Dyanamic English Grammar and Composition-6

DYNAMIC
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
&
COMPOSITION
6
Author
Krishna Prasad Regmi
Edited by
Balaram Sharma
TU Topper in English Education (M.ED)
M.Phil with scholarship award (UGC)
Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd.

Kathmandu, Nepal
Published by:
Shubharambha Publication Pvt.Ltd.
Kathmandu, Nepal
URL: www.shubharambhapublication.com
E-mail: shubharambha.publication@gmail.com
www.facebook.com/shubharambhapublication
Book: Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book- 6
Author : Krishna Prasad Regmi

Layout Design : Ram Malakar
Copyright © : Publisher
New Edition : 2076
Revised Edition: 2077
© : Publisher
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted by means (electronic,
photocopying, recording or otherwise) without prior written permission from the
publisher. Any breach of this condition will entail legal action and prosecution.
Printed in Nepal
Preface
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition has been designed according to the new
English Curriculum prescribed by the Curriculum Development Centre. The series
comprises of ten textbooks from grade one to grade ten. The present book is an
amalgamation of survey of rules, structures and forms presented in lucid modern English
and illustrated with numerous examples.
The aim of this book is to bring about a change in teaching and learning English grammar
and composition-a change that will enable the learners to use grammar in context using
both inductive and deductive approaches to develop four language skills immensely.
Practice in composition tasks will help to develop the learner’s writing skills. It will
encourage to writing their own thoughts, ideas and feelings.
This new edition contains huge examples and their application to communicative
approach that will increase the quality learning of English grammar. It is thought that
this change will improve the standard and acceptability of the book and I will consider
the attempts fruitful if the students find the book fruitful.
I have left no stone unturned for the meaningful presentation of subject matter to make
it reader friendly. Detailed description of grammatical structures and adequate exercises
on them, plenty of guided and free writing composition with enough practice questions,
an adequate amount of vocabulary related sections and as much as necessary self study
materials have been presented in the following chapters.
I am thankful to Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd. for their encouragement, co-

operation and help in preparing this book.
At last, I would like to assure all the concerned teachers, students and readers that
constructive comments and suggestions shall be tremendously appreciated and
incorporated in the upcoming edition.
The Author
Table of Contents
1. NOUNS..............................................................................................6-21
2. PRONOUNS................................................................................. ..22-37
3. Quantifiers.................................................................................38-49
4. ARTICLES........................................................................................50-65
5. PREPOSITIONS..............................................................................66-81
6. ADJECTIVES...................................................................................82-98
7. ADVERBS......................................................................................99-109
8. AUXILIARY VERBS......................................................................110-124
9. QUESTION TAGS........................................................................125-136
10. SENTENCES.............................................................................137-152
11. WH-QUESTIONS.......................................................................153-162
12. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION............................................163-175
13. SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT.................................................176-185
14. TENSE.......................................................................................186-207
15. VOICE........................................................................................208-221
16. REPORTED SPEECH...............................................................222-235
17. CONJUNCTIONS.......................................................................236-251
18. READING COMPREHENSION.................................................252-262
19. IRREGULAR VERBS.................................................................263-265
20. Regular Verbs ...................................................................266-269
21. Antonyms .............................................................................270-272
22. SYNONYMS .............................................................................273-276

Phonetic Symbols
Consonant Sounds Vowel Sounds
Symbols Words Symbols Initial Medial Final Spelling
/k/ s king, pick, cat /i: / O{ eat meat see ee, ea, ie, eo, e, ei
/g/ u gate, ghost /I/ O it sit city i, u, o, e, y, a
/ŋ/ ª sing, sink /e/ P egg pen - e, ie, ea, ue
/tƒ/ r chair, match /æ/ of act man - a
/dʒ/ h jug, judge /a: / cf arm large car a, ear, ar
/z/ h is, zoo, balls /ə/ c ago perfect the a
/ʒ/ h genre, /ʌ/ c up but - o, u, ou, u, oe
pleasure,
garage
/t/ 6 tree, mat /ʒ: / cM earth bird sir ir, ur, er, ear
/d/ 8 do, middle /ɒ/ cf] on hot - o, a, ow
/ø/ y thank, with /ɔ: / cf]M all ball saw a, aw, au
/ð/ b those, breathe /ʊ / p - book - u, ou, o, oo
/n/ g nose, man /u: / pm ooze move two o, oo, wo, ue, ou
/p/ k pot, map Diphthongs
Symbols Initial Medial Final Spelling
/f/ km fan, potato, /eI/ PO eight same say a, ay
laugh
/b/ a bag, bulb /aI / cfO{ ice might sky uy, igh, ie, y, eye
/v/ e van, save / ɔI/ cf]O{ oil voice boy oy, oi
/m/ d man, same / Iə/ Oc ear real here ear, eer, ere
/j/ o yak /ʊə/ pc - influence poor our, ocr, ure
/r/ / red, carry /eə/ Pc area chair rare air, ear, ere, eir,
are
/l/ n late, sell /aʊ / cfp out loud cow o, ow, ew
/w/ j walk / əʊ/ cp old home go ou, ow
/ʃ/ z shoes, sugar,
wish, chef
/s/ ; sun, miss
/h/ x house, yahoo
S T A RT CHAPTER 1
T
1
ED
GE
NOUNS
Read the following text.

A mammal is an animal that breathes air, has a
backbone, and grows hair at some point during its
life. All female mammals have glands that can produce
milk. The mother feeds the young with this milk until
the young are old enough to get food for themselves.
Mammals have intelligence among all living creatures
and also, in many ways, the most highly developed.
Mammals include a wide variety of animals, from cats to humans to whales.
There are about 5,000 species, or kinds, of living mammal. More than half of all
mammals are rodents, a group that includes mice and squirrels.
Mammals are found in every major habitat around the world. Most mammals
live on land – on the ground, in trees or even underground. Some mammals
– including otters, beavers and seals – live on land and in the water. Whales,
dolphins and manatees are mammals that spend their whole life in water.
Do You Know? In the text given above, the coloured words are nouns. They
are naming words. They are words denoting a person, place, animal, thing, group,
quality or action.
Speaking Practice
Answer these questions based on the given text.

a. Which animal gives birth to live babies and feeds on milk?
b. What do female mammals have?
c. Where are mammals found?
d. What does the mother mammal feed the young with?
e. Where do mammals live in?
f. Name some mammals that live on earth.
6
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-6
Listening Practice
Reproduce these words after your teacher.

People: human, mother
Places: world, land, ground, underground, habitat
Animals: mammal, cat, whale, rodent, mouse, squirrel, otter, beaver, seal,
dolphin, manatee
Materials: air, hair, milk, food, water
Groups: family, kinds, species, group
Abstract concepts: intelligence, life
Quick Tip
Nouns function as the subject or object of action expressed by a verb or
as the object of a preposition in a sentence.
Grammar Focus: Different Type of Nouns

Noun Type Examples
Common Nouns name people, places woman, mountain, city, ocean,
or things that are not specific. country, building, dog, airline
Proper Nouns name specific people, Laxmi Prasad, Mount Everest, North
places, or things. Sea, Nepal, Kathmandu, City Mall
Abstract Nouns name nouns that you love, wealth, happiness, pride, fear,
religion, belief, history, communica-
can't perceive with your five senses.
tion
Concrete Nouns name nouns that you house, ocean, Uncle Mohan, bird,
can perceive with your five senses. photograph, banana, eyes, light, sun,
dog, suitcase, flowers
Countable Nouns name nouns that bed, cat, movie, train, country, book,
you can count. phone, match, speaker, clock, pen,
David, violin
Uncountable Nouns name nouns that milk, rice, snow, rain, water, food,
you can't count. music
7
Compound Nouns are made up of tablecloth, eyeglasses, New York,
two or more words. photograph, daughter-in-law, pigtails,
sunlight, snowflake
Collective Nouns refer to things or bunch, audience, flock, team, group,
people as a unit. family, band, village
Singular Nouns name one person, cat, sock, ship, hero, monkey, baby,
place, thing, or idea. match, table, house, ball
Plural Nouns name more than one cats, socks, ships, heroes, monkeys,
person, place, thing, or idea. babies, matches, tables, houses, balls
Grammar Focus: Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Countable Nouns
Countable nouns are those which can be counted. It can be both singular and plural.
Here are some countable nouns.
Countable Nouns computer, laptop, plate, bed, marble, book, apple, mango,
cup, boy, cap, desk, bench, copy, pen, etc.
Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable nouns are those which cannot be counted. They do not take any
articles. Here are some countable nouns.
Uncountable Examples
Nouns
Food and Drinks milk, rice, bread, pasta, beef, pork, fruit, sugar, salt,
flour, cheese, butter, tea, honey, jam, oil, juice, water,
wine, tea, coffee, etc.
Thinking or knowledge, faith, freedom, beauty, courage, help,
Feeling advice, knowledge, information, humour, guilt, grief,
love, fun, curiosity, aggression, etc.
Everyday Things education, mail, sand, hair, oxygen, oil, sugar, water,
heat, time, business, equipment, dirt, homework, dust,
garbage, etc.
Free time nature, leisure, travel, chess, art, poetry, literature, yoga,
applause, etc.
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Instant Practice
Write C for countable and U for uncountable for the following underlined
nouns.
1. The children fell asleep quickly after a busy day of fun.
2. Be careful! The water is deep.
3. The parade included fire trucks and police cars.
4. We like the large bottles of mineral water.
5. My mother uses real butter in the cakes she bakes.
6. How many politicians does it take to pass a simple law?
7. Most kids like milk, but Herman hates it.
8. Most pottery is made of clay.
9. Michael can play madal and several different musical instruments.
10. I drank a cup of milk and ate an entire box of cookies.
Circle for countable and underline for uncountable nouns.
advice air alcohol apple art beef blood

book butter cheese chewing coffee confusion cotton
cricket doctor education electricity energy entertainment gold
experience fiction flour food football forgiveness glass
furniture grass ground gum happiness history hope
homework honey horse ice information jam juice
knowledge lamb lightning liquid literature love luck
luggage meat milk mist money music news
noise oil oxygen paper patience pay peace
peanut pepper petrol plastic pork power rain
pressure rice sadness salt sand shopping silver
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snow space speed steam sugar sunshine table
tea tennis time toothpaste traffic trousers vinegar
water weather wine wood wool work watch
Grammar Focus: Singular and Plural Nouns

Nouns can be singular or plural. When we are talking about just one thing or person,
we use a singular noun. For example:
Singular ant, bicycle, cow, daughter, egg, flower, grape, house, jug, king,
lock, magazine, nose, orange, picture, rose, spoonful, toy, vase,
Nouns
well, etc.
When we are talking about more than one thing or person, we use a plural noun.
For example:
Plural ants, bicycles, cows, daughters, eggs, flowers, grapes, houses, jugs,
kings, locks, magazines, noses, oranges, pictures, roses, spoonfuls,
Nouns
toys, vases, wells, etc.
Quick Tip
Words called articles or determiners are used to signal nouns. For
example: a palace, a river, an easy chair, an idea, two books, three trees,
some water, etc.
Instant Practice
Complete the sentences using either ‘a’ or ‘some’.
1. There is _____________ rice in the cupboard.
2. There is _____________ dog in the garden.
3. There is _____________ postman coming to the door.
4. There is _____________ alcohol in the fridge.
5. There is _____________ bathroom upstairs.
6. There is _____________ computer in the office.
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7. There is _____________ oil on the floor.
8. There is _____________ ice on the windscreen.
9. There is _____________ shirt in the tumble dryer.
10. There is _____________ homework to do later on.
11. There is _____________ food on the table.
12. There is _____________ cheese in the fridge.
13. There is _____________ light switch on the wall.
14. There is _____________ vinegar on your chips.
15. There is _____________ pen in my pocket.
Forming Plural Nouns
 By adding -es to nouns ending in –ch, -s, -sh, -ss, and -x
ch beach-beaches inch-inches match-matches watch-watches

s bus-buses octopus-octopuses syllabus-syllabuses virus-viruses
sh dish-dishes brush-brushes thrush-thrushes bush-bushes
ss boss-bosses dress-dresses glass-glasses kiss-kisses
x six-sixes box-boxes fox-foxes tax-taxes
 By adding –s to nouns ending in -o
dynamo-dynamos studio-studios photo-photos tattoo-tattoos piano-pianos

torso-torsos radio-radios trio-trios solo-solos zero-zeros
 By adding –s/es to nouns ending in -o
buffalo-buffaloes potato-potatoes echo-echoes tomato-tomatos

hero-heroes tornado-tornadoes mosquito- veto-vetoes
mosquitoes
mango-mangoes cargo-cargos/car- volcano-volcanoes motto-mottos/
goes mottoes
11
 By changing –y into –ies if a noun ends in a consonant before the -y
beauty-beauties fairy-fairies cherry-cherries family- curry-curries

families
nappy-nappies diary-diaries spy-spies duty-duties theory-
theories
 By adding –s if there is a vowel before the -y
chimney- kidney-kidneys donkey-donkeys monkey- guys-guys

chimneys monkeys
toys-toys jersey-jerseys trolley-trolleys key-keys valley-
valleys
 By changing –f or –fe into –ves
calf-calves life-lives elf-elves loaf-loaves half-halves

sheaf-sheaves knife-knives thief-thieves leaf-leaves wife-wives
 By adding –s to nouns ending in –f or –fe
chef-chefs chief-chiefs reef-reefs cliff-cliffs

roof-roofs giraffe-giraffes safe-safes gulf-gulfs
 By adding –s or changing –f into –ves
dwarf-dwarves handkerchief-handkerchiefs/ves hoof-hooves

scarf-scarfs/ves turf-turfs/turves wharf-wharfs/wharves
 Wechanging the vowels
axis-axes goose-geese cactus-cacti louse-lice crisis-crises

mouse-mice oasis-oases fungus-fungi tooth-teeth man-men
 We adding –en or –ren
ox-oxen child-children
 Some nouns have same singular and plural forms
advice, knowledge, aircraft, music, baggage, news, cattle, offspring, cod, scen-
ery, deer, series, fish, sheep, furniture, species, information
12
Instant Practice
Write the plural of the following nouns.
hand _______ wish _______ thief _______ riff _______
foot _______ apple _______ loaf _______ grief _______
woman _______ price _______ roof _______ proof _______
annex _______ ox _______ radish _______ glass _______
eyelash _______ fee _______ goose _______ child _______
mouse _______ box _______ genius_______ louse _______
half _______ cliff _______ self _______ elf _______
valley _______ baby _______ party _______ highway _______
company _______ joy _______ bakery_______ monkey_______
pharmacy _______ chimney________ studio_______ potato _______
portfolio _______ tomato ________ ratio _______ veto _______
Instant Practice
Write the singular of the following nouns.
children _______ lamps _______ men _______ addresses ________
flowers _______ circuses_______ knives_______ leaves ________
staffs _______ lives _______ selves _______ churches ________
pennies _______ turkeys ______ holidays_______ juries ________
attorneys _______ ferries _______ beds _______ cows ________
toys _______ watches _______ days _______ buffaloes ________
lice _______ geese _______ people_______ feet ________
13
Grammar Focus: Unit Noun
Look at the following nouns.
milk water tea honey bread coke
sugar meat soap chocolate cheese furniture
These are uncountable nouns. They cannot be counted but can be measured. Some
determiners are used to talk about the quantities of uncountable nouns. When
uncountable nouns are measured in unit or quantity, they are called unit nouns.
Let’s see the following unit nouns:
a bottle a glass a jug a cup a packet a jar

of milk of water of water of tea of tea of honey
a loaf a slice a carton a can a bottle a bowl

of bread of bread of milk of coke of coke of sugar
a kilo a bar a bar a piece a piece a piece

of meat of soap of chocolate of chocolate of cheese of furniture
14
Instant Practice
Fill in the blanks with one of the following unit nouns.
tube piece bunch gallon kilo can box bowl tub
bar cartoon loaf piece slice bolt deck bunch bottle
a ______ of bread a ______ of bananas a ______ of sugar
a ______ of paper a ______ of grapes a ______ of Pepsi
a ______ of pizza a ______ of toothpaste a ______ of cereal
a ______ of lightning a ______ of advice a ______ of soup
a ______ of cards a ______ of gasoline a______of margarine
a ______ of soap a ______ of milk a______of beer
ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Underline nouns in the following sentences given below.
1. Anmol is eating a peach.
2. Lal flew a kite in the park.
3. The clock was broken.
4. Mr. Jubal corrected the test.
5. Six dogs ran across the sidewalk.
6. Mohan is reading an exciting book about plants.
7. Nina painted a pretty picture.
8. Sabina played the guitar.
9. Gupta answered the question correctly.
15
10. Bibas dribbled the basketball.
11. Krishal munched on cookies.
12. Hichan drove her car to work.
13. Salt is a popular spice.
14. Oranges provide a great source of vitamin C.
15. The house is on Kings Street.
16. Dina played with her brother.
17. He rides bicycle very carefully.
18. Dambar and his friends chased the robbers.
19. There were no bottles in the fridge.
20. Fish Burger at Burger King is yummy.
ASSESS YOURSELF 2
Rewrite the following sentences by changing the underline nouns into their
plural form.
1. Monkey sat on the tree. _________________
2. The house caught fire. _________________
3. The dog barked at the fox. _________________
4. The bush has white rose. _________________
5. The fox ate a corn. _________________
6. The clock was ticking. _________________
7. The girl is playing with doll. _________________
16
8. The table has so much dust. _________________
9. The pond is full of fish. _________________
10. The tree is full of bird. _________________
11. I watched a movie while I was sick. _________________
12. The library has a collection of rare books. _________________
13. The woman ran a daycare center. _________________
14. I wrote a note for my history class. _________________
15. Manish ate a stuffed tomato for dinner. _________________
ASSESS YOURSELF 3
Correct the errors in the following sentences.
1. Waters are essential to life.
2. Could I have some salts.
3. We find sands in the desert.
4. Fires burn.
5. He is fond of musics.
6. There has been no rains for the last two months.
7. I enjoy funs.
8. He is the lover of natures.
9. He is in good health.
10. He is suffering from cancers.
17
ASSESS YOURSELF 4
Change the following nouns into plural.
bush ______ door ______ camp ______ dream ______
driver ______ car ______ dress ______ adult ______
card ______ ear ______ animal______ answer ______
cat ______ egg ______ article ______ chair ______
artist ______ chapter______ engine______ baby ______
chest ______ eye______ bag ______ child ______
face______ bank ______ city______ farm ______
class ______ father ______ beach ______ club ______
field ______ bed ______ coat ______ farm ______
ASSESS YOURSELF 5
Circle the uncountable nouns given below.
electricity energy fear book beauty health
bus dog luck hall powder fun
bridge peace ice music boat bell
pleasure happiness courage wind soup snow
rain salt game foot time silence
ASSESS YOURSELF 6
Read the following text and group the nouns under the suitable headings.
Gladiators were usually slaves and criminals. Some were men of high social
standing who had fallen on hard times and started fighting to earn a living. There
were various classes of gladiators. Gladiators used everything from knives and
18
nets to chariots and lassos in the battles. Most fighters trained for combat at
gladiatorial schools. The shows took place in amphitheaters, which were huge
round arenas that could seat thousands of people. The gladiator shows began with
a parade of the gladiators through the arena. Then a fake fight with wooden swords
and javelins occurred. The reward for victory was palm branches and sometimes
money.
Singular Noun Plural Noun
Vocabulary in Use
Choose the best answer to complete the following sentences.
1. A crowd of _______lined up to see what was happening. (cows, sheep,
people, birds)
2. A swarm of _______gathered around the swamp. (sheep, birds, insects,
cows)
3. As she looked up, she saw a flight of_______. (planes, insects, clouds,
stairs)
4. In the distance, the onlookers could see a fleet of_______. (players, insects,
stairs, ships)
5. In the show, we saw many different schools of _______. (birds, cattle, fish,
beads)
6. Over by the railroad tracks, there was a heap of_______. (houses, flowers,
stairs, stones)
7. The boys gathered a bundle of _______. (sticks, people, beads, houses)
8. The flock of _______stayed together. (sheep, blankets, ships, cows)
9. The herd of _______ kept eating as the wind blew past them. (people, birds,
cows, crows)
10. There was a long row of _______near the beach. (cows, insects, stairs,
houses)
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Guided Composition: Paragraph Writing
A Paragraph is a group of connected sentences that is generally made up of one
main idea and a group of supporting sentences. Paragraphs are the basic unit for
building longer pieces of writing, like essays, reports, assignments etc. A paragraph
contains three main parts:
a. A topic sentence - contains the main idea of the paragraph. It’s often but not
always the first sentence of the paragraph.
b. Supporting sentences - these sentences develop or give details about the
topic sentence. They can: expand on the main point, offer explanations,
give examples and additional details.
c. A concluding sentence- which summarizes the paragraph or may provide
a link to the next paragraph. This sentence is not always necessary in a
paragraph.
Read the following sample paragraphs:
Travelling
Travelling by bicycle is a very good way to see the countryside. First of all it’s
cheap, and secondly it’s clean. Also, you don’t have to worry about parking your
car or waiting a long time for a bus. It’s healthy too! However, in the city there are
lots of disadvantages. There’s a lot of traffic, which is dangerous and dirty, and also
there aren’t enough special places on the road for bicycles to use. If you cycle to
work in the rain, you will be very wet when you arrive. This might be a problem
if you have to look smart at work. Despite the disadvantages, thousands of people
travel by bicycle every day. Try it for a week, you might like it!
Cuttlefish
Cuttlefish are very intriguing little animals. The cuttlefish resembles a rather large
squid and is, like the octopus, a member of the order of cephalopods. Although
they are not considered the most highly evolved of the cephalopods, cuttlefish
are extremely intelligent. While observing them, it is hard to tell who is doing
the watching, you or the cuttlefish. Since the eye of the cuttlefish is very similar
in structure to the human eye, cuttlefish can give you the impression that you are
looking into the eyes of a wizard who has metamorphosed himself into a squid
20
with very human eyes. Cuttlefish are also highly mobile and fast creatures. They
come equipped with a small jet located just below the tentacles that can expel
water to help them move. For navigation, ribbons of flexible fin on each side of the
body allow cuttlefish to hover, move, stop, and start.
Human Right
Human rights are the rights that belong to an individual or group of individuals
as a consequence of being human. They refer to a wide continuum of values or
capabilities thought to enhance human agency and declared to be universal in
character, in some sense equally claimed for all human beings. It is a common
observation that human beings everywhere demand the realization of diverse
values or capabilities to ensure their individual and collective well-being. It also is
a common observation that this demand is often painfully frustrated by social as
well as natural forces, resulting in exploitation, oppression, persecution, and other
forms of deprivation.
ASSESS YOURSELF 7
Write paragraphs on the following topics.
a. Radio
b. Computer
c. My classroom
d. My house
e. Elephant
f. Earth
g. Dashain
h. Parents
21
S T A RT CHAPTER 2
T
ED
GE
PRONOUNS
Read the following description.

My name is Mina. I have two sisters. One day, my mother was not at home. I
prepared breakfast. It was not good. I sniffed at my breakfast in disgust. My sister
Alisa managed to eat her breakfast quickly. She smiled at me. “You must eat
yours,” she pleaded. But I did not feel like eating myself.
In the corner Nina lay fast asleep. I watched her blanket rise and fall itself as she
slept. Alisa herself crawled across to her and pulled the blanket right up to Nina’s
chin.
“We don’t want her getting cold,” she whispered to me. We stared ourselves
at the sleeping form. She seemed so small and helpless. Where was our father?
Where was he? I smiled at Alisa and picked up the bowl. We would all need to be
strong.
Do You Know? The coloured words in the given description are pronouns.
They are used in place of nouns. They are used to avoid for unnecessary repetition
of noun in writing.
Speaking Practice
Answer these questions based on the given description.

a. Who is speaking in the description?
b. What is she talking about?
c. Why is ‘I’ and ‘my’ used instead of Mina?
d. Who does ‘her’ refer to in the description?
e. Who does ‘we’ refer to in the description?
f. Who does ‘she’ refer to in the description?
g. Who does ‘our’ refer to in the description?
h. Who does ‘herself’ refer to in the description?
i. Who does ‘ourselves’ refer to in the description?
22
Quick Tip
A pronoun is an identifying word used instead of a noun and inflected in
the same way nouns are. It is a word that takes the place of a common
noun or a proper noun. There are different kinds of pronouns.
Listening Practice
Reproduce these sentences following your teacher.

Personal Subject: I, we, you, she, he, it, they
Object: me, us, you, her, him, it, them
Possessive: my, our, your, her, his, its, their, mine, ours,
yours, hers, his, its, theirs
Demonstrative this, that, these, those
Indefinite no one, everybody, anybody, nobody, somebody,
everything, nothing, anything, something, every, either,
neither, all, each, most, other, several, few, such, anyone,
everyone, someone, one
Interrogative who, when, where, whom, whose, why, what
Reciprocal each other, one another
Reflexive myself, ourselves, yourself, herself, himself, itself,
themselves
Relative who, when, where, whom, whose, why, how, that
Instant Practice
Write who the underlined pronouns refer to in the following sentences.
1. My name is Kamala. I live in a village.
2. My sister Arpana is 13 years old. She cannot speak well.
3. My brother Sujal is 18 years old. He studies in grade 12.
23
4. My house is in the village. It is a mud house.
5. My brother and sister live together. They live in Kathmandu.
6. My father is a farmer. His hard work is the source of our living.
7. My mother is a house wife. Her most of the time is spent in house works.
8. My brother and sister are students. Their time is spent on studies.
9. I along with my father and mother work in the field. We have a busy
schedule.
10. My friend Manu and I study in the village school. Our school has poor
facilities.
Grammar Focus: Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns are those that refer to person or thing. Personal pronouns are of
three types. They are subjective, objective and possessive pronouns. Let’s see the
following table:
Person Subjective Objective Possessive Examples
P1 P2
First I me my mine First persons are the person
Person we us our ours speaking.
My name is Hem. I am a boy.
We live in the village. Our
village is clean and neat.
Second you you your yours Second persons are the
Person persons we are speaking to.
What are you doing now?
What is your hobby?
Third she her her hers Third persons are the persons
Person he him his his being spoken to.
it it it its She is reading now. Her sis-
they them their theirs ter is reading too. He is play-
ing now. His brother playing
too. They are busy. Their
schedule is fixed.
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Subject Pronouns
The subject of a verb does the action of the verb. The personal pronouns I, you, he,
she, it, we and they can all be used as the subject of a verb. Study the following
two sentences:
Bina likes dogs. She has four dogs.
In the first sentence, the proper noun ‘Bina’ is the subject of the verb ‘likes’.
In the second sentence, the pronoun she is the subject of the verb has.
Here are some more pairs of sentences that show personal pronouns used as subjects
of verbs.
My name is Manoj. I am fourteen.
Diya and I are playing football. We like sports.
George, you are a bad dog!
My father works hard. He works in a shop.
My sister is older than me. She is ten.
Our dog is very naughty. It likes to chase cats.
Lal and Tula are my brothers. They are older than I am.
Quick Tip
The subject of a sentence is the person, animal, place or thing that does
the action shown by the verb.
Object Pronouns
The object of a verb receives the action of the verb. The personal pronouns me,
you, him, her, it, us and them can all be used as the object of a verb.
Look at the following two sentences:
Bina likes dogs. She likes to stroke them.
In the first sentence, the noun ‘dogs’ is the object of the verb likes. In the second
sentence, the pronoun them is the object of the verb stroke.
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Here are some more pairs of sentences that show personal pronouns used as
objects of verbs.
I’m doing my homework. Mom is helping me.
Goodbye, children! I’ll call you soon.
Where is Karan? I need to speak to him.
Miss Guragain is very nice. All the children like her.
The room is very dirty. Mom is cleaning it.
Uncle Hira called Niru to ask her a question.
My marbles are all gone. Someone has taken them.
Quick Tip
The object of a sentence is the person, animal, place or thing that receives
the action shown by the verb.
Instant Practice
Fill in each gap with either a subject pronoun or object pronoun.
1. Alana said goodbye to her brother. She was sad to watch _____ go.
2. Are _____ going to finish your dinner?
3. Ben isn’t coming to see the film. _____ ’s seen _____ already.
4. Binisa saw _____ at the restaurant. They were having lunch there.
5. Have you seen my dad? _____ ’s wearing a red shirt.
6. Her shoes were dirty, so _____ cleaned _____.
7. How much is that CD?_____ think _____ ’s Rs. 200.
8. I don’t like Christopher. _____ really annoys _____.
9. I don’t think the shop is open. _____ usually closes at five thirty.
10. I showed_____ my photos. He thought _____were boring.
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11. I went to see my aunt. _____was pleased to see __________ .
12. I’m going to the cinema. Do _____want to come with _____ ?
13. It’s good to see _____ all. Thanks for coming.
14. It’s sunny today, isn’t _____ ?
15. He has broken up with _____ . _____ told ______that _____ doesn’t
love her any more.
16. My brother rang last night. _____ was great to talk to _____ .
17. The boy came up to _____ and took my hand.
18. We always go to bed early. Ten o’clock is late for _____ .
19. _____were annoyed when their meal was late.
20. Your bag is over there. Take _____ with _____ when you go.
Grammar Focus: Self Pronouns

The words myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves and
themselves are called self pronouns. They are also called reflexive pronouns.
They refer to the person or animal that is the subject of the verb. Let’s see the
following table:
Person Singular Plural
First Person I, me- myself We, us- ourselves
Second Person You-yourself You- yourselves
Third Person He, him- himself They, them- themselves
She, her- herself They, them- themselves
It- itself They, them- themselves
I made this kite myself.

Be careful with the knife. You’ll cut yourself.
Sabin is looking at himself in the mirror.
Santa has hurt herself.
Our dog washes itself after each meal.
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We organized the party all by ourselves.
Come in, children, and find yourselves a seat.
Baby birds are too young to look after themselves.
Instant Practice
Supply the correct reflexive pronouns to complete the following sentences.
1. Do you like to talk about_____?
2. He fell and hurt _____on the ice.
3. They _____ will deliver the goods.
4. We _____will wait for you.
5. Indu burnt_____ with the match.
6. We enjoyed_____ at the concert.
7. She said that she _____could meet us at the airport.
8. Hari _____ will deliver the speech.
9. I _____will do it.
10. You _____ must speak to him, Peter.
11. You_____ have to do it, boys.
12. I shave _____ every morning.
13. Sanu _____wrote to me.
14. Tashi hurt_____ when he fell on the pavement.
15. Minju_____ will attend the meeting.
16. Miss Rai _____ will speak to us.
17. She looked at _____ in the mirror.
18. Most people like to talk about _____.
19. The ambassador _____ will sign the agreement.
20. My brother cannot dress_____. He is only 2.
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Grammar Focus: Demonstrative Pronouns
The words this, these, that and those are called demonstrative pronouns. They
are showing words.
This is Hari’s car.
That is Hari’s car.
These are dogs.
Those are dogs.
This is a peak.
That is a peak.
These are his books.
Those are his books.
Demonstrative pronouns can be singular or plural.

