Dyanamic English Grammar and Composition-5

DYNAMIC
ENGLISH GRAMMAR
&
COMPOSITION
5
Author
Krishna Prasad Regmi
Edited by
Balaram Sharma
TU Topper in English Education (M.ED)
M.Phil with scholarship award (UGC)
Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd.

Kathmandu, Nepal
Published by:
Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd.
Kathmandu, Nepal
URL: www.shubharambhapublication.com
E-mail: shubharambha.publication@gmail.com
www.facebook.com/shubharambhapublication
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-5
Author: Krishna Prasad Regmi

Layout Design: Ram Malakar
Copyright ©: Publisher
New Edition : 2077
© : Publisher
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted by means (electronic,
photocopying, recording or otherwise) without prior written permission from the
publisher. Any breach of this condition will entail legal action and prosecution.
Printed in Nepal
Preface
Dynamic English Grammar and Composition has been designed according to the
new English Curriculum prescribed by the Curriculum Development Centre. The
series comprises of ten textbooks from grade one to grade ten. The present book is
an amalgamation of survey of rules, structures and forms presented in lucid modern
English and illustrated with numerous examples.
The aim of this book is to bring about a change in teaching and learning English
grammar and composition-a change that will enable the learners to use grammar in
context using both inductive and deductive approaches to develop four language skills
immensely. Practice in composition tasks will help to develop the learner’s writing skills.
It will encourage to writing their own thoughts, ideas and feelings.
This new edition contains huge examples and their application to communicative
approach that will increase the quality learning of English grammar. It is thought that
this change will improve the standard and acceptability of the book and I will consider
the attempts fruitful if students find the book fruitful.
I have left no stone unturned for the meaningful presentation of subject matter to
make it reader friendly. Detailed description of grammatical structures and adequate
exercises on them, plenty of guided and free writing composition with enough practice
questions, an adequate amount of vocabulary related sections and as much as necessary
self study materials have been presented in the following chapters.
I am thankful to Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd. for their encouragement,
co-operation and help in preparing this book.
At last, I would like to assure all the concerned teachers, students and readers that
constructive comments and suggestions shall be tremendously appreciated and
incorporated in the upcoming edition.
The Author
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. PARTS OF SPEECH...................................................................................6-15
2. NOUNS.....................................................................................................16-34
3. PRONOUNS.............................................................................................35-49
4. ARTICLES................................................................................................50-62
5. ADJECTIVES...........................................................................................63-77
6. ADVERBS................................................................................................78-88
7. SENTENCES..........................................................................................89-101
8. VERBS .................................................................................................102-118
9. QUESTION TAGS................................................................................119-127
10. TENSE.................................................................................................128-151
11. VOICE.................................................................................................152-159
12. REPORTED SPEECH........................................................................160-168
13. PREPOSITIONS.................................................................................169-184
14. CONJUNCTIONS..............................................................................185-194
15. STORY WRITING..............................................................................195-198
16. PARAGRAPH WRITING...................................................................199-201
17. ESSAY WRITING..............................................................................202-210
18. LETTER WRITING............................................................................211-214
19. READING COMPREHENSION........................................................215-220
20. IRREGULAR VERBS........................................................................221-223
21. REGULAR VERBS............................................................................224-228
22. ANTONYMS......................................................................................229-230
23. SYNONYMS......................................................................................231-232
Phonetic Symbols
Consonant Sounds Vowel Sounds
Symbols Words Symbols Initial Medial Final Spelling
/k/ s king, pick, cat /i: / O{ eat meat see ee, ea, ie, eo, e, ei
/g/ u gate, ghost /I/ O it sit city i, u, o, e, y, a
/ŋ/ ª sing, sink /e/ P egg pen - e, ie, ea, ue
/tƒ/ r chair, match /æ/ of act man - a
/dʒ/ h jug, judge /a: / cf arm large car a, ear, ar
/z/ h is, zoo, balls /ə/ c ago perfect the a
/ʒ/ h genre, /ʌ/ c up but - o, u, ou, u, oe
pleasure,
garage
/t/ 6 tree, mat /ʒ: / cM earth bird sir ir, ur, er, ear
/d/ 8 do, middle /ɒ/ cf] on hot - o, a, ow
/ø/ y thank, with /ɔ: / cf]M all ball saw a, aw, au
/ð/ b those, breathe /ʊ / p - book - u, ou, o, oo
/n/ g nose, man /u: / pm ooze move two o, oo, wo, ue, ou
/p/ k pot, map Diphthongs
Symbols Initial Medial Final Spelling
/f/ km fan, potato, /eI/ PO eight same say a, ay
laugh
/b/ a bag, bulb /aI / cfO{ ice might sky uy, igh, ie, y, eye
/v/ e van, save / ɔI/ cf]O{ oil voice boy oy, oi
/m/ d man, same / Iə/ Oc ear real here ear, eer, ere
/j/ o yak /ʊə/ pc - influence poor our, ocr, ure
/r/ / red, carry /eə/ Pc area chair rare air, ear, ere, eir,
are
/l/ n late, sell /aʊ / cfp out loud cow o, ow, ew
/w/ j walk / əʊ/ cp old home go ou, ow
/ʃ/ z shoes, sugar,
wish, chef
/s/ ; sun, miss
/h/ x house, yahoo
S T A RT
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PARTS OF SPEECH Chapter
Read the following text.

Charlie Chaplin was one of the greatest actors in the world. His
entertaining silent movies are still popular today. His amusing
character “Little Tramp” is well known to people throughout the
world. Chaplin had an amazing life. His idea for this poor character
in worn-out shoes, round hat, and cane probably came from his
childhood experiences.
Born in poverty in London in 1889, Chaplin was abandoned by his father and
left in an orphanage by his mother. He became interested in acting at the age of
five. At ten, he left school to travel with a British acting company. In 1910, he
made his first trip to America. He was talented, athletic, and hardworking, and
by 1916 he was earning $10,000.
Do In the given text, the coloured words represent different parts of
you speech. Nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, conjunctions,
Know? prepositions and interjections are eight parts of speech in English.
Speaking Practice
Answer these questions based on the given text.
a. Who is the greatest actor in the world?
b. How was he?
c. What is the word class of the word ‘greatest’?
d. What is the word class of the word ‘come’ and ‘still’.
e. What is the word class of the word ‘in’ and ‘and’?
Quick Tip
Each word in the text has different function. A noun is a naming word. A pronoun
is used instead of noun to avoid repetition of nouns. An adjective qualifies or
describes nouns and pronoun. A verb states an action. All the words in English
are divided into mainly eight types of classes. They are called parts of speech.
6
Dynamic English Grammar & Composition Book-5
Grammar Focus: Parts of Speech
Nouns
Adverbs Verbs
Interjections Pronouns
Conjunctions Adjectives
Prepositions
Look at the following table.
Parts of Speech
Adverb Adjective
Noun An adverb is a word Verb
An adjective is a A verb is a word that
that describes a verb, word that describes
A noun is a word that adjective, or another shows action or state
names a person, a noun or a pronoun. of being. The action
adverb. Adjectives tell how
place, thing, or idea. may be physical or
many, what kind, or mental.
Examples: Examples: which one.
Person: girl How: prefectly
When: yesterday Examples: State of being:
Place: school happy five am are was
Thing: toy Where: here
To what extent: strong this Action:
Idea: joy more green run think dream
completely
Pronoun Conjunction Interjection Preposition

