wasps, butterflies, and moths had evolved. These are insects for which flowers are often the only source of nutrition for the adults.

Contributing factors to Angiosperm evolution and diversification During the Cretaceous, new habitats appeared as continents drifted north and south. Angiosperms came to dominate these new habitats because of more efficient pollination (flowers) better dispersal (fruits) greater morphological variability shorter life cycles

Cretaceous bee from Liaoning, China

Fossil beehive made by soilnesting bees(Late Cret-Early Tert.)Uruguay

Fossil wasp (Oligocene) In volcanic ash

Fossil wasp (Neogene) In amber

Fossil wasp (Paleogene) In volcanic ash

Fossil butterfly (Neogene) In amber

Speciation was promoted by the emergence of physical barriers (oceans, mountains) that subdivided populations and isolated them.

Plant of the day

Arabidopsis has several advantages that make it a model for understanding the genetic, cellular and molecular biology of flowering plants. The small size of its genome, about 125 million base pairs and five chromosomes, make it useful for genetic mapping and sequencing. It was the first sequenced plant genome, in 2000. The plant's small size and rapid life cycle are also advantages. It takes about six weeks from germination to mature seed. Its small size is convenient for cultivation in a small space and it produces many seeds.

Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Brassicales Family: Brassicaceae Genus: Arabidopsis Species: A. thaliana

When compared with Gymnosperms Angiosperm xylem contains vessels as well as tracheids and parenchyma Tracheids provide better support but slower rates of water conduction than vessels Vessel

Wide vessel element: This kind of cell is better for fluid conduction than physical support. These vessel elements have completely perforated end walls Elongated vessel element: This cell provides moderate support but superior fluid conduction compared to a L7 S11 tracheid.

A vessel is composed of several vessel elements

Tracheid
Plant transformation in Arabidopsis is easy, using Agrobacterium tumefaciens to transfer DNA to the plant genome.

Tracheids lack perforation plates but their end walls contain numerous pits.

Phloem
Sieve Tube Members (STM) Cucurbita phloem
(cucumber)

There are two classes of flowering plants, Dicotyledons and Monocotyledons

Companion Cells (CC)

Your text book refers to eudicots rather than dicots. cotyledons (part of Eudicot (true dicot) is not in common usage.

In seeds, two the embryo)

In seeds only one Dicotyledon cotyledon Monocotyledon three Usually floral differences parts (or

DICOTS

Usually four or five floral parts (or multiples of these) Usually a netlike array of leaf veins Basically, three pores of furrows in pollen grain

multiples of three)
MONOCOTS

Sieve plate

Usually a parallel array of leaf veins Basically, one pore or furrow in pollen grain Vascular bundles distributed ground tissue of stem L7 S13 Fig. 25.3 p 440

STMs and CCs develop from the same progenitor cell. STMs unite vertically to form a Sieve Tube. STMs have no nucleus at maturity and depend on CC to regulate physiological processes.
L7 S12

vascular bundle

Vascular bundles arrayed as a ring in stem

Angelica stem
transverse section

J. D. Mauseth

Four zones:
1) epidermis

Transverse section of corn stem, Zea mays (monocot).

Transverse section of corn stem, Zea mays.

Typical of a dicotyledon without secondary thickening.

We eat Angelica in confectionary

There are four parts: 1) epidermis

Dicotyledon stem cross section

2) cortex, in many species the outermost part is a hypodermis

L7 S14

3) ring of vascular bundles Stems as diverse as slender vines, fat cacti, or as modified as potato tubers all have this organization, but with various zones modified.

4) pith.

Organization of monocotyledon stems: numerous vascular bundles distributed throughout a tissue that may be either parenchyma or collenchyma

2) cortex with or without part differentiated into a hypodermis 3) vascular bundles 4) a matrix of parenchyma called conjunctive tissue or pith

Cacti have an exceptionally thick cortex. Potato tubers have a gigantic pith and almost no wood.

Monocotyledon stems: numerous vascular bundles distributed throughout a tissue that may be either parenchyma or collenchyma

L7 S15

Leaf of a dictyledon
Recall the needles of conifers
Coleus leaf cleared of cell contents and with xylem stained

Leaf of a monocotyledon plant

Typically veins are distributed such that mesophyll cells are close to a vein. The network of veins also provides a supportive framework for the leaf.
L7 S16

The major venation follows the long axis of the leaf and there are numerous joining cross veins so that, as with the dicotyledon, mesophyll cells are always close to a vein. L7 S17

leaf vein (one vascular bundle inside the leaf) xylem Water and dissolved mineral ionsDiagram of a dicot leaf move from roots into stems, then into leaf vein (blue arrow) phloem

cuticle of upper epidermis

UPPER EPIDERMIS PALISADE MESOPHYLL

Tomato leaf
Upper epidermis Palisade parenchyma: chloroplasts visible around cell periphery Longitudinal section through a vascular bundle Xylem vessel: annular thickening around cell wall Phloem Bundle Sheath
Fig. 25.18, p. 454

SPONGY MESOPHYLL LOWER EPIDERMIS

Products of Photosynthesis (pink arrow) enter vein and are transported to stems, roots) Oxygen and water vapor escape from the leaf through stomata

cuticle-coated cell of lower epidermis one stoma (opening across the epidermis)

Carbon dioxide from the surrounding air enters the leaf through stomata

Spongy parenchyma Lower epidermis L7 S19

L7 S18

Leaf cross section of Zea mays ("corn").

Bulliform cells Upper epidermis Xylem

Things you need to know

UNDERSTAND the ideas about how angiosperm evolution occurred and be able to describe the differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms. Be Able to Draw and label the section through the leave of both dicotyledons and monocotyledons L7 S18, S19, S20 UNDERSTAND the difference between tracheids and vessels

Bundle sheath cells with chloroplasts Parenchyma with chloroplasts Lower epidermis L7 S20

Phloem

UNDERSTAND the difference between monocotyledons and dicotyledons

L7 S21

http://www.uri.edu/artsci/bio/plant_anatomy/99.html