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Phonetic Analysis of Middle English Words

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
25 views10 pages

Phonetic Analysis of Middle English Words

Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Model of phonetic analysis

Word Analysis Parallels form cognate NE word


languages or related OE words
and  (stressed) enPR From Middle English and, an, and
(ke
:ănd, ĕnd IPA from Old
y)
: /ænd/, /ɛnd/ English and, ond, end (“and”),
from Proto-Germanic *andi, *a
nþi, *undi, *unþi (“and,
furthermore”), from Proto-
Indo-European *h₂énti
(“facing opposite, near, in front
of, before”). Cognate with
Scots an (“and”), North
Frisian en (“and”), West
Frisian en, in (“and”), Low
German un (“and”),
Dutch en (“and”),
German und(“and”),
Danish end (“but”),
Swedish än (“yet, but”),
Icelandic enn (“still, yet”),
Albanian edhe (“and”) (dialect
al ênde, ênne), ende (“still, yet,
therefore”),
Latin ante (“opposite, in front
of”), and Ancient
Greek ἀντί (antí, “opposite,
facing”).
:
ealle  IPA /ɛl/ From Old French ele, all, everybody
from Latin illa, feminine of ille.
þa From the same root as þæt.
þe  IPA: /θe/ From Proto-Germanic *þa, 1. that; which; w
from Proto-Indo-European *to, ho. 2. where; whe
*te n.
gehyrdon IPA:/ˈhyːrdon/ hȳr from Latin origin hydron
don Preterite
plural form of
hȳran
wundredon IPA / wu:nde:don/ from Anglo-Saxon origin worderful
be  (UK) IPA: /biː/
rom Middle English been (“to be
 (US) IPA: /bi/ be”). The various forms have
three separate origins, which
were mixed together at various
times in the history of English.

 The forms beginning


with b- come from Old
English bēon (“to be,
become”), from Proto-
Germanic *beuną (“to be,
exist, come to be, become”),
from Proto-Indo-European
*bʰúHt(“to grow, become,
come into being, appear”),
from the root *bʰuH-.
 The forms beginning
with w- come from the
aforementioned Old
English bēon, which shared
its past tense with the
verb wesan, from Proto-
Germanic *wesaną,
from Proto-Indo-European
*h₂wes- (“to reside”).
 The remaining forms are
also from Old
English wesan (“to be”),
from Proto-Germanic *wes
aną, from Proto-Indo-
European *h₁ésti, from the
root *h₁es-.

þam API /pe:m/ From Proto-Germanic *þa, those


from Proto-Indo-European *to,
*te
him  (UK, US) enPR From Old English him dative him
: hĭm, IPA: / singular of he (masculine)
ˈhɪm/, or it (neuter); from Proto-
unstressed IPA: Germanic *himmai (compare
/əm/, [ɪ̈m] Dutch hem).

hydras  enPR: hī'drə, I After the Hydra, from Greek  any of


PA: /ˈhaɪdɹə/ mythology, which grew two several
new heads every time one of its small
heads was cut off. The first freshwater
sense alludes to polyps of
the budding method the genus
of asexual reproduction that the Hydra and
hydra practices, similar to related
growing new heads. The second genera
sense refers to how the creature ±show
could not be killed by a swift,  complex,
decisive solution (in contrast to multifariou
a Gordian knot). s problem

sædon  IPA: /sɛːdon/, [ From Old Norse sáð (“seed”), custom


sɛːˀð] from Proto-Germanic *sēdiz.

Maria  (usually) IPA: / From Latin Maria, Maria, Marry


məˈɹiːə/, from Ancient
 (also especially Greek Μαρία (María), Μαριάμ
the variant (Mariám),
"Mariah") IPA: from Aramaic ‫( מרים‬Maryām),
/məˈɹaɪə/ corresponding to the
 Rhymes: -iːə Hebrew ‫( מרים‬Miryām). A
 Rhymes: -aɪə Latinate variant of the
vernacular English Mary.
geheold IPA / ge:hol't/ From Middle Dutch hollen, to hold
further etymology unknown. No
certain relatives.
þas  IPA /θɑːs/ OE origin these

word  (Received From Middle English word, word


Pronunciation) from Old English word,
IPA: /wɜːd/ from Proto-Germanic *wurdą,
 (General from Proto-Indo-European *wr̥
American) enP dʰh₁om. Doublet of verb.
R: wûrd, IPA: /
wɝd/

on (British
 From Middle English on, on
Isles, Eastern from Old English on, an (“on, an
New upon, onto, in, into”),
England) enPR: from Proto-Germanic *ana
ŏn, IPA: /ɒn/ (“on, at”), from Proto-Indo-
 (Northern European *h₂en-. Cognate
US, cot–caught with North Frisian a (“on,
merger) IPA: /ɑ in”), Saterland
n/ Frisian an (“on, at”), West
 (Southern Frisian oan (“on,
American at”), Dutch aan (“on, at,
English) IPA: /ɔ to”), Low German an (“on,
n/ at”), German an (“to, at,
on”), Swedish å (“on, at,
in”), Faroese á (“on, onto, in,
at”), Icelandic á (“on,
in”), Gothic (ana), Ancient
Greek ἀνά (aná, “up,
upon”), Albanian në (“in”);
and from Old Norse upp
á: Danish på, Swedish på, Nor
wegian på, see upon.
hyre  IPA: /²hyːrə/ From Middle Low to hyre
German hure
heortan IPA / he:urtan/ OE origin inherit