A pronoun is a word A conjunction is a An interjection is a A preposition relates
that takes the place word that joins words word that expresses a noun or pronoun to
of a noun. or groups of words. emotion or strong another word in the
feeling. sentences.
Examples: Examples:
I me and so Examples: Examples:
us they but while Uh-oh! Ow! about beside
we he for or Whew! during in
you that Oh no!
neither yet Wow! Yuck! across over
them who either because Hey! Yeah! from with
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Noun
Diya is an ugly woman who has five children.
On Tuesdays, Mary likes to go to the museum to see the exhibits.
I can hear the wind blowing outside my window.
Shankar is a boy who plays the piano and guitar very well.
Nepal is an Asian country.
Can you see the ice forming on the windows because of the cold?
I bought a car of white colour.
Birth and death are universal for us.
Quick Tip
The coloured words in the given sentences are nouns. They name person,
place, thing and abstract ideas.
Pronoun
I am a regular customer of my best food drumstick.
We have painted our house blue.
He has trimmed his hair.
She called her sister for breakfast.
It has a long history.
They have their own house in Kathmandu.
You like your father, don’t you?
Quick Tip
The coloured words in the given sentences are pronouns. They are used
instead of nouns to avoid repetition.
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Adjective
He is a tall, handsome and clever boy.
I have a beautiful tiffin box.
In a big mountain lived a giant frog.
The brave soldiers fought the fierce battle.
He has got ten books, eight copies and two pencils.
Sunday is the first and Saturday is the last day of a week.
My sister has an oval face and blue eyes.
Red and purple are my best colour.
Quick Tip
The coloured words in the given sentences are adjectives. They are
describing or qualifying words about nouns or pronouns.
Verb
Last year I bought a new watch but I lost it.
There was a lot of noise at the disco last night.
How many students were there in your class last year?
The weather was not very nice last month, but it will be good next month.
The students are writing a composition.
He is not working because it is saturday today.
What do you do after dinner every evening?
He speaks Chinese but he does not speak Japanese.
Quick Tip
The coloured words in the given sentences are verbs. They are action
words. They indicate actions, events or state of affairs.
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Adverb
Where do you usually spend your summer vacation?
You always eat more slowly.
You listen to the story carefully.
This isn´t the dictionary that we generally use in class!
He works well and speaks to everyone politely.
I really must do it today.
I parked my car in the garage.
Quick Tip
The coloured words in the given sentences are adverbs. They add more
information about place, time, manner, cause or degree to a verb, an
adjective or another adverb.
Preposition
I mistook that woman for an assistant.
You have to translate the article into English.
The soldier was excused from duty.
We congratulated her on passing test.
We have a day off on Saturday.
Many people were killed in an earthquake in 2072.
My school starts at 9:30 am.
Divide this cake between you two.
The rich man distributed the sweets among the poor children.
Quick Tip
The coloured words in the given sentences are prepositions. They are
words used before nouns or pronouns to show place, position, time or
method.
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Conjunction
The football match was cancelled because it was raining.
I didn’t enjoy the film as it was about ghost.
My father went to hospital since he had a bad headache.
She scored highest mark because of her hard work.
I don’t have enough money therefore/ so I can’t afford this product.
I went to market to/ in order to buy some books.
He chooses biology so that he can become a doctor.
He went to China for business exhibition.
When she pressed the button, the machine started working,
I met the boy while he was walking along the road.
We have to wait him until/ till he comes here.
As soon as he came to house, he went to bathroom.
As long as we were in the bus, we slept.
Quick Tip
The coloured words in the given sentences are conjunctions. They are
words that join words, phrases, clauses and sentences.
Interjection
Great! Let´s do that.
Hello! Fancy being here! What a surprise!
Good, news! I feel great.
Hurry up! I don’t want to risk missing the train.
Wow! That was a great job!
Bravo! We have won the match.
Alas! His father died.
Oh! Look out.
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Ouch! That must have hurt.
Hurray! We won!
Hey! I said enough!
Quick Tip
The coloured words in the given sentences are interjections. They are
words or phrases used to express an emotion.
Listening Practice
Reproduce these words after your teacher.
Types Examples
woman, mountain, city, ocean, country, building, dog, airline,
house, ocean, bird, photograph, banana, eyes, light, sun, dog,
Noun
suitcase, flowers, bed, cat, movie, train, country, book, phone,
match, speaker, clock, pen
I, we, you, she, he, it, they, me, us, you, her, him, it, them,
my, our, your, her, his, its, their, mine, ours, yours, hers, his
Pronoun
its, theirs, myself, ourselves, yourself, herself, himself, itself,
themselves
happy, sad, old, young, adult, hard, soft, lonely, strong, dull,
intelligent, easy, difficult, good, bad, honest, obedient, silly,
Adjective
friendly, brave, angry, smart, handsome, stupid, foolish, empty,
few, full, heavy, many, numerous, abundant
abnormally, absentmindedly, accidentally, actually,
adventurously, afterwards, almost, always, annually, anxiously,
arrogantly, awkwardly, bashfully, beautifully, bitterly, bleakly,
Adverb blindly, blissfully, boastfully, boldly, bravely, briefly, brightly,
briskly, broadly, busily, calmly, carefully, carelessly, certainly,
cheerfully, clearly, cleverly, closely, commonly, continually,
correctly
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is, are, was, were, has, have, had, used to, could, would, must,
do, does, did, can, may, gaze, started, prepared, climb, hurt,
Verb went, climbed, made, pulled, let, eat, play, go, sing, dance, cry,
copy, swell, smear, pollute, complete, arrive, wrote, jumped,
brought
on, in, through, behind, for, beneath, against, beside, over,
during, without, abroad, across, among, against, around, at,
Preposition
between, behind, below, by , inside , into, after , to , about , at,
since ,while, under, over
for, and, but, after, before, than, until, although, how, though,
when, as if, till, while, because, since, unless, why, either…
Conjunction or.., neither..nor…, so, but, so that, so..that…, despite, in spite
of, as…as.., yet, as long as, if, however, because of, whenever,
nor, or
Ah!, Alas!, Dear!, Eh!, Er!, Hello!, Hey!, Hi!, Hmm!, Oh!,
Interjection
Ouch!, Uh!, Well!
ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Write the parts of speech of the following underlined words.
1. Do it now.
2. I always do my homework
3. I will see you then.
4. We sometimes get confused.
5. They will be here soon.
6. The perfume smells sweet.
7. I feel bad about what happened.
8. The sweet smell of roses has no match.
9. He will be back on the tenth.
10. Take your plate off the table.
11. Cut the pie into six slices.
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12. We talked to him.
13. She invited him to be her guide.
14. The teacher tried to elicit a discussion about the novel.
15. Yesterday, Binisa laid my jacket on the hood of the car.
16. The sheep had a baby lamb.
17. When I tripped over the rock, I bruised my left knee.
18. I intended to call you yesterday but I forgot.
19. I am saving money because I am planning to visit the USA.
20. We visit the temple so that we can worship there.
ASSESS YOURSELF 2
Write the parts of speech of the following underlined words.
1. He usually gets good grades.
2. She rarely eats a big breakfast.
3. They told me yesterday.
4. My waiter brought a bottle of cold water.
5. The blind dog was found near the wooden bridge.
6. Large tigers and powerful cats are found in Asia.
7. I saw a fox with a long bushy tail.
8. The weather was windy but pleasant.
9. Our football team wore blue shirts.
10. “Do not walk on the wet floor!” shouted the grumpy caretaker.
11. Madhu played with his plastic train.
12. The generals were working in the conference room.
13. I was getting dressed when you called me up this morning.
14. He sent some candy to his sister.
15. He bought some flowers for his wife
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ASSESS YOURSELF 3
Choose any fifteen words from the following text and write their parts of
speech.
Antelopes are mammals with hooves and hollow horns.

There are about 100 species of antelopes. They live in
Africa and Asia. Antelopes range in size from the tiny
royal antelope, which stands about 25 cm, to the giant
eland, which weighs as much as a car!
Most antelopes live in herds. Some live in forests, and
others live on open plains. They nibble on plants for food. Some graze on grass.
Others eat leaves and fruit from bushes and trees.
Almost all antelopes are shy. They rely on speed for safety. When they spot
danger, they run away. Many antelopes use their speed and jumping ability to
avoid hungry predators, like lions and hyenas.
Vocabulary in Use
Complete the following sentences with ‘effect’ and ‘affect’.
1. The _____of the antibiotic on her infection was surprising.
2. I did not know that antibiotics could _____ people so quickly.
3. His sickness has _____ many people in the company.
4. Losing her hair did not _____ her as much as her friends had expected.
5. What was the _____ of his promotion?
6. His decision _____ everyone here.
7. We had to _____ a reduction in costs.
8. The critics greatly _____ his thinking.
9. How were you able to _____ such radical changes?
10. That book had a major _____ on his philosophy.
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S T A RT
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NOUNS Chapter
Read the following story.

The Golden Egg
There lived a farmer named Thakur in a village in Nepal.
He was very dedicated to his house, farm and advertising
work. He had tamed, cow, buffalo, goat, sheep, dog and a
cat. He also had a horse and a parrot. Whatever he earned
was enough to fulfill his needs. He had many servants to
look after all those animals. Ram, Roman, Humakanta,
Laxman, Dikshya, Rachana, Binod and Sabina were his
servants. All those boys and girls were hard working, too.
Every month, he used to travel to different villages and cities to sell his products
like ghee, butter, curd, milk, cheese, etc. He also used to sell paddy, wheat,
rice, millet, corn and other grains. He generally sent his products in Pokhara,
Biratnagar, Manang, Mustang, Nepalgunj and even in Kathmandu. He made
a lot of money.
One evening, after returning from work, Thakur was hungry. He heard a hen
clucking outside. He asked one of the servants to catch the hen. With a little effort
the servant was able to catch the hen. Before he killed the hen, it squeaked, “Please
do not kill me.” If you spare my life, I will lay a golden egg everyday for you.
Thakur nodded in agreement.
The next morning, he found a golden egg lying outside his house and the hen
sitting beside it. He did not reveal this incident to any of his servants and friends,
fearing that others would catch the hen.
From that day onwards, Thakur took good care of the hen. Very soon, Thakur
became very rich. He sold all his animals and advised the servants to find new jobs
as he did not require them anymore.
One day, his greed made him think “If I cut the hen’s stomach, I can get out all
the golden eggs at once. I do not have to wait for the hen to lay the golden eggs
one by one.”
That night, he brought the hen to kitchen and killed it with a stick. But to his
16
dismay, he found no golden eggs. Not even one. “What have I done? My greed had
made me kill the hen,” he wailed. But it was too late.
Moral: Greed ruins us.
Do In the story given above, the coloured words are nouns. They
you are naming words. They are words denoting a person, place,
Know? animal, thing, group, quality or action.
Speaking Practice
Answer these questions based on the given story.
a. What was the name of the farmer?
b. What animals had the farmer tamed?
c. Who were his servants?
d. What products did he use to sell?
e. What grains did he use to sell?
f. Where did he send his products?
g. What was clucking outside?
h. How many golden eggs did he find?
Listening Practice
Reproduce these words after your teacher.
Name of Animals and Birds: cow, buffalo, goat, sheep, dog, cat, horse, parrot,
hen
Name of Persons: farmer, Thakur, Ram, Roman, Humakanta, Laxman, Dikshya,
Rachana, Binod, Sabina, servants, boys, girls, friends
Name of Things: ghee, butter, curd, milk, cheese, paddy, wheat, rice, millet, corn,
grains, stick
Name of Places: Pokhara, Biratnagar, Manang, Mustang, Nepalgunj, Kathmandu,
kitchen, house, villages, cities, Nepal, house, farm
Abstract Things: greed, life, need, night, work, day, evening, incident, job, money,
month, morning
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Grammar Focus: Types of Nouns
Noun Type Examples
Common Nouns name people, places woman, mountain, city, ocean, country,
or things that are not specific. building, dog, airline
Proper Nouns name specific people, Laxmi Prasad, Mount Everest, North
places, or things. Sea, Nepal, Kathmandu, City Mall
Abstract Nouns name nouns that you love, wealth, happiness, pride, fear,
can’t perceive with your five senses. religion, belief, history, communication
house, ocean, Uncle Mohan, bird,
Concrete Nouns name nouns that you
photograph, banana, eyes, light, sun,
can perceive with your five senses.
dog, suitcase, flowers
bed, cat, movie, train, country, book,
Countable Nouns name nouns that you
phone, match, speaker, clock, pen,
can count.
David, violin
Uncountable Nouns name nouns that milk, rice, snow, rain, water, food,
you can’t count. music
tablecloth, eyeglasses, New York,
Compound Nouns are made up of two
photograph, daughter-in-law, pigtails,
or more words.
sunlight, snowflake
Collective Nouns refer to things or bunch, audience, flock, team, group,
people as a unit. family, band, village
Singular Nouns name one person, cat, sock, ship, hero, monkey, baby,
place, thing, or idea. match
Plural Nouns name more than one cats, socks, ships, heroes, monkeys,
person, place, thing, or idea. babies, matches
Grammar Focus: Common and Proper Nouns

Read the following sentences.
My name is Kamal. I am a boy.
I live in Pokhara. It is a city.
My house is nearby Talbarahi. It is a temple.
Sonia lives with me. She is a girl.
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George also lives with me. It is a dog.
I was born in March. It is a month.
My favourite poet is Laxmi Prasad Devkota.
My favourite colour is red.
My best friend is Krishna.
I like to read The Himalayan Times. It is a newspaper.
I speak Nepali fluently. It is a language.
In the above sentences, boy, city, temple, girl, dog, month,