Singular Plural
this these
that those
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Quick Tip
Use this and these when you are talking about things near you. Use that
and those when you are talking about things farther away.
Instant Practice
Fill in the blanks with correct demonstrative pronouns.
a. All of them are good but __boy in red hat is better than __one in white cap.
b. ____ is the bag ___ you bought yesterday.
c. ____are sheep but _____are goats.
d. ____is a cap but ____one is a hat.
e. ____ are the best shoes of my mother.
f. ____ is one of the best examples of his writing.
g. ____is a small room but ____is a large room.
h. ____are monkeys but ____ are horses.
i. ____ is my bottle but ____is hers.
j. ____ are his paintings but ____ are mine.
Grammar Focus: Possessive Pronouns

Possessive pronouns are used to talk about things that belong to people. The
words my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, our, ours, their, theirs and its are
possessive pronouns. They show relationship.
This is my house.
This house is mine.
Look! This is your book.
That book is yours.
I have seen his house.
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That car is hers?
He is our English teacher.
This school is ours.
Do they do their work?
These cars are theirs.
Here is a table to help you remember which possessive pronoun to use with which
personal pronoun.
Singular personal possessive plural personal possessive
pronoun pronoun pronoun pronoun
I, me mine we, us ours
you yours you yours
he, him his they, them theirs
she, her hers
Instant Practice
Complete the following by adding the necessary possessive pronoun.
a. I have a dog; the dog is mine.
b. Nil has a dog; the dog is _____.
c. Juna has a cat; the cat is _____.
d. You have a toy; the toy is_____.
e. Aman has a new car; the car is_____.
f. Kalika has a new pen; the pen is_____.
g. We have two English books; the English books are_____.
h. Riya and Unisha have two English books; the English books are_____.
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i. I have a dog and a cat; the dog and the cat are _____.
j. You have a dog and a cat; the dog and the cat are _____.
Instant Practice
Substitute possessive pronouns for the coloured words.
a. This is my book. This book is mine.
b. This is her room. This room is ______.
c. This is Dambar’s office. This office is ______.
d. He took his book and left my book. He took his book and left ______.
e. These are their newspapers. These newspapers are ______.
f. These are Hem’s cigarettes. These cigarettes are ______.
g. That is Nina’s notebook. That notebook is______.
h. This is my notebook. This notebook is______.
i. Is this your pencil? Is this ______?
j. Is this your coat or her coat? Is this coat ______?
k. These are our seats. These seats are______.
l. This is the teacher’s desk. This desk is______.
ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Choose the correct pronoun(s) for each sentence.
1. She/Her went to the store.
2. It was she/her bag.
3. We talked to he/him.
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4. It is I/me speaking now.
5. Talk to they/them before making a decision.
6. Can you go with we/us?
7. Sami and she/her have quit the team.
8. They asked he/him and I/me to join the group.
9. That call was for I/me, not he/him.
10. You didn’t tell we/us that they/them were here first.
11. I/me wonder what he/him could have said to she/her.
12. A message arrived for he/him and she/her.
13. Tell Gita and she/her friends that I/me called.
14. I am as willing as he/him to work hard.
15. She invited he/him to be she/ her escort.
16. It is they/them who called we/us.
17. Binod is more nervous than she/her.
18. It will be we/us who win this election.
19. Biru invited Sonu and I/me to the movie.
20. This is he/him speaking.
ASSESS YOURSELF 2
Substitute the correct pronoun for the coloured words.
1. Hira likes Mohini.
2. Inkar studies the book.
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3. She speaks with Kamal.
4. I understand the teacher very well.
5. The teacher likes Binod and Tashi.
6. Vishnu studies his book every day.
7. Rubin goes with Mega and me to the lesson.
8. I like this song very much.
9. Lal goes with Hukmat and Arpan to the club.
10. Paru speaks with Hira in English.
11. I know Ash and his wife very well.
12. Kiran sent the invitations to Mina and me.
13. They are talking about the accident.
14. Is this letter for Mr. Regmi or for his wife?
15. I like Hema and Nina.
ASSESS YOURSELF 3
For the word ALONE substitute the preposition BY with the correct reflexive
pronoun.
1. John lives alone in an apartment. John lives by himself in an apartment.
2. She likes to study alone.
3. I went to the movie alone.
4. Do you like to go to the movie alone?
5. He likes to walk alone in the park.
6. My aunt lives alone in the cottage.
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7. He works alone in a small office.
8. He prefers to work alone.
9. I do not like to eat alone.
10. I do not think he can do it alone.
11. Both the boys and the girls study alone.
12. He wrote the entire book alone.
13. He does his homework alone.
14. Maya travels alone.
15. You come school alone.
ASSESS YOURSELF 4
Use object pronouns (me, you, him, her, it, us, them) to complete the following
sentences.
1. When did you see Jugal? I saw____ two months ago.
2. When did you buy the car? I bought ______ two years ago.
3. When did he visit Mary? He visited ____last Sunday.
4. When did she send the letters? She sent ____last Monday.
5. When did they wash the car? They washed ____2 weeks ago.
6. When did you visit your parents? I visited _____last weekend.
7. When did he get his diploma? He got _____a long time ago.
8. When did she spend the money? She spent ____last summer.
9. When did you speak to Tom? I spoke to ____yesterday morning.
10. When did he invite you? He invited ____last month.

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11. When did they eat the apples? They ate _____this morning.
12. When did she meet Robert? She met ___last Friday.
13. When did he send you message? He sent ____message at noon.
14. When did you buy these caps? I bought ___on Saturday.
15. When did you last see her? I last saw ___ in 2015.
Vocabulary in Use
Fill in the gaps with one of the following crime words.
accessory attacker bomber burglar con man dealer fraudster gangster
hustler murderer
1. A is ______ a man who tricks others into giving him money, etc.
2. A is ______ a member of a group of violent criminals.
3. A is ______ a person who commits fraud.
4. A is ______ a person who enters a building illegally in order to steal.
5. A is ______ a person who has killed somebody deliberately and illegally.
6. A is ______ a person who sells illegal drugs.
7. An is _____ a person who helps somebody to commit a crime or who

knows about it and protects the person from the police.
8. A is ______ a person who tries to trick somebody into giving them

money.
9. An is ______a person who attacks somebody.
10. A is ______a person who puts a bomb somewhere illegally.
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Guided Composition: Paragraph Writing
Read the sample paragraph.
My School
I like my school because teachers are very helpful and affectionate. We talk about
different issues in our classroom. They ask us interesting questions and we use our
experiences to answer them. They give us handouts and other reference materials.
We work in groups and pairs. They encourage us to do things on our own. We are
always active in class. Education is based on practice and relevancy to our real life.
We take part in different extra and co-curricular activities. We do a lot of project
works. I am always busy doing so many things and learning a lot of things every
day. Well experienced teachers, its infrastructures and other facilities make our
school a perfect place for learning and getting education.
ASSESS YOURSELF 5
Write a similar paragraph describing your village including the following
points.
 Name of the village
 Location of the village
 Climate and environment
 Occupation of people there
 Festivals and cultural activities
 Facilities and services available there
 How is your living there
The village where I live is …………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………
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S T A RT CHAPTER 3
T
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GE
QUANTIFIERS
Act out the following dialogue.

A: How much money have you got in your pockets?
B: I’ve got quite a lot. Perhaps ten thousands!
A: How many children have you got?
B: I’ve got two children.
A: Have you got any friends in Kathmandu?
B: Yes, there are some friends in Kathmandu.
A: How many rooms has your house got?
B: Not many. There are only six rooms.
A: How much money is there in your wallet?
B: Not much…only two hundred and fifty rupees.
A: How many eggs are there in that box?
B: Very few! There are only three eggs.
A: Do you watch a lot of movies?
B: Yes, quite a lot. Perhaps two or three every week!
A: Do you like playing games?
B: I like playing very much.
A: Do you like this watch?
B: Which one. Bigger or smaller one! I like that smaller watch very much.
Do You Know? In the above given dialogue, the coloured words are quantifiers.
Quantifiers are determiners or pronouns that express quantity of amount or
number.
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Speaking Practice
Answer these questions based on the given dialogue.

a. What singular countable nouns can you see?
b. What plural countable nouns can you see?
c. What uncountable nouns can you see?
d. What is the difference between ‘much’ and ‘many’?
e. What is the difference between ‘this’ and ‘that’?
f. What is the difference between ‘some’ and ‘any’?
Quick Tip
Words such as many, much and several tell about quantity without giving
an exact number. They are called quantifiers.
Listening Practice
Repeat these quantifiers after your teacher.
a little butter a lot of free time a lot of a lot of work enough bread
mistakes
many cars many students many days many people many
students
much free time no more CDs no more milk no time very little
several some letters very few some women much idea
helicopters people
enough bread enough sugar enough enough enough
apples money flower
little hope the least less time the most fewer rivers
opportunity people
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Grammar Focus: Quantity
Look at the following sentences.
There are not many marbles. There are a few marbles. There are a lot of marbles.
There is not much water. There is a little milk. There is a lot of milk.
Quick Tip
A few and a little refer to small quantity whereas much, many and a lot
of refer to large quantity.
Instant Practice
Look at the picture and tick the best answer.
many copies not much juice much bread

much copies a lot of juice many bread
a little book much students not many cows

a lot of books many students several cows
much brave soldiers a little orange juice a little old books

many brave soldiers a few orange juice a few old books
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Grammar Focus: Quantifiers with Singular and Plural Nouns
 A, an, one, this, that, another, every, each + singular noun
I need another pencil.
He likes every child in the class.
Each house is painted a different colour.
This is a pen.
That is a book.
I have a pen.
He eats an apple.
 Few, a few, fewer, many, several, both, all, half, some, enough, a lot of, lots
of, more, most, other and plenty of +plural Noun
A few children are absent today.
A lot of people like burgers.
All children seem to like chocolate.
Both brothers have dark hair.
Drink plenty of water every day.
Few people have been to the moon.
He likes playing with other children.
I don’t have enough material to make a dress.
I have fewer CDs than you.
She spends half of her time watching television.
Most lemonade contains sugar.
Several friends went with me.
Some girls like to play football.
We went to Europe many years ago.
You will gain weight if you eat lots of ice cream.
You’ve got more brothers than I have.
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Grammar Focus: Quantifiers with Countable and Uncountable
Nouns
much
a little/little/very little with countable and enough
a bit (of ) with uncountable uncountable nouns all
a great deal of nouns more/most
a large amount of less/least
a large quantity of no/none
lot of
a lots of
a large number of plenty of
many not any
several some
a few/few/very few with countable
nouns any
a great number of
a number of
a majority of
Quantifiers with Countable Noun

There were a large number of people at the party yesterday.
Do many people like your car?
There are several books in the library.
I wrote the letter in a few minutes.
There are very few flowers in our garden.
There were few people at the cinema.
A great number of people are gathering there.
A number of students are taking tuition classes.
A majority of staff voted against him.
Quantifiers with Uncountable Noun
Does the teacher give you much homework?
George was a little better this morning.
We have little time to play.
42
He has very little experience of driving trucks.
Here is a bit of pollution.
I can see a great deal of pollution in the town.
The town has a large amount of pollution.
The police have caught a large quantity of drug.
Quantifiers with both Countable and Uncountable Noun
He is old enough to travel abroad by himself.
All the shops will be closed tomorrow because it´s Saturday.
Helen is more beautiful than Mary
Most of the players are sick today.
I’ve got less ice cream than you.
Exercise at least five times a week.
No child likes getting hurt.
None of the players are playing well.
He has a lot of money.
He eats plenty of water.
There are not any more exercises in the book now.
Some boys are coming here.
Any dog will bite if it’s afraid.
Quantifiers Countable Uncountable
many √
much √
some √ √
any √ √
no, none √ √
a lot of, lots of √ √
little, a little √
few, a few √
43
ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Change these sentences into the plural, use SOME, MANY or SEVERAL.
1. There´s a tree in the garden.
2. There´s a woman in the office.
3. There was a car accident last Sunday.
4. There is a new student in this class.
5. There will be an interesting program tonight
6. I´ve got a question for you.
7. They´ve got an interesting book in the library
8. The boy´s got a book in English.
9. There is a letter for you, Mr. Smith.
10. I´ve got a coin in my pocket.
11. I´ve got a magazine on my desk.
12. There´s a textbook on the teacher´s desk.
13. The student has got a new notebook.
14. There is a student in the laboratory now.
15. Please show me a photograph.
ASSESS YOURSELF 2
Use LITTLE, FEW, A LOT in the blank spaces.
1. There are very ____books in the school library.
2. There´s _____milk left in the bottle.
3. There´s very ____ice in my glass.
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4. There´s ____of noise in this room.
5. There are _____of trees in that park.
6. There are only a ____ tickets available.
7. There are ____students absent from class today.
8. There´s _____of sugar in my coffee. It is very sweet.
9. There are _____of errors in my cheque.
10. There´s just a _____whisky left in the bottle.
11. There is a very ____ food in the fridge now.
12. She bought _____onions and _____milk.
13. There were a ____people in the meeting.
14. You should put a ____honey in lemon juice for better taste.
15. I can see a_____ apples in the bowl.
ASSESS YOURSELF 3
Complete the following sentences with LITTLE, FEW, SOME, LOTS, MANY
and MUCH.
1. We spent far too _____ money on our last trip.
2. Do you have _____people coming to the party?
3. He likes to drink_____ of beer every weekend.
4. We don’t have _____ time to get to the airport.
5. She only speaks a _____ English so it is very difficult to talk to her.
6. There are only a _____ decent night clubs in town.
7. It has been so dry recently. There hasn’t been _____ rain.
8. He is late because he had _____trouble with his car today.
9. Can I have _____of your bread, please?
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10. How _____dogs does your brother have?
11. There’s _____ of space for more people in the theatre.
12. I could have lunch with you today. I don’t have _____ to do.
13. There are just a _____people in the park today.
14. How _____ milk would you like?
15. I don’t like very _____milk in my tea, just _____.
ASSESS YOURSELF 4
Fill in the gaps with SOME, ANY, NO, MUCH, MANY and A LOT OF.
1. Do you want _____groceries from the shop?
2. How _____bottles of juice have you got?
3. How _____money have you got?
4. I don’t think we have _____milk left.
5. There’s not _____butter in the fridge. We need to buy_____.
6. We need _____cheese if we want to make a sandwich.
7. She doesn’t want _____kitchen appliances for her birthday.
8. Are there _____problems with your work?
9. I have heard _____interesting news this morning.
10. I must go now. I have got _____work to do.
11. There were _____people at the cinema yesterday.
12. There weren’t _____people at the concert.
13. There were too_____ people at the concert.
14. It’s a problem when there are so_____ people.
15. That’s _____reason to rude all the time.
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ASSESS YOURSELF 5
Choose the correct words to complete the following sentences.
1. They don’t want _____help moving to their new apartment. (much, any)
2. There aren’t _____people in this village. (much, many)
3. There’s not so_____ work to do this week. (much, many)
4. We’ve eaten _____the food in the refrigerator. (all, some)
5. Can I have ____ water? (some, any)
6. Do you have ____ books to read? (a little, enough)
7. ____ the balloons have burst already. (Half, Much)
8. There’s ____ fruit in the bowl. (a lot of, lots)
9. They went to a park with ____ of animals in it. (a lot of, lots)
10. There’s ____ space in my room than yours. (much, more)
11. ____teachers enjoy teaching. (More, Most)
12. They had never tasted ____ food. (other, much)
13. _____my friends have seen the Harry Potter movies. (A lot of, Not much)
14. There’s _____ rice left. (a little, a few)
15. Are there ____good books in the library? (some, any)
Vocabulary in Use
Rearrange the jumbled letters to name the following fruits.
UEBEBLRRY USFRCITRUIT PAPPLINEE EACPH YCHLEE
NWAMELOTER OSEBEROGORY CADOAVO HERCRY RSIMPEMON
47
Guided Composition: Story Writing
According to Abrams, “A short story is a brief work of prose fiction, and most of
the terms for analyzing the component elements, the types and the various narrative
techniques of the novel are applicable to the short stories as well.”
Remember a good story has a beginning, a problem, a solution to the problem,
an ending. Follow these tips to write a story:
 Decide who the characters are.
 Who is going to be in the story?
 What sort of characters are they?
 Where and when your story is going to take place. This is called the setting.
 What is going to happen in your story?
 What is the main event.
 What type of story is it?
 A summary of what happens in the story.
 The events in the story. This is known as the plot.
 How it all ends. How the problem is solved.
 What type of ending? Happy or Sad?
Read the following sample story.
The Monkey and the Juggler
In a mango orchard outside a village there lived a mischievous
monkey. The whole day, he would jump from one tree to
another. Thus the monkey kept on eating the ripe mangoes. The
orchard-keeper tried to trap the monkey. But every time the
monkey escaped the trap.
One day, the monkey wandered out to the nearby town. “The
town people are so busy. There are so many crowds here,” the
monkey thought.
48
Soon the monkey was sneaking into houses and running away with eatables.
By evening, he had made life difficult for the town people. “The town is more fun
than the orchard. I will live here,” he thought.
Days went by and the monkey was looked upon by the town people with terror.
“Here he comes again,” they screamed when they saw the monkey.
One day, a juggler came to the town. The people of the town approached him. “We
want you to help us get rid of that mischievous monkey,” they said to the juggler.
The juggler said in return, “Do not worry. Get me some jars with narrow necks,”
When the jars of the size were brought to him, he put peanuts into the jars and
placed them out on a field.
The monkey became curious when he saw the jars. When he went and peeped
inside the jars, he saw peanuts. “Yummy! Let me quickly grab the peanuts and
run,” he thought. He put his hand inside the jar and grabbed a big handful.
But he could not pull out his clenched fist, as the neck of the jar was so narrow. If
the monkey dropped some peanuts back into the jar, he could have pulled his hand
out. But he was greedy. So he did not drop some peanuts into the jar.
The town people trapped the monkey with his hand inside the jar. They got hold of
the rope and tied him in a post. Then the monkey was sold to a zoo. That was the
end of the greedy monkey.
Moral: Greed ruins us.
ASSESS YOURSELF 5
Write a readable story using the following outlines.
A cat kills many mice mice hold a meeting dicuss on how to be safe a
young mouse says “Let’s tie a bell around its neck” all agree; happy
a wise old mouse says, “ But who will bell the cat?” all quite moral.
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S T A RT CHAPTER 4
T
ED
GE
ARTICLES

The telephone is a very common device for communicating
over a distance. With a telephone, a person can talk almost
instantly with someone on the other side of the world. A
traditional telephone depends on wires to send sound. It
has a handset and a base that are connected by a cord. The
handset is the part that a person holds to make or answer a
call. One end of the handset has a microphone for talking.
The other end has a small loudspeaker for listening. The
base connects the telephone to an electric current through a wire.
When the caller speaks into a telephone, the microphone changes the sound of
the person’s voice into an electric signal. The base sends out the signal through its
wire. How the signal travels from there depends on where the call is going. It can
remain an electric current, passing through wires and cables.
A cordless telephone is more convenient than a traditional telephone. It does not
have a cord connecting the handset and the base. It allows a person to walk around
the house while talking. The cordless telephone uses both electric signals and
radio waves. The base receives the call as an electric signal, like a corded phone
does. Then the base turns the electric signal into radio waves. Using an antenna,
the base sends the waves through the air to the handset. The handset’s antenna
picks up the waves. Then the handset turns the waves back into sound.
Do You Know? The words a, an and the in the above given description are
articles. They are demonstrative adjectives. There are two types of articles in
English.
Articles
Indefinite-A/AN Definite-THE
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Speaking Practice

a. What are the words that are countable?
b. What are the words that are uncountable?
c. Does the word ‘handset’ start with vowel or consonant?
d. Does the word ‘antenna’ start with vowel or consonant?
e. Is the word ‘microphone’ singular or plural?
f. What is the difference between ‘a handset’ and ‘the handset’?
g. Why is there no article before wires and cables?
Grammar Focus: Indefinite Article: A/An

 A/AN is used before singular countable nouns. It gives general
information about a noun.
Do you have an umbrella that I can borrow?
Is that a dog or a fox?
Does every child in the school wear a uniform?
Have you ever seen an elephant?
He is reading a book.
I always take an apple to school.
Is there also an entrance at the back of the building?
Would you like a peach?
Would you like to live on an island?
You’ll need a ruler and a pencil.
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Listening Practice
Repeat after your teacher.

an oven a radio a toothbrush a magazine
a queue a suitcase a bicycle a dog
a postman a bathroom a computer a shirt
a light switch a pen an island an umbrella
a chair a train a player a teacher
a taxi a river an armchair a castle
an idea an artist an eye glass an insect
 ‘a’ or ‘an’ is used before consonant and vowel sound not the letter.
Give me a euro.
Meeting the president was an honour for all of us.
We are taking a European vacation this summer.
We’ve been waiting here for an hour.
Is there a university in your town?
Instant Practice
Fill in the blanks with ‘a’ or ‘an’.
_______ address _______ apple _______ application form
_______ bag _______ chair _______ computer
_______ ear _______ egg _______ ewe
_______ exam _______ fridge _______ girl
_______ heater _______ heir _______ hospital
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_______ hour _______ ice cream _______ interview
_______ number _______ octopus _______ orange
_______ pencil _______ school _______ sheep
_______ shoe _______ tie _______ umbrella
_______ union _______ university _______ year
_______ bat _______cat _______dog
_______ gun _______ jug _______ parrot
_______queen _______tap _______van
Listening Practice
Repeat after your teacher.

Vowel Examples
A an apple, an applicant, an application, an astronaut, an airplane, an
aimless person, an ant, an ATM machine
E an elephant, an emperor, an engine, an enemy, an exercise, an
entrepreneur, an elf, an eagle
I an ink pot, an intelligent person, an interview, an inn, an illusion,
an inkstand, an idea
O an onion, an orange, an open space, an obedient student, an owl,
an omelet, an old man, an original document
U an umpire, an ugly person, an unhappy boy, an unseen passage, an
unimportant person, an unnecessary talk
 Some letters like ‘H’ takes both a and an.
‘H’ is not silent ‘H’ is silent
a horse an honest person
a house an honourable teacher
a homework copy an hour
a homeless person an heir
a hammer an hourly plan
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Instant Practice
Fill in the gaps with ‘a’ or ‘an’ where necessary.
as __rule have __ pity to have__knowledge to make __guess

have __talk have__rest have __walk have __noise
to have __bath have __ drink to pay __visit on __average
be in __temper to give __warning take __interest have__say
Grammar Focus: Definite Article: THE

THE is used:
 When the object or group of objects is unique or considered to be
unique:
the earth the sea the sky the equator the stars
 Before a noun which has become definite as a result of being mentioned a
second time:
His car struck a tree; you can still see the mark on the tree.
I saw a man yesterday. The man was very tall.
I have tamed a cow. The cow is very well behaved.
 Before a noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or clause:
the girl in blue the man with the banner
the boy that I met the place where I met him
 Before a noun which by reason of locality can represent only one
particular thing:
Dina is in the garden. (the garden of this house)
Please pass the water bottle. (the water bottle on the table)
 Before superlatives and first, second etc. used as adjectives or pronouns,
and only:
the first the best day the only way the worst boy the most exciting scene
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 Before only one object in the world the celestial bodies: the sun, the earth,
the sky, the moon, etc.
 Before parallel comparatives: The more you try, the more you learn. The
more you work, the more you earn.
 Before parts of the house: the kitchen, the bedroom, the restroom, the
guestroom, the living room, etc.
 Before adjectives: the poor, the young, the rich, the deaf, etc
 Before daybreaks: in the evening, in the morning, in the afternoon.
 Before historic events: the Independence Day, the Martyr’s Day, the
Democracy Day, etc.
 Before name of inventions: He invented the Television. Who invented the
mobile?
 Before ordinal numbers: the first, the third, the fifth, etc.
 Before physical position: the first, the middle, the bottom, etc.
 Before periods in history and decades: the Classical age, the
Elizabethan Age, the Postmodern Age, the sixties, the eighties, etc.
THE is used before the names of:
 Family names and castes: the Limbus, the Magars, the Chhetries, etc.
 Groups of Islands: the British Ilres, the West Indies, etc.
 Historical buildings: the Taj Mahal, the Kathmandu Mall, the
Buddha Mall, etc.
 Hotels, theaters: the Soaltee, the Barahai Movies, etc.
 Mountain Ranges: the Churia range, the Himalayas, the
Annapurna range
 Museums and libraries: the Chhauni museum, the national museum,
the British library, etc.
 Musical instruments: the flute, the piano, the harmonium, the guitar,
etc.
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 Name of canals: the Gandak Canal, the Panama Canal, etc.
 Name of deserts: the Sahara, the Thar, etc.
 Name of directions: the east, the north, the west, the south, etc.
 Organs of human body: the heart, the head, etc.
 Plural names of countries: the UK, the USA, the Philippines, etc.
 Political parties: the UML, the Republican, the R.P.P, etc.
 Religious books/groups: the Ramayana, the Bible, the Quran, the
Hindus, the Muslims, the Christians, etc.
 Repeated nouns: There is a dog in my house. The dog is very
faithful. She bought a pencil yesterday. She
lost the pencil.
 With rivers, seas, oceans: the Gandaki, the Nile, the Red sea, the Indian
Ocean, etc.
Instant Practice
Supply the definite article ‘the’ where necessary in the following sentences.
1. We have____ good light in our classroom.
2. ____light in this room is not good.
3. ____air in this room is not good.
4. ____history is an interesting subject.
5. We are studying ____history of Nepal.
6. I always drink____ water with my meals.
7. ____ water in this glass is dirty.
8. ____leather in these shoes is very good.
9. We get ____ leather from the skins of animals.
10. We all need ____fresh air.
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11. ____air in large cities is not very fresh.
12. We like ____animals.
13. ____animals in that photograph are wild animals.
14. We eat ____meat almost every day.
15. ____fish in the refrigerator is fresh.
16. ____children like to watch cartoons.
17. Do you sell ____stamps here?
18. I like collecting ____stamps and ____coins
19. ____stamps and coins in this collection are interesting.
20. I have got ____English books and magazines. ____magazines are very easy
to read.
Grammar Focus: No Article

‘A’ ‘an’ or ‘the’ is not used before:
 academic subjects: I am good at English. She likes science very much.
 colours: I like red most. Blue is his favourite colour.
 days and months: My son was born on Sunday. He died on Wednesday.
 festivals: Hindus celebrate Dashain. Christians enjoy Christmas.
 games and sports: I play football every day. Does he know how to play
basketball?
 languages: He speaks English fluently. Can you speak Dutch?
 material nouns: Gold is an expensive metal.
 meals: I have my breakfast at 8. He eats his lunch in school canteen.
 plural nouns: Horses are animals.
 possessive + noun: This is my house. That is his car.
 proper nouns: He lives in Kathmandu. They saw Mahindra at the bus
station.
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 school, church, temple, market and college if they are used for primary
purpose: She goes to hospital every day. He has gone to school to study.
 uncountable nouns: Dogs looks after our house. Beer is a drink.
Quick Tip
Uncountable nouns when measured in quantity take article.
No article Article
water a glass of water, a jar of water, a gallon of water, a bottle of
water
milk a pouch of milk, a liter of milk, a jar of milk, a cup of milk
tea, coffee a cup of tea, a cup of coffee
rice a sack of rice, a fistful of rice, a packet of rice, a quintal of
rice
ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Use ‘a’ ‘an’ or ‘the’ where necessary.
1. John is _____very intelligent person.
2. What _____ interesting lesson it is!
3. This is _____very incredible story.
4. _____water is colourless and tasteless liquid.
5. I was_____ very stupid person.
6. Mrs. Elisa is_____ very pleasant woman.
7. What _____awful person he is!
8. New York is _____fascinating city.
9. Have you heard about _____Titanic disaster?
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10. What time do you wake up in _____morning?
11. Mary is _____very friendly person
12. She plays _____piano well.
13. _____boy in suit is naughty.
14. She is _____excellent pianist
15. _____sugar is sweet.
16. It is_____ beautiful day.
17. She plays _____violin beautifully.
18. It is _____ very cold today.
19. Do you play _____harmonium well?
20. He is_____ very tall man.
ASSESS YOURSELF 2
1. Who invented _____telephone?
2. He is_____ handsome fellow.
3. She is wearing _____ beautiful dress.
4. You have _____beautiful new car.
5. I love to play _____ football much.
6. Grandfather told us_____ sad story.
7. Binod is _____smartest student of his class.
8. I live in _____old house.
9. We were very tired after _____walk.
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10. It was_____ very fast train.
11. Ann was _____ generous woman.
12. Sunil is _____honest boy.
13. I saw _____ ewe last Saturday.
14. Are you reading _____Rising Nepal?
15. _____Saturday is holiday in Nepal.
16. My father is _____engineer.
17. Do you wish to be _____ doctor?
18. I have been waiting you for _____ hour.
19. _____sun shines bright.
20. I like to read _____Geeta every morning.
ASSESS YOURSELF 3
1. _____European gave me _____ five hundred note yesterday.
2. Which is _____longest River in _____ world?
3. What is _____best idea to solve this problem?
4. My grandfather is _____ honourable person.
5. _____milk in that can is pure.
6. _____have you ever seen _____one legged person?
7. I always work eight hours _____day.
8. Are you _____union member?
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9. He is _____obedient student.
10. _____English is _____international language.
11. I am fond of playing _____flute.
12. Nikhil Upreti is _____actor.
13. He gave me _____example of such person.
14. _____water in that glass is dirty.
15. Have you ever seen _____Taj Mahal?
16. My house lies to _____South of Kathmandu.
17. We have _____holiday on _____Democracy Day.
18. Monday is _____second day of _____week.
19. _____Koshi is ____biggest River in Nepal.
20. _____heart circulates blood.
ASSESS YOURSELF 4
Supply ‘a’ or ‘an’ where necessary.
1. What ____good idea!
2. What ____beautiful day!
3. What ____pretty eyes she has!
4. What ____strange thing to say!
5. What ____easy exercise!
6. What ____difficult lesson!
7. What ____funny name to give a dog!
8. What ____good whisky!
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9. What ____happy child!
10. What ____cheerful child!
11. What ____beautiful music!
12. What ____large room!
13. What ____foolish mistake!
14. What ____hot day!
15. What ____beautiful weather!
16. What ____ugly girl she is !
17. What ____useless room it is!
18. What ____unique idea!
19. What ____boring person you are!
20. What ____exciting day it is!
ASSESS YOURSELF 5
Fill in the gaps with ‘a’ or ‘an’ .
Nepal is famous for birds. Danphe is ____ beautiful, multi-coloured bird. It is
also our national bird. Pandas are also beautiful animals. They are found in China.
Cheetahs live in Asia and Africa. They live in hot, flat places. ____cheetah can
run one hundred kilometres ____ hour but only for ____ few minutes. It can catch
deer. Giraffes also live in Africa. Giraffes are very tall. They can eat leaves 6 me-
ters high. Frogs are small, but ____ frog in Africa can grow to 35 centimeters and
weigh 3 kg.
A swift is ____ small bird .You can see them in Nepal. They can stay in____ air
for two years and fly 900 kilometres in ____ day. ____penguin is also ____ bird. It
can’t fly, but it can swim very well. It lives in Antarctica in ____ South Pole. It can
live in ____ cold snow. Snakes can smell with their tongues, and ____ big snake
can eat ____ goat. There are ____lot of snakes in Nepal. ____crocodile can live in
water and on land. There are crocodiles in rivers in ____ Terai.
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Vocabulary in Use
Read the following verbs and change them into different verb forms.
Example:
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
ask asked asked asking asks
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Arrange the following sentences in correct order and write a readable story. The
title of the story is given. Also write a suitable moral for it.
THE TWO BUTTER FROGS
a. Suddenly a sound of a cat meowing made them awake.
b. They panicked and fled for their lives.
c. They ran into a farm house and jumped right into a barrel of milk where
they hopped and hopped in order not to sink.
d. Sadly the smaller frog grew tired and drowned but the older one kept on
moving about and in the morning found he was sitting on a barrel of
qbutter.
e. A long, long time ago there were two frogs who thought it would be a good
idea to go on an outing.
f. They had never left their pond before and to them it was very big
adventure.
g. At first they thoroughly enjoyed themselves and for the first time in their
lives experienced a sense of freedom.
h. The weather was perfect and the sun never stopped shining.
i. They found plenty of food and decided to stop and take a rest.
j. In the hot sun they started to feel sleepy and very soon fell asleep.
Moral: ...............................................................................................
THE TWO DOGS
a. All the house dog did was simply to feed himself on the results of the
exertions that the hound dog undertook.
b. The house dog felt he had to defend himself in the face of all this criticism.
c. The house dog asked him not to pick on him if he wanted to blame
someone.
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d. The house dog told him to criticize their master who had taught him not
how to work but how to depend on the work of others.
e. A man had two dogs: a hound and trained to help him with his sports and
another to guard the house.
f. Whenever the hunter came home, he always gave the house dog a large
portion of what he caught.
g. The hound dog was very upset about this.
h. He told the house dog he found it very annoying having to do all the hard
work.
i. What made things worse, he continued, was that the house dog never took
part in any of the hunting.
Moral: ............................................................................................................
GREED FOR MONEY
a. The bag full of money remained under the tree unused and unclaimed with
their dead bodies.
b. Nothing else, but greed was the cause of their death.
c. Once three men saw something and cried pointing to a small bag under a
tree.
d. They had never seen such wads of money before.
e. To their amazement, it was a bag full of money.
f. They agreed to divide the money equally.
g. One of them was sent to buy some food from a nearby market.
h. They were very hungry as they had walked long that day.
i. He poisoned the food thinking that he would get that money if he killed the
rest of two men.
j. The two men killed the first one in order to share the money between the
two.
k. The two men planned to kill him.
l. As the food was poisoned, the two men also got death after they had poisoned
food.
Moral: ............................................................................................................
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S T A RT CHAPTER 5
T
ED
GE
PREPOSITIONS
Hobart is located on the Derwent River in the southeastern corner of the state.
Mount Wellington rises to the west of the city. It offers splendid views of the
city as well as hiking and biking paths. The city’s many art centers include Tasmanian
Museum and Art Gallery. It features a gallery devoted to Aboriginal history and
culture. A maritime museum teaches about Hobart’s connection with the sea, and
a military museum is located in Australia’s oldest military establishment. The
country’s oldest Jewish synagogue is also located in Hobart.
The port of Hobart is a major shipping center. Factories in and around the city
produce candy, clothing, tools, computer parts, furniture, and other goods.
The Mouheneer Aborigines were the first people to live in the area that is now
Hobart. When Europeans arrived during the early 1800s, however, they soon drove
the Mouheneer out of the area. The British established a colony on the Derwent
River in 1803. The following year they moved it to the present site of Hobart.
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The colony became a city in 1842 and developed into a major port for whaling
ships. Today it has many other businesses as well, but it still celebrates its
association with sailing and the sea. Every December since 1945, dozens of
yachts participate in a race from Sydney, on the mainland, to Hobart.
Do You Know? In the above given text, the coloured words are prepositions.
They are used before a noun or pronoun to show, time, place, position or method.
Speaking Practice

a. What is the location of Hobart?
b. Where does Mount Wellington rise to?
c. Where is the military museum located?
d. When did the colony become a city?
e. Where did the British establish a colony?
Quick Tip
Words that combine with a noun or pronoun to form a phrase are termed
as prepositions. They show relationship.
Listening Practice
Repeat these prepositions after your teacher.
on, in, through, behind, for, beneath, against, beside, over, during, without,
abroad, across, among, against, around, at, between, behind, below, by , inside
, into, after , to , about , at, since ,while, under, over
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Instant Practice
Underline prepositions in the following sentences.
1. The child ran across the road.
2. The river flows under the bridge.
3. The work was done in haste.
4. He goes to church every Sunday.
5. The thieves jumped over the wall.
6. He spoke to me in French.
7. The moon does not shine by its own light.
8. I am tired of walking.
9. He has yet to recover from his illness.
10. Do not cry over spilt milk.
Look at the following pictures and sentences.
The mouse is on the table.
The mouse is under the table.
The runners raced around the track.
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The girl by the door is my sister.
The pizza in the oven is mine.
Instant Practice
Fill in the gaps with correct prepositions.
round, under, over, on, next to , in front of, in, between, behind, among
1. Mrs. Rai is playing her students.
2. The dog is sitting the car.
3. I sit Mohan and Raj in class.
4. The soldiers are the army camp.
5. The boy is standing of the class.
6. Manoj always sits me.
7. The parrot is sitting Joe’s shoulder.
8. There is a bridge the river.
9. The old man is sitting the tree.
10. The boy is making of the house.
Grammar Focus: Prepositions of Time

