VERBAL ANALOGY

An Analogy is a comparison of 2 pairs of words that have the same

relationship.

1. Part/Whole Analogies

Ex. Sand: beach:: water :ocean

2. Function/Purpose Analogies

3. Cause and Effect Analogies

4. Characteristics

5. Action

6. Synonyms

7. Antonyms

Examples:

1. NEEDLE : KNIT

A. bait : fish

B. match : fire

C. loom : weave

D. soap : wash

E. bed : sleep

2. ZOOLOGY : ANIMALS

A. ecology : pollution

B. botany : plants

C. chemistry : atoms

D. history : people

E. mathematics : geometry

52. SAW : CARPENTER

A. Scissors : tailor

B. Wagon : farmer

C. Brush : painter

D. Typewriter : author

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 E. Trowel : bricklayer

3. PARENTHESIS : EXPLANATION

A. asterisk : exaggeration

B. ellipsis : omission

C. synopsis : affectation

D. apostrophe : annotation

E. synthesis : interpolation

4. CENSUS : POPULATION

A. manifest : debts

B. roster : audience

C. itinerary : journeys

D. inventory : merchandise

E. state : incumbents

5. STANZA : POEM

A. mimicry : pantomime

B. duet : chorus

C. pirouette : ballet

D. rhyme : verse

E. act : opera

Building your Word Power.

A. Structural analysis a process of decoding unfamiliar words by visually

examining the words to discover the component parts which may lead to
pronunciation and meaning.
A.1 Rootwords
A.2 Prefixes

A. Example
A B

1.post a.beyond, outside

2.super b.within, inside
3.sub c.later, afterward, behind
4.pre d.before
5.ante e.in advance
6. extra f. between, among
7. circum g. over, above

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 8. con/com h. around
9.intra i. under, beneath, below
10. inter j. with, together

B.

1. auto a.not
2. anti b. half
3. bio c. against
4. bi d. water
5. circum e.after
6. equi f. sounds
7. hydra g. one
8. intra h. ten times
9. inter i. within
10. mono j. before
11. micro k. below
12. non l. and
13. pre m. small
14. post n. between
15. phono o. three
16. deci p. two
17. tri. q. life
18. semi r. self
19. sub s. the same or equal
20. in/im t. around

non/in/im/un /ir, dis not, mal/mis bad or wrong, re- again

A.3 Suffixes
er/ist/ ian/ant a person or a thing that does something.
hood/age/ship a whole group, as in priesthood.
a way or state of being, as in friendship, marriage
en/ize/ify used to form verbs
ful/ous /ic/ish/ive used to form adjectives

A.4 Compound words

1. noun + noun = noun , pillbox
2. adverb + noun = noun, underground
3. adjective + noun = noun , highway
4. verb + adverb = noun, make up
5. verb + noun = noun, killjoy
6. adjective + noun = noun, goodtime
7. adverb + verb = noun, income
8. adverb + verb = adjective, outgoing
9. adv. + adj. = adj. , evergreen
10. noun + adj. = adv. , money-wise
11. Noun + adj. = adj. , stone-cold
12. Phrase oddities ex. Hand-me-down, out-of-date, forget-me-not

B. Using Context Clues includes semantic, syntactic, presentation clues.

B.1 Semantic clues are clues derived from the meaning of the words co-occuring
with the unknown word.
2.1.1 Definition clue A word directly defined as a context.
2.1.2 Appositive clue may offer a synonym or description of the word.
2.1.3 Comparison @ contrast clue may give away the words meaning.

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 2.1.4 Explanation clue succeeding sentences may provide explanations that
may clarify the meaning of an unknown word in a previous sentence.

2.2 Syntactic clues contained in the grammar of the language.

2.3 Presentation clues refer to the other aids that the author may use to make
himself clear to the reader.

C. Word Associations

Classification:

1. Similarity ex. road - street, path, highway

2. Contrast ex. happy sad
3. Assonance ex. site cite, sight
4. Subordination ex. animal tiger, lion
5. Co-ordination ex. violin guitar, banduria
6. Superordination ex. cabbage vegetables
7. Derivation ex. friend friendship
8. Predication ex. bird fly, eat
9. Completion ex. black blackboard
10. Characteristic or property ex. teacher strict

D.Homonyms ex. To-two, way-weigh

Homographs ex. bill-electric bill/birds bill, fan-movie fan/used when hot

Heteronyms ex. resume resume of the report
resume curriculum vitae
Exercises:
1. Homonyms = tail, ate, meet, blue, cent, see, pail, waste, maid,
plain.
2. Homographs = 3 words
3. Heteronyms = 2 words

E. Idioms expressions peculiar to the language.

Examples:
crocodile tears pretended sorrow
close-fisted man a miser
cold reception a reception wanting in cordiality
broad daylight open, full daylight
blackmail money extorted by threat or intimidation
argus-eyed jealously watchful
what not et cetera
blue-blood noble blood
chicken-hearted fellow a cowardly fellow, timid
confirmed bachelor a man who has made up his mind not
to marry
fair weather friend one who desserts you in times of difficulties
henpecked husband a husband snubbed by the wife
greengrocer a dealer in vegetables
green horn an inexperienced person
rainy day a time of adversity
a bakers dozen thirteen
a wild goose chase a foolish, unprofitable adventure not
E.SYNONYMS/ANTONYMS/FIGURES of SPEECH

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 C. Synonyms @ Antonyms
D. Figures of Speech