Do poet, colour, friend, newspaper and language are common
you nouns. The words like Kamal, Pokhara, Talbarahi, Sonia,
Know? George, March, Laxmi Prasad Devkota, Red, Krishna, The
Himalayan Times and Nepali are proper nouns.
Now let’s read the following list of common and proper nouns.
Common Noun Proper Noun
animals dog, cat, horse, cow, ox, George, Tony, Rani, Gajuwa, Kali,
and buffalo, tiger, parrot Apsara
birds
days day Sunday, Monday, Tuesday,
Wednesday
languages language English, Chinese, Dutch, Hebrew,
Japanese
months month January, February, March, April,
June
newspapers newspaper The Himalayan Times, The
Kathmandu Post
people man, woman, teacher, doctor, Kamal, Kamana, Mr. Rai,
boy, girl, actor, actress Mr. Regmi, Dr. Sharma, Hem, Diya,
Rajesh Hamal, Karisma Manandhar
places city, village, district, river Kathmandu, Barpak, Gorkha,
Budhigandaki
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Quick Tip
Common Nouns name people, places or things that are not specific.
They begin with capital letter only if they are used as the subject in a
sentence. Proper Nouns name specific people, places, or things. They
are always written in capital letter.
Instant Practice
Underline the nouns in the following sentences and write P for proper and C
for common nouns.
P C
1. Bhaktapur is a holy City.
2. French is a difficult language.
3. January is the first month of year.
4. Sunday is the first day of a week.
5. Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon.
6. Mr. K. P. Oli is an honourable man.
7. Orville and Wilbur Wright of the USA invented the airplane.
8. Rabindranath Tagore was given the Nobel Prize for his Gitanjali.
9. Saleem asked me whether I could drive the car.
10. The coach asked Rehan if he could swim.
11. Mercedes is my favourite car.
12. Bir Hospital is the oldest hospital in Nepal.
13. Tribhuwan University is the oldest university in Nepal.
14. Mango is one of my favourite fruits.
15. December is the last month of a year.
16. Peacock is a beautiful bird.
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17. George is our favourite dog.
18. Mr. Regmi is our English teacher.
19. Nikhil Upreti is an actor.
20. Lumbini is a holy temple.
Instant Practice
Write a common noun for these groups of words.
Proper Noun Common Noun
Kathmandu, Pokhara, Biratnagar, Lalitpur, city
Birgunj
Shakespeare, Devkota, Bhanubhakta, Moti Ram
Sony, Sabina, Diya, Nima, Bina, Monika
Tony, Tsring, Dinesh, Bikash, Nirmal
Honda, Yamaha, Shine, Pulsar, Apache
Dashain, Tihar, Chhath, Id, Teej, Holi
Red, Blue, White, Yellow, Green, Purple
Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Saturday
Veda, Geeta, Bible, Quran
Whale, Shark, Dolphin, Rohu
Mahendra Highway, Araniko Rajmarga, Prithvi
Highway
China, Nepal, India, Pakistan, Japan, Bhutan
Rasuwa, Dhading, Gorkha, Nuwakot, Bhaktapur
Mt. Everest, Mt. Annapurna, Mt. Dhaulagiri,
Mt. Kanchanjunga
Nepali, Urdu, Hindi, French, Dutch, Newari,
Bhojpuri
Cancer, Tuberculosis, Diabetes, Gonorrhea, AIDS
21
Nepali, English, Science, Social, Computer,
Mathematics
2070, 2071, 2072, 2073, 2074, 2075
Christmas, Mother’s Day, April Fool’s Day, Labour
Day,
Bahubali, Padmawat, 3 Idiots, Gajini
Grammar Focus: Countable and Uncountable Nouns

Countable Nouns
Countable nouns are those which can be counted. It can be both singular and
plural.
speaker room bench thermometer table chair
We can use article ‘a’ or ‘an’ with singular countable nouns.
an orange a boy an elephant a watch an ant a banana
Uncountable Nouns
Uncountable nouns are those which cannot be counted. They do not take any
articles.
water bread juice tea coffee beer
Uncountable nouns are always singular.
Water is our life. Coffee is my favourite drink. Beer is a drink.
Here are some more countable nouns:
Uncountable Nouns Examples
Food and Drinks milk, rice, bread, pasta, beef, pork, fruit, sugar, salt, flour,
cheese, butter, tea, honey, jam, oil, juice, water, wine, tea,
coffee, etc.
Thinking or Feeling knowledge, faith, freedom, beauty, courage, help, advice,
knowledge, information, humour, guilt, grief, love, fun,
curiosity, aggression, etc.
Everyday Things education, mail, sand, hair, oxygen, oil, sugar, water,
heat, time, business, equipment, dirt, homework, dust,
garbage, etc.
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Diseases Cancer, AIDS, syphilis, cholera, gastritis, leukemia,
measles, mumps, polio, swine flu, tuberculosis, etc.
Gases Oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, air, phosphorous, etc.
Free time nature, leisure, travel, chess, art, poetry, literature, yoga,
applause, etc.
Instant Practice
Write C for countable and U for uncountable for the following underlined
nouns.
1. Water is drawn from this well by the villagers.
2. Tea bushes are grown on mountain slopes.
3. Silk worms are reared on mulberry trees.
4. Salt is mined in the Khewra salt mines.
5. The referee showed him the yellow card.
6. The painter made a large portrait of the captain.
7. A cold wind was blowing.
8. The fire was burning brightly.
9. Typhoid can be quite dangerous.
10. There is crimson in the cupboard.
Write whether the following nouns are countable or uncountable in the
correct column.
wood, smoke, air, water, furniture, homework, student, accommodation, luggage,
monkey, love, hate, beauty, intelligence, mumps, paralysis, desk, hair, fire,
cupboard, book, hand, soap, toothpaste, toast, jar, kettle, paper, pepper, salt, ghee,
gas, gas stove, window, thread, calculator, sand, ink, ice-cream, kerosene
Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns
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Grammar Focus: Singular and Plural Nouns
Singular nouns
Nouns can be singular or plural. When we are talking about just one thing or person,
we use a singular noun. For example:
apple, cat, dog, watch, book, mobile, ball, door, knife, bed, ox,
Singular Nouns
country, chair, bike
When we are talking about more than one thing or person, we use a plural noun.
For example:
apples, cats, dogs, watches, books, mobiles, balls, doors,

Plural Nouns
knives, beds, oxen, countries, chairs, bikes
Quick Tip
Words called articles or determiners are used to signal nouns. For
example: a palace, a river, an easy chair, an idea, two books, three trees,
some water, etc.
Formation of Plural Nouns

We add-es to nouns ending in-ch, -s, -sh, -ss, and-x.
Words
Add Example
ending
-es ch beach-beaches inch-inches match-matches watch-
watches
s bus-buses octopus- syllabus- virus-

octopuses syllabuses viruses
sh dish-dishes brush-brushes thrush-thrushes bush-bushes
ss boss-bosses dress-dresses glass-glasses kiss-kisses
x six-sixes box-boxes fox-foxes tax-taxes
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-s/es -o dynamo- studio-studios photo-photos tattoo-
dynamos tattoos
buffalo- potato- echo-echoes tomato-
buffaloes potatoes tomatoes
hero-heroes tornado- mosquito- torso-
tornadoes mosquitoes torsos
-ies -y beauty- fairy-fairies cherry-cherries family-
beauties families
curry-curries diary-diaries spy-spies duty-duties
-s -y chimney- kidney-kid- donkey- monkey-
chimneys neys donkeys monkeys
guys-guys toys-toys jersy-jerseys key-keys
-ves -f calf-calves life-lives elf-elves loaf-loaves
half-halves sheaf-sheaves knife-knives thief-thieves
leaf-leaves wife-wives
-s -f/fe chef-chefs chief-chiefs reef-reefs gulf-gulfs
roof-roofs giraffe- safe-safes cliff-cliffs
giraffes
-s/ -f dwarf- handkerchief- hoof-hooves
ves dwarves handkerchiefs
scarf-scarfs/ turf-turfs/ wharf-wharfs/
ves turves wharves
 We change the vowels of some nouns to make them plural.
axis-axes goose-geese cactus-cacti louse-lice crisis-crises

mouse-mice oasis-oases fungus-fungi tooth-teeth
 We add –en or –ren.
ox-oxen child-children
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 Some nouns have same singular and plural forms.
advice, knowledge, aircraft, music, baggage, news, cattle, offspring, cod,

scenery, deer, series, fish, sheep, furniture, species, information
Instant Practice
Fill in the following table with correct singular and plural nouns.
Singular Plural Singular Plural
boy fly
girls buffaloes
child family
oxen bushes
cow bus
brushes knives
copy life
tables thieves
chair half
palaces wolves
bull scarf
dresses leaves
wife man
calves feet
shelf room
loaves women
mouse tooth
geese workmen
louse statesman
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Instant Practice
Change the following underlined nouns from plural to singular.
Their lives were being made unbearable by black swarms of mosquitoes from
the grove of mangoes/mangos – not to mention the pack of gaunt wolves and the
gang of elves that attacked through the roofs of the derelict buildings. The pack
brought with it terrible strains of bacteria that came from several inland zoos.
Still, throughout these crises, the survivors clung to hope.
Grammar Focus: Abstract Noun

I do not have the strength to walk any further.
Humans have intelligence.
Always speak the truth.
Honesty is the best policy.
Knowledge is power.
Happiness is the ultimate goal of life.
Quick Tip
The words like strength, intelligence, truth, honesty, knowledge,
happiness and life are abstract nouns. Abstract noun is a noun that
refers to an idea or general quality. It does not talk about physical
object. If we cannot see or touch things, the nouns are abstract. They
name our emotion or idea.
Some abstract nouns in English
cruelty bravery strength courage life death

poverty youth happiness sadness illness love
justice truth education knowledge peace friendship
hate anger sympathy music freedom fright
Instant Practice
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Use the following words in your own sentences.
a. peace
b. success
c. love
d. failure
e. death
f. life
Grammar Focus:Collective Noun

Collective nouns are words for groups of people, animals or things. These are
nouns for groups of people. Many collective nouns can be used with a singular or
plural verb.
Here are more collective nouns that are used for groups of people, animals or
things.
a band of musicians a brood of chickens a flight of steps
a school of fish a team of players a bunch of keys
a class of pupils a collection of books a deck of cards
a fleet of ships a flock of sheep a gaggle of geese
a gang of robbers a herd of cattle a litter of cubs
a pod of whales a pack of wolves a pride of lions
a set of stamps a swarm of bees a troupe of actors
a band of robbers an army of soldiers a blush of boys
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Instant Practice
Use the following words in your own sentences.
g. a flock of sheep
h. a hive of bees
i. a colony of ants
j. a flight of birds
k. a board of directors
Grammar Focus: Gender Nouns