Preposition Usage Example
AGO a certain time in the past 2 years ago, 1 month ago, etc.
AT exact time: at 2 o’clock, at 3 pm, etc.
festivals: at Dashain, at Tihar, at Chhath, etc.
age: at 20, at fifty, etc.
price, speed, degree: at 40 km per hour, at 100 degree
Celsius, etc.
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BEFORE earlier than a certain before 2004, before school, before I
point of time came here, before his marriage, before
10 am, etc
BY at the latest, up to a I will be back by 6 o’clock.
certain time By 11 o’clock, I had read five pages.
FOR over a certain period of for 2 years, for a day, month, year,
time decade, for a long time, for a few
minutes, for an hour, for 10 days, etc.
IN months: in August, January, in May, etc.
seasons: in spring, in summer, in winter, etc.
year: in 2006, in 2074, etc.
time period: in an hour, in 2 weeks, in a month, etc.
ON days: on Sunday, on Monday, on Saturdays, etc.
dates: on 3rd December, 2017, on 26th of this
occasions: month, etc.
on my birthday, on Mother’s Day, etc.
PAST telling the time ten past six, seven past ten, etc
SINCE from a certain point of since my birthday, since Sunday, since
time in past till now 1980, since January, since morning,
since childhood, etc.
TO telling the time ten to six, five to ten, etc.
UNTIL indicating the beginning He is on holiday until Friday.
and end of a period of I waited until he arrived.
time
Instant Practice
Fill in the gaps with correct time prepositions.
1. I visited my grandparents ___ summer. (in, on)
2. I’ll do my homework ___ dinner. (in, at)
3. School starts ___ nine o’clock. (in, at)
4. We’re going to the zoo ___ Saturday. (in, on)
5. You must finish the work ___ Friday. (in, on)
6. No, you can’t watch a video. It’s ___ your bedtime already. (on, past)
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7. He died a long time ___. (ago, past)
8. We waited ___the bus arrived. (until, before)
9. He was born ___ 25th December, 2015. (in, on)
10. It is five ___ ten now. (to, past)
11. I will write to you _____ a week. (in, on)
12. She has been ill _____Saturday. (from, since)
13. My father will come ____Dashain. (in, at)
14. He watched the match____ midnight. (past, until)
15. I will try to finish it ____this week. (in, within)
Grammar Focus:Prepositions of Place and Direction

Preposition Usage Example
ABOVE higher than something else, a path above the lake
but not directly over it flying above the clouds
ACROSS getting to the other side walk across the bridge
swim across the lake
AT meaning next to, by an object at the door, at the station
for table at the table
for events at a concert, at the party
place where somebody does at the cinema, at school, at work,
something-watch a film, at cinema, at the theatre, etc.
study, work, etc.
BELOW lower than something else The fish are below the surface.
but above ground Skirts are worn below the knee.
FROM in the sense of where from a flower from the garden
IN room, building, street, town, in the kitchen, in London, in the
country, book, paper, car, book, in the car, in a taxi, in the
taxi, picture, world picture, in the world
INTO enter a room , a building go into the kitchen , the house
NEXT TO left or right of somebody or She is standing next to the car.
something
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ON Attached the picture on the wall
for a place with a river London lies on the Thames.
being on a surface, floor on the table, on the first floor
for a certain side (left, right) on the left, on the right
for public transport on the bus, on a plane
for television, radio on TV, on the radio
ONTO movement to the top of jump onto the table
something
OVER covered by something else put a jacket over your shirt
meaning more than over 16 years of age
getting to the other side walk over the bridge
overcoming an obstacle climb over the wall
THROUGH something with limits on top, drive through the tunnel
bottom and the sides river flowing through the village
TO movement to person or go to the cinema
building go to London , go to Kathmandu
movement to a place or go to bed
country
for bed
TOWARDS movement in the direction of go 5 steps towards the house
something (but not directly head towards the city
to it)
UNDER lower than or covered by The bag is under the table.
something else The cat is sitting under the car.
Instant Practice
Fill in the gaps with correct place and direction prepositions.
1. The girls are hiding ______the wardrobe. (inside, outside)
2. I have a friend who lives ______America. (at, in)
3. Sanny was sitting ______ a tree. (over, under)
4. Some geese flew ______ their house. (under, over)
5. There was a tree ______ the river. (beside, besides)
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6. There’s a wooden floor ______ the carpet. (above, underneath)
7. A man was walking ______ the riverbank. (along, across)
8. The students chased ______ each other. (before, after)
9. The football rolled ______ the hill. (down, on)
10. The freeway goes ______ through the city. (right, past)
11. We were travelling ______ Mustang. (towards, in)
12. She is working ______the kitchen. (at, in)
13. I saw her ______the party. (in, at)
14. The ball rolled ______the ground. (into, onto)
15. What’s there ______TV tonight? (in, on)
Grammar Focus: Preposition with Adjectives, Verbs and Nouns

Prepositions with Adjectives
Dad was angry with us.
John is very good at drawing.
Mr. Gurung is pleased with our work.
She’s not very interested in sports.
The teachers are always kind to us.
We were afraid of the big dog.
Prepositions with Verbs
Think of another word for sad.
Cut the cake into five pieces.
Does this book belong to you?
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I agree with you.
I’m looking for my pencil. Have you seen it?
Tell me about the show you saw.
They borrowed money from the bank.
We’re listening to CDs.
What’s wrong with the computer?
Prepositions with Nouns
Congratulations on winning the competition!
Traffic can cause damage to the environment.
Here’s an example of good behaviuor.
Is there a reason for this delay?
What’s the answer to this question?
What’s the matter with you?
Instant Practice
at, in, on, between, among, behind, under, over, near, in front of, next to, into,
of, through, past, before, after, since, until, ago
1. We were all ___ the party yesterday.
2. Mother is working ___ the kitchen.
3. I listened to a news ___the radio.
4. Nepal lies ___ India and China.
5. My father distributed sweets ___the kids.
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6. There is a tree ___ my house.
7. The bag is ___the table.
8. There is a path ___ the river.
9. A river flows ___ my village.
10. There is a coffee shop ___ my school.
11. The beggar is standing ___ the car.
12. The boy is running ___ the class.
13. He is ___ 18 years of age.
14. We walked ___ the forest.
15. It is already ten ___ twenty.
16. Please do this work ___ 10 am.
17. I always play ___ school.
18. I have been smoking continously ___ last year.
19. Don’t go anywhere ___ I come here.
20. My father went to the USA 2 years ___.
ASSESS YOURSELF 1
1. The school ends ___ 3:15. (at, in)
2. When she came home, her father was ___ the door. (in, at, by)
3. You must be prepared ——— anything. (to, for)
4. He lives ___ my street. (in, on)
5. I go to school ___ eight. (in, at)
6. He lives ___ Kapan, Kathmandu. (at, in)
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7. I have no interest ———— politics. (at, in)
8. Can you come ___ December? (on, in)
9. He married ____16. (at, in)
10. Can you come___ Saturday? (in, on)
11. Everyone is happy ___ Friday. (on, in)
12. Can you meet me ___ the corner? (at, in)
13. What are you looking at ____the map? (in, on)
14. A cat was sitting _____the roof of my car. (in, on)
15. He was born ___ the 20th century. (in, on)
16. I acted according——– his advice. (to, on)
17. A man was coming____ us on his bike. (towards, to)
18. He provided the poor —— food and clothing. (for, with)
19. I come home ___ the afternoon. (at, in)
20. Are these shoes the same ____those? (to, like)
ASSESS YOURSELF 2
1. Can you come __ six o’clock? (in, at)
2. The desk is ___ the front. (in, at)
3. He jumped ——— my offer.(on, over)
4. Some people were talking ___the movie. (on, about)
5. The apartment is ___ the fifth floor. (on, at)
6. Peter sings ___ a professional singer. (as, like)
7. She keeps her slippers____ her bed. (in, by)
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8. Let us proceed ——– the work in hand. (with, at)
9. The security man was ___ the gate. (in, at)
10. What you say is —— no consequence to me.(of, off)
11. She put the book ____her bag. (into, in)
12. I take exception —— your remark. (to, in)
13. I will go ___ Monday. (on, at)
14. It is cold ____winter. (in, on)
15. Trust ——— God and do what is right. (in, on)
16. We always wash our hands ____meals. (in, at)
17. It is nice ___ home. (in, at)
18. They eat lunch ___ noon every day. (in, at)
19. What do teachers do ___ summer? (on, in)
20. What are you doing ____the moment? (in, at)
ASSESS YOURSELF 3
1. She ran ____the dog because she was frightened. (before, after)
2. They visited their friends___ Dhading. (in, at)
3. We go to school ___ the morning. (in, at)
4. She saw him ___school. (in, at)
5. They say the minister is biased ——– his relatives. (with, at, to)
6. We rest ___ night. (in, at)
7. They go to church ___ Sundays. (in, on)
8. We walked ____the Street to the park. (along, across)
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9. The date changes ___ midnight. (at, in)
10. When will you be ___ Nepal? (in, at)
11. The game started after the players were ___ the field. (in, at)
12. The party starts_____ six o’clock. (at, in)
13. Little boy sat ____a corner. (in, at)
14. The lion and the unicorn fought ____the crown. (with, for)
15. She sat ____ the fire, and told me a tale. (by, through)
16. They all ran ___the farmer’s wife, who cut off their tails with a carving
knife. (before, after)
17. They rise ___the morning lark, and labour till almost dark. (with, at)
18. We go away ____three weeks every summer. (since, for)
19. Come and see us ___Christmas day. (on, at)
20. My friend visited my ____ Tihar. (in, at)
ASSESS YOURSELF 4
1. He is not bad ____badminton. (in, at)
2. Do you believe ____ ghosts? (in, on)
3. I belong ____ a local athletics club. (for, to)
4. She went green ____envy. (with, for)
5. She is not very clever ____singing. (in, at)
6. I must congratulate you ____ your success. (on, in, at)
7. The car crashed ____ a tree. (at, into)
8. He is dependent ____ his parents. (in, on, at)
9. He died ____Malaria. (of, by)
10. A week after the accident he died ____ his injuries. (from, of)
11. I have difficulty ____my travel arrangements. (for, with)
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12. We had no difficulty ____finding his address. (on, in)
13. He is disappointed ____his son. (with, at)
14. I am frustrated ____my performance. (with, at)
15. We had a long discussion ____philosophy. (on, about)
16. I cut fruits ____ a knife. (with, by)
17. Yesterday I walked ___ five hours. (for, at)
18. The helicopter flew ___the thick clouds. (over, above)
19. My father is ___the army. (in, on)
20. I prefer tea ___coffee. (to, for)
ASSESS YOURSELF 5
Look at the picture and say where the dog is .
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Vocabulary in Use
Look at the following ball games.
Football(soccer) Rugby American football
Baseball Volleyball Cricket
Basketball Badminton Tennis
Name the following sports.
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The paragraphs in the following story are not in correct order. Put the
paragraphs in order and complete the story with a moral.
THE EMPEROR AND HIS DAUGHTERS
The emperor one day reached the place in course of hunting animals. He saw his
daughters with their husbands working in the field. He saw them working happily.
He was very happy at them. He gave them all his property and they lived happily
ever after.
There was once an emperor who lived in a palace. He had three daughters but no
sons. He wanted his daughters to marry before he died. He found three princes.
However, his daughters didn’t like them. They refused to marry the princes, so the
emperor became very angry.
He said they must get married as soon as they were sixteen years old. The three
daughters ran away during the night and found work on a farm. They fell in love
with the farmer’s sons while they were working there. They married the sons when
they were sixteen.
Moral: ...........................................................................................
GLUSKAP AND THE BABY
‘There’, she said. ‘That is Wasis. He is little, but he is very strong.’ Gluskap
laughed and went up to the baby. ‘I am Gluskap. Fight me!’ he shouted. Little
Wasis looked at him for a moment, then he opened his mouth. ‘Waaah! Waaah!’
he screamed. Gluskap had never heard such a terrible noise. He danced a war
dance and sang some war songs. Wasis screamed louder. ‘Waaah! Waaah! Waaah!’
Gluskap covered his ears and ran out of the teepee.
Gluskap the warrior was very pleased with himself because he had fought and won
so many battles. He boasted to a woman friend: ‘Nobody can beat me!’ ‘Really?’
said the woman. ‘I know someone who can beat you. His name is Wasis.’ Gluskap
had never heard of Wasis. He immediately wanted to meet him and fight him. So
he was taken to the women’s village. The woman pointed to a baby who was sitting
and sucking a piece of sugar on the floor of a teepee.
After he had run a few miles, he stopped and listened. The baby was still screaming.
Gluskap the fearless was terrified. He ran on and was never seen again in the
woman’s village.
Moral: ...................................................................................................
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S T A RT CHAPTER 6
T
ED
GE
ADJECTIVES

The yak is a large, shaggy ox with humped
shoulders. It lives on high land, mostly in the
part of China called Tibet. Yaks live in cold
places with few plants. They can live at high
altitudes. They are found as high up as 20,000
feet in the mountainous areas. Yaks graze on
grass and browse on shrubs. At high altitudes
they can survive on mosses and lichens. They
drink large amounts of water and eat freezing snow in the winter. Yaks have long,
coarse hair and a dense woolen undercoat to keep them warm. Yaks that live in
the wild look somewhat different from domestic yaks. Wild yaks are blackish
brown with large horns. Wild cows and calves stay together in large herds. Adult
bulls may be found alone or in smaller groups.
Do You Know? In the above given text, the coloured words are adjectives.
They describe a person or thing. They qualify nouns or pronouns.
Speaking Practice

a. How is the yak?
b. Where does it live?
c. Where are they found?
d. What do yaks eat?
e. What is the hair of the yak like?
f. How are the wild yaks?
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Quick Tip
An adjective is a word that modifies, or qualifies, a noun or pronoun,
in one of three forms of comparative degree: positive strong, beautiful,
comparative stronger, more beautiful, or superlative strongest, most
beautiful.
Read the text again and complete the following blank spaces with nouns which
come after the following adjectives.
large, shaggy ______ humped ______ high ______
cold ______ mountainous ______ large ______
freezing ______ long, coarse ______ dense woolen ______
domestic ______ wild ______ large ______
Quick Tip
Adjectives always come before the nouns in a sentence. They describe
about the nouns.
Observe the following information to understand different functions of

adjectives.
Large ox : It tells about the size.
High land : It tells about position.
Cold places : It tells about weather.
Few plants : It tells about number.
Mountainous areas : It tells about place.
Freezing snow : It tells about quality.
Woolen undercoat : It tells about material.
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Listening Practice
Repeat these words after your teacher.

Types of Adjectives
Quality : happy, sad, old, young, adult, hard, soft, lonely, strong,
dull, intelligent, easy, difficult, good, bad, honest, obedient,
silly, friendly, brave, angry, smart, handsome, stupid,
foolish, etc.
Quantity : empty, few, full, heavy, many, numerous, abundant, etc.
Possessive : my, your, his, their, our, her, its, etc.
Interrogative : what, which, when, etc.
Demonstrative : this, that, these, those, etc.
Distributive : all, every, each, both, either, neither, etc.
Instant Practice
Underline the adjectives in the following sentences.
1. Mr. Dinesh is a happy child.
2. My son has a smart watch.
3. What a friendly person he is!
4. How an obedient student he is!
5. Have you ever seen an angry person?
6. Only few people came at the party.
7. This room is already full. It was empty then.
8. Our English teacher gives us heavy task. It is his habit.
9. There aren’t many people in the room. All of them have already gone.
10. There are numerous evidences in support of this case.
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11. Neither of the players is good. Either is suffering from diarrhoe.
12. Which of the following is your pen?
13. Whose pens are those? Do these pens also belong to you?
14. Would you like some sugar in tea?
15. The boy is very naughty. He is always aggressive.
Now write the types of adjectives you have underlined.
Quality
Quantity
Possessive
Interrogative
Demonstrative
Distributive
Instant Practice
Match the adjective on the left with its opposite adjective on the right.
light narrow
warm short
old cool
odd young
fast flat
expensive normal
hungry cheap
uneven full
wide slow
tall dark
clever high
poor soft
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sunny stupid
wet rich
long rainy
fat dry
big short
good small
hard thin
low bad
Grammar Focus: Degrees of Adjectives

Adjectives can express degrees of modification.
Heman is a rich man, but Jitu is richer than Heman, and Binod is the richest man
in town.
Quick Tip
The degrees of comparison are known as the positive, the comparative
and the superlative.
Positive Degree: We use positive degree if there is no comparison in quality.

This is a big ground.
Sony is a good girl.
He is an intelligent person.
Comparative Degree: We use the comparative for comparing two things. The
word ‘than’ frequently accompanies the comparative. The inflected suffixes-er, -ier
and more are used in comparison.
This ground is bigger than that one.
Nita is better than Sony.
His brother is more intelligent than him.
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Superlative Degree: We use the superlative for comparing three or more things.
The word ‘the’ precedes the superlative. The inflected suffixes-est, -iest and most
are used in comparison.
This is the biggest ground in Nepal.
Nita is the best girl of her class.
His brother is the most intelligent person in this school.
Instant Practice
Write the comparative and superlative form of the coloured adjectives.
Positive Comparative Superlative
a busy street busier busiest
a caring nurse
a creative toy
a dark corner
a deep sea
a dirty street
a large bed
a noisy room
a sleepy passenger
a smart dog
a smiling face more smiling
a sunny day
a windy day
an active child
an attractive hat
an interesting book
an oily pot
an old building
loving parents most loving
matching clothes
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Grammar Focus:Formation of Comparative and Superlative
 Adjective + -er / -est: Adjective of one syllable adds-er in the comparative
form and -est in superlative form.
cheap cheaper cheapest
cold colder coldest
hard harder hardest
sharp sharper sharpest
old older oldest
 Adjective + -r/-st: One syllable adjectives ending in -e add -r in the
comparative form and -st in the superlative form.
large larger largest
nice nicer nicest
brave braver bravest
true truer truest
fine finer finest
 Double Consonant + -er\-est.
slim slimmer slimmest
wet wetter wettest
hot hotter hottest
big bigger biggest
sad sadder saddest
 i + -er/-est: If a one- syllable adjective ends in consonant + -y,- y is
changed into -i when -er/ -est is added.
happy happier happiest
dry drier driest
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pretty prettier prettiest
heavy heavier heaviest
ugly uglier ugliest
Quick Tip
But vowel + y is not changed into i:
gay gayer gayest
 Irregular comparatives and superlatives.

bad worse worst
far further farthest
good better best
little less least
much more most
 Adjectives of more than two syllables form their comparative/superlative
by adding more to the comparative form and most in the superlative.
expensive more expensive most expensive
exciting more exciting most exciting
valuable more valuable most valuable
useful more useful most useful
cheerful more cheerful most cheerful
Instant Practice
Write the appropriate comparative and superlative form of these
adjectives.
Positive Comparative Superlative
bad
clever
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careful
dirty
early
far
useful
fat
full
good
green
expensive
happy
hard
hot
late
courageous
light
long
dangerous
nasty
old
poor
powerful
rainy
rich
sad
shady
difficult
short
active
slow
interesting
small
soft
stupid
90
sunny
comfortable
thin
wide
Grammar Focus: Comparison

There are different ways of comparison in English. Here are some such ways
of comparison:
 Comparative degree + than is used to compare dissimilarities.
India is richer than Nepal.
She is more intelligent than her sister.
This rope is longer than that one.
The present government is more popular than the earlier one.
 As + adjective + as is used to compare the equality.
My brother is as clever as you are.
She is not as smart as her sister is .
You are as tall as I am.
 The + superlative degree is used in superlative.
My father is the tallest person in my village.
Mr. Rai is the most intelligent person I have ever seen.
This is the most comfortable room in this house.
Binod Chaudhary is the richest person in Nepal.
 Not as + adjective + as is used to compare the dissimilarities.
Nepal is not as developed as India.
He is not as smart as Jubin.
I am not as talented as you are.
My sister is not as tall as I am.
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Instant Practice
Complete the following paragraph with comparative and superlative form of
adjectives.
Paul likes playing football. He’s a very good player, but his friend Sally is a (good)
player. She’s the (good) player in the whole school. She is (fast) and (strong) than
all the boys, even the boys who are (old) and (big) than her. That’s why Paul likes
her. Paul thinks all games are exciting, but football is the (exciting) game and it’s
(noisy) than all the other games he plays with his friends. When the grass is wet,
everyone gets dirty when they play football. But Sally gets (dirty) and (wet) than
everyone else.
Instant Practice
Complete the following sentences with correct form of comparative degrees.
Gold Iron
a. Gold is ____than iron. (expensive)
b. Iron is _____ than gold. (cheap)
c. The price of gold is ___than iron. (much)
d. The price of iron is ___than gold. (less)
a. The dog is slightly ____than the cat. (big)

b. The elephant is much ____ than the cat. (big)
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c. The dog and cat are _____than the elephant. (small)
d. The elephant is ______ than the dog and cat. (strong)
e. The elephant is ______ than the dog and cat. (heavy)
Use the following adjectives to compare the two birds.
a crane a nightingale
a. big ______________________________________________
b. small ______________________________________________
c. long ______________________________________________
d. short ______________________________________________
e. heavy ______________________________________________
f. tall ______________________________________________
g. beautiful ______________________________________________
ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Complete the following sentences using positive, comparative and superlative
form of adjectives.
1. My friend likes to exercise and eat fruits and vegetable, so he’s ______ than
other. (healthy)
2. A: Are you a lazy person? B: No, in fact, I’m very ______ person. (hard
working)
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3. My brother is ______person in our family (young). He’s only five years
old.
4. He should play basketball because he is _______ (tall) than us.
5. My sister is an _____ (introverted) person. She’s shy and doesn’t like to meet
new people.
6. He worked very hard his whole life and he’s _____ person in our locality.
(rich)
7. I went on a diet last year and lost five kilograms, so now I’m _____. (thin)
8. Mina always says, “Thank you.” She’s a _____ person. (polite)
9. Of course, I’m_______ girl! I got an A+ on all of my exams! (smart)
10. My uncle loves to tell jokes to make us laugh. He’s ______ than us.
(funny)
11. My friend can lift 200 kilograms. He’s _____ than all of us. (strong)
12. They are ______ (careful) when they cross a busy street.
13. Kamala always smiles and has many friends. She’s ____ than other.
(friendly)
14. Nothing seems to make my grandfather sad. He’s a _______ person.
(happy)
15. Most people can’t do work that he can. He’s a ______ person. (special)
ASSESS YOURSELF 2
Read the following sentences and write the types of the underlined
adjectives.
1. Dad has two pairs of shoes.
2. One pair is brown and the other pair is black.
3. This is a very simple puzzle.
4. What colour is the Nepalese flag?
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5. A kind fairy appeared before the wise king.
6. He is a proud man but his brother is an honest man.
7. There is some food left in that kitchen.
8. Tom is wearing a blue T-shirt but his brother is wearing red one.
9. Ganesh has ten marbles; Hari has twenty.
10. How many marbles do they have?
11. There is big Indian temple in the city.
12. There is a large crowd outside this temple.
13. My house is just a few miles from the school.
14. They are driving a small car.
15. Sue likes those yellow and red balloons.
ASSESS YOURSELF 3
Underline the adjectives in the following text.
Sydney is a large Australian city with busy streets and expensive shops. In summer,
it’s a very hot place. People wear cool clothes and drink cool drinks. There are
beautiful sandy beaches where people can rest and look up at the wide blue sky.
There are big parks for tourists to visit. Japanese tourists like to sit and watch other
people. British tourists take photographs of the strange plants and colourful birds.
ASSESS YOURSELF 4
Supply the comparative form of the adjectives in brackets + THAN.
1. India is _____Nepal. (large)
2. John is_____ William. (short)
3. Henry is_____ I. (tall)
4. This book is_____ that book. (old)
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5. The weather today is _____yesterday. (bad)
6. This summer is _____last summer. (hot)
7. This article is _____ that one. (interesting)
8. Is this exercise _____ the last one? (difficult)
9. These apples are _____ those. (good)
10. Some people are_____ others. (healthy)
11. This bag is _____ that one. (light)
12. Is this exercise _____ the last one? (important)
Vocabulary in Use
Read the following adverbs and change them into adjectives.
thoughfully accidentally calmly fiercely hastily mysteriously
wildly blindly doubtfully gladly lazily obnoxiously
rapidly silently victoriously bravely easily gracefully
sadly speedily angrily carelessly foolishly hungrily
loudly politely selfishly suspiciously anxiously cautiously
neatly recklessly sheepishly violently briefly elegantly
frantically innocently nervously reluctantly slowly wearily
greedily madly quickly seriously swiftly badly
busily gently happily merrily quietly shyly
courageously enthusastically inquisitively noisily rudely solemnly
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Guided Composition: Essay Writing
An Essay is a regular and connected writing about any subject. It may be narration
of some individual, description of some substance, some creature, building,
plant or some topic of abstract qualities, such as ‘Youth’, ‘Friendship’, ‘Truth’,
‘Discipline’, ‘Love,’ etc.
Parts of an essay:
 Introduction
 Supporting Paragraphs
 Summary Paragraphs
Read the following essay.
Is Childhood the best time of your life?
Some people say that childhood is the best time of your life. However, being a
child has both advantages and disadvantages.
One advantage is that you have very few responsibilities. For instance, you don’t
have to go to work, do the shopping, cooking or cleaning. This means you have
plenty of free time to do whatever you want-watch TV, play game on the computer;
go out with friends, play sports or pursue other hobbies. Moreover, public transport,
cinema, and sports centers cost much less for children. In fact, being a child is an
exciting, action-packed time in life.
However, for every plus there is minus. One disadvantage is that you have to
spend all day, Sunday to Friday at school, studying usually means you have to do
homework, and you have to take exams. Additionally, you may have a lot of free
time, but you are rarely allowed to do whatever you want. You usually have to ask
your parents if you can do things, from going shopping in town to staying out late
or going to a party.
Finally, although there are often cheaper prices for children, things are still
expensive-and parents are not always generous with pocket money. There’s never
enough to do everything you want. Another point is that sometimes there’s not
enough to do anything at all!
In conclusion, although some people see childhood as the best time in life, in
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my opinion, children have no real choice, independence or money. Nevertheless,
it is true that choice, money and independence all bring responsibilities and
restrictions which increase with age.
Do we need to save energy ?
Today we use much more energy than we used to. The world’s population is also
increasing all the time. So the world’s energy needs are going up. We will soon
run out of fossil fules. Another serious problem is that as we burn these fules we
release carbon dioxide into the air. Carbon dioxide trap the suns heat this is called
the greenhouse effect. Other gasses released by burning fuel have the same effect
Normaly, trees and plants adsorbs carbon dioxide from the air. But there are fewer
trees today because we have been cutting down the forests. This will cause global
warming a heating up of the atmosphere because of the greenhouse effect.
This could affect people all over the world. It will melt the ice at the polls and the
see level will rise, so that many lowlying places will be flooded. Whole chains of
eyelands could dissappear. It could also cause severe storms.
For these reasons, we need to cut down our use of energy and try not to waste it.
We could also shave energy by having fewer vehicles. We can walk or use the
bicycle. We can switch off lights, TV, and computers when we are not using them.
New energy saving light bulbs use less electricity and last longer than ordinary
light bulbs. It makes sense for all of us to save energy. It not only helps with the
problems that might affect the whole world, it will also save our a lot of money.
ASSESS YOURSELF 5
1. Write an essay on why do we need to do exercise daily.
2. Write an essay on my daily life.
3. Write an essay on my family.
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S T A RT CHAPTER 7
T
ED
GE
ADVERBS
Read the following letter.