smeagende IPA / smi:gzent/ From Latin genus. gen, kind

Model of Grammatical analysis and translation

Word Analysis, notes Correspondin Translation


g NE word
and and and and

1. As a coordinating conjunction;
expressing two elements to be
taken together or in addition to
each other.
1. Used simply to connect two
noun phrases, adjectives or
adverbs. [from 8th c.]
2. Simply connecting two
clauses or sentences. [from
8th c.]
3. Introducing a clause or
sentence which follows on
in time or consequence from
the first. [from 9th c.]
4. (obsolete) Yet; but. [10th-17th
c.]
5. Used to connect certain
numbers: connecting units
when they precede tens (not
dated); connecting tens and
units to hundreds,
thousands etc. (now often
omitted in US); to connect
fractions to wholes. [from
10th c.]
6. (now colloquial or literary)
Used to connect more than
two elements together in a
chain, sometimes to stress
the number of elements.
7. Connecting two identical
elements, with implications
of continued or infinite
repetition. [from 10th c.]
8. Introducing
a parenthetical or
explanatory clause. [from
10th c.]
9. Introducing the continuation
of narration from a previous
understood point; also used
alone as a question: ‘and so
what?’.
10.(now regional or
somewhat colloquial) Used
to connect two verbs where
the second is dependent on
the first: ‘to’. Used
especially
after come, go and try. [fro
m 14th c.]
[Link]
a qualitative difference
between things having the
same name; "as well as
other". [from 16th c.]
[Link] to combine numbers
in addition; plus (with
singular or plural
verb). [from 17th c.]
2. (heading) Expressing a condition.
1. (now US dialect) If; provided
that. [from 13th c.]
2. (obsolete) As if, as
though. [15th-17th c.]
3. (obsolete) Even though.

ealle Pronoun all all,


eveybody
elle f (plural elles)
1. she
Je crois qu'elle est partie.
I think she left.

2. it (feminine gender third-person


singular subject pronoun)
3. disjunctive form of elle; her; à elle
= hers
C’est à elle.
It's hers.
Synonyms

 cézigue (argot)
þa Pronoun then then, where,
when
ðā m, f, n (demonstrative)

1. nominative plural of se, sēo,


and þæt
2. accusative plural of se, sēo,
and þæt
3. accusative singular of sēo
Adverb
þā

1. then
Conjunction
þā

1. when, since, because, where

þe relative pronoun 1. that; which where


; who. 2. wher
e; when.
gehyrdon Noun, uncountable, singular hydron hydron
wundredon Adjective, compound, positive degree wonderful wonderful
be Verb, irregular, Present Simple Tense be be
þam Demonstrative pronoun plural dative those those
him Pronoun[edit] him him
him (personal pronoun, objective case)

1. A masculine pronoun; he as a
grammatical object.
1. With dative effect or as an
indirect object. [from 9th c.]
2. Following
a preposition. [from 9th c.]
3. With accusative effect or as a
direct object. [from 12th c.]
2. (now rare) Used reflexively:
(to) himself. [from 9th c.]
3. With nominative effect: he,
especially as a predicate after be,
or following a preposition. [from
15th c.]
4. Alternative letter-case form of Him

hydras Noun, countable, plural  any of  any of


several severa
hydras small l
freshwa small
1. plural of hydra
ter fresh
hydra (plural hydras or hydrae or hydræ) polyps water
of the polyp
1. Any of several genus s of
small freshwater polyps of the Hydra the
genus Hydra and related genera, and genus
having a naked cylindrical body related Hydra
and an oral opening surrounded genera and
by tentacles. ±show relate
2. A complex, multifarious problem or  comple d
situation that cannot be solved x, gener
easily and rapidly multifar a
ious ±show
proble  compl
m ex,
multif
arious
probl
em

sædon sæd c (singular definite sæden, not used custom custom


in plural form)

1. seed, semen, sperm


2. seed (fertilized grain)
Synonyms[edit]

 (semen): sperm, sperma


 (seed): såsæd, sædekorn

Maria Proper noun Maria Maria,


Merry
Maria

1. A female given name.

geheold Verb to hold to hold


hollen

1. (intransitive) To run fast or


frantically, run away, flee etc.
2. (intransitive) To rage; be/get out of
control.
3. (intransitive) To (be/ go on) strike.
Inflection
more ▼Inflection
of hollen (weak)

infinitive hollen

past singular holde

past participle gehold

þas Adjective these these


þās

1. nominative and accusative plural o


f þes: these
Pronoun
þās

1. nominative and accusative plural o


f þes: these

word Noun, countable, singular word word


on Adverb on on, an
on (not comparable)

hyre Noun to hyre to hyre


hyre f (definite singular hyra, indefinite
plural hyrer, definite plural hyrene)

1. wage, pay (mostly for seamen)


Verb
hyre (present tense hyrar or hyrer, past
tense hyra or hyrte, past
participle hyra or hyrt, present
participle hyrande, imperative hyr)

1. Alternative form of hyra

heortan Noun inherit inherit


hertan

1. Genitive singular form of hertta.

smeagende Noun gen gen, kind


gen n (plural genuri)

1. gender
2. type, sort, kind
3. way, style, manner
4. (biological
category) genus, species, family
Synonyms

 (gender): sex
 (type, kind, way): fel, stil
 (species): specie

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