Masculine nouns are words for men and boys, and male animals. Feminine nouns
are words for women and girls, and female animals.
Masculine Feminine
boy girl
man woman
prince princess
steward stewardess
waiter waitress
bride bridegroom
hen rooster
king queen
Instant Practice
Write the missing gender of the following gender nouns.
1. king ______________ (feminine)
2. daughter ______________ (masculine)
3. aunt ______________ (masculine)
4. bull ______________ (feminine)
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5. lady ______________ (masculine)
6. uncle ______________ (feminine)
7. son ______________ (feminine)
8. madam ______________ (masculine)
9. fox ______________ (feminine)
10. hostess ______________ (masculine)
ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Write down the plural form of the following nouns.
animal _________
book _________
boy _________ buffalo _________
bull _________
child _________
church _________
city _________
copy _________
doctor _________
dress _________ family _________
farmer _________ fly _________
half _________
king _________
knife _________
lion _________
loaf _________
louse _________
man _________ mobile _________
mouse _________
ox _________
scarf _________
singer _________
statesman _________ student _________
tooth _________
wife _________
workmen _________ scissors _________
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ASSESS YOURSELF 2
Fill in the blanks with the correct feminine pair you can find in the box.
duck bee tigress vixen peahen lioness
ewe hen cow goose mare deer
1. fox __________________________
2. peacock ______________________
3. bull __________________________
4. lion __________________________
5. deer _________________________
6. drone ________________________
7. gander _______________________
8. stallion _______________________
9. cock _________________________
10. drake ________________________
11. tiger _________________________
12. ram __________________________
ASSESS YOURSELF 3
Change the following words into abstract nouns.
kind _________ able _________
child _________ born _________
die _________ happy _________
friend _________ honest _________
sad _________ brave _________
intelligent _________ loyal _________
angry _________ beautiful _________
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ASSESS YOURSELF 4
Look at the given pictures and write them in proper column.
Mother Cat College
Laxmi Prasad Devkota Birds Ramayana
Parrot Lord Krishna Man
Teacher Samsung Mobile Jesus Christ
Market Ratna Park Bishal Bazaar
Sita Doctor Farmer
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Common Noun Proper
ASSESS YOURSELF 5
Read the following text and complete the table given below.
An amphibian lives on land or in the water.
Amphibians are vertebrates, or animals
with backbones. Amphibians were the
first vertebrates to appear on land. The
early amphibians were the ancestors of all
reptiles, birds and mammals. Frogs and
toads characterize the first while salamanders
and newts represent the second group of
amphibians. Caecilians make the third group.
Some adult amphibians live only on land. Other species live only in the water.
Most amphibians, however, spend at least part of the time on land and part in the
water. They live in the areas between fresh water and dry land or in regions that
have plenty of dew and moisture.
Amphibians do not have hair or feathers. The skin absorbs water and oxygen.
The skin of most amphibians is moist. In most species, if the skin dries up, the
animal soon dies. The skin’s protective properties include the ability to change
colour. This can help the animal hide from enemies by appearing to be a part of its
surroundings. At other times, parts of the amphibian’s skin may become brightly
coloured as a warning for enemies to keep away.
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Amphibians usually have flat, wide skulls. Although amphibians have teeth, the
frogs, toads and salamanders do not chew their food. They use their long, flexible
tongues to capture their prey, which they then swallow whole.
Singular Countable Noun Plural Countable Noun Uncountable Noun

amphibian amphibians water
Vocabulary in Use
Complete the following sentences with ‘there’ and ‘their’.

1. _____ is a mouse in my closet!
2. I can’t wait to see the looks on _____ faces when I tell them the truth.
3. I wonder if they’re planning to go shopping _____with us.
4. The children went upstairs to play after clearing _____ plates at dinner.
5. It’s _____ decision, so I’ll just stay out of it.
6. I’m concerned about _____ being out so late at night.
7. I believe Alisa left her glasses over _____.
8. You should have seen the shock in _____ eyes when I won the award.
9. _____ is a telephone down the hall.
10. It’s _____truck; I’m just borrowing it for the day.
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S T A RT
T
3
ED
GE
Chapter
PRONOUNS
Read the following description.

Alisha tapped her foot impatiently while she waited for her mother to decide. Her
mother seemed to be taking an age. First she had to turn the oven on and then she
decided the sink needed cleaning.
Alisha waited patiently, but she could not help drumming her fingers upon the
table. Alisha stopped after one sharp glance from her mother.
Just when it looked as if her mother might decide, Alisha’s brother Arun
wandered in, with his friend Tej. The two boys got the fridge straightened. They
didn’t even glance at Mrs. Rai. It seemed as if they had not even seen her.
“Who said you could help yourselves?” snapped Mrs. Rai. The boys grinned
shamefacedly.
“But we are starving,” moaned Arun. Tej looked embarrassed. He hadn’t
bargained to mingle with an irritated mother on the stalk.
She fixed the children with one of her famous looks and, with a sharp intake
of breath, launched into what turned out to be a force eight blast of irritation
that had brewed over the last few weeks. They deserved it and they knew it.
Alisha stared at her shoe caps and toed the carpet.
Do The words in bold letters are pronouns. They are used in place
you of nouns. They are used to avoid for unnecessary repetition of
Know? noun in writing.
Speaking Practice
Answer these questions based on the given description.
a. Who is speaking in the description?
b. Why is ‘she’ and ‘her’ used instead of Alisha?
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c. Who does ‘her’ refer to in the description?
d. Who does ‘his’ refer to in the description?
e. Who does ‘she’ refer to in the description?
f. Who does ‘it’ refer to in the description?
g. Who does ‘they’ refer to in the description?
h. Who does ‘yourselves’ refer to in the description?
Quick Tip
A pronoun is an identifying word used instead of a noun and inflected in
the same way nouns are. It is a word that takes the place of a common
noun or a proper noun. There are different kinds of pronouns.
Listening Practice
Repeat these pronouns after your teacher.
SUBJECT OBJECT POSSESSIVE POSSESSIVE REFLEXIVE
PRONOUS PRONOUNS ADJECTIVES PRONOUNS PRONOUNS
1st PERSON I me my mine myself
2nd PERSON you you your yours yourself
3rd PERSON
he him his his himself
(MALE)
3rd PERSON
she her her hers herself
(FEMALE)
3rd PERSON it it its its itself
1st PERSON
we us our ours ourselves
(PLURAL)
2nd PERSON
you you your yours yourselves
(PLURAL)
3rd PERSON
they them their theirs themeselves
(PLURAL)
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Instant Practice
Underline pronouns in the following sentences.
1. I have lost my umbrella.
2. He’s my son Krishal. He studies in grade one.
3. We’ve lost our car.
4. I am on my way to home.
5. You have to do your work yourself.
6. I don’t want to wait you any longer.
7. I might be late. You can go yourself.
8. It is nice I saw you again.
9. We should work hard for ourselves.
10. He cut his finger himself.
Grammar Focus: Different types of Pronouns
Personal
Demonstrative Possessive
Pronoun
Indefinite Interrogative
Reflexive
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1. Personal Pronouns: (I, me, he, him, she, her, it, we, us, they, them)-refer to
specific persons or things
Krishala ate pizza. She was hungry.
The word “she” is a personal pronoun that refers to “Krishala.”
2. Possessive Pronoun: (my, mine, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, our, ours, their,
theirs)- show ownership, but they never have an apostrophe.
Those are his pencils.
The word “his” is a possessive pronoun showing that he owns the pencils.
3. Reflexive Pronouns: (myself, himself, herself, itself, themselves)-personal
pronouns that have “-self” or “selves” added to the end.
Krishna finished the homework himself.
The reflexive pronoun is “himself” referring to Krishna.
4. Indefinite Pronouns: (someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, each, either, none,
both, many, few, several, one, everyone, no one, either, neither, each)-pronouns
that do not refer to a specific person or thing.
Someone stole my wallet.
The word “someone” is the indefinite pronoun taking the place of the name of
the person who stole the wallet.
5. Demonstrative Pronouns: (this, that, these, those) distinguish one or more
nouns referred to in the sentence.
These lemons are bitter.
The word “these” is a demonstrative pronoun.
6. Interrogative Pronoun: (who, whom, what, which, whose)- used to ask a
question
Which caps are mine?
The word “which” is an interrogative pronoun.
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Instant Practice
Underline pronouns in the following sentences.
1. She said that she was looking forward to seeing him and me at the airport.
2. He and I have been good friends since second grade.
3. If you don’t mind my asking, why are you so angry?
4. My friend, unlike me, is very artistic.
5. Please talk to Durga or me next time if you have a concern.
6. Do you want to ask her or me?
7. None of the doctors have been able to figure out what is wrong with her or
me.
8. She is as stubborn as he is, but they are sister and brother.
9. I weigh more than he.
10. I would rather work with Rajan than with her.
11. It is us who deserve credit for this company’s third quarter profits.
12. It’s shameful that he killed his father himself.
13. His complain just made everyone else more frustrated.
14. My friend and I will stop by on our way to the bakery.
15. You can help him or me but probably not both of us.
16. We regret to inform you that your son is dead.
17. My boss and I will pick up where they left off.
18. When the horse kicked its legs, the rider bounced off and landed in the lake.
19. Your friend told his friend that my friend is sick.
20. The argument he gave had its merits.
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Grammar Focus: Use of Pronouns
Personal pronouns are those that refer to person or thing. Personal pronouns are
of three types. They are subjective, objective and possessive pronouns. Let’s
see the following table:
Person Subjective Objective Possessive Examples
P1 P2
First I me my mine First persons are the person
Person we us our ours speaking.
My name is Lal. I am a boy.
We live in Kathmandu. Our
city is polluted.
Second you you your yours Second persons are the persons
Person we are speaking to.
What are you eating? What is
your name?
Third she her her hers Third persons are the persons
Person he him his his being spoken to.
it it it its She is Farina. Her sister is a
they them their theirs doctor.
He is Kaman. His brother is a
teacher.
It is a key. Do you need it?
They are refugees. Their life
is miserable.
Subject Pronouns: I, we, you, she, he, it, they
My name is Krishna. I am a teacher.
Bhrikuti is a smart girl. She lives in the village.
Krishal is an intelligent boy. He lives in Kathmandu.
Bhrikuti and Krishal are students. They are junior students.
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Quick Tip
Subject pronouns are used as the subject of the sentences before a verb.
Object Pronouns: me, us, you, him, her, it, them