Swoyambhu, Kathmandu
May 20, 2019
Dear Nina,
Your highly admirable smile with

its capped teeth and strikingly
attractive knotty pine denture
magically attracted me. I can
think of nothing I would rather
do than contemplate the gap
between your molars. Greatly inspired by your eyebrows, I sometimes think of
stars, constellations, and furry little bears. I will certainly write a poem about those
brows in the future. Your nose alone sufficiently merits a poem; a sonnet perhaps
should be dedicated to its nostrils. A wrestler would always be proud to have a
neck such as yours. Your shoulders seem attractively sloped. Moreover, your hips
turn round pleasantly better than my office chair. Across those extremely noble
shoulders slides your hair, as thick as extra-strength glue. How can I forget your
eyes? I am yours forever, Nina, unless I get distracted by a better offer.
With best wishes.
Yours friend,
Mohan
Do You Know? In the above given letter, the coloured words are adverbs.
They are modifiers.
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Speaking Practice
Answer these questions based on the given letter.

a. How was her smile?
b. How is her denture?
c. How did it attract him?
d. How was he inspired by her eyebrows?
e. When does he think of stars, constellations, and furry little bears?
f. How does her shoulders seem?
g. How does her hip turn round?
Quick Tip
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb.
Adverbs may indicate place or direction, time, degree, manner, and belief
or doubt. Like adjectives, they too may be comparative.
Grammar Focus: Types of Adverbs

1. Adverbs of Manner
Amrita sings like a professional singer.
He was driving carelessly.
Binod plays the piano skillfully.
Please speak in a clear voice.
She is behaving like a baby.
Rima writes in a very grown-up way.
The girls answered all the questions correctly.
The plane landed safely.
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They sell everything at very low prices.
You can buy fruit very cheaply in this shop.
Quick Tip
Some adverbs and adverb phrases describe the way people do things.
They answer the question “How?”
2. Adverbs of Time
We haven’t seen her this morning. Is she working today?
They are going to my new school tomorrow.
It rained heavily last night.
His brother goes to college in the autumn.
These shoes will be too small for me next year.
This TV program starts at 6 o’clock.
The bus has already left.
She moved into our new house last week.
Leave as soon as possible.
He is going on a trip in a few days’ time.
Quick Tip
Some adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question “when?” They
are called adverbs of time.
3. Adverbs of Place
These flowers grow in the park.
You couldn’t find my book anywhere.
The day was hot but cold inside.
She is studying at an English university.
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It that our ball there?
Some boys are playing upstairs.
The cat is in the garden.
We live in a house nearby.
They are going to Pokhara on their school trip.
I live on the northern part of country.
Quick Tip
Some adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question “where?” They
are called adverbs of place.
4. Adverbs of Frequency
He polishes his shoes twice a week.
Have you ever been to Japan?
I’ve told you my name three times already.
I clean my bedroom every week.
I’ll never make that mistake again.
Alina practices the piano regularly.
The children always go to school on the bus.
The newspaper is delivered daily.
The shops are often very busy.
We walk home from school every day.
We’ve been to Dipayal twice.
You should go to the dentist once every six months.
Quick Tip
Some adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question “how often?”
They are called adverbs of frequency.
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5. Adverbs of Duration
He talked to his girlfriend for over an hour.
I haven’t seen him for two years.
Mom was away a very long time.
Stand still for a moment while I comb your hair.
The library is temporarily closed.
It lasted for three days.
The teacher left the classroom briefly.
They stayed up all night talking.
We waited for ages for a bus.
You are staying in a hotel overnight.
Quick Tip
Some adverbs and adverb phrases answer the question “how long?” They
are called adverbs of duration.
6. Adverbs of Emphasis
Baikal can run really fast.
This rice is too hot.
He sings quite beautifully.
That’s a very good drawing.
The film was just terrible.
All these tools are totally useless.
Your words are completely unbelievable.
Quick Tip
We have seen that most adverbs describe verbs, but remember that some
adverbs also describe adjectives or other adverbs. They are usually used
to add emphasis.
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ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Rewrite the following adjectives as adverbs.
1. slow ____________ 12. cool ____________
2. beautiful ____________ 13. comfortable ____________
3. strong ____________ 14. wise ____________
4. tidy ____________ 15. quiet ____________
5. brave ____________ 16. merry ____________
6. soft ____________ 17. busy ____________
7. careless ____________ 18. cheap ____________
8. clear ____________ 19. close ____________
9. correct ____________ 20. different ____________
10. playful ____________ 21. safe ____________
11. selfish ____________ 22. skillful ____________
ASSESS YOURSELF 2
Underline the adverbs in the following sentences and write their types.
1. The man shouted loudly.
2. He arrived early.
3. The train has already left.
4. He drove carelessly.
5. The students talked noisily.
6. The children are playing outside.
7. Let’s go now.
8. Tom spoke politely to his teacher.
9. Have you seen Anne’s cat anywhere?
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10. Come here!
11. The dog is barking fiercely.
12. Alice skated beautifully.
13. The Prince and the Princess are coming here.
14. They lived happily ever after.
15. The birds are singing sweetly.
16. It is raining heavily.
17. The dog and the cat live together peacefully.
18. The soldiers fought bravely.
19. The sun is shining brightly.
20. The old man walked slowly.
ASSESS YOURSELF 3
Choose an adjective from the box and turn it into an adverb to complete the
sentences below.
clear quick sad regular quiet
careful close firm bright neat
1. “Goodbye. I’m going to miss you,” she said ______.
2. Attach the sign______ to the wall.
3. Carry the glass ______so you don’t drop it.
4. I can’t understand you. Please speak more______.
5. If you follow us ______, you won’t get lost.
6. Let’s walk ______so we get home before it starts to rain.
7. She writes very______.
8. The sky was blue and the sun was shining______.
9. You have to talk ______when you’re in the library.
10. You should exercise______ if you want to stay fit.
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ASSESS YOURSELF 4
Fill in the gaps with one of the following adverbs.
all day in old clothes for a week already every day
outside this morning ever on the bus clearly
1. “Go and do your homework.” “I’ve _______done it.” (time)
2. She takes the dog for a walk_______. (frequency)
3. Have you_______ been in a plane? (frequency)
4. My face was dirty and I was dressed_______. (manner)
5. I did some homework last night and finished it_______. (time)
6. It was a fine day and the children played in the garden_______. (duration)
7. Buna left her pencil case_______. (place)
8. She was so ill that she missed school_______. (duration)
9. Speak _______so everyone can hear you. (manner)
10. We went _______to play. (place)
ASSESS YOURSELF 5
Supply the adverb form of the adjective given in brackets.
1. John left the office _________ that afternoon. (quick)
2. She speaks English_________. (beautiful)
3. He always drives ________. (careful)
4. She works ________ every day. (hard)
5. We arrived home _________ that evening. (early)
6. He did the work_________, as usual. (easy)
7. We walked very ________. (quick)
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8. I feel very ________ today. (good)
9. He always does his work _______. (reckless)
10. He speaks very _________. (slow)
11. She prepares her lessons ________. (careless)
12. They acted _________ in that matter. (bad)
Vocabulary in Use
Read the following containers and match the collective nouns with their
continuations given below.
a box of a carton a can of a cup of

a bag of a tin of
chocolates of orange cola coffee
shopping fruit
juice
a bowl of a glass of a vase of a tube of a jug of

a jar of flower milk
sugar water toothpaste
marmalade
1. A class of thieves
2. An army of people
3. A choir of sailors
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4. A crew of musicians
5. A band of singers
6. A crowd of soldiers
7. A gang of students
8. A group of players
9. A team of dancers
10. A pack of thieves
11. A staff of employees
12. A tribe of natives
13. An audience of listeners
14. A panel of experts
15. A flock of labourers
16. A board of tourists
17. A gang of directors
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Phobias
Phobias are intense and persistent fear of a specific object, situation, or activity.
Because of this intense and persistent fear, the phobic person often leads a tight
life. The anxiety is typically out of proportion to the real situation, and the victim
is fully aware that the fear is irrational.
Phobias are very strong fears which may start in childhood. Usually there has been
an early experience which started the fear. A person may forget the experience
which started the fear, but the fear remains.
For example, a person who is afraid of closed rooms has claustrophobia. Perhaps
that person had parents who once locked him in a closet as a child. As an adult, he
has forgotten the experience in the closet, but he fears locked rooms.
A person who is afraid of insects has a kind of zoophobia. People who are afraid of
snakes, spiders, and mice have zoophobia, too.
People who are afraid of germs have micro phobia. They wash their hands many
times a day, and they refuse to be near people who are sick. Now that we understand
disease better, many people who are micro phobic are afraid of germs.
Write an essay on “Happiness” based on the given questions.
a. What is happiness?
b. What are the sources of happiness?
c. When do we feel sad?
d. When do we feel happy?
e. How can happiness help in your life?
f. What are short term and long term sources of happiness?
g. What are the benefits of happiness in life?
h. What are the obstacles in getting happiness?
i. Why do you think we should be happy?
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S T A RT CHAPTER 8
T
ED
GE
AUXILIARY VERBS

The Sherpas are expert climbers. They have kept many
records in climbing. Temba is one of such boys, who even as
a child, has determined to climb Mount Everest, one day.
Temba used to stand and gaze at Mount Everest, standing
so tall and mighty. He always thought, “I must prepare for
it.” He was still very young when he started his training.
When he was about fifteen years old, he prepared himself to
climb Mount Everest. There were nine people in their group - three guides and six
trekkers.
They started their climb on April 13, 2000. When they were more than half way up
the mountain, Temba hurt his leg. But he went on, as his injury was minor. They
climbed higher and higher. They were almost at the top when Temba made the
biggest mistake of his life.
His boots had become loose. He pulled off his gloves to tighten his boots. That let
long enough time for his fingers to get frostbitten. The sweat inside his gloves was
frozen. When he put his fingers into his gloves they started bleeding.
Temba did not want to give up. He continued to climb. His guides wanted him to
turn back. Temba was disappointed. He was so close to the peak that he could see
it just above him. He had to stop climbing and return.
Five of his fingers – two of the left hand and three of the right had to be amputated,
but he did not give up hope. Failure wouldn’t defeat this young boy.
Do You Know? In the above given description, the coloured words are verbs.
The words like is, are, was, were, has, have, had, used to, could, would and
must are auxiliary verbs. They are also called helping verbs. These verbs are used
in different tenses for making sentences.
Words like studies, gaze, started, prepared, climb, hurt, went, climbed, made,
pulled, let, etc. are main verbs. They perform different actions in sentences.
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Speaking Practice

a. Do all sentences have main verbs?
b. Do all sentences have auxiliary verbs?
c. What is the difference between main verb and auxiliary verb?
d. How many auxiliary verbs are there in English?
e. What are the forms of the main verbs used in the description?
f. What are primary auxiliary verbs?
g. What are modal auxiliary verbs?
Quick Tip
Words that express some form of action are called verbs. Most verbs are
action words. They tell you what people, animals or things are doing.
Listening Practice
Repeat the following words after your teacher.
Auxiliary Verbs
Be: is, am, are, was, were,
Have: has, have, had
Do: do, does, did
Modal: can, may, will, shall, could, might, would, should, must, ought to,
need to, dare to, used to
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Grammar Focus: Primary Auxiliary Verbs
Be Verb: is, am, are, was, were is
were
He is my father.
She is Miss Lomu.
was BE am
It is a hot day today.
They are good friends.
I am not teacher. are
We are in the same class, but we are not on the same team.
You are a stranger. You are not my friend.
He was at the party yesterday.
She was very good at writing.
We were in office at this time yesterday.
Were you also there with them?
Quick Tip
The words am, is, are, was and were, are the form of ‘be’ verbs, but
they are not action words. They are the simple present tense (is, am,
are) and simple past tense (was, were) of the verb ‘be’. We use am with
the pronoun I, and is, was with the pronouns he, she and it. We use are,
were with the pronouns you, we and they.
Have Verb: has, have, had

He has done his homework. Have
We have been there twice.

You have already seen me. Had HAVE Has
I haven’t completed my task yet.
I had seen you at the party?
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Had you had your lunch on time?
We hadn’t carried umbrella.
Quick Tip
We use ‘have’ and ‘has’ to make sentences in present perfect tense.
‘Has’ is used with he, she, it, Ram, Riya, etc. which is singular. ‘Have’
is used with I, we, you, they, Ram and Riya which are plural subjects.
‘Had’ is the past of have used in past perfect tense.
Do Verbs: do, does, did

My father does the washing of dishes.
Do
My mother does the cooking.
They always do exercise together.
Did DO Does
Who did this drawing?
He does such interesting work.
They do amazing tricks.
Fatima did her homework at home.
They did the dusting and cleaning.
Jane did all the laundry by herself.
You did well in the test.
I did poorly on my exam.
Quick Tip
We use do, does and did to talk about actions. We use do with the
pronouns I, you, we and they, and with plural nouns. Use does with the
pronouns he, she and it, and singular nouns. Did is the simple past tense
of do and does.
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Instant Practice
Fill in the blanks with do, does or did.
1. The shoes were too small. They ________ not fit me.
2. Amar ________ not do well on the exam last week.
3. Where ________ eggs come from?
4. The vase is broken. Who ________ that?
5. What ________ this word mean?
6. How ________ the computer work?
7. ________ he drink coffee?
8. Who ________ that drawing?
9. Where ________ you buy that dress?
10. How ________ you spell your name?
11. ________ not play on a busy street!
12. ________ your work quietly!
13. ________ a snake have legs?
14. He ________ not have any brothers.
15. ________ cats like to eat fish?
Instant Practice
Fill in the blanks with is, am, are, was or were.
1. Don’t blame him. It ________ my mistake.
2. He ________ sick yesterday.
3. Mom and Dad ________ on vacation last week.
4. The weather ________ fine this morning.
5. There ________ a lot of people at our party yesterday.
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6. There ________ a small lake here many years ago.
7. We ________ the champions last year.
8. Where _____Nima? He ________ here just now.
9. We _____going camping tomorrow.
10. I’____ starting piano lessons soon.
11. Jim’s parents ____taking him to Texas next week.
12. My favourite TV program ___starting in a minute.
13. All our friends ____coming.
14. I ____ visiting Aman next week.
15. Where ___you going for your vacation?
Instant Practice
Fill in the blanks with have or has.
1. A triangle ________got three sides.
2. These passengers ________ got their own tickets.
3. An insect ________got six legs.
4. My dad ________ got his cell phone with him.
5. Niraj ________ got a bad temper.
6. I often ________ got fruit for dessert.
7. Kathmandu________ got a very big airport.
8. Labish ________ got toothache.
9. Many poor people ________ got nothing to eat.
10. She ________ taken her breakfast.
11. The broom ________got a blue handle.
12. The children ________got a new swing set.
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13. All these girls ________got golden hair.
14. The man ________got two daughters.
15. They never ________ got any problem with tests.
16. We ________got a new science teacher.
17. You ________ got a good chance of winning the prize.
18. Kamal _____ bought a nice house.
Grammar Focus: Modal Auxiliary Verbs

Will and shall
I shall be eight years old next year.
We shall play a game of chess after lunch.
You will be sick if you eat too much.
I hope it won’t rain tomorrow.
They will finish the job next week.
The weatherman says it will rain this afternoon.
She will not be at the party today.
You will enjoy visiting New Zealand.
Dad will be back for dinner.
He will make lots of friends at his new school.
Quick Tip
We use the verbs shall and will as helping verbs or auxiliary verbs to
form the future tense.
Can and Could

He can run faster than Arbin.
She cannot afford such an expensive ring.
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I’m full. I can’t eat any more.
Can you help me?
Can I come with you?
I knew you could do it if you tried.
She could not come because she was ill.
Miss Mira said we could go home early.
They could not put us together again.
Quick Tip
The verbs can and could are both helping and auxiliary verbs. Use can
and could to talk about people’s ability to do things. Can and could are
used with the pronouns I, you, he, she, it, we and they, and with singular
or plural nouns. Could is the past tense of can.
May and Might

Use may to ask if you are allowed to do something, or to give someone permission
to do something.
May I watch television now? Yes, you may.
May I borrow your pen?
You may come in.
You may go now.
“May” is also used to talk about things that are likely to happen.
If it continues to rain, there may be a flood.
I may go to Sue’s birthday party if I’m free.
You may fall down if you aren’t careful.
Take an umbrella. It may rain.
“Might” is used as the past tense of “may.”
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He realized he might catch the earlier train if he hurried.
I knew my teacher might find out.
Quick Tip
You can also use might to talk about things that are possible. For
example:
Put your purse away or it might get stolen.
You might slip so hold on to the railing.
Would and Should

Use “would” as the past tense of “will.”
My friend said he would come.
I knew you would enjoy Dhading.
He said he would only marry a hardworking girl.
They said that they would meet me at the airport.
He promised he wouldn’t forget her birthday.
Use “should” to talk about necessary actions or things that people ought to
do.
If you are tired you should go to bed early.
Should I turn off the computer when I finish working in it?
Shouldn’t you tell your Mom if you’re going out?
We should all drink more water.
We should always thank people for presents, shouldn’t we?
You should do more exercise.
You should know how to spell your own name.
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Quick Tip
It is polite to use would like when you are offering people things, or
asking for something yourself. For example:
Would you like a cup of tea?
I am worn-out now. I’d like a rest.
You’d like food now, wouldn’t you?
What colour would you like?
Ought to
You look tired. You ought to go to bed early tonight.
I ought to get more physical exercise.
We ought to lock the door when we leave home.
You ought to turn off the computer when you’re not using it.
You ought to know how to spell your own name.
The teacher ought to make his classes more interesting.
Quick Tip
You use ought to to make strong suggestions and talk about someone’s
duty.
Must
I must mail this letter today.
You must speak louder. I can’t hear you.
Children must not play with matches.
Go to bed now. Oh, must I?
Why must I do my homework tonight?
Quick Tip
Use must to talk about things that you have to do.
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Instant Practice
Fill in the blanks with shall or will.
1. You __________ fat if you eat too many desserts. (grow)
2. The new school building ___________ ready soon. (be)
3. We ___________ to the zoo after breakfast. (go)
4. I ___________ bath before dinner. (take)
5. Peter ___________ lots to do on his grandmother’s farm. (find)
6. If we ask her, she ___________ us how to play chess. (teach)
7. If he works hard, he ___________ his exams. (pass)
8. ___________ we ___________ home now? (go)
9. They ____ busy tomorrow.(be)
10. We ____Ekbal this evening. (visit)
Instant Practice
Fill in the blanks with can, could, may or might.
1. _______ you jump over the hurdle?
2. If you hurry you ________ catch the train.
3. Jean ________ dance quite well.
4. Kaman doesn’t look well. He ________ have a fever.
5. Some people ________ speak three languages.
6. The baby is crying. She ________ be hungry.
7. The man is shouting. He ________ need help.
8. We ran as fast as we ________.
9. ________ I borrow your bike?
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10. I don’t know where Jane is. You ________ find her in the library.
11. ________ you drive?
12. Who ________ answer the question?
13. ________ you show me the way to the zoo?
14. He ________ play the piano.
15. It ____rain today.
Instant Practice
Fill in the blanks with would or should.
1. ________ you like to play a game with me?
2. Children ________ not watch too much television.
3. Every student ________ have a good dictionary.
4. He promised he ________ meet me after school.
5. Lal said he ________ help me with science.
6. Of course, I ________ help you!
7. We ________ all learn good table manners.
8. ________ you help if I asked?
9. We ________ like to go outdoors if it stops raining.
10. ________ you like some coffee?
11. We ________ not waste water.
12. What ________ we do now?
13. Yes, I ________ love a cup of coffee.
14. You ________ all pay attention in class.
15. You ________ not play with fire.
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Fill in the blanks with CAN, MUST, MAY or SHOULD.
1. You ____ not do that again. It´s dangerous.
2. The man is very strong. He ____ lift that heavy box easily.
3. You ____ be more generous. They´re very poor.
4. ____I have another piece of cake, mother?
5. Why don´t you phone at his home. He____ be there.
6. You ____ come and visit us any day.
7. ____I use your pen please, Sir?
8. He ____ n´t be driving the car! He doesn´t even know how to start a car.
9. What ____ I do in order to improve my pronunciation?
10. You ____ take your umbrella in case it rains this afternoon.
11. Miss Clark ____ type fast but she ____ n´t use a computer.
12. The little bird ____ n´t fly yet. It´s too young.
13. He ____n´t be an engineer. He is only 18 years old!
14. It´s almost midnight now. They ____be sleeping at this time.
15. You ____ ask questions at the end of the presentation.
16. You ____ be punctual for the meeting.
17. He is a retired civil servant. He ____ be over 65 years old now.
18. I don´t know why they´re talking. They____ be working instead.
19. I just put on my glasses. Now I ____ read better.
20. You ____ easily fall and break your leg.
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Vocabulary in Use
Look at the following small objects used at home and write their
function.
power-point and
plug table mat washing-up
remote control liquid
bin-liner ironing-board
Pegion tea-towel
grater mob coaster corkscrew
Example:
A remote control is a device that allows you to operate a television from a
distance.
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Should Students Wear School Uniform?
Almost all school students have school uniform. It is a compulsion for them. But
putting on school uniform is not the best idea for many reasons. The way the
student dresses makes a powerful statement about who he or she is. The school
years are an important time for them to explore their identities. The choice of
uniforms would undermine that. They would also have little, if any, positive effect
on students with discipline problems.
Each student has their own personality, and one way he expresses who he is
through his clothing. Clothes are an important way for young people to show
others how they feel about themselves and what is important to them. If school
students are forced to wear uniforms, this important form of self-expression will
be taken away.
Though discipline in schools is a serious concern, uniforms are not the answer.
Discipline problems usually come from a lack of discipline at home, and that’s
a problem that uniforms can’t begin to address. A student who is rowdy in the
classroom isn’t going to change their behaviour because they are wearing a white
shirt and tie.
In fact, discipline problems might increase if students are required to wear
uniforms. Students often make trouble because they want attention. Well behaved
students who used to get attention from how they dressed might now become
trouble-makers so they can continue to get attention.
Uniforms are not the answer to the problems public school students face. In fact,
because they’ll restrict individuality and may even increase disciplinary problems,
they’ll only add to the problem.
Write an essay on “why should we go to school?” in about 150 words using the
clues given below.
a. Why do you go to school? f. What do you learn in class?
b. What activities do you do in school?
c. What do you do in class? g. Why is classroom learning very good?
d. What do you do in the playground?
e. Why is learning at home and in school different?
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S T A RT CHAPTER 9
T
QUESTION TAGS
ED
GE

Amar: You are from the village school, aren’t you?
Aman: You are right. We’ve already met once, haven’t
we?
Amar: Yes, we have. It was in the village market, wasn’t
it?
Aman: That’s right. You also study here, don’t you?
Amar: Yes, I have been studying here since my childhood. You too admitted
here, didn’t you?
Aman: Yes I did. Let me know your name, will you?
Amar: Certainly. I am Amar, aren’t I? What is your name?
Aman: I am Aman. It’s the time for class. Let’s go, shall we?
Amar: Sure.
Do You Know? The coloured words in each sentence are question tags.
Speaking Practice

a. What are question tags?
b. Why are question tags used?
c. What are tags in the given dialogue?
d. Do sentences end in full stop or question mark in tags?
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e. Do you see main verbs used in tags?
f. Why are only auxiliary verbs used in tags?
g. Why is there comma instead of full stop in sentence in tags?
Look at the following changes in question tags:
I don’t like to live in cities, do I? question mark
Comma subject positive auxiliary verb
My father works hard, doesn’t he? question mark
Comma subject
negative auxiliary verb
The structure of the tag in the above sentences is: subject + verb + obj+ comma
+ auxiliary +subject+?
Listening Practice
Repeat these contractions after your teacher.

is not=isn’t am not= aren’t are not=aren’t
was not=wasn’t were not=weren’t have not=haven’t
has not=hasn’t had not=hadn’t do not=don’t
does not=doesn’t did not=did n’t cannot=can’t
could not=couldn’t will not=won’t would not=wouldn’t
may not=mayn’t might not=mightn’t shall not=shan’t
should not=shouldn’t must not=mustn’t ought not=oughtn’t
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Grammar Focus: Formation of Question Tags
1. Negative statement has positive tags.
He isn’t sincere, is he?
She was n’t there, was she?
You can’t convince me, can you?
We don’t like it, do we?
They did not invite us, did they?
2. Positive statement has negative tags.
I am fond of it, aren’t I?
She has called us, hasn’t she?
We have seen her closely, haven’t we?
You were there too, weren’t you?
He will visit us, won’t he?
3. Same auxiliary verb is used in the tags.
We should work hard, shouldn’t we?
You must help me, mustn’t you?
He would visit us, wouldn’t he?
She could sing well, couldn’t she?
I may call you later, mayn’t I?
4. Do, does and did is used for V1, V5 and V2 if there is no auxiliary verb in
a sentence.
I sing a song, don’t I?
He plays a game, doesn’t he?
We completed our task, didn’t we?
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5. Have as main verb takes do, does and did.
He has a nice car, doesn’t he?
I have a new watch, don’t I?
I had a Chinese friend, didn’t I?
6. Appropriate pronouns are used according to the subjects of the tag.
Ram is looking at us, isn’t he?
Riya has helped me, hasn’t she?
Paru and Prem are absent today, aren’t they?
These books are useful, aren’t they?
Milk is good for us, isn’t it?
This house has a swimming pool, doesn’t it?
The dog is not there, is it?
I can speak well, can’t I?
My friends were there too, weren’t they?
You have visited them, haven’t you?
We must work hard, mustn’t we?
The cat drinks milk, doesn’t it?
This house should be repaired, shouldn’t it?
That was mine, wasn’t it?
7. Imperative sentences take ‘will you?’ in tags.
Work hard, will you?
Never tell a lie, will you?
Don’t look at me, will you?
Please come here, will you?
Let me go, will you?
Let him sing a song, will you?
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8. Sentences starting with ‘let’s’ take ‘shall we?’ in tags.
Let’s sing, shall we?
Let’s go there, shall we?
Let’s not call her, shall we?
Let’s not try this, shall we?
ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Add suitable question tag against the following sentences.
1. He comes here every day, ________?
2. She can speak French well, ________?
3. They will be here early, ________?
4. He left at two o’clock, ________?
5. He has to work tomorrow, ________?
6. You live up town, ________?
7. She studies with you, ________?
8. Both men look very much alike, ________?
9. I´m your best friend, ________?
10. They were both absent from the lesson, ________?
11. The wind is blowing very hard, ________?
12. Helen and her sister are both studying English, ________?
13. You are busy today, ________?
14. I´m doing the exercise well, ________?
15. She used to work in this office, ________?
16. He has been working very hard today, ________?
17. He has many friends here, ________?
18. He will be back later, ________?
19. Henry left at two o’clock, ________?
20. There´s some more milk in the fridge, ________?
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ASSESS YOURSELF 2
1. The sun is setting now, ________?
2. She´s going to buy a new car, ________?
3. They went into the church, ________?
4. The shopping district extends for many blocks, ________?
5. He doesn’t come here every day, ________?
6. She isn’t busy now, ________?
7. They didn’t come with her, ________?
8. She can’t speak French, ________?
9. They don’t live uptown, ________?
10. He didn’t visit us last night, ________?
11. She won’t be at the lesson tomorrow, ________?
12. They don’t know each other, ________?
13. We don’t have to come to school tomorrow, ________?
14. They didn’t have to work yesterday, ________?
15. He hasn’t got any money, ________?
16. They didn’t arrive on time, ________?
17. Mr. Smith has seen that movie, ________?
18. Junu is a good student, ________?
19. George is a very tall boy, ________?
20. You were absent from class yesterday, ________?
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ASSESS YOURSELF 3
1. This is your house, ________?
2. That isn’t the right answer, ________?
3. Your sister is very pretty, ________?
4. Andrew can’t ride a bike, ________?
5. You’ve already seen that movie, ________?
6. I’m lucky to have a friend like you, ________?
7. The tunnel was very dark, ________?
8. They didn’t play very well, ________?
9. We shouldn’t look at the answers first, ________?
10. Aunt Sarah could come to our house for dinner, ________?
11. There was a bag in the car, ________?
12. Sally hasn’t got a dog, ________?
13. We mustn’t be late, ________?
14. There is a post office nearby, ________?
15. There were some people in the park, ________?
16. We can stay an extra day, ________?
17. The journey won’t take long, ________?
18. I’m your best friend, ________?
19. Andrew and Susan are your neighbors, ________?
20. You didn’t see the dog in the garden, ________?
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ASSESS YOURSELF 4
1. It is beginning to rain, ________?
2. Mr. Smith is out of town, ________?
3. They are leaving early in the morning, ________?
4. There were many students absent yesterday, ________?
5. Mary goes shopping every day, ________?
6. You called me last night, ________?
7. Dharma was born in Kathmandu, ________?
8. We will be there soon, ________?
9. The traffic was very heavy that evening, ________?
10. The sun sets at about six o’clock, ________?
11. John walks to the post office, _______?
12. He goes there in the morning, ________?
13. He first goes to the window, ________?
14. He doesn’t always buy stamps, ________?
15. There are many people ahead of him, ________?
16. There are only a few people ahead of him, ________?
17. He doesn’t always have to wait in line, ________?
18. He didn’t have to wait in line yesterday, ________?
19. He won’t have to wait in line tomorrow, ________?
20. He gave him the stamps, ________?
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ASSESS YOURSELF 5
1. John didn’t receive any change, ________?
2. He put a stamp on the envelope, ________?
3. He didn’t mail any packages, ________?
4. He dropped the letter into the box, ________?
5. Let’s play, _________?
6. John sold his house, _________?
7. They bought the car in Pokhara, _________?
8. Let me tell you first, _________?
9. Let’s do it again, _________?
10. The boy did the exercise well, _________?
11. We had dinner at the Club, _________?
12. You will see me at the party, _________?
13. We wrote the letter in Spanish, _________?
14. They studied English in London, _________?
15. I am honest, _________?
16. They can work hard, _________?
17. We must keep quiet, _________?
18. Hurry up, _________?
19. Don’t smoke here, _________?
20. Never sing songs here, _________?
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Vocabulary in Use
Read the following words related to animals and change them into plural.
Frog Snail
Bee Seal
Pegion Peacock Eagle Worm
Seagull Shark Parrot Bat
Crab Dolphin
Dove Tortoise
Example: Frog-frogs
Change the following parts of a tree into plural.
Bark
Example: Bud-buds
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Drugs
The term ‘drugs’ covers many kinds of chemical substance
which they are absorbed by the body, the majority being
medicines designed to cure illnesses. They are manufactured
from a variety of sources which include animal products,
plants and minerals.
In recent years it has become possible to synthesize in the laboratory many drugs
previously obtained from plants and animal products. A small number of drugs
can become addictive if taken excessively, that is either too frequently, or in doses
larger than recommended for medical use.
Drugs intended as painkillers, or drugs with a hypnotic effect used as sleeping
pills, can both become addictive if abused. It is important to emphasize the fact
that it is the abuse of drugs which has become a widespread social problem in
many societies, and that the drug itself may have many beneficial effects when
used medically. This is why many drugs are obtainable only through prescription
from a doctor.
Some people would argue that addiction to drugs involves both psychological and
social factors, since those people who become addicts may do so in order to find
some relief from personal or social inadequacies.
This argument implies that it is somehow the addict’s fault if he or she becomes
addicted, and this is to ignore the powerful physical effects of many drugs.
Any temporary effects of well-being soon wear off, leading to severe physical
discomfort.
Common Cold
The common cold, as it is technically known, still resists
the efforts of science to control and cure it, and has given
rise to a rich popular mythology. As the name suggests
the assumption is that you catch a cold because you go
out in the cold.
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As we now that a cold is a virus, and that we actually catch it from being in contact
with others’, this is not strictly true. Shaking hands with people, kissing them or
just being in the same room, can pass on the virus. It is now generally believed that
cold viruses; and there is more than one type, are always present in the throat, but
only become active when the body’s resistance to infection is lowered.
The activated cold virus then attacks the membranes in the nose and throat, whose
tissues become weakened and thus susceptible to infection by types of bacteria
which are generally also present in the body. Sudden chilling, or getting soaked to
the skin, promotes conditions in nose and throat membranes that permit the cold
virus to invade the body, although some individuals seem to be resistant to this.
Just being out in the cold is not enough, and studies conducted in wartime among
troops living in the open found that the incidence of colds’ was no greater. As far
as prevention and cure are concerned, nearly everyone has their own favourite
remedy.
Doctors have been unable to produce an effective vaccine against colds, although
strong claims have been put forward for vitamin C.
ASSESS YOURSELF 6
Write essays on the following topics.
a. Health is wealth
b. Fever
c. Good habits
d. Discipline
e. Childhood
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S T A RT CHAPTER 10
T
SENTENCES
ED
GE
Read the following story.

One day the people living near a mighty mountain
heard an echoing sound. Smoke was coming
out of the summit; the earth was trembling and
great rocks were hurtling down into the valley.
Somebody whispered in horror, ‘The Mountain
seems to be in labour. I don’t know what it will
give birth to.’
Many people rushed to a vantage point for a better view. They thought that a
terrible thing was going to happen. The sky grew dark. The rumblings and thunder
increased in intensity. The earth began to shake violently. A huge fissure appeared
on one side of the mountain. The awe-stricken people watched in terror. Some of
the weak-hearted people fainted. Others waited with bated breath.
Soon the tremor stopped and the people heaved a sigh of relief but they looked on
curiously, and out of the fissure came a tiny mouse.
Do You Know? In the above given story, different types of sentences are used to
complete the story. Different punctuation marks are used in different sentences.
Speaking Practice
Observe the following sentences based on the story and answer the given
questions.
the people living near a mighty mountain an echoing sound one day heard
violently to shake the earth began the dark sky grew
the increased rumblings in intensity and thunder
people some fainted of the weak-hearted
the terror awe-stricken people in watched
rushed to a vantage many people point for a better view
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a. Do these groups of words make sentences?
b. Do these sentences give any meaning?
c. Are the words arranged in correct order?
d. Do these sentences have correct punctuation mark?
e. Why are all words in small letters?
Quick Tip
The groups of words are not arranged in order. They do not give any
meaning. Thus, they are not sentences.
Now observe these groups of words.
a. One day the people living near a mighty mountain heard an echoing sound.
b. The earth began to shake violently.
c. The sky grew dark.
d. The rumblings and thunder increased in intensity.
e. Some of the weak-hearted people fainted.
f. The awe-stricken people watched in terror.
g. Many people rushed to a vantage point for a better view.
Answer the following questions.
a. Do these groups of words make sentences?
b. Do these sentences give any meaning?
c. Are the words arranged in correct order?
d. Do these sentences have correct punctuation mark?
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Quick Tip
The groups of words are arranged in order. They give us complete
meaning. Thus, they are sentences.
A sentence is a group of words or a single word that expresses a complete thought,

feeling or idea. It usually contains an explicit or implied subject and a predicate
containing a finite verb.
Instant Practice
Put the following group of words in correct order to make a complete sen-
tence with correct punctuation marks.
1. raining it is all day
2. all afternoon is working she
3. worked he has here years for five
4. playing was Raju friends with his
5. at night do I my homework
6. the story book read I
7. he not does neglect duty his
8. an hour they playing have been for
9. knows he me
10. gone to school he had I came before
Rewrite the following sentences with correct punctuation marks.
1. rohan is a salesperson
2. riya opens her shop at 6
3. my brother has no wife
4. mina does not have any brother
5. does aman have a sister
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6. does bibek work hard
7. don’t insult the poor
8. help sanu to do her work
9. what a nice person he is
10. how intelligent person he is
Listening Practice
Practice these sentences after your teacher.