I telephoned Dina last week. I conveyed her message.
Kabindra came here yesterday. I gave him some money.
I met Jubal and Urban on the way. I gave them invitation card.
A fox killed a cat. A tiger killed it.
Quick Tip
Object pronouns are used as the object after a verb and preposition.
Possessive Pronouns: my, mine, our, ours, your, yours, his, her, hers, its, their,
theirs
This is my book and that is yours.
His house is in the village and hers is in Kathmandu.
Their school is far but our school is near.
They are doing their work and we are doing our work.
Quick Tip
Possessive pronouns are used as the belongingness of something. They
come with or without noun. They give us information on ‘whose’:
41
Reflexive Pronouns: myself, himself, herself, itself, themselves
I stitched this fabric myself.
She called herself a liar.
He painted the wall by himself.
The wall broke down itself.
Tony, do these exercises yourself.
Quick Tip
Reflexive pronouns indicate the reflection of the action to the subjects.
The actions done by the subjects reflect upon the subjects. They are also
called self pronouns.
Interrogative Pronouns: who, whom, what, which, whose, when

Who is your best friend?
Whom do you live with?
What is she doing now?
Which is the best way to solve this problem?
Quick Tip
Interrogative pronouns are used to ask a question.
Demonstrative Pronouns: this, that, these, those

This is my classroom.
That is our school canteen.
These are my books.
Those are oranges.
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Quick Tip
Demonstrative pronouns are used to distinguish one or more nouns
referred to in the sentence.
Indefinite Pronouns: someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, each, either, none,

both, many, few, several, one, everyone, no one, either, neither, each.
Someone has stolen my pen.
Either of the boys is noisy.
Both of them are lazy persons.
Everyone enjoys the nature.
Each door is of different paint.
Quick Tip
Indefinite pronouns are used to give general information about the
subject. They do not refer to a specific person or thing.
Grammar Focus: Replacing Nouns with Pronouns

Alina studies in grade five. Alina lives in Kathmandu. I like Alina very much.
Alina studies in grade five. She lives in Kathmandu. I like her very much.
Aman is a boy. Aman plays football. I saw Aman in the park yesterday.
Aman is a boy. He plays football. I saw him in the park yesterday.
Mina and Sarita are sisters. Mina and Sarita love travelling. I took Mina and
Sarita Pokhara.
Mina and Sarita are my sisters. They love travelling. I took them Pokhara.
I bought a pen yesterday. The pen writes well. I lost the pen in school.
I bought a pen yesterday. It writes well. I lost it in school.
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Instant Practice
Replace the underlined parts with suitable pronouns.
1. Sonam is a student. Sonam is a naughty boy. Sonam’s sister is better than
Sonam.
2. Binod and Abiral are walking. Binod and Abiral have carried bags.
3. Dinesh has lost Dinesh’s pen. Dinesh had kept Dinesh’s pen on the table.
4. This gorgeous grand piano is tuned to piano’s perfection. Do you want the
piano?
5. Manoj thinks before Manoj speaks and Manoj will be glad for the things Manoj
never said.
6. Kamal needed a pity party after Kamal lost Kamal’s job.
7. I opened the door with a key. The key is in the drawer.
8. The cats you have are well behaved. The cats love fish very much.
9. Labish is a boy. Labish has a brother. Labish lives in Kathmandu. Labish’s
father is a teacher.
10. Sarmila is a pretty girl. Sarmila’s father is a farmer. Sarmila’s father has a farm
house.
ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Fill in the blanks with correct personal pronouns.
Anil : If _____ said to _____now, ‘What does Mahib look like?’ _____
probably wouldn’t be able to give as good description as _____
could.
Pramod : Oh yes, _____ could.
Anil : All right then. What does _____look like?
Pramod : No, _____ describe _____ to _____ and _____’ll tell _____ if
_____’re right.
Anil : Well, _____’s quite tall, over six feet. And _____’s thin.
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Pramod : Well, yes, _____ suppose so.
Anil : Well, in proportion with his height, and _____’s got fairly short
black hair,
Pramod : Not very short.
Anil : Well, perhaps _____’s grown since I saw _____.
Pramod : _____’s short as opposed to long.
Aniil : _____couldn’t tell _____ what colour his eyes were.
ASSESS YOURSELF 2
Fill in the blanks with correct pronouns.
1. Ram asked ______what ____name was. (his, me, our)
2. Dina and Mina are best friends. _____help each other. (We, They)
3. _____are going on vacation. (I, We)
4. Don’t tell _____ that _____ can’t go with _____. (me, you, us, him, I)
5. _____who says _____ won’t be fun has no clue what _____are talking about.
(He, it, we)
6. _____are terribly steep stairs. (This, These)
7. _____ran into each other at the mall. (You, We)
8. _____ is one of the nicest Italian restaurants in town. (It, These)
9. I have a friend in Kathmandu. _____is very tall. (He, It)
10. As soon as____ reached there, ____ sent a message to ____. (he, us, they, it)
11. They asked _____ and _____ to join the staff. (he, him, I, me)
12. _____ call was for _____, not _____. (I, me, he, him, This, That)
13. You didn’t tell _____ that _____ were here first. (they, them, we, us)
14. _____wonder what _____ could have said to _____. (I, me, she, her, he, him)
15. A message arrived for _____ and _____. (he, him, she, her)
45
ASSESS YOURSELF 3
Fill in the blanks with correct relative pronouns.
1. The festival, ______ lasted all day, ended with a banquet.
2. I am looking for someone ______ can watch my dog while I go on vacation.
3. The police needed details______ could help identify the robber.
4. I’d like to take you to a café ______ serves excellent coffee.
5. The clubhouse, in ______ the dance was held, housed about 200 people.
6. You can choose one person, ______ you like, to share the tour with you.
7. I saw the shoes ______ you bought last week on sale for less this week.
8. The winners, ______ are known, will receive money and other prizes.
9. This is the place ______ we met.
10. The baby, ______ nap had been interrupted, wailed loudly.
11. The lady ______ made your dress is waiting outside.
12. I saw the dog ______ ate the cake.
13. We did not know the tune ______ had been playing.
14. Mrs. Gurung ______owns a pie shop, is waiting outside.
15. I rode my bike______ now had two flat tyres, back home.
ASSESS YOURSELF 4
Underline indefinite pronouns in the following sentences.
1. Does anybody have the time?
2. All are welcome to our house for thanksgiving.
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3. Tom doesn’t have any money.
4. Michael passed his card to another.
5. Each brought a dessert to share.
6. Anyone can see what’s going on here.
7. Alice couldn’t hear anything at the concert.
8. Everything is going as planned
9. Everyone clapped when the movie ended.
10. Many missed the bus.
11. No one admitted to knocking over the base.
12. One could see the tornado forming from miles away.
13. Several turned out for the concert.
14. Somebody rang the doorbell.
15. Hema gave her ticket to someone.
ASSESS YOURSELF 5
Fill in the blanks with this, that, these and those.
1. ______was my mother’s ring.
2. ______looks like the car I used to drive.
3. ______ are nice shoes, but they look uncomfortable.
4. ______ look like riper than the apples on my tree.
5. ______ was such an interesting experience.
6. Are ______our shoes?
7. You’ll have to get your own pen. ______ is mine.
8. There is no end to ______.
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9. Is ______ yours?
10. Please give me one of ______.
11. ______ are nice-looking cars.
12. ______is me speaking from the USA.
ASSESS YOURSELF 6
Fill in the blanks with correct reflexive pronouns.
1. I _______ am tired of all this rain.
2. You _______ are to blame for this confusion.
3. The president _______wrote me a letter.
4. We _______cooked the cake.
5. The dog _______opened her fridge raider.
6. The boys_______ led the entire team to victory.
7. Janak decided to reward _______ with a dinner out.
8. Sabina pours a cup of tea for _______ every morning.
9. I _______ will conduct today’s meeting.
10. The roof fell _______ in the morning.
ASSESS YOURSELF 7
Fill in the blanks with correct pronouns.
Niraj is a reckless young man. In _____mission to make money, _____changes
many people, including the employees of _____ own company. There is no
excuse for _____ rude behaviour on _____ part. Most people are really annoyed
with _____ while other people think that _____ is a mad person. _____ target
48
is to sell goods worth one million a month. Some employees feel that _____
is an impossible task. The main reason is much dissatisfaction among
the employees. All ____workers wanted to go on strike and on two occasions
_____ nearly succeeded. The workers like get _____ problems solved. _____
want an increase in ______ salary and allowances. ______ also want to decrease
____ working hours so that _____ can spend some time with _____ family and
friends. But ____ is impossible thing to happen. _____company is going through
_____ worst phase because of _____ factors. What is the solution of _____problem?
Do _____know?
Vocabulary in Use
Complete the following sentences with ‘advice’ and ‘advise’.

1. Aman is always happy to offer ____ if you ask him for it.
2. The lawyer _____ him to plead guilty.
3. I would strongly_____ you to start saving your money.
4. They are impressed with the level of _____ they received from you.
5. Sara always takes my ____ to heart.
6. We ____ the city council that the deadline was uncertain.
7. Lorin knows she can always go to her best friend for ____.
8. Don’t give ____ that you’re not willing to follow yourself.
9. Rajesh has a bad habit of offering natural _____.
10. I ______you to meet her once.
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Chapter
ARTICLES
Read the following story.

There was a dog that lived near a river. One
day, the dog was feeling very hungry. So,
he stole a bone from a butcher’s shop. The
butcher chased the dog but he could not catch
the dog. The dog held the bone firmly in its
mouth. He came to a bridge near the river. He
began to cross the bridge with the bone, very
carefully. When he reached the middle of the
bridge, he saw his own reflection in the water. He thought that it was an old enemy.
Surprisingly he noticed a bone in the enemy’s mouth. On seeing it, the dog wished
to get that bone as well. Quite annoyed at the other dog, he barked at the reflection.
Alas! The bone fell into the water. What an idiot the dog was!
Do The coloured words a, an and the in the above given

you story are articles. They are demonstrative adjectives. There are
Know? two types of articles in English. They are indefinite ‘a’ ‘an’ and
definite ‘the’.
Speaking Practice
Answer these questions based on the given story.
a. What are the words that are countable?
b. What are the words that are uncountable?
c. Does the word ‘bridge’ start with vowel or consonant?
d. Does the word ‘idiot’ start with vowel or consonant?
e. Is the word ‘bone’ singular or plural?
f. What is the difference between ‘a dog’ and ‘the dog’?
50
Listening Practice
Repeat after your teacher.
A AN THE NO ARTICLE
a book an onion the moon some water
a cap an igloo the sun some money
a bag an elf the bible five liter milk
a student an ice pad the flute two spoonful salt
a chair an angry man the first last Saturday
a cat an inkstand the Himalayan Times black hair
a mouse an inkpot the sky white colour
Grammar Focus: Indefinite Article: A/An