Assertive I am going to market now.
Renu is an actress.
We have a new car.
They live in a flat.
Interrogative Are the boys angry?
Do you like to drink water?
What was he looking at?
Where are you going now?
Imperative Wait a minute, please.
Hurry up!
Don’t go too near the forest.
Never try to cheat other.
Exclamatory What a cute baby!
How lovely flower it is!
What an interesting programme!
How terrible person!
140
Grammar Focus:Types of Sentences
Based on their function, sentences are mainly of four types.
1. An assertive sentence makes a statement.
 My father is watching television now.
 I have visited different parts of the country.
 He works in a supermarket.
 They are hardworking farmers.
Notes: An assertive sentence starts with noun or pronoun and ends with a full
stop.
2. An interrogative sentence asks a question.
 Are you fine today?
 Is he coming here?
 Does she sing well?
 What is your name?
Notes: An interrogative sentence ends with a question mark (?) instead of a full
stop.
3. An imperative sentence gives an order.
 Please call me later.
 Never drink alcohol.
 Don’t talk aloud!
 Let him play a game.
 Stand up!
Notes: An imperative sentence starts with a verb. It also starts with don’t, please,
never, etc. and ends with a full stop. It can also end with an exclamation point
(!) if the order is very firm.
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4. An exclamatory sentence makes a very strong statement called an
exclamation. It shows strong feeling such as surprise or anger.
 What a boring person you are!
 What an easy question!
 How beautiful flower it is!
 What a cloudy day it is today!
Notes: An exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation point (!) instead of a
full stop.
Instant Practice
Put correct punctuation marks to complete the following sentences.
1. they have to study very hard
2. do we have to get up early
3. we must write an essay tonight
4. what a strange person
5. may I have a nice time ahead
6. we did not meet him at noon
7. has he gone out of town
8. how lovely weather
9. you are not working well
10. my god bless you
11. do you wake up early
12. i have to buy a new pen
13. prepare your homework every day
14. may you live long
15. learn new words of this class
16. help the helpless
17. what an ugly bird
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18. he does not like drinking
19. what a boring lesson it is
20. what an exciting lesson
Instant Practice
What types of sentences are the following ones? Write their types in the box
given below.
Sentences Types
I was running up the hill till midday. Assertive Sentence
What a silly boy!
Mind you language, please.
He will be working all morning tomorrow.
What a useful room!
The students are taking test today.
Help the poor kids.
We have seen her closely.
The secretary was not busy at midday.
Close the door.
They are not good friends at school.
How boring lecture!
The weather will not be fine tomorrow.
Don’t smoke here.
The men were not tired after the long walk.
What an untiring effort!
Are they coming, too?
Does she speak well?
Do we also try it?
Will you call us at the party?
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Grammar Focus: Subject and Predicate
Study the following sentences.
a. Players play.
b. These players play many games.
c. All these players have played many games so far.
In the above sentences, the bold portion of the sentences led by ‘nouns’ are subjects
and the remaining part of the sentence including the verb are predicates. If we get
an answer by asking the main verb ’a’ question with ‘who’ or ‘what’, the answer
is the subject of the sentence. In the first sentence, the subject is in one word, in
second sentence the subject is in two words and in the third sentence the subject is
in three words. Subjects having more than a word is called subject group.
Similarly, in the sentences (a), (b), and (c), something is said under the leadership
of the verb. If the answer is in one word as in (a), it is predicate and if the answer
is in more than one words as in (b) and (c), they are predicate group.
Quick Tip
A sentence is a group of words having a subject and predicate. A word or
group of words denoting a person or a thing spoken about in a sentence
is called its subject. Again, a word or group of words that says something
about the subject of a sentence is called its predicate.
Let’s see some examples.

Subject Predicate
I eat.
I eat an apple.
I eat an apple and orange.
All of us eat an apple.
All my family members don’t eat apples.
My little brother has been eating an apple.
Eating an apple everyday is good for our health.
To eat an apple a day is to be healthy.
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I as well as all my friends eat an apple daily.
It is good to eat an apple daily.
God is also fond of apples.
Instant Practice
Separate the subject and predicate in the following sentences.
1. Ann has worked here for 6 months.
2. Neither Darpan nor I am to follow.
3. The desk and the chair sit in the corner.
4. Each of us was scheduled to take the test.
5. The coach, not the players, has been ill.
6. We worked here last year.
7. How quickly he runs.
8. There are only four days until Christmas.
9. He works here.
10. You work here every day.
11. That was Yusuf and I whom you saw.
12. This phone call is for Bill and me.
13. Terrell is the smarter of the two.
14. It was I who called.
15. Bill is working here now.
16. It is we clerks who work hard.
17. He took the plate off the table.
18. None of the neighbours offered their support.
19. They mailed the copies to him and me.
20. Neither of the candidates has spoken.
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Instant Practice
Underline subject in the following sentences.
1. Jaya is the older of the two brothers.
2. Maya did well on the test she took yesterday.
3. He and she were really close friends.
4. Samundra will meet us later.
5. The answer is plain and simple.
6. He depends on her in times of need.
7. You watch your step.
8. The insurance agent gave her sound advice.
9. On the table was her purse.
10. In the newspaper, an interesting article appeared.
11. You look before you leap.
12. Across the road lived her boyfriend.
13. We are forced to inhale and exhale this smog-filled air.
14. In the gutter, I found a shiny new dime.
15. Around every cloud is a silver lining.
16. Every one of the roses bloomed.
17. Your red scarf matches your eyes.
18. Every attempt to flatter him failed sadly.
19. Every rule has been followed by that industry.
20. The captain along with his players has come.
146
ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Reorganize the following words to make complete sentences.
1. the Tom office had already left.
2. spent all the already money They´d.
3. sent her a Paul had already fax.
4. seen that movie Min had twice.
5. children had The already had supper.
6. gone to bed already She had.
7. plant will die without Your water.
8. soon need a lot of repairs The school will.
9. exams are over Kina and I shall be glad when the.
10. be late for school We will if we don’t hurry.
11. girls answered all the questions The correctly.
12. in a very She grown-up way writes.
13. fruit very cheaply in this You can buy shop.
14. sell everything at They very low prices.
15. sings like a professional David singer.
16. left the classroom The teacher briefly.
17. snow lasted for three The days.
18. dressed smartly for the Jubal party.
19. is behaving Mira selfishly.
20. drove carelessly The man.
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ASSESS YOURSELF 2
Reorganize the following words to make complete sentences.
1. at these footprints Look closely.
2. have all answered You correctly.
3. shop cheaply at this You can store.
4. twins liked to dress The differently.
5. skillfully She played.
6. library is temporarily The closed.
7. staying in a hotel We’re overnight.
8. still for a moment Stand while I comb your hair.
9. ready to Are we go?
10. instructor Am I a good?
11. be hot It´ll tomorrow.
12. some books There are on the shelf.
13. very little There is money left in the box.
14. only one student in the lab There is now.
15. people are there at the How many reception?
16. much money is there in the How box?
17. eyes and black hair She´s got blue.
18. got a lot of friends They´ve there.
19. students are reading a The story.
20. travelling by plane George is.
148
ASSESS YOURSELF 3
Punctuate the following sentences.
1. the desk of the teacher is new
2. was she having a bath
3. we were running down the road
4. all those soldiers were doing exercise
5. is he making the beds
6. her children were watching TV
7. were the men going to work
8. they were studying for a test
9. is that the home of his father
10. has the friend of my sister become sick
11. mary will go out this evening
12. you will send them a fax
13. john walks to school
14. she comes here every day
15. they´ve been playing tennis since midday
16. don’t forget to return the letter I gave you
17. did they go any other place
18. no other person helped him with the work
19. you must ask some other person about it
20. haven’t I met you some other place
149
ASSESS YOURSELF 4
Look at the following picture and make some sentences based on the picture.
This is the cactus plant.
This is the blue whale.
Penguins are the only birds that can swim but cannot
fly.
150
Vocabulary in Use
Read the following pictures of clothes and write what they are.
collar cuff cardigan

dressing-gown
belt
button braces heel
zip sole sleeve

waist coat
mittens laces hem

slippers
Example:
A dressing gown is a long, loose piece of clothing that is worn indoors
over night clothes.
151
Guided Composition: Interpretation of Charts and Graphs
Read the following interpretation.
Total number of student in class
Boys Girls
30 30 30
25 25 25
20 20 20
15
2071 2072 2073 2074 2075

This is a bar graph. This shows the total number of student in class in a school in
Kathmandu. The bar graph represents the number of boys and girls in different
years.
According to the graph, the number of boys and girls of five years, 2071 to 2075,
is depicted clearly. The number of boys and girls in the year 2071 was 20 and 15
respectively. It increased to 25 and 20 in the year 2072. However, the number of
boys declined in the year 2073. The number of girls kept increasing in the years
2073 and 2074. The number of girls became constant in the year 2075. The number
of boys increased in the years 2074 and 2075 significantly.
On the whole, the school has good future as every year total number of student is
increasing considerably.
Now, interpret the following pie chart.
Monthly Expenditure of a family
saving food
20% 20%
health clothes
15% 20%
rent
education
10%
20%
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S T A RT CHAPTER 11
T
WH-QUESTIONS
ED
GE

A: What’s your name?
B: My name is Mina.
A: How old are you?
B: I am twenty years old.
A: Where do you live?
B: I live in Kathmandu.
A: When is your birthday?
B: It is on next Saturday.
A: Who do you love most?
B: I love my mother most.
A: Why are you worried today?
B: Because I lost my bag.
A: Which way do you go?
B: I go through this way.
Speaking Practice

a. What are W-H questions?
b. Why is it called W-H questions?
c. How are W-H words used in the dialogue?
153
d. What words are used as the subjects of questions?
e. What other word is used after W-H words?
Do You Know? Questions that start with W-H words like who, where, how,
when, why, what, etc. are W-H questions. We use them to know exact answer
about person or thing.
Listening Practice
Repeat these sentences after your teacher.

Where were you at this time yesterday?
When will you be on vacation again?
How are you today?
Who was absent from class last Monday?
Why is your friend in bed at this time?
Where were you last weekend?
Who was with you at the party last Saturday?
When is the next general meeting?
Where will you be at this time tomorrow?
Why were you absent from class last Friday?
Grammar Focus: Different W-H Words

Look at the following table.
Words Question Answer
Who Who is your best friend? Aman is my best friend.
Whom Whom did she scold? She scolded her sister.
Whose Whose house is it? It is Mina’s house.
Where Where do you study? I study in Kathmandu.
What What do you buy now? I buy a wrist watch.
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Why Why are you happy today? I am happy coz I won a
match today.
How How do you go to school? I go to school on foot.
When When did you visit him? I visited him on Saturday.
How How much water can you drink? I can drink 2 liters at a
much time.
How How many brothers do you have? I have two brothers.
many
Grammar Focus: Forming W-H questions

WHAT ask for information What is on the table?
There is a pencil.
WHEN ask about the time that something When is the party?
happened or will happen. On Friday at 2o’clock.
WHERE ask question about place or Where is your book?
position It is in the bag.
WHICH ask for information about one of a Which is your apple?
limited number of things. The green one.
WHO ask about someone’s identity. Who is that boy?
He is my brother Tom.
WHOM ask about the object (person) in the To whom did you speak?
sentence. I spoke to Monika.
WHOSE ask about possession. Whose are these glasses?
They are my glasses.
WHY ask for the reason. Why are you late?
Because I missed the
bus.
HOW ask about the way in which How was school today?
something is done, something It was great.
happens
HOW ask for the quantity of any How much fish do
MUCH uncountable name crocodiles eat?
HOW ask for the quantity of any countable How many teeth have
MANY name. gorillas got?
They’ve got 32 teeth.
155
ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Complete the following sentences using what, where, how, when, who or
why.
1. ______did the chicken cross the road?
2. ______is the oldest person in this room?
3. ______ are you going now?
4. ______ did you get up in the morning?
5. ______ have you done to my computer?
6. ______is your sister’s occupation?
7. ______should I talk to about my wages?
8. ______did you put my magazine?
9. ______has your friend been?
10. ______ is Atul going to get a haircut?
11. ______ is David saying?
12. ______ made you change your mind?
13. ______ old is he?
14. ______ told you that?
15. ______ would you like for dinner?
16. ______’s your favourite food?
17. ______are you going to tidy up your room?
18. ______did the builders get here?
19. ______is there a scratch on my new car?
20. ______size do you wear?
156
ASSESS YOURSELF 2
Fill in the blanks using how much and how many to answer the following
short answers.
1. ______ money have you got in your pockets? One hundred
2. ______ children have you got? Five children
3. ______ students were there in your class last year? Thirty
4. ______ milk is left? Just two bottles.
5. ______ days are there in a week? Seven
6. ______ days will there be in holiday next year? 90 days
7. ______ students were there in your class last year? Thirty five
8. ______ computers are there in your office? Twenty
9. ______ people were there in the room at 8:30? Forty
10. ______ people are there at the reception? Ten
11. ______ money is there in the box? Ten thousands
12. ______ money is there in your wallet? Thirty thousands
13. ______ eggs are there in a dozen? Thirty
14. ______ students were there in this class last year? About 20
15. ______ people were there at the meeting? More than 30
16. ______ free time was there during recess? very little
17. ______ students were there in the laboratory? Five
18. ______ days were there in February that year? Twenty nine
19. ______ cars were there in the street at that time? lots of cars
20. ______ tickets have you sold? Ten
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ASSESS YOURSELF 3
Answer the following questions using correct WH words to answer the follow-
ing short questions.
1. _____ is your birthday? On Sunday.
2. _____ was your father born? In 1990.
3. _____ house is this? My brother’s.
4. _____ does he work? In an office.
5. _____ do you live? Kathmandu.
6. _____ seasons are there in a year? Four.
7. _____´s your favourite season? Spring
8. _____ are the parts of a day? Morning, afternoon and evening.
9. _____ boys are there? Thirty.
10. _____´s the first month of the year? January
11. _____ was talking to you yesterday? Maya.
12. _____´s the third day of the week? Tuesday
13. _____´s the last month of the year? December.
14. _____ colour do you like? Purple.
15. _____ tea do you like? Some.
16. _____ months are there in a year? Twelve.
17. _____ is New Year´s Day? Next Saturday.
18. _____´s our Independence Day? Tomorrow.
19. _____well do you drive? I drive very well.
20. _____ heavy is the box? It weighs 5 kilos.
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21. _____ colour is the car? It´s light blue.
22. _____ size is this shirt? It´s extra large.
23. _____ pen is this? Maya’s.
24. _____ are you going now? Market.
25. _____ do you go to school? To study.
26. _____ is a greedy person? Sonam.
27. _____ often do you go to cinema? Every Saturdays.
28. _____ does he admire most? His father.
29. _____ often does he visit his uncle? Quite often.
30. _____ class are you in? Six.
ASSESS YOURSELF 4
Make WH questions based on the following words given in brackets.
1. We went to work by bus. (how)
2. Peter came here yesterday. (when)
3. I wanted to drink tea. (what)
4. They saw the car accident. (what)
5. He earns 120,000 dollars a month. (how much)
6. They bought the car in Paris. (where)
7. The boy did the exercise well. (how)
8. We had dinner at the Club. (where)
9. I send her email every month. (how often)
10. We wrote the letter in Kathmandu. (where)
11. I went market to buy vegetable. (why)
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12. They studied English in London. (where)
13. He went to the zoo yesterday. (when)
14. Her sister sings English songs. (whose)
15. The children got up at 6:30 (when)
16. They are the best players. (who)
17. He drinks green tea. (which)
18. He went to the doctor because he was ill. (why)
19. Peter saw the film last week. (when)
20. They came here by taxi. (how)
21. The boy wanted to play. (what)
22. He didn´t go because he was tired. (why)
23. He cut his finger. (what)
24. They stayed in Pokhara for a week. (where)
25. Bill spent one hundred dollars. (how much)
26. My brother sings songs. (who)
27. She did the same exercise three times. (how many)
28. He sings for money. (why)
29. He goes to the theatre once a week. (how often)
30. I like a red house. (which)
ASSESS YOURSELF 5
Fill in the blanks with correct question words.
1. is your hobby?
2. did your live last year?
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3. are you late?
4. lessons do you have?
5. is that man at the door?
6. do you go to the club?
7. did you feel yesterday?
8. is your sister?
9. are you crying?
10. will you return?
11. books have you bought?
12. is your dad?
13. will the concert start?
14. is playing with the dog?
15. is the kitten?
16. book is on the table?
17. will you get to London?
18. do you do in the evening?
19. friends do you have?
20. is the tea?
21. cat is on the tree?
22. sports do you like?
23. are your parents?
24. swims faster you or Arbin?
25. is your new car?
26. will you spend your holidays?
27. will you go to Paris?
28. bag is it?
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Vocabulary in Use
Vocabulary in Use
Read the following things used in bedroom and bathroom and write
sentences using W-H words.
Bedroom
bed beside lamp cupboard mirror
chest of drawers alarm clock beside tables

night dress/nightie
Bathroom
wardrobe hairbrush dress table pyjamas
soap toothpaste brush

shower
towel basin
shampoo toilet
Example:
A bedroom is a room where you sleep in.
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S T A RT CHAPTER 12
T SENTENCE
ED
GE
TRANSFORMATION
Study the following sets of sentences.

First Set Second Set
I play a game. I am playing a game.
I played a game. I was playing a game.
He plays a game. I will be playing a game.
Speaking Practice
Answer the following questions based on the given sets of sentences.

a. What difference can you find between the two sets of sentences?
b. Does which set have sentences with main verbs only?
c. Does which set have sentences with auxiliary verbs?
d. What form of verbs do the verbs (play), (played) and (plays) represent?
e. What is the feature of a main verb in a sentence?
f. What is the use of auxiliary verb in a sentence?
Do You Know? In the above given sets, the first set of sentences are without
auxiliary verbs whereas the second set of sentences have auxiliary verbs.
Transformation of a sentence into another requires an auxiliary verb. Let’s see the
transformation of the above given sets of sentences:
First Set
Affirmative Negative Interrogative
I sing a song. I do not sing a song. Do I sing a song?
I sang a song. I did not sing a song. Did I sing a song?
She sings a song. She does not sing a song. Does she sing a song?
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Second Set
I am singing a song I am not singing a song. Am I singing a song?
I was singing a song. I was not singing a song. Was I singing a song?
I will sing a song. I will not sing a song. Will I sing a song?
In the first set of sentences do, did and does auxiliary verbs are used in place of main
verbs sing, sang and sings while transforming them into negative and interrogative.
However, same auxiliary verbs am, was and will are used while transforming them
into negative and interrogative in the second set of sentences.
Quick Tip
Converting a sentence from one type to another type is called sentence
transformation. To transform sentences, auxiliary verbs are required in
the given sentences.
Grammar Focus: Sentence Transformation

Transformation of a sentence is usually done to state YES, NO or ASK
QUESTIONS. Let’s see the following type of sentences.
 An AFFIRMATIVE sentence says YES in response to the given information.
I am an honest boy.
He has already trimmed his hair.
She is painting her house.
We will visit you tomorrow.
He went Pokhara last Saturday.
Dinesh can sing songs.
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 A NEGATIVE sentence says NO in response to the given information.
I am not an honest boy.
He has not trimmed his hair yet.
She is not painting her house.
We will not visit you tomorrow.
He did not go to Pokhara last Saturday.
Dinesh cannot sing songs.
 An INTERROGATIVE sentence PUTS QUESTIONS about something
or somebody.
Am I an honest boy?
Has he already trimmed his hair?
Is she painting her house?
Will we visit you tomorrow?
Did he go to Pokhara last Saturday?
Can Dinesh sing songs?
Quick Tip
Sentence transformation starts with auxiliary verbs.
 Transformation of Sentences with Auxiliary Verbs

A sentence that has an auxiliary verb takes ‘NOT’ instantly after the auxiliary verb
when it is changed into negative and auxiliary verb comes at the initial position of
the sentence when it is changed into interrogative.
I am a student. I am not a student. Am I a student?
We are honest men. We are not honest men. Are we honest men?
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You were playing. You were not playing. Were you playing?
He has broken his leg. He has not broken his leg. Has he broken his leg?
She will meet me soon. She will not meet me soon. Will she meet me soon?
It can play many tricks. It cannot play many tricks. Can it play any tricks?
They have seen us. They have not seen us. Have they seen us?
 Transformation of Sentences without Auxiliary Verbs
If there is a main verb in a sentence, auxiliary verbs DO, DID and DOES are
used for V1, V2 and V5 respectively while changing them into negative and
interrogative.
I write a poem. I do not write a poem. Do I write a poem?
He wrote a poem. He did not write a poem. Did he write a poem?
She writes a poem. She does not write a poem. Does she write a poem?
 Transformation of Imperative Sentences
Tell me a joke. Don’t tell me a joke. Will you tell me a joke?
Call her. Don’t call her. Will you call her?
Hurry up! Don’t hurry up! Will you hurry up?
 Transformation of Sentences Changing Certain Words
always-never some-any
already-yet too-either
must-need not some-no
any of-none of either---or-neither----nor---

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I always visit her. I never visit her. Do I ever visit her
I have some coins. I do not have any coins. Do I have any coins?
He has already gone. He has not gone yet. Has he already gone? /
Hasn’ he gone yet?
We like tea, too. We don’t like tea, either. Do we like tea, too?
I know a lot of stories. I don’t know many Do I know any stories?
stories.
You must help me. You need not help me. Must you help me?
Someone hit me. No one hit me. Can all of us read?
Any of us can read. None of us can read. Can all of us read?
Either I or he is active. Neither I nor he is active. Are we active?
ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Change the following sentences into negative and interrogative.
Sentences Negative Interrogative
I play a game.
I am playing a game.
I have played a game.
I have been playing a game.
He wrote a poem.
He was writing a poem.
He had written a poem.
He had been writing a poem.
She will write an essay.
We can go there.
You could sing well.
They would scold us.
It may rain today.
She might fail in exam.
He dances.
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She ate an apple.
We go to the zoo.
You call us.
She shouts.
Dip reads a novel.
ASSESS YOURSELF 2
Change the following sentences into negative and interrogative.
Sentences Negative Interrogative
Our school starts at 9.
This bus goes to Kathmandu.
This house has a swimming pool.
My village lies in remote area.
We have a new car.
He did his work.
You solved the puzzle.
She called me.
Bina pushed me.
I compose many songs.
We can swim in river.
Dina bought a calculator.
I always speak truth.
Someone gifted me.
All my books are lost.
These cows are well behaved.
Either he or she is naughty.
We have already seen her.
You will help me.
All of us are good.
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ASSESS YOURSELF 3
Change the following sentences into negative.
1. Anmol always drinks beer.
2. He often walks to work.
3. Bina goes shopping on Saturday.
4. Muna likes to drink coffee with milk.
5. Prem does everything well.
6. Sonia watches TV every night.
7. Diya lives near Kathmandu.
8. She usually sleeps six hours every night.
9. That man speaks German.
10. One bus leaves at 7:45
11. The students need more practice.
12. You came here a week ago.
13. They liked the car because it´s comfortable.
14. We got up at 7:15 yesterday.
15. They have two cars now.
16. I will show it later.
17. We must invite them, too.
18. You should help your father.
19. I ought to go there.
20. We must do our work ourselves.
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ASSESS YOURSELF 4
Change the following sentences into interrogative.
1. I play a game.
2. We go to the zoo.
3. He sings songs.
4. Maya reads a book.
5. She has a new bag.
6. Jubal scolds his brother.
7. She is visiting the Taj Mahal next month.
8. I have seen her sister twice.
9. I wrote a poem yesterday.
10. He was singing a song at this time yesterday.
11. They had invited us for the dinner.
12. I will call you later.
13. She can do this work.
14. He may scold us.
15. We might go there, too.
16. He used to wear shorts.
17. Muna has to take tuition classes.
18. He had to meet me at the station.
19. She has a servant for cooking food.
20. We had a tea state in Illam.
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ASSESS YOURSELF 5
Change the following sentences into affirmative.
1. Am I all right?
2. They do not buy the car in Paris.
3. Does he want to drink tea?
4. They did not see the car accident.
5. We did not have dinner at the Club.
6. Are there any trees in your garden?
7. The boy did not do the exercise well.
8. Does Bill work in the garage?
9. Has she invited you?
10. Does Amir work in the canteen?
11. Was he singing at that moment?
12. Do we work here?
13. Will we meet tomorrow?
14. Do they work here?
15. Were they discussing about the problem?
16. Do you watch TV?
17. Did we go to work by bus?
18. Had he called us?
19. We do not write the letter in Spanish.
20. They will not study English in London.
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ASSESS YOURSELF 6
Change the following sentences into affirmative.
1. Abash didn´t go to the movies.
2. Can I go now?
3. Did you hear what I said?
4. Shall I leave the window open?
5. I didn´t eat there yesterday.
6. She doesn´t come here every day.
7. Do you know how to use the machine?
8. He didn´t like the picture.
9. I don´t eat lunch in the cafeteria.
10. Do you want to go alone?
11. Have you got enough money?
12. I don´t watch TV after dinner.
13. I shouldn´t work harder.
14. Kaman doesn´t go to school.
15. Manu can´t speak English well.
16. My car isn´t very old.
17. She doesn´t like pie for dessert.
18. They mustn´t pay more.
19. They weren´t very busy.
20. We won´t go by train.
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Vocabulary in Use
Read the following vegetables, fruits and drinks and state whether they
are countable or uncountable.
Vegetables
potatoes tomatoes
carrots beans
peas mushroom turnip

garlics
Fruits
grapes pineapple strawberries apple
mango bananas pears

orange
drinks
coffee tea
fruit juice milk
Examples:
vegetable: countable tea: uncountable
173
Guided Composition: Letter of Application
An application to the principal requesting him/her for leave
Address Gongabu, Kathmandu
Date January 20, 2019
The Principal
Inside
Address Nepal Police School
Samakhusi, Kathmandu, Nepal
Subject Sub: An application for five day’s leave.
Greeting Dear Sir,
Most respectfully, this is to bring into your kind notice that I
will be unable to attend my regular classes for five days due
Body to an urgent family work. I have to help my parents to do the
work and manage things.
I, therefore, request you to kindly allow me leave absence
for five days to be effective from tomorrow.
I would like to promise you that I will complete all my home
works and assignments of absent days as soon as I am
present in regular class.
Closing I am hopeful for the positive response from you soon.
Yours obedient student,
Ending ABC
Class-6
Roll No-7
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An application to the principal of your school requesting for managing your
retest
Samakhusi, Kathmandu
May 18, 2019
The Principal
Nepal Police School
Samakhusi, Kathmandu, Nepal
Sub: An application for retest.

Dear Sir,
With humble submission and due respect, I would like to make a sincere request
asking you to allow me an opportunity to take part in the retest as my exams of
three subjects are missed due to my sickness. I had already informed about it when
I had been hospitalized and was undergoing treatment there.
Therefore, I am writing this letter to appeal you for allowing me in retest of
aforementioned 3 subject’s retest. I would be more than happy if you could kindly
manage it and provide that opportunity to me.
I am eagerly waiting for the positive response from you soon.
Thank you.
Yours truly,
ABC
Class: 6
Roll No: 5
ASSESS YOURSELF 7
1. Write an application to your class teacher asking him/her for 2 days’ sick
leave.
1. Write an application to your subject teacher asking him/her for an excuse for
not completing project work on time.
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S T A RT CHAPTER 13
T SUBJECT
ED
GE
VERB AGREEMENT

The blood vessels are a system of tubes that carry the
blood throughout the body. The main vessels are arteries,
veins, and capillaries. Arteries carry blood out from the
heart. Veins return blood to the heart. Arteries are the
thickest of all blood vessels. They expand and contract
to keep blood moving away from the heart. Veins contain
valves that prevent blood from flowing backward.
Capillaries are tiny passages that connect the arteries
and the veins to the body’s tissues.
Blood flows through the vessels in two very specific paths. In pulmonary
circulation, blood travels from the heart to the lungs. In the lungs carbon dioxide
and other waste gases leave the blood. The blood takes in oxygen and then
returns to the heart.
In systemic circulation, the blood travels away from the heart throughout the
body. In the capillaries the blood transfers oxygen and nutrients to cells in the
body’s tissues. The blood in the capillaries also collects waste products from the
cells. From the capillaries the blood flows into small vessels called venules. These
unite to form veins. The blood flows through the veins back to the heart.
Do You Know? In the above given description, the words in coloured letters
show relationship between subject and verb. A verb must agree with its subject in
number and pronoun.
Speaking Practice

a. What are singular subjects?
b. What are plural subjects?
c. What are singular verbs?
176
d. What are plural verbs?
e. What are the subjects that start with uncountable nouns?
f. Does an uncountable subject take singular or plural verb?
Quick Tip
The relationship between subject and verb is called subject- verb
agreement.
Compare the differences between these sentences.