 A/AN is used before singular countable nouns. It gives general
information about a noun.
I have bought a pencil today.
He is a boy.
She is a girl.
He is a teacher.
He eats an egg every day.
He gave me an orange.
My father bought me an umbrella.
 A/AN is used before consonant and vowel sound not the letter.
Give me a unique pen.
My brother is in a unified team.
Have you seen a ewe?
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They have formed a union.
Mr. Regmi is an honourable person.
I spent an hour there in the meeting.
Son is an heir of father.
Look at the following table.
Vowel Vowel Sounds Consonant Sounds
A an apple, an applicant, an application,
an astronaut, an airplane, an aimless
person, an ant, an ATM machine
E an elephant, an emperor, an engine, an a ewe, a euro, a European, a
enemy, an exercise, an entrepreneur, Eurasian
an elf, an eagle
I an ink pot, an intelligent person, an
interview, an inn, an illusion, an
inkstand, an idea
O an onion, an orange, an open space, an a one rupee note, a one eyed
obedient student, an owl, an omelet, man, a one legged man, a one
an old man, an original document handed girl, a one way ticket
U an umpire, an ugly person, an a unique pen, a university student,
unhappy boy, an unseen passage, an a uniform, a user manual, a
unimportant person, an unnecessary useful room, a unanimous plan
talk
 Some letters like ‘H’ takes both ‘a’ and ‘an’.
H is not silent H is silent
a habitat an heir
a haft an heiress
a hairbrush an heirloom
a hairdresser an honest broker
a hairdryer an honour
a half hourly bus an honourable person
a hamstring injury an hour
52
Instant Practice
Fill in the gaps with ‘a’ or ‘an’.
_____ abhorrence feeling _____ eagle _____ story
_____ octopus _____ ball _____ hall
_____ doll _____ island _____ note
_____ letter _____ bank _____ car
_____ able bodied man _____ earring _____ iron
_____ orange _____ flute _____ uniform
_____ lovely flower _____ irritant _____ guitar
_____ abortive military coup _____ glass ____ bamboo chair
_____ good film _____ easy chair _____ vulture
_____ couple _____ urn _____ U-Boat
 A/AN is not used before plural and uncountable nouns.
Milk is good for our health.
Beer is a drink.
Water flows down.
Do you like to drink juice?
Fire and water do not agree.
Bread and butter is my best food.
Snow melts when the temperature is increased.
Cows are domestic animals.
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Quick Tip
Articles are used if uncountable nouns are measured in quantity.
a glass of water a cup of tea a pouch of oil a pail of water

a sack of rice a bottle of wine a can of juice a packet of salt
a kilogram sugar a pouch of milk a jar of water a bottle of ghee
Instant Practice
Fill in the gaps with ‘a’ or ‘an’ where necessary.
_____ ugly girl _____ icebox _____ illustrator
_____ beautiful house _____ good person _____ image
_____ organization _____ ice dancer _____ early riser
_____ new flat _____ ideal person _____ earthworm
_____ ultimatum _____ smart boy _____ easy chair
_____ ultrasound scan _____ comfortable room _____ editor
_____ unanimous vote _____ idiot _____ educationist
_____ unused car _____ unique person _____ lecturer
_____ unasked question _____ idol _____ carpenter
_____ unaware person _____ ignorant person _____ mason
Grammar Focus: Definite Article: THE

THE is used before:
 the object or group of objects is unique or considered to be
unique.
the earth the sea the sky the equator the stars
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 a noun which has become definite as a result of being mentioned a second
time.
I bought a pen yesterday. The pen writes well.
He gave me a watch. The watch is made in Japan.
There is a car. The car is red.
 a noun made definite by the addition of a phrase or clause.
the girl in blue the man with the banner
the boy that I met the place where I met him
 superlatives and first, second etc. used as adjectives or pronouns, and
only.
the first the best day the only way the worst boy the most exciting scene
 parts of the house: the kitchen, the bedroom, the restroom, the guestroom,
the living room, etc.
 adjectives: the poor, the young, the rich, the deaf, etc
 daybreaks: the evening, the morning, the afternoon.
 name of inventions: He invented the Television. Who invented the mobile?
 ordinal numbers: the first, the third, the fifth, etc.
THE is used before the names of:
 family names and castes: the Limbus, the Magars, the Chhetries, etc.
 groups of islands: the British Isle , the West Indies, etc.
 historical buildings: the Taj Mahal, the Kathmandu Mall, the Buddha
Mall, etc.
 hotels, theaters: the Soaltee, the Barahai Movies, etc.
 mountain ranges: the Churia range, the Himalayas, the Annapurna
range
55
 museums and libraries: the Chhauni museum, the national museum,
the British library, etc.
 musical instruments: the flute, the piano, the harmonium, the guitar,
the madal, the drum, etc.
 canals: the Gandak Canal, the Panama Canal, etc.
 deserts: the Saraha, the Thar, etc.
 directions: the east, the north, the west, the south, etc.
 organs of human body: the heart, the head, the nose, the ear, etc.
 plural names of countries: the UK, the USA, the Philippines, etc.
 political parties: the UML, the Republican, the R.P.P, etc.
 religious books/groups: the Ramayana, the Bible, the Quran, the Hindus,
the Muslims, the Christians, etc.
 repeated nouns: There is a dog in my house. The dog is very
faithful. She bought a pencil yesterday. She lost
the pencil.
 rivers, seas, oceans: the Gandaki, the Nile, the Red sea, the Indian
Ocean, etc.
Grammar Focus: No Article

THE is not used before.
 academic subjects: I am good at English. She likes science very much.
 colours: I like red most. Blue is his favourite colour.
 days and months: My son was born on Sunday. He died on Wednesday.
 festivals: Hindus celebrate Dashain. Christians enjoy Christmas.
 games and sports: I play football every day. Does he know how to play
basketball?
 languages: He speaks English fluently. Can you speak Dutch?
 material nouns: Gold is an expensive metal.
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 meals: I have my breakfast at 8. He eats his lunch in school canteen.
 plural nouns: Horses are animals. Cats mew.
 possessive + noun: This is my house. That is his car.
 proper nouns: He lives in Kathmandu. They saw Mahindra at the bus
station.
 school, church, temple, market and college if they are used for primary
purpose: She goes to hospital every day. He has gone to school to study.
 uncountable nouns: Milk is white. Beer is a drink.
ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Use ‘a’ ‘an’ or ‘the’ where necessary.
1. _____honest man speaks_______ truth.
2. I found ______book that I had lost.
3. I took ______one-rupee note.
4. I want ______glass of milk.
5. We have ______urgent message for him.
6. It was ______proudest moment of my life.
7. Let’s draw ______map of Nepal.
8. ______moon appears in ____sky.
9. Only ______best quality is sold by us.
10. ______pen is ______useful object.
11. ______rich are not always happy.
12. She returned after ______hour.
13. Digamber plays ______flute well.
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14. ______brave soldier lost ______arm in battle.
15. ______children found ______egg in the nest.
16. ______guide knows ______way.
17. ______Himalayas are ______highest Mountain.
18. ______sun is in ______sky.
19. ______water in this glass is dirty.
20. Yesterday ______European came at my office.
ASSESS YOURSELF 2
1. He has to see ______ doctor.
2. He is eating ______ apple now.
3. I am answering ______ letter.
4. He had to leave ______ tip for ______ waiter.
5. How many days are there in ______week?
6. What are ______seasons of the year?
7. Water is good for health. ______water in this glass is not clean.
8. Gold is ______ important metal. ______gold in this ring is of good quality.
9. Books are expensive in Chile. ______books on that shelf are very expensive
10. Girls work harder than boys. ______girls in this group work very hard.
11. There is ______man in ______ lobby. ______man wants to speak with you.
12. They contacted ______ man. ______man lost his wallet in ______street.
13. We plan to hire ______ assistant who is ______ good proofreader.
14. She is ______ famous writer. She should win ______ award.
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15. I left the party ______ hour ago.
16. He became ______ environmental advocate and ______ bird lover.
17. Mr. Sharma is ______ angry man.
18. The changes had ______enormous effect on production.
19. I’d like to ask ______ engineer to advise us on ______ design.
20. According to ______ old legend, there is ______ treasure box.
ASSESS YOURSELF 3
1. He gave _____ ring to his girlfriend.
2. They sent _____ invitation to us.
3. They should take ____taxi.
4. We all have to write _____short story.
5. I met _____woman yesterday. Her husband died in____ car accident.
6. Peter came to ____ party with ____ young woman. This is ____ young
woman.
7. I need ____ few items at ____ store: clothespins, ____ bottle opener, and
napkins.
8. I wanted ____ cup of coffee, not _____ glass of milk.
9. I answered ____ phone, but no one seemed to be on ____ other end of ____
line.
10. ____man who is wearing dark glasses is ____ FBI undercover agent.
11. Pilgrims burn incense at ____ altar as ____ form of prayer.
12. There’s ____ open market outside of town.
13. This is _____iron.
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14. Have you ever seen _____island?
15. Cow is _____useful animal.
16. The rose is ____lovely flower.
17. My father reads ____Geeta every day.
18. She is ______ most intelligent girl in our class.
19. I have seen _____ATM machine.
20. She is ____untidy girl.
ASSESS YOURSELF 4
1. This is _____ interesting novel.
2. Is that woman ______ nurse?
3. Is that man _____ engineer?
4. She has got _____ new uniform.
5. Have you got ____ dog or ____ cat?
6. That is ____ picture
7. This is ____car.
8. Is this ____ envelope?
9. There´s _____ yellow flower in _____ garden.
10. Is that _____ apple tree or _____ pear tree?
11. I haven´t got _____ cigarette.
12. They´ve got ____horse on ____ farm.
13. They´ll go to ____ north in _____ summer.
14. I will give _____ answer next week.
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15. I saw _____lion in ____zoo.
16. I have _____expensive guitar.
17. Which is ______highest Mountain in ______world?
18. Mina is _____best student of her class.
19. He gave me _____euro.
20. Gold is _____useful metal.
ASSESS YOURSELF 5
Fill in the blanks with correct articles.
_____ River Indus flows from north to south. It is ______

main water source for Pakistan. Originating in _____ Tibetan
Plateau, _____ Indus has five main tributaries _____ Jhelum,
____ Sutlej, the Beas, ____ Ravi, and _____ Chenab. It is
____ most important and _____ longest river of Pakistan. It
flows along ____entire length of _____ country, merging
into _____ Arabian Sea. Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro ____ major cities of _____
Indus Valley Civilization flourished on _____ banks of _____ River Indus.
_____spider has eight legs instead of six, and it doesn’t have

wings. _____spider also has eight eyes, instead of two like
_____insect. In fact, insects are _____ spider’s favourite
food! Many spiders spin amazing webs of silk as _____ way
to catch food. _____spider waits in _____middle until _____
insect flies into _____ web and gets trapped in _____ sticky
threads. Then _____ spider rushes out to give it _____poisonous bite. Some
spiders catch their food without using _____ web. They wait for _____ creature
to come close and then pounce. This jumping spider is about to catch _____ bee.
Tarantulas are _____ largest of all spiders. Like other spiders, they eat_____ lot
of insects. But they can also kill lizards, frogs, and even _____small bird.
However, tarantulas aren’t dangerous to people.
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Kwanzaa is ____ holiday celebrated by many African
Americans from December 26th through January 1st. It pays
tribute to ____ rich cultural roots of Americans of African
ancestry, and celebrates family, community, and culture,
Kwanzaa means ____ first or ___first fruits of ____ harvest
and is based on ____ ancient African first-fruit harvest celebrations. ____
modern holiday of Kwanzaa was founded in 1966 by Dr. Maulana
Karenga, ____ professor at California State University in California. ____seven-
day celebration encourages people to think about their African roots as well as
their life in _____present day America.
Vocabulary in Use
Match each word to make a compound word.