Rita speaks English well. Rita and Mina speak English well.
Harry writes a poem. Harry and Rohit write poems.
He has a story book. He and I have a story book.
She does not speak English. She and I do not speak English.
He was at the party. Both of us were at the party.
I am sick today. We are sick today.
Quick Tip
Singular subject takes singular verb and plural subject takes plural
verb.
Grammar Focus: Singular Subject + Singular Verb

Singular subjects Singular verbs
countable singular A pen is different from pencil.
nouns An apple has a sweet taste.
A teacher is coming here.
An engineer designs buildings.
Mina drives vehicles.
Rohit works in a hotel.
A boy is a male character.
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uncountable nouns Water flows down.
Milk is a drink.
Ice is cold.
Snow melts.
Sugar is sweet.
Blood is thicker than water.
singular pronouns He has a smart phone.
She does not work well.
It is hot today.
This boy plays well.
That house is mine.
anyone, everyone, Is anyone there?
someone, no one, Everyone has a chance to win.
everybody, anybody, Someone is looking at us.
nobody, somebody, No one was at home.
everything, nothing, Everybody enjoys the nature.
anything, something Is there anybody who can help us?
Nobody knows us.
Somebody is knocking at the door.
Everything is right.
Nothing succeeds like success.
Is there anything I can do for you?
Something is better than nothing.
each, every, either, Each student has a uniform.
neither, much, little, Every cloud has a silver lining.
one, another, enough, Either of us has a car.
other Neither of them learns well.
Much discussion has been done.
Little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
One of the boys is absent in class.
Another reason of poverty is illiteracy.
Enough is enough.
The other side of the bridge is damaged.
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gerunds Smoking is injurious to our health.
Travelling broadens our mind.
Reading is my hobby.
Cycling is a type of exercise.
subjects Mathematics is difficult to learn.
Physics is my best subject.
Linguistics is the study of language.
Economics is related to market.
Grammar Focus: Plural Subject + Plural Verb

Plural subjects Plural verbs
countable plural nouns Riya and Mina are best friends.
Fire and water do not agree.
These boys are from another school.
My friends were at the party yesterday.
Some children have gone out now.
Do Anu and Apsara work together?
Have the dogs chewed the bones?
plural pronouns We love quiet place.
They are from the Netherlands.
You are from a village.
These are my books.
Those are our sheep.
modal auxiliary verbs + plural I will call you later.
verb I shall go now.
We must help the poor.
You can carry this load.
They should help us.
He ought to labour hard.
It might rain today.
staff, cattle, livestock, people, All our staff are present today.
vermin, poultry, sheep, deer, These cattle are well behaved.
salmon, fish, police, outskirts, People learn from their experience.
stairs, arms, swine, gentry, The fish in this tank are not fresh.
clergymen The police have caught the criminals.
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either.....or.....and neither...... Either he or they have to solve this problem.
nor……+ plural subject Neither he nor we are good at English.
two nouns joined by ‘and’ My father and mother are coming today.
Rita and Mina have already done their proj-
ect.
Cats and dogs do not agree.
Teacher and student are opposite to each
other.
ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Choose the correct form of verbs to complete the following sentences.
1. I _____ a new wallet. (have, has)
2. We _____ from Kathmandu. (is, are)
3. You _____well. (learn, learns)
4. She _____ a song. (sing, sings)
5. He _____ a game. (play, plays)
6. It _____ down. (fall, falls)
7. They _____ hard. (work, works)
8. All these players_____ well. (play, plays)
9. This _____my pen. (is, am, are)
10. That _____ his plan. (was, were)
11. These boys _____ labour hard. (has to, have to)
12. Those _____ my goats. (is, are)
13. My father_____ me. (scold, scolds)
14. Our school_____ a swimming pool. (have, has)
15. Their school_____ a programme hall. (have, has)
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16. One flower_____ no garland. (make, makes)
17. Each house_____ different. (is, are)
18. Every person _____unique. (is, are)
19. Either of these pencils_____ well. (write, writes)
20. Neither of the trees_____ green. (is, are)
ASSESS YOURSELF 2
1. The earth _____round the sun. (move, moves)
2. Rice _____in Terai.(grow, grows)
3. The sun _____ in the east. (rise, rises)
4. Bees_____ honey. (make, makes)
5. Vegetarians _____eat meat. (do not, does not)
6. An atheist _____in God. (does not believe, do not believe)
7. An interpreter _____from one language into another. (interprets, interpret)
8. A liar is someone who _____the truth. (does not speak, do not speak)
9. The Bagmati River _____through Kathmandu. (flow, flows)
10. This pen _____to me. (belong, belongs)
11. That house _____ an aquarium. (have, has)
12. Those keys _____ mine. (Is, Are)
13. _____these cigarettes yours? (is, are)
14. It _____ me ten minutes to get there by subway. (take, takes)
15. Mr. Sharma _____ us science. (teach, teaches)
16. This bus ____ to Kathmandu. (go, goes)
17. All my books _____ been stolen. (has, have)
18. Manners _____ a man. (make, makes)
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19. Innocents _____ nothing to fear. (has, have)
20. Haste ____ waste. (make, makes)
ASSESS YOURSELF 3
1. The teacher or student ____ going to appear on stage first. (is, are)
2. The mother duck____ so gracefully.( swims, swim)
3. Each of those dresses ____beautiful. (is, are)
4. The folder, not the letters, ____misplaced. (was, were)
5. Here ____ the three doughnuts that you wanted. (is, are)
6. Five hundred dollars ____the price that the dealer ___asking. (is, are)
7. Three-fourths of the pies ____ been eaten. (has, have)
8. A golden retriever ___one of those dogs that____ always faithful. (is, are)
9. Every one of the dancers ___very limber. (is, are)
10. The original document, as well as subsequent copies, ____lost. (was,
were)
11. Neither the ashtray nor the lamp ___ on the table. (was, were)
12. Only eligible voters ___ going to the polls. (is, are)
13. Almost all of the newspaper ___devoted to advertisements. (is, are)
14. There ____maps hanging on the walls. (is, are)
15. Here ___ Sony and Jessica. (is, are)
16. Neither he nor I ____ going. (is, am, are)
17. John as well as his family ____missing? (is, are)
18. Five dollars ___ all I have to my name. (is, are)
19. Neither of the lawyers ____ willing to take the case. (is, are)
20. Each of the vacation homes _____ furnished with pots and pans. (is, are)
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ASSESS YOURSELF 4
Choose the correct form of verbs to complete the following description.
Dinesh ____ (is, are) a writer. He ____ (is, are) thirty three years old. His daily
routine ____ (depends, depend) on the inspiration. But it ____ (is, are) a routine
that he ____ (clean, cleans) his teeth every morning. He ____ (start, starts) writing
when he ____ (has, have) a good idea. It frequently ____ (come, comes) up. He
can’t ____ (go, goes) out because he ____ (have to, has to) work. So, he ____ (stay,
stays) at home. His friends ____ (understand, understands) this because he ____
(is, are) a friendly man indeed.
He ____ (is, are) a successful writer. He ____ (has, have) lots of bestsellers.
He____ (write, writes) many books every year. He____ (is, are) fond of playing
with children. He ____ (has, have) a son whom he ____ (love, loves) very much.
He ____ (take, takes) him out for visiting to new places in the city. He ____ (buy,
buys) him playthings and an ice-cream. He ____(feel, feels) quite happy with his
son.
Vocabulary in Use
Read the following means of transport and write sentences using
comparatives +than.
train aeroplane taxi bus
motorbike under ground train boat bicycle
helicopter ship honda microbus

Example: A train is bigger than a car.
183
Guided Composition: Personal Letter
A letter is a message that is written down or printed on paper and usually put in
envelope and sent to somebody else in order to communicate with them. A personal
letter is written to friends, relatives, family members and among others who are in
close contact with us. We are to communicate informally in personal letters.
A letter to your father asking to buy a bicycle as a birthday gift
Address Gongabu, Kathmandu
Date January 10, 2019
Greeting Dear Father,
We are completely fine here and hope you are also quite well
there. Mother, little brother and I are happy here. But we are
missing you very much. We are very eager to know that you are
coming home during this summer. Please do come fast.
Dear father! As mom has already told you, I am waiting for your
arrival during my birthday. I want to ride a bicycle and I would
like to ask you to bring a strong and good looking bicycle as my
birthday gift. I don’t require other thing except it. All my friends
Body have bicycle and I feel jealous of them. Sometimes, they insult
me for not having a bicycle. I feel very sad at that time.
As you know that riding bicycle itself is an exercise, it has many
advantages. I can reach school on time if I choose to ride bicycle.
It saves my time so that I can put extra effort in my studies.
Therefore, I request you not to forget to bring a bicycle when
you come home. Little brother is very keen to meet you soon. He
often asks when you are coming home. He loves sweets to fruits
very much. Other things when we meet at home.
Waiting for your arrival soon.
Ending
Yours obedient son,
Anil
Postscript P. S: Please bring a tiffin box and water bottle for little brother.
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A letter to a friend describing about holiday
Nilkantha Municipality, Dhading
August 20, 2019
Dear Susan,
It feels like such a long time since the last time I saw you. I know it’s only been
several weeks since I saw you. So far my summer has been great!
I spent all my weekends at the beach. I am getting a nice time and you can no
longer say I am sadder than you. I have been playing volleyball, surfing and build-
ing a nice collection of sea shells. Just this past weekend I took second place in a
sandcastle building contest!
On the weekdays I work. I drive an ice cream truck around and sell ice cream to
the kids. It is so cool. It is a combination of the two things I love most, ice cream,
and kids. The pay isn’t too great but I love the job so much.
I hope the summer’s been going well for you too. There’s only a month and a half
left in summer vacation and after that it’s back to school. Would you like to meet
up some time before school starts?
Best wishes.
Yours affectionate friend,
Roman
P.S: Ryan says hi.
ASSESS YOURSELF 5
1. Write a letter to your friend describing your school.
2. Write a letter to your friend describing your hobby.
3. Write a letter to your friend describing your final exam.
4. Write a letter to your friend inviting him/her to your birthday party.
5. Write a letter to your brother asking some suggestions to be healthy.
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S T A RT CHAPTER 14
T
ED
GE
TENSE
Read the following texts.

Karina is thirty years old. She is working as a teacher. She generally gets up at 5
because her work starts at 7. Her school is rather far from her home. She has got
little free time as she is mostly busy with her school works. When she has enough
free time, she plays table tennis. However, she has travelled to many places of the
world. She always eats an apple a day because an apple a day keeps us away from
doctor. She doesn’t have family. She has been living alone since childhood. As she
is beautiful, everyone wants to marry her. But she doesn’t like to marry, either.
A man walked into a hotel, saw a nice coat, put it over his arm and walked out
again. Then he tried to hitch a lift out of town. While he was waiting, he put the
coat on. At last a coach stopped and gave him a lift. It was carrying forty detectives
on their way home from a conference on crime. One of them had recently become
a detective inspector. He recognized the coat. It was his. He had left it in the hotel,
and it had gone missing. The thief gave the inspector his coat. The inspector
arrested him. ‘It seemed a good idea at the time,’ the man said. He thought himself
rather unlucky.
I will go to Kathmandu tomorrow. I will take the first bus early. I will be travelling
with my friend, Prem. As I am travelling for the first time, I will have taken help
of Prem if required. He will be helping me there because he knows a lot about
it. I will have visited different places by the end of this week.
Do You Know? The given texts represent different tenses.
Speaking Practice

a. What are different tenses in English?
b. Which tense is used in the first text?
c. Which tense is used in the second text?
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d. Which tense is used in the third text?
e. Which one of the given texts tells us about today and present?
f. Which one of the given texts tells us about yesterday and past?
g. Which one of the given texts tells us about tomorrow and future?
Quick Tip
Tenses are any of the forms of a verb that is used to show time of the
action or state expressed by the verb. Tense is divided into three types
namely present, past and future. Each of them is further divided into
simple, continuous, perfect and perfect continuous aspects.
Listening Practice
Repeat these sentences and structures after your teacher.

Simple Present Sub + v1/v5 + obj I draw a picture.
Present Continuous Sub + is/am/are + v4 + obj I am drawing a picture.
Present Perfect Sub + has/have + v3 + obj I have drawn a picture.
Present Perfect Sub + has/have + been +v4 + I have been drawing a
Continuous obj picture.
Simple Past Sub + v2 + obj I drew a picture.
Past Continuous Sub + was/were + v4 + obj I was drawing a picture.
Past Perfect Sub + had + v3 + obj I had drawn a picture.
Past Perfect Sub + had + been + v4 + obj I had been drawing a
Continuous picture.
Simple Future Sub + will/shall +v1 + obj I will draw a picture.
Future Continuous Sub + will/shall +be + v4 + I will be drawing a pic-
obj ture.
Future Perfect Sub + will/shall +have + v3 I will have drawn a
+ obj picture.
Future Perfect Sub + will/shall +have + been I will have been
Continuous + v4 + obj drawing a picture.
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Instant Practice
Read the three texts again and name the tenses of the following sentences.
Karina is thirty years old.

I will have taken help of Prem if required.
At last a coach stopped and gave him a lift.
But she doesn’t like to marry, either.
He had left it in the hotel.
He recognized the coat.
He will be helping me there because he knows a lot about it.
Her school is rather far from her home.
I will be travelling with my friend, Prem.
I will go to Kathmandu tomorrow.
I will have visited different places by the end of this week.
I will take the first bus early.
It had gone missing.
She generally gets up at 5 because her work starts at 7.
She has been living alone since childhood.
She is working as a teacher.
The inspector arrested him.
The thief gave the inspector his coat.
It was his.
She has travelled to many places of the world.
Instant Practice
Change the following sentences into all tenses.
Tense I (play) cricket. He (write) an essay.
Simple Present
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Simple Past
Past Continuous
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Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Simple Future
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Future Perfect Continuous
Tense We (compose) a song. They (type) a text.
Simple Present
Present
Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect
Continuous
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Simple Future
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Tense You (eat) rice. Rita (read) a story.
Simple Present
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Simple Future
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
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Tense My mother (not play) My father (not
cricket. work) in computer.
Simple Present
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Simple Future
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
Instant Practice
Complete the following sentences as shown in the example.
Tense They (plant) crops. We (knit) a net.
Simple Present They plant crops. We knit a net.
They do not plant crops. We do not knit a net.
Do they plant crops? Do we knit a net?
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Simple Past
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Simple Future
Future Continuous
Future Perfect
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Instant Practice
Grammar Focus: Present Tense
Rules Examples
Simple present tense states: Water flows down.
 universal, general truths Blood is thicker than water.
 habitual, regular actions I always get up early in the morning.
 scheduled future actions The bus leaves at 6:30 am.
 proverbs and quotations Knowledge is power.
 scenes of stories, dramas, In Bahubali 2 Kattapa kills Bahubali.
fictions, films, etc. I seldom watch movies.
 adverbs: always, seldom, daily, He hardly speaks English.
usually, occasionally, hardly,
now-a-days, rarely, sometimes, never, I visit my uncle every Saturday.
generally, frequently, often, every I do my health check up once a month.
day, every week, every month, every
year, once a week, twice a day, thrice He frequently visits us.
a month, whenever, after, every time, He brushes his teeth twice a day.
etc.
Present continuous tense is used for: I am studying now.
 an action going on at the time of He is going to Kathmandu tomorrow.
speaking I am visiting Manang this year.
 an action planned to take place in Pollution in cities is increasing.
the near future
My health is improving.
 a long- term process and
development I am living in a rented house.
 a changing situation The farmers are still working in the
field.
 a temporary situation
She is meeting you this morning.
 adverbs: now, still, at present, at
the moment, at this time, this morning, What are you doing tomorrow?
afternoon, evening, next day, week, It is raining soon.
month, year, soon, in the near future,
I am buying a car in the near future.
tomorrow morning, etc.
191
Present perfect tense is used for: I have just taken my lunch.
 a completed action in the recent He has already come from office.
past I have cut my leg. (It is bleeding.)
 recent past actions having results We have worked here since May.
present
He has worked for 2 months here.
 since + point of time
I have already visited this place.
 for + period of
He has not come here yet.
 interesting incidents or experiences
Have you ever seen her?
 adverbs: already, recently, always,
ever, lately, never, not + yet, just, I have not seen her lately.
today, this morning, since, for, all the
time, etc.
Present perfect continuous tense is I have been living in a flat.
used for: He has been learning computer.
 an action this began at some time She has been working here since
in the past and is still continuing January.
 since +point of time We have been waiting for a bus for an
 for +period of time hour.
 all +present time He has been writing all morning.
 verbs: stay, live, wait, work, sleep, I have been waiting for you for a long
read, etc. time.
Where have you been staying these
days?
Instant Practice
Fill in the gaps with the correct form of the verbs given below.
1. The tennis game _____just. Hurry up! (start)
2. He _____still _____in his rom. (sleep)
3. I always _____ my uncle on Saturdays. (visit)
4. We _____the Taj Mahal next month. (visit)
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5. Bill _____ in Tansen several times. He knows it well. (be)
6. Wait! The train _____. (come)
7. Listen! Someone_____ us. (call)
8. Wood _____on water. (float)
9. Your train _____already_____, Sir. You´ll have to take another. (leave)
10. A cow_____ us milk. (give)
11. The boys _____now. (play)
12. Haste _____waste. (make)
13. I´m quite sure that I _____ that woman before. (see)
14. She always _____to us. (write)
15. I _____this book for two hours. (read)
16. Our meeting _____ at 3. (start)
17. My friends _____in this house for over 10 years. (live)
18. My sister _____to be a nurse. (want)
19. They _____in the rain for 2 hours. (work)
20. My sister _____her homework now. (do)
21. I _____television for hours. (watch)
22. Peter _____ just_____ a letter. He´s reading it now. (receive)
23. He _____in field since morning. (work)
24. He isn´t in Manang. He _____to America. (go)
25. The dog _____at night. (bark)
26. Hira _____for that company since 1987. (work)
27. My school _____at nine every day. (start)
28. Bob _____to Pokhara several times. (go)
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29. He _____ his teeth twice a day. (brush)
30. The students _____ already _____ that book (read)
31. The earth _____around the sun. (spin)
32. Mary _____to him about it twice already. (speak)
33. It _____outside at present. (rain)
34. I _____that man before. If I see I’ll know him. (meet)
35. Look! She _____. (dance)
Instant Practice
Look at the following picture and write what they do every day.
Look at the following picture and write what they are doing now.
Look at the following picture and write what they have done.
p
O
S
T
B
O
X
Look at the following picture and write what they have been doing.
BUS STOP
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Grammar Focus: Past Tense
Rules Examples
Simple past tense is used to: He died of cancer last year.
 denote an action completed in the I used to visit temple every
past Saturdays.
 express past habits The earthquake took many lives in
 express the historic events Nepal.
 with when clause When he beat me, I cried.
 adverbials: I went Manang last Friday.
yesterday, ago, last night, week, day, He wrote three essays in two hours.
month, year, century, in the past, I saw her long time ago.
in past time, just now, a few minutes My father came two days ago.
ago, long time ago, three days ago, I came just now.
when, while, until, before, after, once, There was an earthquake five minutes
as soon as, 2005, etc. ago.
Past continuous tense is used: He was singing all morning
 denote an action going on at yesterday.
sometime in the past I was walking at this time last
 to refer to a temporary situation Saturday.
in the past She was living in flat during winter.
 with while clause The telephone rang while I was
 with ‘ all +past time’: all day reading.
yesterday, all last night , Sunday, I was crying all last night.
week, month, year, at this time yes- I was visiting Jiri last Sunday.
terday, at this moment yesterday, etc. He was sleeping all day yesterday.
Past perfect tense is used to: I had seen that film in 2012.
 denote an action completed We had visited them three years
before a certain moment in the back.
past. They had finished their project before
 show which of two actions in the deadline was over.
the past happened earlier than the The patient had died before the doctor
other. came.
 simple past for 2nd action, past I had reached there before the train
perfect for 1st action left.
 as soon as +past perfect simple As soon as I finished my homework,
past. I slept.
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Past perfect continuous tense is I had been cutting grass in the field.
used for an action that began at We had been playing in the ground.
certain point in the past and The cow had been grazing.
continued up to that time.
Instant Practice
1. My father ____ here last Saturday. (come)
2. My brother ____a story book all morning yesterday. (read)
3. When he ____me (call) I ____. (go)
4. When the doctor ____ (come), the patient ____already ____. (die)
5. The bus ____ (stop) when he____ the brake. (press)
6. He ____along the road. (run)
7. Some boys ____cards yesterday. (play)
8. At 5 o’clock yesterday, they ____in the field. (work)
9. We ____in the garden when it rained heavily. (sit)
10. ____you ____ when I called you? (sleep)
11. The bus ____just ____when I arrived at the station. (leave)
12. All of them were hungry. They ____for three hours. (not eat)
13. Finally I asked them why they ____us. (not call)
14. I thought I ____him before but I was wrong. (meet)
15. She ____television before I called her. (watch)
16. At 2 pm yesterday, I ____for 3 hours. (walk)
17. When I woke up it ____. (snow)
18. I ____ buy anything yesterday. (not buy)
19. I ____songs. (not sing)
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20. They ____ me some books a week ago. (give)
21. We ____the park at this time yesterday. (visit)
22. My sister ____ the USA in 2015. (visit)
23. I ____ (read) an essay when the telephone____. (ring)
24. Her brother ____ market an hour ago. (go)
25. Prem ____ (see) me while I ____ on the way. (walk)
26. She ____married a year ago. (get)
27. We ____ (eat) when my father ____. (arrive)
28. After I ____ (finish) my homework, I ____to bed. (go)
29. The line cut off while I ____ my homework. (do)
30. He ____this school last year. (leave)
Instant Practice
Look at the following picture and write what they did yesterday.
Look at the following picture and write what they were doing at this time
yesterday.
197
Look at the following pictures and write a short story in past tense.
A Farmer and His Lazy Sons
Look at the following pictures and write a short story in past tense.
The Crow and Pitcher
Grammar Focus: Future Tense

Rules Examples
Simple future tense is used: We will come to your shop this Sunday.
 for an action that has still to take I will buy an I-phone tomorrow.
place If you call me, I will come to your
 with ‘If clause’ house.
 I (don’t) think, I (don’t) expect, If it rains, we’ll stay at home.
I am sure, probably + simple I think she will surely win the match.
future tense I am sure I will be first this time.
 with the following time I don’t think he will pass the driving
adverbials: test.
soon, tomorrow, tonight, shortly, next I will call you after this class.
time, day, week, month, year, in a few They will marry in a couple of weeks.
minutes, days, weeks, months, years,
etc.
198
Future continuous tense is used: I will be sleeping at this time
 for an action going on at some tomorrow.
time in future He will be performing a song next
 for future events that are planned month.
 with following adverbials: at this We will be playing football at this
time tomorrow, at this moment moment tomorrow.
tomorrow, etc. I will be drawing a picture at this time
tomorrow.
Future perfect tense is used: We will have reached there by 2
 to indicate the completion of o’clock.
action by a certain future time I will have posted this letter by tomor-
 by + time, before + time, in +period row.
of time He will have completed the project in
three years.
I will have bought a car by 2035.
Future perfect continuous tense is By next year, she will have been working
used: in this office for three years.
 ‘by, before + future time’ and I will have been learning computer for a
‘for+ period of time’ month by next Saturday.
 ‘in + period of time’ and ‘for +
period of time’
Instant Practice
1. The soldiers_____ to the top of that hill tomorrow. (march)
2. I _____ you a post card from Kathmandu. (send)
3. My little brother _____ a hard test next Monday. (have)
4. Mr. Dura _____ his old car. (sell)
5. The instructor_____ the data show. (use)
6. The gardener_____ a deep hole in the ground to plant the tree. (dig)
7. NASA_____ a space ship to Mars next week. (launch)
8. Professor Subedi_____ a conference in Paris next month. (attend)
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9. I _____ busy all day tomorrow. (be)
10. We_____ a new house soon. (buy)
11. Mr. Rubin _____ a limousine to take his guests to the airport. (hire)
12. The Smiths _____to a new house in spring. (move)
13. At 10 o´clock tomorrow morning, I _____here. (work)
14. At this time next month, we _____in the USA. (travel)
15. I _____ to work at this time tomorrow morning. (drive)
16. The Browns _____ some friends at 9 this evening (entertain)
17. Mr. Sam and his friends_____ Tansen next weekend. (visit)
18. Kamala ____the shopping at midday today. (do)
19. We _____soccer at this time next Saturday. (play)
20. The students_____ in the gym after 7 this evening. (work out)
21. I _____television when you come home tonight. (watch)
22. What _____you_____ at this time tomorrow? (do)
23. They _____dinner at 8:45 this evening. (have)
24. They _____Brazil next month. (visit)
25. At this time tomorrow, we, _____ of course. (work)
26. Mr. Raj _____not _____ home for dinner tonight. (come)
27. They _____in Dhading at this time next year. (live)
28. They _____at a Chinese restaurant tonight. (have dinner)
29. Mary _____dinner when John gets home tonight. (cook)
30. Where _____ they _____when they visit Paris in June? (stay)
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ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Write the tenses of the following sentences.
1. He had to leave at noon.
2. She has to wear a coat because it´s cold.
3. We liked the picture.
4. He will be attending a meeting at this time on Thursday.
5. I ate there yesterday.
6. They eat lunch in the cafeteria.
7. I watch TV after dinner.
8. We will be travelling in Kathmandu for 2 weeks.
9. I´ll be staying at the Radisson Hotel in Kathmandu.
10. You´ll be working in the lab tomorrow morning.
11. We won´t be working tomorrow because it´s a holiday.
12. He has sent them a fax.
13. She walks to school.
14. Amrita went to the movies with us.
15. Mina likes pie for dessert.
16. Nina speaks Italian well.
17. Her car is not working.
18. Manu has had dinner already.
19. She comes here every day.
20. Durga has to rest a while because she´s tired.
21. The bus will be arriving at 12:30 tomorrow.
201
22. One of the planes has already left.
23. The game has already finished.
24. We have studied the report.
25. We are constructing an apartment soon.
26. They have been learning Japanese since last month.
27. They were very busy.
28. I have given her my new address.
29. We have to get up at 6.00 every morning.
30. We will go by train.
ASSESS YOURSELF 2
Change the following sentences as indicated in the brackets.
1. I do exercise daily. (present continuous)
2. She is learning English now. (past continuous)
3. He called me by my nickname. (simple present)
4. I visit temple every day. (simple future)
5. They have been sleeping since morning. (past perfect continuous)
6. He repaired his bicycle yesterday. (simple present)
7. He seems to be such a lonely, quiet man. (simple past)
8. She wore a brightly coloured dress. (simple present)
9. She has a good, healthy attitude about her work. (simple past)
10. Her mother and father’s business went bankrupt. (simple future)
11. It is his word against mine. (simple past)
12. This is a one-family dwelling. (simple past)
202
13. When did we refurnish our home? (simple present)
14. Our friendship was renewed. (simple future)
15. I cannot recollect the story. (simple past)
16. The teacher re-collected the papers. (simple future)
17. He reemphasized the point. (past continuous)
18. I enjoy re-covering chairs. (simple past)
19. The astronauts are coming here. (past continuous)
20. Martin Luther began the Reformation. (simple future)
ASSESS YOURSELF 3
Choose the correct form of the verbs to complete the following sentences.
1. She always _____ her teeth at bedtime. (brush, brushes)
2. Dad _____ his shoes until they shine. (polish, polishes)
3. My brother _____ television after school. (watch, watches)
4. My friend Sanjay_____ to the same school as I do. (go, goes)
5. I think it _____be sunny tomorrow. (will, would)
6. I expect they ___give you a present. (will, would)
7. Mom ____ be very pleased with you. (will, would)
8. The audience _____ enjoying the play. (was, were)
9. The class ____thirty students. (has, have)
10. The band ____ performing until midnight. (is, are)
11. I ____ learning how to swim. (is, am, are)
12. I _____ eating my lunch. (is, am, are)
13. She _____reading a book. (is, am, are)
203
14. We ____ lived in this house for five years. (has, have)
15. Your plane _____already landed. (has, have)
16. Dad ____baking a cake. (is, am, are)
17. My sister ____ listening to music. (is, am, are)
18. Uncle David ____ cleaning his car. (is, am, are)
19. The dog ___ barking in the garden. (is, am, are)
20. We ____singing our favorite song. (is, am, are)
21. My brother and I ____playing a computer game. (is, am, are)
22. The teachers ____showing us a film. (is, am, are)
23. I _____ (open, opened) the door and _____ (look, looked) inside.
24. The plane _____ ten minutes ago. (land, landed)
25. My cousin _____ us last summer. (visit, visited)
26. My brother ____when he fell off his bike. (cry, cried)
27. We ____ to the station to catch the train. (hurry, hurried)
28. Ben ____ finishing his homework. (was, were)
29. She ____ putting her books into her schoolbag. (was, were)
30. Jenny and I ____ tidying the classroom. (was, were)
31. We ___ all dancing at the party. (was, were)
32. She ____ dirtied her new shoes. (has, have)
33. I ____ do my homework after dinner. (shall, should)
34. I _____miss you when you leave. (will, would)
35. He ____be home later. (will, would)
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ASSESS YOURSELF 4
Complete the following text choosing the correct form of the verbs.
My dad _____ (work, works) in a bank. He _____ (work, works) there from
Monday to Friday. He ____ (help, helps) people. He ____ (count, counts) money,
and he ____ (use, uses) the computer. His job ____ (is, are) important. He ____
(is, am) an important man at the bank. Dad also _____ (work, works) at home.
On weekends he ____ (cook, cooks) dinner. Usually he ____ (fix, fixes) Italian
food. On Saturdays he ____ (make, makes) spaghetti. On Sundays he ____ (make,
makes) pizza. Sometimes he ____ (fry, fries) chicken or ____ (fix, fixes) Chinese
food. My mother ___ (watch, watches) and ____ (help, helps). She ____ (cut, cuts)
the vegetables. She ____ (toss, tosses) the salad. I ____ (wash, washes) the dishes.
Some people ____ (say, says) it ___ (is, are) strange for a man to cook. My dad
____ (enjoy, enjoys) his hobby. Cooking _____ (relax, relaxes) him. His father ___
(was, were) a weekend cook, too.
ASSESS YOURSELF 5
Complete the following text with correct form of the past verbs.
Hermes (be) the son of Zeus, the chief god, and Maia, a Titan. Hermes (have) a
reputation for being sly and deceitful. Besides being the messenger god, Hermes
(be) also the god of merchants, or businesspeople. When ancient Greek people
(find) money or treasure, they (thank) Hermes for their good luck. People (say)
that Hermes (lead) people down to Hades, or the underworld, after their death.
People (view) him as a protector of travelers. Artists (represent) Hermes wearing
sandals and a hat, both with wings. Hermes also (carry) a caduceus, or magical
stick, with two entwined serpents on it.
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Vocabulary in Use
Read the following subjects and write one sentence using simple pres-
ent tense for each of them.
English Mathematics
Arts History
Information
technology Astonomy Physical Biology
Education
Chemistry
Literature Geography
Physics
Example:
English is my favourite subject.
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Guided Composition: Thank You Letter
Thank you letters are written in order to thank your friends, family members
and other people concerned for their help in need. It is written express
politeness with people.
A thank you letter to your friend for his/her help in the time of family
tragedy
Ranibari, Kathmandu
August 23, 2019
Dear Friend,
Thank you for your help and cooperation in time of our family tragedy. We were
all shocked at the sudden and untimely death of our beloved uncle, Rishi. It was
indeed a great help. I appreciate the warmth and friendliness you showed to us. I
remain highly interested in your company.
I am really indebted to your unconditional love and selfless help. It was really
a matter of praise. Words are not enough to explain the behaviour you showed
towards our family. Once again, I want to thank you on this account of your sincere
help.
I look forward to hearing from you and would greatly appreciate the chance to
become part of your company.
Thank you again.
Sincerely yours,
Sabina
ASSESS YOURSELF 4
1. Write a thank you letter to your friend who helped you to do your project
work of social studies.
2. Write a thank you letter to your sister for her beautiful gift on your birthday .
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S T A RT CHAPTER 15
T
ED
GE
VOICE
Dolphins which are known for their intelligence, playfulness, and friendliness
toward humans, can often be seen swimming alongside boats or performing
at aquariums. They are closely related to another group of small whales, the
porpoises. Because dolphins and porpoises look so much alike, the two are often
confused with one another. In fact, the names dolphin and porpoise are sometimes
used as if they are one and the same.
In general, however, dolphins can be told apart from porpoises by their larger size
and their snouts. A dolphin is said to have a long, sharp snout that is flattened like
a beak. A porpoise’s snout is short and blunt. The name dolphin is also sometimes
used for a large fish known as the mahimahi or Dorado. As a fish, the mahimahi is
regarded as the mammal that is more commonly thought of as dolphins.
Dolphins can be found throughout the world in either salt water or freshwater.
The most widespread species, or kinds, are known as common and bottle-nosed
dolphins. Both live in warm and temperate oceans and seas worldwide. River
dolphins are found only in South America and Asia. They prefer freshwater.
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Do You Know? The coloured words in the above given description are in
passive voice. If the object is affected by the action of the verb, that is active
voice and if the subject is affected by the action of the verb, that is in passive
voice.
Speaking Practice

a. What is voice?
b. What is active voice?
c. What is passive voice?
d. What are the subjects in the given sentences?
e. What are the objects in the given sentences?
f. Who does an action in the active voice?
g. Who does an action in the passive voice?
Listening Practice
Reproduce these sentences after your teacher.

Active Voice Passive Voice
I build a house. A house is built by me.
I am building a house. A house is being built by me.
I have built a house. A house has been built by me.
I built a house. A house was built by me.
I was building a house. A house was being built by me.
I had built a house. A house had been built by me.
I will build a house. A house will be built by me.
I will have built a house. A house will have been built by me.
I can build a house. A house can be built by me.
I have to build a house. A house has to be built by me.
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Quick Tip
Both active and passive sentences have same meaning. An action is
acted upon in the passive voice but an active voice is different types of
simple sentences.
Active Voice: Anurag scolds Aman.

Passive Voice: Aman is scolded by Anurag.
Active Voice: Dev visited Dipkiran.
Passive Voice: Dipkiran was visited by Dev.
Active Voice: She created a story.
Passive Voice: A story was created by her.
Active Voice: We taught the poor children.
Passive Voice: The poor children were taught by us.
Quick Tip
Nouns do not get changed but the forms of pronouns are changed while
changing an active sentence into passive.
Passive of sentences having two objects.

Active Voice: Mohan writes an email to Mina.
Passive Voice: An email is written to Mina by Mohan.
Active Voice: I gave him a pen.
Passive Voice: He was given a pen by me.
Active Voice: she handed me a wallet.
Passive Voice: A wallet was handed to me by her.
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Quick Tip
Sentences having two objects have passive construction using either of
the objects. However, the first object is easier to take.
Grammar Focus: Pronoun Change

Active voice Passive voice
I Me
We Us
You You
He Him
She Her
It It
They Them
I compose a song. A song is composed by me.
We construct a house. A house is constructed by us.
You play a game. A game is played by you.
He solves a riddle. A riddle is solved by him.
She paints the wall. The wall is painted by her.
It improves your health. Your health is improved by it.
They invite me. I am invited by them.
Instant Practice
Fill in the blank spaces with correct pronouns.
1. I type an essay. An essay is typed by _______.
2. We call a taxi. A taxi is called by _______.
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3. You manage your hair. Your hair is managed by _______.
4. He kicks the ball. The ball is kicked by _______.
5. She scolds her brother. Her brother is scolded by _______.
6. It improves your pronunciation. Your pronunciation is improved by __.
7. They plant trees. Trees are planted by _______.
8. I wash my clothes. My clothes are washed by _______.
9. We perform a drama. A drama is performed by _______.
10. You manage the files. The files are managed by _______.
11. He combs his hair. His hair is combed by _______.
12. She pronounces a word. A word is pronounced by _______.
13. It hurts your feelings. Your feelings are hurt by _______.
14. They buy a car. A car is bought by _______.
15. Muna and Mina decorate their class. Their class is decorated by _______.
Grammar Focus: Formation of Passive Voice

Passive of different Tenses
Tense Active Passive
Simple Past He calls a taxi. A taxi is called by him.
Sub + v1/v5 + obj Obj + is/am/are + v3+ by + sub
Present continuous He is calling a taxi. A taxi is being called by him.

(S + is/am/are + v4 (Obj +is/am/are + being + v3 +
+obj) by + sub)
Present perfect He has called a taxi. A taxi has been called by him.
(S + have/has+ v3+obj) (Obj + have/has + been + v3 +
by + sub)
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Simple Past He called a taxi. A taxi was called by him.
(S + v2 + obj) (Obj + was/were + v3 + by +
sub)
Past Continuous He was calling a taxi. A taxi was being called by
(S + was/were + v4 + him.
obj) (Obj + was/were + being + v3
+ sub)
Past Perfect He had called a taxi. A taxi had been called by
(S + had + v3 + obj) him.
(Obj + had + been + v3 + by +
sub)
Simple future He will call a taxi. A taxi will be called by him.
(S + will/shall + v1 + (Obj + will/shall + be + v3 +
obj) by + sub)
Future Perfect He would have called A taxi would have been called
a taxi. by him.
(S + will/shall + have + (Obj + will/shall +have + been
v3 + obj) + v3 + by + sub)
Instant Practice
Change the following sentences into passive voice.
Active Passive
1. I brush my teeth. My teeth _______by me.
2. We are cutting a tree. A tree _______by us.
3. You have washed the car. The car _______by you.
4. They threw the ball. The ball _______by them.
5. He was cleaning the room. The room _______by him.
6. She had painted the wall. The wall _______by her.
7. It will hurt you. You _______by it.
8. I will have completed it. It _______by me.
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9. We rub the floor. The floor _______by us.
10. They are planting crops. Crops _______by them.
11. We have cooked food. Food _______by us.
12. You wrote a news story. A news story _______by you.
13. She was sweeping the room. The room _______by her.
14. He will turn on the switch. The switch _______by him.
15. I will have managed my things. My things _______by me.
Passive of Modal Verbs
Active Passive
(S + modal + v1 + obj) (Obj + modal + be + v3 + sub)
I can type this letter. This letter can be typed by me.
We may visit the park. The park may be visited by us.
She will buy a bag. A bag will be bought by her.
He could sing a folk song. A folk song could be sung by him.
We would wash the dishes. The dishes would be washed by us.
I might call you. You might be called by me.
Instant Practice
1. I can defeat you.
2. He could beat us.
3. She may call Ram.
4. We might climb mountain.
5. They will wash their clothes.
6. He would repair his house.
7. My father may scold me.
8. The school might close today.
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9. She can clean her house.
10. We could climb that tree.
ASSESS YOURSELF 1
1. Seema studies English.
2. He sells meat.
3. Rabi helps me.
4. He is teaching us English.
5. I see a dark cloud.
6. Sita loves Sabitri.
7. Some boys are helping the wounded man.
8. The mason is building the wall.
9. They are playing football.
10. She is singing a song.
11. I have sold my car.
12. He has kept me waiting.
13. He has just posted the letter.
14. My cousin has drawn this picture.
15. The boy made a kite.
16. The cat killed the mouse.
17. They compelled the enemy to surrender.
18. They have opened the theatre only last month.
19. The cat drank all the milk.
20. His teacher praised him.
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ASSESS YOURSELF 2
1. He had scored century.
2. His friends had taken him to the hospital.
3. I had sold my new bicycle.
4. My father had written a letter.
5. They had found him guilty of murder.
6. My sister will write a letter.
7. He will finish the work in a fortnight.
8. The manager will give you a party.
9. The peon will open the gate.
10. He will have read a text.
11. I can wink eyes.
12. She will have collected old tickets.
13. They will have gone to Humla.
14. They will punish him for telling a lie.
15. We shall have finished our duty.
16. You will have eaten food.
17. She may hit you.
18. We might write to you.
19. You could call us.
20. They would tame animals.
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ASSESS YOURSELF 3
1. The man cuts down the tree.
2. Kripa opens the door.
3. We expect good news.
4. Everyone loves him.
5. I write a letter.
6. I am reading a book.
7. You are writing a letter.
8. Sister is buying a doll.
9. They are painting the house.
10. The boy is climbing the cliff.
11. The cat has drunk all the milk.
12. We have prohibited smoking.
13. The boy has made a kite.
14. The enemies have defeated our army.
15. Mr. Lama has heard the news of the accident.
16. The boy caught the ball.
17. A policeman caught the thief.
18. Sony threw the ball.
19. I wrote a letter.
20. The boy teased the dog.
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ASSESS YOURSELF 4
1. Black cloud will cover the sky.
2. Earthquake had destroyed the town.
3. He had played a losing game.
4. I may have returned story books.
5. Juna will help me.
6. She will admire your courage.
7. The fire had damaged the building.
8. She will recognize you.
9. The noise had frightened the horse.
10. The people had welcomed the president.
11. We might have changed ourselves.
12. She will have prepared a special party.
13. The tourists will have visited Lumbini.
14. They will have praised him.
15. We shall compose beautiful song.
16. She tears the paper.
17. He is composing songs.
18. My brother ate an orange.
19. We visit the park.
20. Thet help us.
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Vocabulary in Use
Look at the following pictures and write the function of each of them.
Board Notice board Paper clip

Piece of paper
Board pen
Tape recorder Pencil
Board rubber
Cassette Video recorder

Computer
OHT (overhead
transparency)
Ruler Hole punch

Table Sharpner
Drawing pin Pen Text book Rubber
Example: A board is used for writing and drawing pictures.
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Guided Composition: Writing Biography
A biography is a story or an account of a person’s life written by somebody else. A
biography is an effective means of communication. It states an individual’s basic
life facts and their importance for us. The lives of many people in the world can
inspire us to do better in future. Thus, biographies are written to make people
inform about the people and their contribution for the specific area, field, or any
other topic. Here are some considerations to be made while writing a biography.
 Date of birth and death of the person whose biography is going to be

written.
 List out the major achievements in the life of that person.
 Mention the educational background and awards if any related to the person
whose biography is being written.
 Highlight the contribution of the person in the specific field/area.
 Significance of his/her contribution to mankind, society or the nation as a

whole.
A Biography of Jhamak Kumari Ghimire
Jhamak Kumari Ghimire was born in Dhankuta District
on July 1980 of Kachide VDC. She is the physically
paralyzed writer who writes her work by her feet. Jhamak
being feet writer is considered as the one of among 11
anomalous writers of the World. Jhamak Kumari Ghimire
has expressed her feelings through novels and poems.
Jhamak cannot read, speak and do other activities like us
since her childhood. She can think and express her emotion through writing. She
is a worldwide famous writer now. She is a columnist of Kantipur national daily.
The government has decided to take care of her by providing her with financial
support.
Jeevan Kada Ki Phool is one of her best Nepali Novels in Nepali Literature.
Sankalpa, Aaphnai Chita, Agnishikhatir, Manchhe Vitraka Yoddaharu and Quaati
are her poetry works. Awasan Pachhiko Aagaman is another work. Besides,
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Ghimire is awarded by Kabita Ram Bal Sahitya Prativa Puraskar 2055 and Madan
Puraskar 2067.
Neither her parents nor other people had thought that Jhamak’s condition would be
improved and she would be in the present situation. She had learnt to write from
her brother. She used to read her brother’s book and became a good reader. Without
formal education, she is not less than an academic expert. The parents were mostly
worried about her condition after their death. She was a burden for her family in
the past but she is also the source of income and a famous writer.
From this biography we can learn that she is the role model for all of us. The world
knows her the best as a disable literary figure. She is the epitome for all students,
teachers and common people.
ASSESS YOURSELF 5
1. Write similar biography of a famous person you like most.
2. Write biography of the following persons.
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S T A RT CHAPTER 16
T
ED
GE
REPORTED SPEECH
Read the following letter.

Kathmandu, Nepal
20th May, 2018
Dear Sister,
I am fine here and hope you are also in good health. I got your letter yesterday. I
became very happy that your study is going well. I am writing this letter to remind
you about your food habit.
You should always eat healthy food. Junk food is bad for your health. Junk food is
tasty but it has long term effects on our health. Fruits and organic vegetables help
us to be healthy. Also, drink much water every day.
I hope you understand my health tips. If you have anything to tell, write to me in
your next letter.
Yours lovely brother,
Aman
Now, let’s observe what did Aman say to his sister.
Aman said that he was fine there and hoped she were also in good health. He said
that he had got her letter the day before. He said that he had become very happy
that her study was going well. He said that he was writing that letter to remind her
about her food habit.
He suggested her to always eat healthy food. He said that junk food was bad for
her health. He said that junk food was tasty but it had long term effects on her
health. He said that fruits and organic vegetables helped them to be healthy. He
told her to drink much water every day.
He hoped that she understood his health tips. He asked her to write to him in next
letter if she had anything to tell.
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Speaking Practice
Answer these questions based on the given letter.

a. Who has written this letter?
b. Who will receive this letter?
c. What did Aman say?
d. What is the different between the first and second text?
e. Which text is in direct speech?
f. Which text is in indirect speech?
g. What is direct speech?
h. What is indirect speech?
Do You Know? The speakers in the given letter is using direct speech. Direct
speech is the speech the speakers themselves use in conversation.
There are two ways of expressing meaning what somebody has said. They are
DIRECT and INDIRECT speech.
Read the following parts of the letter and underline the change you see.
1. Direct Speech: I am fine here and hope you are also in good health. I got your
letter yesterday. I became very happy that your study is going well. I am writing
this letter to remind you about your food habit.
Indirect Speech: Aman said that he was fine there and hoped she were also in
good health. He said that he had got her letter the day before. He said that he
had become very happy that her study was going well. He said that he was writing
that letter to remind her about her food habit.
2. Direct Speech: You should always eat healthy food. Junk food is bad for your
health. Junk food is tasty but it has long term effects on our health. Fruits and
organic vegetable help us to be healthy. Also, drink much water every day.
Indirect Speech: He suggested her to always eat healthy food. He said that
junk food was bad for her health. He said that junk food was tasty but it had
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long term effects on her health. He said that fruits and organic vegetables
helped them to be healthy. He told her to drink much water every day.
3. Direct Speech: I hope you understand my health tips. If you have anything
to tell, write to me in your next letter.
Indirect Speech: He hoped that she understood his health tips. He asked her
to write to him in next letter if she had anything to tell.
Look at the changes in the following sentences.
Direct: Aman said to her sister, “I got your letter yesterday.”
Indirect: Aman told her sister that he had got her letter the day before.
a. Change in reporting verb: said to-told
b. Use of connective: that
c. Change in pronoun: I- he, your-her
d. Change in tense: got-had got
e. Change in adverbial: yesterday-the day before
f. Change in punctuation: inverted comma and comma-full stop
Listening Practice
Repeat the following adverbials after your teacher.

Direct Indirect
this that
these those
here there
today that day
now/just then
thus so
hence thence
tomorrow the following day/the next day
yesterday the previous day/the day before
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next day/week/month the following day/week/month
the day before yesterday two days ago
last week/month/year the week/month/year before
ago before
hither thither
tonight that night
come go
Instant Practice
Complete the following sentences putting correct adverbials.
Direct Indirect
I said, “I am coming this week.” I said that I was going____.
He said, “These are my books.” He said that ____ were his books
She said, “I am working here.” She said that she was working ____.
They said, “We are tired today. They said that they were tired ____.
She said, “I am sleeping now.” She said that she was sleeping ____.
Juna said, “I will visit the zoo tomor- Juna said that she would visit the
row.” zoo____.
Dinesh said, “I called you yesterday.” Dinesh said that he had called me
____.
She said, “My father will come next She said that her father would come
month.” ____.
He said, “I came from the USA last He said that he had come from the
week.” USA ____.
She said, “I am attending a party She said that she was attending a
tonight.” party ______.
She said,” I saw you the day before She said that she had seen me
yesterday. ______.
He said, “ I came here last year” He said that he had come there
______.
Manu said, “ My father died 2 years Manu said that his father had died 2
ago”. years ______.
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Grammar Focus: Person Change
Person Subjective Objective Possessive Self-forms
case case P1 P2
1st I Me My Mine Myself
We Us Our Ours Ourselves
2nd You You Your Yours Yourself/
Yourselves
3rd She Her Her Hers Herself
He Him His His Himself
It It It Its Itself
They Them Their Theirs Themselves
Instant Practice
Complete the following sentences putting correct pronouns.
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
I said, “I like my brother.” I said that ____liked ___ brother.
We said, “We are doing our work.” We said that ____ were doing ___
work.
You said, “I can type fast.” You said that ____could type fast.
He said, “I wash my clothes myself.” He said that ____washed ___clothes
____.
She said, “I am looking at you.” She said that ____was looking at
____.
They said, “We are from the village.” They said that ____were from the
village.
Ram said, “I draw a picture.” Ram said that ____drew a picture.
Rita said, “I cook food myself.” Rita said that ____cooked food
_____.
Teacher said, “You are my best stu- Teacher said that ____was ____best
dent.” student.
They said, “We are helping our They said that ___were helping ___
friends.” friends.
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Grammar Focus:Reporting Verb Change
Reported speech Reporting verbs Joining words
statement told/said that
request asked/requested to/not to
command told/said/ordered/commanded to/not to
yes/no question asked/enquired/questioned if/whether
w-h question asked/enquired/questioned w-h words
exclamation asked/exclaimed that/w-h words
optative wished/blessed/cursed that
Grammar Focus: Tense Change

Direct Indirect
Examples
V1/V5 V2 Direct: He said, “I sing a song.”
Indirect: He said that he sang a song.
Direct: You said, “He works hard.”
Indirect: You said that he worked hard.
is, am, was, were Direct: They said, “We are working now.”
are Indirect: They said that they were working then.
Direct: Maya said, “I am sleeping here.”
Indirect: Maya said that she was sleeping there.
has, have had Direct: He said, “I have seen her closely.”
Indirect: He said that he had seen her closely.
Direct: Naina said, “She has finished her work.”
Indirect: Naina said that she had finished her work.
has to, had to Direct: They said, “We have to be on time.”
have to Indirect: They said that they had to be on time.
Direct: Father said, “Ram has to paint the wall.”
Indirect: Father said that Ram had to paint the wall.
was, had been Direct: Dip said, “I was calling her.”
were Indirect: Dip said that he had been calling her.
Direct: We said, “They were planting a tree.”
Indirect: We said that they had been planting a tree.
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will, shall would, Direct: He said to me, “I will call you tomorrow.”
should Indirect: He told me that he would call me the next
day.
Direct: She said to me, “I shall help you.”
Indirect: She told me that she should help me.
can, may could, Direct: Father said to me, “I can play the flute.”
might Indirect: Father told me that he could play the flute.
Direct: Mother said to me, “It may rain today.”
Indirect: Mother told me that it might rain that day.
do not, did not Direct: She said to me, “I do not like her.”
does not Indirect: She told me that she did not like her.
Direct: He said to me, “Ram does not work hard.”
Indirect: He told me that Ram did not work hard.
did not had not Direct: The coach said to us, “I did not ask them.”
Indirect: The coach told us that he had not asked them.
would, no Direct: My father said to me, “I would wear shorts.”

should change Indirect: My father told me that he would wear shorts.
Direct: The doctor said to me, “You should drink
much water.”
Indirect: The doctor advised me to drink much water.
could, no Direct: I said to them, “He could carry it.”
might change Indirect: I told them that he could carry it.
Direct: They said to me, “We might be on time.”
Indirect: They told me that they might be on time.
universal no Direct: The teacher said, “Water flows down.”

truth change Indirect: The teacher said that water flows down.
Direct: My father said, “The sun shines bright.”
Indirect: My father said that the sun shines bright.
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Instant Practice
Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
1. She said to me, “Kamala catches the ball with one hand.”
2. He said to me, “Dad mixes flour and water when he makes bread.”
3. You said to me, “The bee buzzes around the flowers.”
4. Tony said to me, “I am watching television now.”
5. Father said to me, “Uncle David is cleaning his car.”
6. Girija said, “The dog is barking in the garden.”
7. They said, “We are bringing a television set into the classroom.”
8. Maya and Alisa said, “We walked to school yesterday.”
9. He said to me, “Sabina laughed when I told her the joke.”
10. Sumina said to me, “I carried my mom’s shopping bag.”
11. She said, “Dad was trying to help me with my homework.”
12. He said, “I was watching television.”
13. They said to me, “You weren’t listening to the teacher.”
14. They said, “Some boys were looking out of the window.”
15. My friend said, “The teacher has pinned a notice on the board.”
16. I said to him, “I’ve already opened the door.”
17. She said to me, “We shall take the dog for a walk later.”
18. My sisters said, “We will visit Grandma this weekend.”
19. You said, “She will help us cook the food for the party.”
20. Nanina said, “It will soon be dark outside.”
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Grammar Focus: Change of Different Types of Sentences
Sentences Direct Indirect
Assertive She said, “I am going out She said that she was going out
now.” then.
Maya said, “I have a new Maya said that she had a new
house.” house.
Negative He said, “I am not fine He said that he was not fine that
today.” day.
You said, “I don’t like You said that you did not like
snake.” snake.
Interrogative She said, “Are you learning She asked if I was learning well.
well?” Kaml asked what my name was.
Kamal said, “What is your
name?”
Imperative He said, “Be ready for the He asked to be ready for the pity.
pity.” Nim asked me to help him.
Nim said to me, “Help me.”
Exclamatory She said, “What a boring She expressed her disgust that I
person you are !” was a boring person.
He said, “How lovely He exclaimed with joy that
flower!” flower was lovely.
Instant Practice
1. Hira said to me, “Are you a foreigner?”
2. The manager said, “Did you invite Hem?”
3. The teacher said, “Do you know who broke the window?”
4. Mr. Orbit said, “Does your father work here?”
5. She said to me, “Have you finished your exams?”
6. Mother said to me, “How did you get to school?”
7. Aman said, “How clever I am!”
8. He said, “Why didn’t you put on the brake?”
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9. She said, “What do you want?”
10. She said to us, “Is anyone there?”
11. Ram said to me, “Wait five minutes for me.”
12. The teacher said to us, “Don’t write in pencil.”
13. I asked him, “Be more careful.”
14. Nita said to me, ‘’Please don’t be late.”
15. He asked me, “Try to come on time.”
16. Urmila said to me, “Don’t make the same mistake again.”
17. I said to the child, “Don’t cross the road.”
18. He said to me, “Don’t forget what I told you.”
19. Sarita said to me, ‘’Please send me the money at once.”
20. He asked me, “Sit down for a few minutes.”
ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct answers given in
brackets.
1. He asked me if I (know, knew) the manager.
2. She asked me if I (like, liked) her new house.
3. She asked the driver to (give, gave) her lift.
4. Helen said that she (will, would) give up trying.
5. George said he (will, would) do his best.
6. She asked him if he (has, had) worked before.
7. They asked me if I (can, could) type.
8. We (said to, asked) the new boy to turn the music down.
9. He said he (will, would) answer the phone for me.
10. She said she (has, had) printed that report 3 times.
11. The manager said he (will, would) give us a rise.
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12. They said they (will, would) give up smoking.
13. He (said to, told) the employees to arrive earlier.
14. She (said to, told) me to write more clearly.
15. They said they (have, had) already visited the exhibition.
16. He said he (likes, liked) our products very much.
17. He (said to, told) me to write the memo immediately.
18. He asked me if I (can, could) write a business letter.
ASSESS YOURSELF 2
Rewrite the following sentences choosing the correct answers given in
brackets.
1. He asked me where I (live, lived).
2. She asked whether (I could, I can) do it.
3. Can you tell me what time (it is, is it)?
4. He said he (will, would) come here soon.
5. He (told me, said to me) that he was busy.
6. I asked her whether she (is, was) married.
7. I’d like to know where (is it, it is).
8. He said he (can, could) meet us easily.
9. I´m not sure whether (he is, is he) here now.
10. He didn’t say where he (is, was) going.
11. She told me that I (have to, had to) write in ink.
12. He asked whether (I had, I have) mailed the letter.
13. He said he (would, will) be back soon.
14. He asked me what time it (is, was).
15. I asked him what the word (means, meant).
16. He said he (will, would) fill in an application form.
17. Helen (said to, told) me to read all the reports.
18. Maya said that she (wants, wanted) to be a nurse.
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ASSESS YOURSELF 3
Change the following imperative sentences to indirect form. Begin each one
with the teacher told me.
1. Come back later.
2. Do your exercises in ink.
3. Don’t look at your neighbour’s paper.
4. Don’t waste so much time.
5. Give this message to your father.
6. Go to the whiteboard.
7. Prepare your lessons more carefully.
8. Sit down and read the story.
9. Sit in the first row.
10. Sit up straight.
11. Take your feet off the desk.
12. Wait outside in the hall.
13. Listen to your teacher carefully.
14. Never fight in class.
15. Submit your task on time.
ASSESS YOURSELF 4
1. Kamala said, “I have to work tonight.”
2. Mohan said to me, ‘’I will be back later.”
3. Raja said, “We may have an exam.”
4. He said, “I have no money.”
5. The doctor said, “Jubal is a very sick man.”
6. Buna said to me, “I cannot go with you tonight.”
7. He said, “I hope she comes soon.”
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8. He said, “I have known him a long time.”
9. Suraj said, “We will finish this tomorrow.”
10. Vivek said, “I have to work tonight.
11. He said, “I don’t know her well.”
12. She said, “I am going away tomorrow.”
13. He said to me, “He is supposed to be here now.”
14. My brother said to me, “I had seen you at the party.”
15. Lila said, “I have to finish this work today.”
Vocabulary in Use
Look at the following equipments and write what each of them is used
for.
Scanner Bag
Mobile Briefcase
Mouse Pen drive Photocopy machine

Socket
File Plug
Broom Fan
Highlighter pen Tooth paste Chalk

Thumb pin
Example: A mobile phone is used for making calls.
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Guided Composition: News Story
Read the following news stories.
Headline Theft case reported in Changunarayan Municipality
Byline By a staff reporter
Placeline
and Date
Kathmandu, January 5
Property worth around Rs 320,000 was stolen from a house in
Lead
Changunarayan Municipality-8 of Bhaktapur district on Monday.
According to police, an unidentified gang entered the unattended house
Facts of Krishna Bahadur Tamang (51) in Jitpur after breaking the lock of
the main door, and made off with various gold jewelleries and cash.
Additional Meanwhile, further investigation into the case is underway and search
Information
is on for the absconding perpetrators, said police.
Three Nepalese Killed In Horrific Car Accident
By our correspondent
Manama, March 24
Three Nepalese workers were killed when a car crashed into them on a busy high-
way near Manama, yesterday.
Bel Bahadur Pun, 47; Kul Prasad Pun Phakami, 23; and Tuka Raj Thapa, 22, were
trying to cross the highway on their way home when a car, driven by a Bahraini,
ran into them at around 2pm on Friday.
A spokesman for Gulf Fencing and Specialist Surfacing Establishment where the
three victims worked told media that two of men were thrown 50 meters away
because of the impact of the crash, while the third victim was dragged by the car
after he got trapped under the wheels. The driver sustained severe injuries and was
taken to hospital for treatment.
ASSESS YOURSELF 5
Write similar news stories related to sports, accident, natural disasters and
school activities.
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S T A RT CHAPTER 17
T
ED
GE
CONJUNCTIONS

Riya and Mina are the two sisters of Dinesh. They
are so cute that everyone likes them. Riya is tall
but Mina is short. Although Riya is taller than
Mina, she is not as smart as Mina. Mina is both neat
and tidy. Dinesh loves them because of their good
behaviour. Riya always greets him whereas Mina does
not. As Riya studies in grade two but Mina studies in
grade one.
Sometimes Dinesh plays with them. Dinesh plays as if he is a child, too. Both of
them cry for long hours if he scolds them. They keep on crying unless they are
given sweets. When Dinesh gives them sweets, they become happy. They go to
mother in order to show the sweets.
On Saturdays, neither they study nor they stay at home. Dinesh takes them to a
nearby park. Either they play or draw a picture in the park. Dinesh not only plays
but also visits the park with them. They feel happy as long as they are in the park.
They return home after they feel hungry.
Do You Know? In the given description, the coloured words are conjunctions.
They are also called connectors. They connect two different ideas.
Speaking Practice
Say what words are connectives in the following sentences.

a. He stood on the hill and overlooked the plain.
b. I say this but she says that.
c. Since it stands on the hill it overlooks the plain.
d. Although I say this she says that.
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e. Before you leave the house, please lock the door.
f. After I went to bed, I heard a strange noise downstairs.
g. We’ve moved to a new house since I last wrote to you.
h. Until the rice is cooked, we can’t eat dinner.
i. While we’re waiting for the bus, let’s play a game.
Quick Tip
Conjunctions are the words that connect sentences, clauses, phrases,
or words, and sometimes paragraphs. They can also be used to avoid
repetition of grammatical phrases.
Listening Practice
Repeat these words after your teacher.
for and but after before than until

although how though when as if till while
because since unless why either…or.. neither..nor… so
but so that so..that.. despite in spite of as…as.. yet
as long if however because whenever nor or
as of
Instant Practice
Underline the conjunctions in the following sentences.
1. As I am sick, I cannot work well.
2. As soon as you finish your homework, show it to the teacher.
3. When the wind blows, the branches on the tree twist.
4. In case you forget my number, see it on my diary.
5. As you’re my best friend, I’ll lend you my new bike.
6. Because we arrived late, we missed the opening of the play.
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7. Since I have finished my work, I can help you.
8. Mitra finished his homework before dinner.
9. Write down the address so we don’t forget it.
10. He has a map so that he can see it.
11. I went market in order to buy some fruits.
12. She scolded me because I took her notebook.
13. My friend failed the exam because of his carelessness.
14. Her sister keeps on crying if she is not given what she wants.
15. Go to the shop whenever you need goods.
16. They climbed up the mountain despite bad weather.
17. He is not good at singing nor am I.
18. He does not wake up until seven.
19. We are so punctual that we are never late for school.
20. This tree is very tall so I cannot climb it.
Grammar Focus: Types of Conjunctions

A. Coordinating Conjunctions
We looked everywhere for the key.
The house is warm and comfortable.
I was neither reading nor sleeping.
The musicians are young but very talented.
You can have a soda or lemonade.
He was careless yet he passed his driving test.
Your handwriting is poor so you must improve it.
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Quick Tip
Coordinating conjunctions may join single words, or they may join
groups of words. There are seven coordinating conjunctions in English:
FOR, AND, NOR, BUT, OR, YET and SO (FANBOYS).
B. Subordinating Conjunctions
Subordinating conjunctions join together the clauses of unequal rank or
importance.
a. Time connectives
It was sometime before I realized the truth.
I will call you after I finish my office work.
I liked her when I was at school.
His wife died while he was in the USA.
You cannot go home till you finish this task.
Let’s wait until the bus stops.
You cannot reach that bus as long as you hurry up.
The thieves ran away as soon as they saw the policemen.
Quick Tip
The conjunctions before, after, when, while, till, until, as long as
and as soon as are used to say when something happens. All these
connectives join two actions. They are called conjunctions of time.
b. Reason Connectives
I called you here because he told me to.
She might need some help as she is new.
I won’t write to you since you write to me.
He failed exam because of his carelessness.
It was still painful so I went to see a doctor.
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He was terrified lest he had revealed too much.
He is only sixteen therefore he is not allowed to vote.
Quick Tip
The conjunctions because, as, since, because of, so, lest and therefore
tell why someone does something. Reason connectives join a statement
and a reason. They are called conjunctions of reason.
c. Purpose Connectives
I went the park to meet one of my old friends.
Buy an oxford dictionary in order to improve your vocabulary power.
I listened eagerly for he brought good news of my brother.
I go to market so that I can buy some vegetable.
He is so intelligent that everybody likes him.
We visit museum in order that we know much about past history of our
country.
Quick Tip
The conjunctions to, in order to, for, so that, so...that and in order that
tell what the purpose of something is. Purpose connectives join an action
and a purpose. All these connectives are placed before purpose. They
are called conjunctions of purpose.
d. Connectives of Unexpected Result

I could not succeed though I tried hard.
Although he is poor, he is honest.
I did not see him even though I was at the party.
He skied in spite of warning signs.
Despite his request she left him.
He is polite. However, few people like him.
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Quick Tip
The connectives like though, although, even though, in spite of, de-
spite and however, are connectives of unexpected result. All these
connectives join a situation and its unexpected result.
C. Compound Conjunctions
He as well as his son has gone to Kathmandu.
She behaved as if nothing has happened.
It sounds as though you had a good time.
I will get there, even if I have to walk.
You can use my car provided that you drive slowly.
He gave him 5 lakhs on condition that he would return 6 lakhs.
Quick Tip
The conjuctions as well as, as if as, though, even if, provided that and
on condition that are compound expressions used as conjunctions.
These are called compound conjunctions.
D. Correlative conjunctions/Connectives in Pairs

You have to either work regularly or quit it.
Neither he nor his friends are good mannered.
I not only fell down but also bruised myself.
Whether you sing or dance no problem for me.
My brother is both sincere and hard working.
Such was his condition that nobody liked him.
No sooner did the teacher come than we started writing.
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Quick Tip
All the connectives either.....or, neither.....nor, not only...but also, wheth-
er....or, both....and, such...that and no sooner...than join a pair of nouns,
verbs, adverbs, phrases; clauses, etc. The conjunctions that are used in
pairs are called correlative conjunctions.
E. Relative Pronoun Connectives

The man who Anu saw at the concert is Sonam.
He saw the man whose name was Niraj.
The writer whom you wrote is your own relative.
Nobody knows what will happen next.
This is the same pen which you had stolen yesterday.
I will stop where there is a parking area.
That’s an old castle that we visited.
I will phone you when I arrive.
She is unknown on how she has to speak.
The reason why I like her is her politeness.
Quick Tip
The conjunctions like who whose, whom, what, which, where, that,
when, how, why, etc. are relative pronoun connectives.
ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Supply the correct connectives to the following statements.
1. My father watches TV _____ he does his exercises. (while, when)
2. I usually do my homework ____ I have my dinner. (after, when)
3. I’ll call you ____ I get home. (while, when)
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4. People stand back _____ the train goes through the station. (as, but)
5. ____ the new teacher arrived, we all enjoy our work more. (Since, Be
cause)
6. Take the toy out of the box ____ you throw the box away. (after, before)
7. We went inside _____ it started to rain. (as soon as, but)
8. You can’t watch TV ____ you finish your homework. (until, when)
9. Does anybody know ____ Mr. Adhikari lives? (where, when)
10. The dog follows Kamal _____ he goes. (wherever, however)
11. I sat down ____ I was feeling tired. (because, though)
12. I took an apple ____it was the only fruit in the bowl. (since, as)
13. Mom changed channel ____ she could see her favourite one. (so, so that)
14. Take an umbrella ____ it rains. (if, in case)
15. The children are wearing hats ____ they won’t get sunburned. (so, so that)
16. We left early ____ we wouldn’t be late. (so, so that)
17. She goes jogging every morning ____ keep fit. (in order to, for)
18. He can carry this load ____ he is very strong. (though, because)
19. I will definitely call you _____ I arrive at home. (but, when)
20. Please be in line ____ your turn comes. (before, until)
ASSESS YOURSELF 2
1. Priya ____ (and/or) Paru are siblings.
2. Hari is six years old ____ (and/yet) Seema is five.
3. ____ (Since/Although) they are so close in age, they are the best of friends.
4. Alina will not go anywhere ____ (unless/although) Rabin goes too.
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5. They are a naughty pair. One ____ (and/or) the other always comes up with
bad ideas.
6. ____ (Although/Unless) they can’t do without each other, they often
quarrel.
7. He loves to play in the park ____ (but/if) she prefers in door games.
8. Rajesh was very upset ____ (because/until) Nima started school before
her.
9. Shree is at school, ____ (and/but) she is very happy.
10. I won’t go to sleep ____ (till/unless) you tell me a story.
11. I like reading ____ (because/but) I don’t get much time.
12. I ate an apple____ (but/and) a toast for breakfast.
13. She will go ____ (after, if) I go.
14. He is taking a rest ____ (because/if) he is ill.
15. Manu is absent today ____ (since/yet) he has fever.
16. I like him ____ (so/because) he is an honest boy.
17. I’ll help her ____ (since/therefore) she is my best friend.
18. Babin is weeping ____ (because/so) he had failed the exam.
19. Everybody loves him ____ (since/so) he is very obedient.
20. He is a kind person ____ (so/since) everyone likes him.
ASSESS YOURSELF 3
1. ______Buna ____ Sony bought a new frock each. (Both ... and, Either...
or)
2. ______you _____your friends are responsible for the damage. (Either .... or,
So .... that)
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3. He didn’t attend the concert ______ he wasn’t feeling well. (although, be
cause)
4. I cannot lend you the books ______you return them on time. (unless,
until)
5. You can use the computer _____ you need to. (if, unless)
6. I wanted to help her ______she refused. (and, but)
7. You may sit ______ you like. (whoever, wherever)
8. I told you not to go out this evening, _____you didn’t listen to me. (yet,
since)
9. My brother washed the dishes ______I was cleaning the table. (until,
when)
10. Rashid ____ likes singing ______dancing. (either .... or/neither .... nor)
11. She may wait outside ____ we inform the principal about her arrival. (so,
while)
12. Anita told me _____she prefers Chinese food to Italian food. (what, that)
13. Ajanta went trekking _____he knew it would be hard. (if, although)
14. Sometimes they sing for hours ____ friends request them. (when, if)
15. Bikas kept waiting _____it was 8 o’clock. (until, when)
16. The ceremony was _____ long _____ boring. (either .... or, both.... and)
17. They couldn’t win the match______ they played very well. (although,
because)
18. This laptop is expensive _____ very useful. (and, but)
19. What would you do _____ a stranger hurt you? (when, if)
20. You _____any of your friends can come with me. (or, and)
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ASSESS YOURSELF 4
1. I couldn’t meet the principal _____ he was busy in a meeting. (because,
so)
2. _____ it is a small city, it is very popular with tourists. (although, if)
3. She had to walk home _____ she had no money. (although, because)
4. The traffic was heavy _____ he arrived here late. (so, because)
5. The boy _____ didn’t come to school was seriously ill. (who, whom)
6. _____ Milan _____ Sumy are learning guitar. (Either .... or, Both ....and)
7. She lost both her money ______ her passport. (and, but)
8. The girl, ______ I met in Kathmandu was an engineer. (who, whom)
9. ______she is beautiful, she is not proud. (Although, So)
10. He missed the bus ____ he got up late.(because, so)
11. Ramjet is rich ______ he is unhappy. (but, because)
12. Soma failed the exam ____ she laboured hard. (although, and)
13. Babushka is _____ short ____ she can’t touch the ceiling. (so __that, so that)
14. I love Nepali Khana _____ it takes a lot of time to cook. (and, but)
15. I can neither dance _____ play the piano. (or, nor)
16. I think he is ____ Indian nor Pakistani. (neither, nor, after)
17. I’ll return your book _____ I say good bye. (after, when)
18. Can you hold my bag _____ I fill this form? (after, when)
19. I have secured less _____ I did not study hard. (so/because)
20. He slept fast _____ he was tired. (because, although)
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ASSESS YOURSELF 5
1. _____ I felt ill, I went on working. (Although, Because)
2. This lesson will end _____ the bell rings. (when, until)
3. You can have _____ coffee ____ tea. (either .... or, so .... that)
4. _____ it was raining hard, that match was postponed. (As, But)
5. _____ there are no oranges, we have to eat apples. (So that, As)
6. I do not go_____ I see the doctor. (when, until)
7. He can speak _____ Nepali ____ Maithili. (so .... that, both .... and)
8. I locked the door _____ I went out. (before, when)
9. She moved to Nepal_____ she got married. (before, and)
10. I phoned her _____I visited her. (after, when)
11. I will phone you ______ I arrive. (but, when)
12. We will see you _____ we go abroad. (so, before)
13. ____ I have finished the letter, I’m going to post it. (Although, As)
14. _____ he was hungry, _____ he didn’t eat anything. (Although, As)
15. I’ll show you my letter _____ we are having lunch. (so, while)
16. It was _____ an amazing story ____ nobody believed it. (such .... that, ei
ther ....or)
17. My sister fried some eggs _____ I made coffee. (because, while)
18. She _____ writes _____ composes poem. (either .... or, both.... and)
19. The meeting was boring _____ I went home. (but, so)
20. I study hard _____ I can secure good marks. (So, So that)
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Vocabulary in Use
Look at the following pictures and write sentences using WHO for each
of the musicians.
Cello Violin Piano
Cellist Vilinist Pianist