1. water clip _______
2.
match ache _______
3.
egg hole _______
4.
head stick _______
5.
dish plant _______
6.
tooth melon _______
7. bed washer _______
8.
paper room _______
9.
key ball _______
10. foot ground _______
11.
air get _______
12.
grand plane _______
13. for mother _______
14.
under paste _______
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ADJECTIVES Chapter

Mina and Manish are brother and sister. Mina is slim, tall
and has white complexion but Manish is fat, short and has
black complexion. Mina is a very beautiful girl. She has
very attractive body. Her smile is incredible. Manish is
also a handsome boy. He is very good at singing songs.
Both of them are obedient, disciplined, hard working and
polite persons.
As they do not live in town, they have a small farmhouse in remote part of
Dhading. Their father built the farmhouse himself twenty years ago. The farm
house is flat and made up of wooden planks. They have many sheep in their
farm. It is very cold there in winter. It is often dark, wet and least visited place by
people. Things are very expensive because it is very difficult to carry goods there.
They hardly have enough food for winter.
Mina and Manish are always busy. They go for grazing sheep. They feel happy
with the lamb of sheep. Their father makes woolen clothes and sells them in the
market. Many Chinese and Nepalese people buy woolen cloths for winter. Their
father has recently bought a house in Kathmandu. He has made a lot of profit. He
has planned to admit them in a good school in Kathmandu. Both of the children
are excited.
Do
you In the above given text, the coloured words are adjectives. They
Know? describe a person or thing. They qualify nouns or pronouns.
Speaking Practice
a. How is Mina?
b. How is Manish?
63
c. How is her smile?
d. How is their farmhouse?
e. Who buys what type of clothes in winter?
f. How is Mina’s body?
Quick Tip
An adjective is a word that modifies, or qualifies, a noun or pronoun,
in one of three forms of comparative degree: positive strong, beautiful,
comparative stronger, more beautiful, or superlative strongest, most
beautiful.

Manish has black complexion. It is an adjective of colour.
Mina is a very beautiful girl. It is an adjective of quality.
They have a small farmhouse. It is an adjective of size.
Their father built the farmhouse himself twenty years ago. It is an adjective of number.
The farmhouse is made up of wooden planks. It is an adjective of material.
They have many sheep in their farm. It is an adjective of quantity.
It is very cold there in winter. It is an adjective of weather.
Both of the children are excited. It is an adjective of distribution.
Many Chinese and Nepalese people buy clothes for winter. It is an adjective of origin.
Their father has recently bought a house in Kathmandu. It is an adjective of possession.
Read the above given text again and list the adjectives of the following types.
Quality
Quantity
Colour
64
Size
Number
Material
Weather
Origin
Possession
Listening Practice
Repeat these words after your teacher.
Types of Adjectives
Quality: happy, sad, old, young, adult, hard, soft, lonely, strong, dull,
intelligent, easy, difficult, good, bad, honest, obedient, silly,
friendly, brave, angry, smart, handsome, stupid, foolish, etc.
Quantity: empty, few, full, heavy, many, numerous, abundant, etc.
Number: one, two, three, four, two hundred, five thousands, ten lakhs,
etc.
Size: small, long, short, thin, tall, fat, etc.
Possessive: my, your, his, their, our, her, its, etc.
Material: leather, cotton, woolen, plastic, golden, etc.
Interrogative: what, which, when, etc.
Demonstrative: this, that, these, those, etc.
Distributive: all, every, each, both, either, neither, etc.
Instant Practice
Underline the adjectives in the following sentences and write their types.
1. My father is an intelligent person. quality
2. I have a dog. The dog runs very fast.
3. Junk food is bad for our health.
65
4. I have some marbles in my pocket.
5. Twenty soldiers are heading towards the accident site.
6. Can I see your golden ring?
7. My classroom is very small.
8. Mr. Sonam is a wise person.
9. What a dangerous road it is!
10. Are these books yours?
11. That is my house.
12. Is this your pen?
13. Every person has their way of living.
14. Many students failed in the exam.
15. I have a red and a yellow basketball.
16. An egg is of oval shape.
17. My house has got a rectangle playground.
18. A Chinese gave me some money yesterday.
19. Plastic is not eco-friendly.
20. This exercise is very difficult.
Grammar Focus: Degrees of Adjectives
Adjectives can express degrees of modification.
My brother is tall.
My brother is taller than me.
My brother is the tallest person in my family.
Quick Tip
The degrees of comparison are known as the positive, the comparative,
and the superlative.
66
Positive Degree: We use positive degree if there is no comparison in quality.
This is a big ground.
Sony is a good girl.
He is an intelligent person.
Comparative Degree: We use the comparative degree for comparing two
things. The word ‘than’ frequently accompanies the comparative. The inflected
suffixes-‘er’, -‘ier’ and ‘more’ are used in comparison.
This ground is bigger than the one that we have.
Sony is better than other girls in class.
He is more intelligent than other person.
Superlative Degree: We use the superlative for comparing three or more things.
The word ‘the’ precedes the superlative. The inflected suffixes-‘est’, -‘iest’ and
‘most’ are used in comparison.
This is the biggest ground in town.
Sony is the best girl in class.
He is the most intelligent person.
Instant Practice
Write the Comparative and superlative form of the coloured adjectives.
Positive Comparative Superlative
a happy child
a smart watch
a cheap car
an expensive camera
a tall girl
an intelligent boy
a beautiful picture
a dirty boy
a fat man
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a long rope
a large ship
an attractive gift
a busy street
a careful person
a thin boy
a heavy load
a narrow road
a funny girl
a quiet place
a bad weather
Grammar Focus: Formation of Comparative and Superlative

1. Adjective + -er / -est: Adjective of one syllable adds-er in the comparative
form and -est in superlative form.
cheap cheaper cheapest
cold colder coldest
hard harder hardest
sharp sharper sharpest
old older oldest
2. Adjective + -r/-st: One syllable adjectives ending in -e add -r in the
comparative form and -st in the superlative form.
large larger largest
nice nicer nicest
brave braver bravest
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true truer truest
fine finer finest
3. Double Consonant + -er\-est.
slim slimmer slimmest
wet wetter wettest
hot hotter hottest
big bigger biggest
sad sadder saddest
4. i + -er/-est: If a one- syllable adjective ends in consonant + -y,- y is changed
into -i when -er/ -est is added.
happy happier happiest
dry drier driest
pretty prettier prettiest
heavy heavier heaviest
ugly uglier ugliest
5. Irregular comparatives and superlatives
bad worse worst
far further farthest
good better best
little less least
much more most
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6. Adjectives of more than two syllables form their comparative/superlative
by adding ‘more’ to the comparative form and ‘most’ in the superlative.
expensive more expensive most expensive
exciting more exciting most exciting
valuable more valuable most valuable
useful more useful most useful
cheerful more cheerful most cheerful
Instant Practice
Write the appropriate comparative and superlative form of these adjectives.
hot
cold
clean
noisy
true
sharp
shiny
low
high
healthy
busy
proud
remote
near
happy
interesting
rich
poor
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weak
wet
slow
smart
early
wide
dark
late
pretty
ugly
great
new
ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Read the following text and underline the adjectives.
Elephants, the largest living land animals, belong

to the scientific family Elephantidae. Elephants
live in thorny scrub jungles, evergreen forests,
swampy areas, grasslands, and both dry and moist
forests. Elephants are known for several distinctive
characteristics. The most notable is no doubt the
trunk, which is an elongation of the nose and upper
lip. The trunk is flexible but muscular and is used
as an aid in eating and drinking as well as for breathing.
An elephant walks on its thick feet with amazing silence. The animal sets its hind
feet in the tracks made by the front feet. The animal’s feet do not stick in swampy
areas because they spread out as they go down and contract as they come up.
Elephants generally move at lesser than 15 miles an hour. They stride and cannot
trot, gallop, or jump. The knee joint is free, which makes them one of the few
animals able to kneel.
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ASSESS YOURSELF 2
Complete the following sentences with correct form of adjectives.
1. My father is the _____person for me. (good)
2. She is one of the _____ girls in class. (ugly)
3. I live in the _____part of the country. (remote)
4. Today’s food is _____than yesterday’s. (delicious)
5. Mosquitoes are _____than flies. (harmful)
6. He is the _____man I have ever seen. (rude)
7. This street is _____than the one nearby the supermarket. (narrow)
8. Dogs are _____than the cats. (wise)
9. My house is _____ than yours. (filthy)
10. He is one of the _____men to survive in plane accident. (lucky)
11. One of the _____features of pandas is they eat only bamboo shoots.
(remarkable)
12. He is one of the _____boys in class. (bad)
13. The road in Kathmandu is _____than here in the village. (wide)
14. Go and post this letter in the _____post office. (near)
15. This house is _____than that one. (close)
16. Daily exercise is one of the _____habits. (healthy)
17. The _____part of the city is very populated. (in)
18. The _____girl in this class is Himani. (lazy)
19. This is the _____computer in our school. (new)
20. Iron is _____than wood. (strong)
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ASSESS YOURSELF 3
Complete the following sentences with correct form of adjectives.
1. India is _____than Nepal. (hot)
2. The Himalayan region is _____than the Terai region. (cold)
3. He told me the _____joke I have ever heard. (funny)
4. I think my bags are _____than yours. (heavy)
5. Mt. Everest is the _____mountain in the world. (high)
6. My father is _____than yours. (old)
7. I am the _____among all my friends in class. (young)
8. She one of the _____students of our school. (bright)
9. This is the _____moment of my life. (sad)
10. Rara Lake is _____than Phewa Lake. (deep)
11. This river has the _____water I have ever tasted. (salty)
12. The days in winter are _____ than the days in summer. (cold)
13. A car is ____than a bike. (expensive)
14. Travelling is _______than working in the field. (enjoyable)
15. The tiger is ______than a cat. (fierce)
16. Snake is ______ than lizard. (long)
17. Blood is ______ than water. (thick)
18. This is the ______house in this area. (big)
19. Riya is the ______ girl in our school. (smart)
20. Dogs are more ______than cats. (intelligent)
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ASSESS YOURSELF 4
Complete the following sentences with correct comparatives.
big, small, long, short