Guitar Saxophonist Drums
Saxophonist Drummer
Guitarist
Flute Harmonium Sitar
Flautist Harmoniumist Sitarist
Example:
A cellist is a person who plays the cello.
A violinist A pianist
A guitarist A saxophonist
A saxophonist A drummer
A flautist A harmoniumist
A sitarist
248
Guided Composition: Broken Dialogue
Read the following dialogue.
Dialogue-1
Clerk: May I help you?
Customer: Yes, please. I have a pain in my side, an ache in my stomach, and a
headache. I need a pill, an aspirin, or a painkiller or… something fast.
Clerk: I’m sorry, but that’s not my job. That’s Mr. Sharma’s job. He’s the head
pharmacist.
Customer: May I see Mr. Sharma, please.
Clerk: I’m sorry. Mr. Sharma is busy. He’s on the phone.
Customer: Then his helper.
Clerk: She’s busy, too. Please wait.
Customer: Oh, no.
Clerk: Oh, here’s Mr. Sharma.
Mr. Sharma: Yes? May I help you?
Customer: I have a pain in my side, an ache in my stomach, and a headache.
Please give me a pill.
Mr. Sharma: That isn’t my job. I’m not a doctor. I’m a pharmacist. Dr.
Regmi has an office next to us. His address is Dallu, Kathmandu. Come back with
a prescription. We can help you then.
Dialogue-2
Sara: What a beautiful beach! Just look at the water. I can hardly wait to go in.
Uncle: It is very popular. At least, it’s certainly crowded.
Roberto: We’ll see many people that we know. Hey! There’s my cousin Luis!
Sara: Really? Which one?
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Roberto: The one in the green swimming suit.
Sara: I see two guys in green. Is he the tall one or the short one?
Roberto: The tall one with black hair.
Perez: And there’s Maria, too. She’s Luis’ sister.
Sara: Which girl is she?
Roberto: The short one in the red suit, with sunglasses.
Sara: We’ll meet your whole family here today.
1. Complete the following dialogue using the expressions given below.
Hari : Hello, where are you from?
Peter : ………………………………
Hari : Your name, please?
Peter : Peter……………
Hari : Yes, my name is Hari.
Peter : ………………………..?
Hari : Walk straight for about 5 minutes. Then turn on your right…
Peter : By the way………………..?
Hari : I am a student.
Peter : Thank you very much.
Hari : …………………
a. Would you please tell me your name?
b. Not at all –
c. I’m from London –
d. It’s near Basantapur –
e. What are you –?
f. How do I get to Hanuman Dhoka?
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Receptionist : Good Morning....................
Guest :…………………………….
Receptionist : We have single, double and deluxe……………….
Guest :………………. How much is it?
Waiter :………………………….
Guest : Can you tell me in US dollar, please?
Waiter :……………………………..
Customer : That’s not bad. Thank you.
a. It’s just 7 US dollar.
b. I want to book a room, please
c. Can I help you, Madam?
d. Single is enough for me.
e. Which one would you like?
f. It’s 500 rupees per night.
Student : ……………, which lesson do we learn today?
Teacher : Well, today we learn lesson 10. Are you ready?
Student : Yes sir, …………… about?
Teacher : It’s about …………. letter. Today, I’ll tell you ……………. And
their models.
Student : Sir, would you please tell us how to write letters?
Teacher : Yes, ………… Shyam, have you written any letter?
Student : …………… Sir.
a. Listen to me carefully –
b. What is it –
c. No –
d. Excuse me –
e. different types of letters –
f. how to write
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S T A RT CHAPTER 18
T READING
ED
GE
COMPREHENSION
1. Read the passage given below and do the exercises that follow.
Beating off aggressors, whether among animals or men is not enough. Everyone
must have food to live. Here too one finds that from the tiny ants at one end of
the scale to the wolves at the other end, almost all living creatures hunt or gather
food in co-operation. Not only do wolves hunt in packs, but so do many birds.
Vultures send some of their number high up on a reconnaissance flights, just as the
air forces of both sides do in a war. When any of them spots a carcass, it acts as a
signal to the others and soon the whole flock descends on it. Pelicans go fishing
together in groups. They form a half- circle facing the shore and then close in on
the surrounded fish, very much as we sometimes see fishermen with nets do in a
creek.
A. Find words that are opposite in meaning to the following words.
a. defenders b. ascend c. non-cooperation d. living body
B. State whether the following statements are true or false.
a. Birds have also the feeling of unity.
b. Everyone must live for food only.
c. Defending is sufficient for us.
d. Vultures send some of their group to spot dead bodies.
C. Answer the following questions.
a. What is a reconnaissance flight?
b. How do pelicans fish?
c. Why is co-operation important to all?
2. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
Dhimal is one of the ethnic groups of Nepal. They do not have their written history
about their origin. They mainly live in Jhapa and Morang districts of eastern Nepal.
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Dhimals resemble with Limbu in their physical features. Their houses are made of
bamboo, straw, dry grass and mud. Their houses have thatched roofs. Usually, they
are single storied. The doors and walls of most of the houses are decorated with
painting and drawing of the sun, birds, flowers and other deities. Besides fishing
and hunting, they grow rice, wheat, maize, barley, vegetables and other crops.
Dhimal has an open society without much restriction on the relationship of young
boys and girls. The traditional marriage practices of Dhimal are Chori and Magi
marriage along with Supari Vivaha. Presently, they practice love marriage, too.
A. Write similar meaning of the following words.
a. control b. look like c. beginning d.garlanded e.currently
B. Fill in the blanks with the correct words/ phrases from the text.
a. Dhimal is one of the……..groups of Nepal.
b. Their houses have……..roofs.
c. Dhimal has an open society without much restriction on the relationship
of……….
d. Dhimals ………..in their physical features.
a. Where do Dhimal people live?
b. What do you see on the doors and walls of their houses?
c. What do they look like?
d. What are the traditional marriage practices of the Dhimals?
One of the main reasons why so many children start smoking is that they see their
seniors smoking. They think that it’s a ‘grown-up’ thing to do. Moreover, they
smoke in order to impress their friends. Quite judiciously, they are not ready to ac-
cept it when their seniors warn them about the dangers of smoking. They think if
smoking is dangerous, why do so many adults do it?
Smoking can cause cancer, bronchitis and heart disease. The nicotine inhaled from
cigarettes makes the heart beat faster and makes the arteries contract: this can
253
lead to blockages in the arteries, particularly in the legs. Cancer and bronchitis are
caused by the tar and carbon monoxide taken into the lungs. Although these harm-
ful effects are well known, people continue to smoke. Some people carry on even
after having a heart attack or a leg amputated.
A. Dispose the following sentences in the correct order based on the text.
a. Children start smoking to impress their friends.
b. They think smoking is not dangerous because so many adults are
smoking.
c. They start smoking by seeing their seniors smoking.
d. Smoking can cause dangerous diseases like cancer.
B. Write ‘T’ for the true statements and ‘F’ for the false ones.
a. Seniors teach juniors smoking.
b. Children don’t accept the idea ‘Smoking is dangerous to Health’.
c. Nicotine in cigarettes causes cancer.
d. Tar in cigarettes causes bronchitis.
a. What is the main reason of children start smoking?
b. What kind of harmful elements are found in smoking?
c. What kind of diseases that smoking causes?
d. What is the main idea of the passage?
Pygmies are a race of very small people. They live in the rain forests of Africa.
They have reddish-brown skin and very curly brown hair. Most of them have round
heads and broad faces. They also have bellies that stick out.
No one knows why pygmies are small. But as they are small, they can move round
very quickly. The colour of their skin is like the colour of the trees in the forest, so
they can hide themselves very easily.
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Pygmies use small bows and arrows to hunt wild animals in the forest. They eat
berries, mushrooms, roots and nuts. They love honey.
Pygmies enjoy their home in the forest. They know that the forest gives them all
they need. It gives them cloths, food and safe place to stay. They do not harm the
forest in any way.
A. Write similar meaning of the following words.
a. tiny b. adore c. wide d. woods
e. entertain f. damage
B. Note down T for true and F for false statements.
a. Pygmies are Europeans.
b. They are not yet civilized.
c. They live on wild fruits and nuts.
d. They have damaged most of the forest they live in.
e. They dislike honey.
a. Who are pygmies?
b. Where do they live?
c. What is their occupation?
d. What is their food?
e. How is the forest helpful to them?
Why do people feel bored? It is usually because their minds are not occupied, they
have nothing to focus on or take an interest in. Some people are never bored; they
can always find something to interest them. If they have to wait a long time for
a bus they might amuse themselves by playing a game. For example, they might
count the number of people passing by who wear glasses or the number of people
wearing something red or, those wearing both glasses and something red. In the
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countryside, people might look at the sky and notice how the shape of the clouds
is constantly changing, or listen to different kind of sounds made by birds. If you
are bored, you can occupy yourself with something interesting, like a hobby, or to
do something worthwhile and useful, like helping your mother.
A. Write similar meaning to the given words below.
a. curiosity b. uninterested c. always d. inhabit
e. filled f. village
B. Find meanings that are opposite to the following meanings.
a. disturbing b. distract c. rarely d. emptied
C. Write true or false for the following statements.
a. Every person in the world usually feels bored.
b. People sometimes listen to the sound of birds for amusement.
c. Counting the number of people wearing something red is also a game.
d. We feel bored when our minds are occupied.
D. Answer the following questions.
a. What happens when we have nothing to take an interest in?
b. Why do some people count the number of people at the bus stop?
c. How it is interesting to notice the cloud in the sky?
d. What is the worthless job mentioned in the passage?
e. What is the best way to avoid boring?
f. Why are some people never bored?
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) is a chorionic, life threatening
condition caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). By damaging your
immune system, HIV interferes with your body’s ability to fight the organisms that
cause disease.
256
HIV is a sexually transmitted infection. It can also spread by contact with infected
blood, or from mother to child during pregnancy, child birth. There is no cure for
HIV/AIDS. However, there are medicines that can show the progression of the
disease.
The symptoms of HIV/AIDS depend on the phase of infection. The majority of
people infected develop a flu-like illness within a month or two after the virus
enters the body. The illness known as primary HIV infection may last for a few
weeks. Possible symptoms are fever, muscle soreness, rash, headache, joint pain,
diarrhea, etc.
A. Write ‘T’ for true and ‘F’ for false statements.
a. HIV damages our immune system.
b. Primary HIV infection may last for a few years.
c. HIV is not transmitted by infected blood.
d. Headache is one of the symptoms of HIV/AIDS.
B. Figure out the words from the above text having the following
meanings.
a. a state of being pregnant
b. to pass something from one person to another
c. change in our body that shows we are not healthy
d. the process of developing gradually from one stage or state to another
a. What does HIV stand for?
b. How does HIV get transmitted?
c. Write any three symptoms of HIV?
d. How does HIV interfere on our body?
257
7. Read the following passage and answer the questions given below.
The famous traveller and discoverer, Sir Walter Raleigh who lived during the reign
of Queen Elizabeth was the first man to indulge in the habit of tobacco-smoking in
England. He brought back tobacco with him from the newly discovered continent
of America and introduced the use of it in Europe. One day, he sat smoking in his
garden when a servant passed by carrying a pail of water. The man had not yet
heard of his master’s strange habit and glancing at him, he saw a cloud of smoke
and thought his clothes must have cloud of smoke and thought his clothes must
have caught fire. Being a man of great quickness and presence of mind, he rushed
up to his beloved master, and raising a pail of water threw the contents over him,
and without waiting for thanks fled away far.
A. Find the words that are similar to the following words.
a. stayed b. found out c. swiftness d. ran away
B. Write ‘T’ for the true and ‘F’ for the false statements.
a. Sir Walter Raleigh was a famous scientist.
b. He brought back tobacco from Europe.
c. His servant saw a cloud of smoke over his master.
d. The servant who was carrying a pail of water poured all over him.
a. Who was Sir Walter Raleigh?
b. Where did he bring tobacco from?
c. What was he doing in the garden?
d. What did his servant see?
e. What did his servant
258
8. Read the newspaper text given below and do the activities that follow.
Study in Singapore
At Hamsdale Management School
Business Administration
Patisserie, Food Preparation & Cooking
Food & Beverage
Hotel &Resort Management
3 to 6 months Internship
DIPLOMA BACHELOR MASTER
After 1 year can Apply for Internship in Australia
Venue: Dynamic Office
Date: Today Wong Wai Mum
Time: 11 AM to 5 PM Academic Manager
NEPAL REPRESENTATIVE
DYNAMIC UNIVERSE
Education Plus Immigration Service Pvt. Ltd.
Putalisadak, KTM, Tel:4417831, 4438103, Fax: 00977-1-4220161
Email:dynamicuni@wlink.com.np, URL: www.dynamic.edu.np
A. Choose and copy the best answer.

a. The advertisement is about…… (applying for study/applying for job/
applying for migration)
b. The management school offers courses on……..degrees. (bachelor/
master / both)
c. The name of the organizer’s office is…… (Dynamic Universe/Singapore/
Nepal Immigration Office)
259
B. State whether the following statements are true or false.
a. This is a notice.
b. Dynamic Universe is the name of the company.
c. There is diploma course, too.
a. What is the name of the organization that has advertized?
b. What does the organization do?
c. What subjects are taught in Hamsdale Management School?
d. What is the time and venue for application?
9. Read the advertisement and answer the questions given below.
Vacancy Announcement
Nepal CRS Company, the pioneer of social marketing in the country
(promoting family planning and health related products for the last 3
decades) seeks a suitable candidate to fill the position of Marketing Office.
The applicants should possess:
MBA/MBS from reputed University
FMCG Marketing experience
Salary: Negotiable.
Equal Opportunities:
Nepal CRS Company is committed to being an equal opportunity employer
and welcomes applications irrespective of gender and race.
Candidates for the above must be Nepali citizens
Eligible candidates are required to apply with hand-written application
including testimonials, passport size photograph, CV and contact address to
the Managing Director, Post Box 842, Kathmandu on or before 19th March
2010.
Nepal CRS Company
Gongabu, Kathmandu, Nepal
Only short-listed candidates will be invited for written test and interview.
260
A. Find the closest words in meaning to the following words.
a. innovator b. communicated c. regardless
B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate words from the advertisement.
a. CRS Company is serving in the field of …..
b. There will be no bias in selection according to ……..
c. The applications should be addressed to …………
a. How long has the company been running?
b. What are the academic qualifications required to apply for the post?
c. What is the deadline for the applications?
d. Why can’t all the applicants get the opportunity to sit in the written test and
interview?
10. Read the advertisement and answer the following questions.
Job Opportunity
Shubhakamana Prakashan Samuha, a leading publishing house in
Nepal wishes to appoint qualified, energetic and dedicated personnel for the
following position:
Post: Office Assistant (two)
Academic qualification and other requirements:
• Proficiency certificate level / + 2
• Good Knowledge of computer operation
• Excellent in correspondences (Both in English and Nepali)
Interested candidates may send their application together with detailed CV,
two copies of passport size photo, references and expected salary. Female
are encouraged to apply.
Applications should be arrived to the following address by 19th February
2007.
The Administrative Department
Shubhakamana Prakashan Samuha
Soaltee Mode, Kalimati, Kathmandu
P.O. Box 2450
Only short listed candidates will be invited for the interview.
261
A. Find meanings that are similar to the following words.
a. primary b. competent c. inspired d. employ
B. Fill in the gaps with suitable words from the above advertisement.
a. The candidate should be brilliant …….. in Nepali and English.
b. The publishing house in located at ………..
c. Shubhakamana Prakashan Samuha is a …………in Nepal.
a. What are the requirements besides the academic qualifications?
b. What type of person is the publishing house seeking?
c. What are the things that a candidate should enclose along with the
application?
d. What is the deadline for submitting applications?
262
CHAPTER 19
IRREGULAR VERBS
Simple Past Past participle

be was, were been
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
bend bent bent
bet bet bet
bite bit bitten
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
dig dug dug
do did done
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
263
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen
get got gotten
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lit lit
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
quit quit quit
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
264
say said said
see saw seen
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
shake shook shaken
show showed shown
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
split split split
spread spread spread
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
swim swam swum
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
wear wore worn
win won won
write wrote written
265
CHAPTER 20
REGULAR VERBS
Infinitive Past Past Infinitive Past Past

participle participle
accept accepted accepted last lasted lasted
act acted acted learn learned learned
achieve achieved achieved like liked liked
admire admired admired link linked linked
advise advised advised list listed listed
affect affected affected listen listened listened
agree agreed agreed live lived lived
amaze amazed amazed locate located located
amuse amused amused look looked looked
answer answered answered love loved loved
appear appeared appeared manage managed managed
arrange arranged arranged mark marked marked
arrive arrived arrived match matched matched
ask asked asked measure measured measured
attack attacked attacked mention mentioned mentioned
bake baked baked miss missed missed
behave behaved behaved move moved moved
believe believed believed name named named
belong belonged belonged need needed needed
blame blamed blamed note noted noted
borrow borrowed borrowed notice noticed noticed
bother bothered bothered number numbered numbered
call called called offer offered offered
cancel canceled canceled open opened opened
266
carry carried carried order ordered ordered
cause caused caused organize organized organized
celebrate celebrated celebrated pack packed packed
clean cleaned cleaned paint painted painted
clear cleared cleared pamper pampered pampered
climb climbed climbed pardon pardoned pardoned
close closed closed park parked parked
compare compared compared participate participated participated
compete competed competed pass passed passed
complete completed completed perform performed performed
contain contained contained persuade persuaded persuaded
continue continued continued pick picked picked
cook cooked cooked plan planned planned
correct corrected corrected play played played
cough coughed coughed please pleased pleased
count counted counted practice practiced practiced
crash crashed crashed predict predicted predicted
create created created prefer preferred preferred
cross crossed crossed present presented presented
curse cursed cursed program programmed programmed
change changed changed protect protected protected
chase chased chased provide provided provided
chat chatted chatted purchase purchased purchased
check checked checked push pushed pushed
damage damaged damaged rain rained rained
dance danced danced receive received received
date dated dated recommend recommended recommended
decide decided decided relate related related
deliver delivered delivered relax relaxed relaxed
depend depended depended release released released
describe described described remember remembered remembered
267
design designed designed repair repaired repaired
destroy destroyed destroyed repeat repeated repeated
dicrease dicreased dicreased resist resisted resisted
die died died rest rested rested
disagree disagreed disagreed return returned returned
discover discovered discovered review reviewed reviewed
discuss discussed discussed sail sailed sailed
disturb disturbed disturbed save saved saved
dress dressed dressed scan scanned scanned
dry dried dried scare scared scared
eliminate eliminated eliminated share shared shared
end ended ended shop shopped shopped
enjoy enjoyed enjoyed shout shouted shouted
entertain entertained entertained skate skated skated
excuse excused excused ski skied skied
exercise exercised exercised slow slowed slowed
exhibit exhibited exhibited sneeze sneezed sneezed
expect expected expected snow snowed snowed
express expressed expressed solve solved solved
film filmed filmed spell spelled spelled
fill filled filled start started started
fish fished fished step stepped stepped
fix fixed fixed stop stopped stopped
follow followed followed stress stressed stressed
freeze freezed freezed study studied studied
fry fried fried substitute substituted substituted
greet greeted greeted suggest suggested suggested
guess guessed guessed surprise surprised surprised
hail hailed hailed talk talked talked
handle handled handled taste tasted tasted
happen happened happened terrorize terrorized terrorized
hate hated hated thank thanked thanked
268
help helped helped touch touched touched
hope hoped hoped travel traveled traveled
hunt hunted hunted try tried tried
identify identified identified tune tuned tuned
ignore ignored ignored turn turned turned
imagine imagined imagined underline underlined underlined
impress impressed impressed use used used
improve improved improved vary varied varied
include included included wait waited waited
increase increased increased walk walked walked
interview interviewed interviewed want wanted wanted
introduce introduced introduced warn warned warned
invite invited invited wash washed washed
jog jogged jogged watch watched watched
join joined joined water watered watered
jump jumped jumped welcome welcomed welcomed
knock knocked knocked wish wished wished
label labeled labeled witness witnessed witnessed
land landed landed work worked worked
wrestle wrestled wrestled worry worried worried
269
CHAPTER 21
ANTONYMS
Word Antonym Word Antonym

above below danger safety
abroad home dark bright
absent present dawn dusk
accept refuse day night
active passive deep shallow
add subtract depth height
admit deny die live
adult child difficult easy
alive dead dim bright
all none dry wet
allow refuse dwarf giant
always never early late
arrive depart foe friend
asleep awake foolish wise
back front foreign local
backwards forward forget remember
bad good friend enemy
barren fertile full vacant
beautiful ugly future past
before after generous selfish
begin end give receive
bent straight give take
best worst graceful awkward
certain uncertain guilty innocent
270
cold hot handle mishandle
come go happy sad
comedy tragedy hard easy
comfort disturb hard soft
comfortable uncomfortable head tail
common uncommon heavy light
coward hero hell heaven
cowardly bold help hinder
create destroy here there
cry laugh hide show
high low polite rude
hill valley poor rich
humble proud popular unpopular
husband wife possible impossible
in out powerful weak
include exclude praise blame
increase decrease probable improbable
indifferent interested proper improper
inner outer public private
inside outside punish reward
insult praise pupil teacher
interested bored pure impure
interesting dull quick slow
joy sorrow raw cooked
judge misjudge spell misspell
junior senior teach learn
kind cruel teacher student
knowledge ignorance these those
271
lazy industrious thick thin
lead follow trust doubt
least greatest truth lie
leave arrive under over
lend borrow unusual ordinary
like unlike up down
lock unlock upset comfort
necessary unnecessary vacant occupied
obey command valuable worthless
obtain give victory defeat
pardon punish wide narrow
part whole win lose
past future wise foolish
peace war within without
polite impolite work rest
villain hero wrong right
war peace yes no
young old
272
CHAPTER 22
SYNONYMS
Words Synonyms
amass accumulate, collect, build up, gather together
angry mad, indignant, cross, irate
appear come into sight, emerge, come out, show, materialize
artificial synthetic, false, man-made, fake, imitation
ask enquire, demand, query
asleep fall asleep, go to sleep, get to sleep, drift off, nod off
assured certain, guaranteed, secure, sure, confident
basis foundation, base, bedrock
beat batter, pound, pummel, lash, hammer
beautiful pretty, attractive, lovely, good-looking, gorgeous
become get, go, turn
beneficial helpful, useful, value able, advantageous, positive, favorable,
constructive
big large, great, huge
bill statement, account, invoice, tab, check
biologically geographically, physically, purely
call cry out, exclaim, blurt, burst out
campaign battle, struggle, drive, war, fight
care caution, prudence, discretion, wariness
certain bound, sure, definite, assured
cheap competitive, affordable, reasonable, inexpensive
cheat fool, deceive, betray, trick, con
check examine, inspect, go over something
cheerful bright, cheery, jolly, merry, in a good mood
273
choice favorite, preference, selection, pick
clean wash, rinse, cleanse, dry-clean, bathe
dirty dusty, filthy, soiled, grubby
discourteous rude, ill-mannered, impolite, insolent, unmannerly
discussion conversation, dialogue, talk, consultation, chat, gossip
disease illness, disorder, infection, condition, ailment, bug
disgusting revolting, foul, repulsive, offensive, gross, nauseating
dot mark, spot, blotch
dub call, name, christen, nickname, hail as, give the name
err make a mistake, go wrong, blunder
essential vital, crucial, critical, decisive, indispensible
examine review, study, take stock of, survey
example case, instance, specimen, illustration
excellent outstanding, prefect, superb, marvelous, exceptional
excited ecstatic, elated, rapturous, euphoric, exhilarated
expensive costly, overpriced, pricey, dear
explode go off, burst, erupt, rupture, implode
frighten scare, alarm, intimidate, startle
fun pleasure, good time, enjoyment, great time
funny amusing, entertaining, witty, humorous, comic, hilarious
glad happy, pleased, delighted, thrilled, overjoyed
glittering impressive, sparkling, dazzling, splendid, magnificent
gorgeous beautiful, stunning, elegant, attractive, striking, good-looking
gradually progressively, slowly, steadily, step by step
great cool, fantastic, fabulous, terrific, brilliant, awesome
hit knock, bang, strike, bump, bash
hold cling, clutch, grip, grasp, clasp, hang on
honest frank, direct, open, outspoken, straight, blunt
hurt ache, burn, sting, tingle, throb
274
identify recognize, discern, distinguish
interesting fascinating, compelling, stimulating, gripping, absorbing
interview interrogation, audience, consultation
label tag, sticker
land lot, ground, space, plot
language vocabulary, terms, wording, terminology, usage
leftover available, to spare, to play with, over, extra, free, surplus
lid top, cork, cap, plug, stopper
mad crazy, nuts, batty, out of your mind, not in your right mind
main major, key, central, principal, chief, prime,
make create, develop, produce, generate, form
mark satin, streak, speck, blot, smear, spot
material fabric, cloth, textile
nervous neurotic, edgy, on edge, jittery, nervy, highly strung
notice note, detect, observe, witness, perceive
old elderly, aged, long-lived, mature
option choice, alternative, possibility
plentiful abundant, copious, plenteous, overflowing, bountiful, ample
plight dilemma, troubles, predicament, difficulty, quandary, scrape
poor disadvantaged, needy, deprived, penniless, poverty-stricken
pressure stress, tension, strain,
price cost, value, expense, worth
primitive prehistoric, ancient, primordial, primal
prisoner hostage, captive, detainee, prisoner of war
product goods, commodity, merchandise, produce, wares
report description, story, account, version
resume recommence, start again, begin again
return come back, go back, get back, turn back
rich wealthy, prosperous, affluent, well off, comfortable
275
right correct, true, accurate, exact
rude insolent, impertinent, impolite, discourteous
satisfaction happiness, contentment, fulfillment, glee
satisfying happiness, contentment, fulfillment, glee
save rewarding, pleasing, gratifying, fulfilling
shine excel, stand out, be good at, polish, burnish, buff
shine gleam, glow, sparkle, glisten, shimmer, glitter, twinkle, glint
shock horrify, disgust, sicken, repel, revolt
shout yell, scream, cheer, cry, call
shrewdly astutely, cannily, craftily, sensibly
sight view, vision
sign indication, symptom, symbol, indicator, signal
signify mean, indicate, show, imply
sit sit down, be seated, take a seat, perch
speedily quickly, promptly, soon, hastily, hurriedly, rapidly, swiftly
supplement add, pass, supply
unlock undo, release, let loose, open
urge advise, advocate, support, insist on
varies differs, contrasts
276

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Dyanamic English Grammar and Composition-6

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DYNAMIC

Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd.

Book: Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book- 6

Author : Krishna Prasad Regmi

I am thankful to Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd. for their encouragement, co-

12. SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION............................................163-175

13. SUBJECT VERB AGREEMENT.................................................176-185

16. REPORTED SPEECH...............................................................222-235

18. READING COMPREHENSION.................................................252-262

19. IRREGULAR VERBS.................................................................263-265

20. Regular Verbs ...................................................................266-269

21. Antonyms .............................................................................270-272

22. SYNONYMS .............................................................................273-276

Read the following text.

Answer these questions based on the given text.

Reproduce these words after your teacher.

Grammar Focus: Different Type of Nouns

Grammar Focus: Countable and Uncountable Nouns

advice air alcohol apple art beef blood

Grammar Focus: Singular and Plural Nouns

ch beach-beaches inch-inches match-matches watch-watches

dynamo-dynamos studio-studios photo-photos tattoo-tattoos piano-pianos

buffalo-buffaloes potato-potatoes echo-echoes tomato-tomatos

beauty-beauties fairy-fairies cherry-cherries family- curry-curries

chimney- kidney-kidneys donkey-donkeys monkey- guys-guys

calf-calves life-lives elf-elves loaf-loaves half-halves

chef-chefs chief-chiefs reef-reefs cliff-cliffs

dwarf-dwarves handkerchief-handkerchiefs/ves hoof-hooves

axis-axes goose-geese cactus-cacti louse-lice crisis-crises

a bottle a glass a jug a cup a packet a jar

a loaf a slice a carton a can a bottle a bowl

a kilo a bar a bar a piece a piece a piece

a ______ of bread a ______ of bananas a ______ of sugar

a ______ of paper a ______ of grapes a ______ of Pepsi

a ______ of pizza a ______ of toothpaste a ______ of cereal

a ______ of lightning a ______ of advice a ______ of soup

a ______ of cards a ______ of gasoline a______of margarine

a ______ of soap a ______ of milk a______of beer

1. Anmol is eating a peach.

2. Lal flew a kite in the park.

3. The clock was broken.

4. Mr. Jubal corrected the test.

5. Six dogs ran across the sidewalk.

6. Mohan is reading an exciting book about plants.

7. Nina painted a pretty picture.

8. Sabina played the guitar.

9. Gupta answered the question correctly.

11. Krishal munched on cookies.

12. Hichan drove her car to work.

13. Salt is a popular spice.

14. Oranges provide a great source of vitamin C.

15. The house is on Kings Street.

16. Dina played with her brother.

17. He rides bicycle very carefully.

18. Dambar and his friends chased the robbers.

19. There were no bottles in the fridge.

20. Fish Burger at Burger King is yummy.

1. Monkey sat on the tree. _________________

2. The house caught fire. _________________

3. The dog barked at the fox. _________________

4. The bush has white rose. _________________

5. The fox ate a corn. _________________

6. The clock was ticking. _________________

7. The girl is playing with doll. _________________

a of bread a of bananas a __ of sugar

a of paper a of grapes a __ of Pepsi

a of pizza a of toothpaste a __ of cereal

a of lightning a of advice a __ of soup

a of cards a of gasoline a__of margarine

a of soap a of milk a__of beer