The alligator is ______than the cobra.
The cobra is _____than the alligator.
The cobra is ______than the alligator.
The alligator is _____than the cobra.
ugly, smart, attractive, handsome, slim, big, long, short, fat

The first man is________ than the second man.
The second man is________ than the first man.
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The head of the first man is ___than the second man.
The hair of second man is _____than the first man.
The hair of the first man is_____ than the second man.
The first man is______ than the second man.
Look at the following pictures and describe these people using given
adjectives.
William Shakespeare Mona Lisa
small, famous, mysterious, beautiful,

English, greatest, popular, many, beautiful,
pleasing, attractive, alive, original, smooth,
best, good, leading, most, admired
expensive
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ASSESS YOURSELF 5
Fill in the gaps with correct form of comparatives.
A consumer is a person who buys things, and a consumer society is a society
that encourages people to buy and use goods. Some people think that a consumer
society provides people with (good) lives. People in consumer societies tend to live
(comfortably). They eat a (wide) variety of food. They go to restaurants (often).
They also buy a lot of products, maybe (much) than they need. Products such as
TVs, cell phones, and computers used to be luxuries. Today people can buy these
things (easy) than ever before. The market for these goods is growing (fast) all the
time. Consumer societies encourage people to buy (big) and (good) products. For
example, “(smart)” phones come out every year. In a consumer society, people are
often buying (new) and (advanced) products. This creates a lot of waste. Nowadays,
many people are thinking (seriously) about the effects of consumer societies on
the environment, and they are trying to become (responsible) consumers.
Fill in the gaps with correct form of superlatives.
Most people know that Mount Everest is the (high) mountain in the world.
However, there is another fact that many people don’t know: it has become one
of the (dirty) mountains in the world. Mount Everest is one of the (tough) and
(exciting) mountains to climb on Earth. It is not the (cold) or the (wind) place
on Earth, but it comes close! These challenges make it one of the (attractive)
mountains for serious climbers. Since 1952, over 3500 climbers have reached the
top. Unfortunately, most of them have left equipment and trash on the mountain. In
fact, trash is now one of the (big) threats to the environment on Mount Everest.
Local organizations have brought tons of trash down from the mountain. One of
the (interesting) projects handed over more than a ton of tin cans, glass bottles,
and old climbing tools to artists in Nepal. The artists used the trash to create works
of art. Then, they sold the art to raise money for local charities, the (less expensive)
work of art cost $17, and the (more expensive) one cost $2400.
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ASSESS YOURSELF 6
Match the words with their meaning.
adieu untrue
chores a group of singers
chorus regular tasks.
falsehood always busy
packhorse good bye
Vocabulary in Use
Supply the gerund form of the verb in brackets.

1. Would you mind [wait] a few minutes?
2. They´ve stopped [speak] to each other.
3. Have you finished [read] the book yet?
4. We’re considering [take] a new course.
5. The boy’s finished [eat] his supper.
6. I dislike [ride] on the subway.
7. They can’t risk [be] seen.
8. The driver couldn’t avoid [hit] the pedestrian.
9. I don’t mind [have] to work till late on Fridays.
10. I always enjoy [visit] new places.
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S T A RT
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5
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Chapter
ADVERBS

There are quite many types of office works. Some
are very easy while some are extremely difficult. All
people want to have rather an easy work. There are
some tips about your office work discussed here.
If your office job involves telephone work, then
your telephone manners have to be flawless. Always
answer the phone promptly, on the first or second
ring immediately, if possible. Speak directly into the
phone, neither too loudly nor too softly, in a pleasant, cheerful voice.
Additionally, there should not be any disturbance both inside and outside of
the office. You need to vary the pitch of your voice significantly and be sure to
articulate clearly. After a short, friendly greeting, state your company or boss’s
name obviously, then your own name. Always take messages carefully. Fill out
all pertinent blanks on the message pad sheet carefully while you are still on the
phone. Always let the caller hang up first.
Do not depend on your memory for the spelling of a name or the last digit of a
phone number, and be sure to write legibly. When it is time to close a conversation,
do so pleasantly and never hang up without saying good-bye. While it is not an
absolute rule, generally closing with Goodbye is more professional than bye-bye.
Verify the information by reading it back to the caller appropriately.
Do
you In the above given text, the coloured words are adverbs. They
Know? are modifiers.
Speaking Practice
a. How are office works?
b. How should the phone be answered?
78
c. How do you need to pitch your voice?
d. How should you take messages?
e. How should you write the phone number?
f. Where should not be any disturbance?
Quick Tip
An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another
adverb. Adverbs may indicate place or direction, time, degree, manner,
and belief or doubt. Like adjectives, they too may be comparative.
Grammar Focus: Types of Adverb

How Where When What Extent How Often
(Manner) (Place) (Time) (Degree) (Frequency)
quitely above now quite always
peacefully abroad yesterday fairly sometimes
carefully far soon too often
slowly away later enormously frequently
badly back tomorrow entirely normally
closely here yet very generally
easily outside already extremely usually
well backwards tonight rather occasionally
fast behind today almost seldom
quickly below then absolutely rarely
cheerfully down last month just hardly ever
efficiently indoors last year barely never
painfully downstairs late completely daily
secretly inside still enough monthly
sadly nearby early deeply weekly
safely there before fully rightly
warmly towards first hugely regularly
well inside next far ever
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Look at the following sentences.
He sings beautifully. It tells us more about a verb.
Have you ever been to the USA? It modifies the verb.
The dog is a very useful pet. It adds to the meaning of an adjective.
He listened to my lecture very patiently. It adds to the meaning of an adverb.
She frequently asks her parents for money. It tells us to what extent.
He selfishly refused to share his toys. It tells us in what way.
I will call you tomorrow. It tells us about when.
Quick Tip
An adverb tells us more about a verb. It describes or modifies the verb
in some way. Many adverbs end with the suffix –ly but not all. Adverbs
often tell us how something happened.
Listening Practice
Repeat these adverbs after your teacher.
accidentally exactly madly sharply

angrily faithfully morally shyly
anxiously fast mysteriously silently
awkwardly fatally neatly sleepily
badly fiercely nervously slowly
beautifully fondly noisily smoothly
blindly foolishly obediently so
boldly fortunately openly softly
bravely frankly painfully solemnly
brightly frantically patiently speedily
busily generously perfectly stealthily
calmly gently politely strernly
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carefully gladly poorly straightly
carelessly gracefully powerfully stupidly
cautiously greedily promptly successfully
cheerfully happily punctually suddenly
clearly hardly quickly suspiciously
closely hastily quietly swifly
correctly healthily rapidly tenderly
courageously honestly rarely tensely
cruelly hungrily really thoughtfully
daringly hurriedly recklessly tightly
deliberately inadequately regularly truthfully
doubtfully innocently reluctantly unexpectedly
eagerly inquisitively repeatedly victoriously
easily irritatingly rightfully violently
elegantly joyously roughly vivaciously
enormously justly loudly warmly
enthusiastically lazily eventually widly
equally loosely rudely wisely
Grammar Focus: Formation of Adverbs

1. Many adverbs are formed by adding –ly to an adjective.
beautiful beautifully normal normally
clear clearly hard hardly
wise wisely glad gladly
sudden suddenly quick quickly
proper properly bold boldly
2. Some adverbs are formed by adding –ly to an adjective ending in –le.
simple simply ample amply
3. Some adverbs are formed by adding –y to an adjective ending in –ily.
easy easily busy busily
crazy crazily hungry hungrily
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4. Some adverbs are formed by adding –ically to an adjective ending in –ic.
basic basically economic economically
5. Some adverbs are formed by adding –ically to an adjective ending in
–ical.
typical typically economical
economically
6. Some adverbs are formed by adding –fully to an adjective ending in –ful.
useful usefully helpful helpfully
7. Some adverbs do not use the –ly ending. These adverbs do not have a
particular form.
already, also, always, here, never, not, now, often, quite, seldom, soon, still,
then, there, too, very well
Adverb Placement
At the beginning of a sentence or a clause Clearly, Amit has a problem
arriving to work on time.
At the end of a sentence or a clause Dina and Rita attend the opera
frequently.
After the verb Jitu and Biru have always
participated in the sports.
Between the subject and the verb Sunita rarely forgets to call home
when she is out late.
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives, e.g. early, fast, likely,
straight.
Adjective Adverb
He is an early riser. He gets up early.
He is a fast driver. He likes to drive fast.
Draw a straight line. The pen is on the desk straight in front of you.
It is the most likely cause of the problem. I´d very likely do the same thing.
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ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Form adverbs from the following adjectives.
angry
_______ anxious_______ bad
_______
calm
_______ careful _______ careless_______
certain
_______ correct _______ curious_______
eager
_______ easy
_______ excited_______
extreme _______ fast _______ fortunate_______
furious _______ generous_______ gentle
_______
good
_______ happy
_______ hard
_______
honest
_______ hungry _______ wrong
_______
wise
_______ violent _______ terrible_______
sudden _______ slow
_______ serious_______
immediate_______ jealous _______ kind
_______
lazy _______ loud
_______ nervous _______
natural_______ painful _______ perfect _______
playful_______ polite
_______ quick
_______
quiet
_______ rude _______ safe
_______
selfish _______ serious _______ slow _______
ASSESS YOURSELF 2
Circle adverbs in the following sentences.
1. My father beat me badly.
2. Do not run on the road carelessly.
3. The streets were brightly lit.
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4. He was adequately talented.
5. The teacher treats us fairly.
6. The wounded boy cried bitterly.
7. He opened the window gently.
8. He hardly believes in us.
9. She rarely does her homework.
10. We nearly got an accident.
11. She speaks English fluently.
12. The dog ate the bone quickly.
13. The customer was terribly upset.
14. Kamal never goes school on foot.
15. It is very cold outside.
16. The rain is stopping gradually.
17. The soldiers fought bravely.
18. I think you are completely wrong.
19. I sometimes go the movies.
20. He often sends us gifts.
ASSESS YOURSELF 3
Supply the adverb form of the adjective in parentheses.
1. John left the office ______that afternoon. (quick)
2. She speaks English_____. (fluent)
3. He always drives _____. (careful)
4. I hit the dog ______. (hard)
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5. We arrived home______ that evening. (early)
6. He did the work______, as usual. (easy)
7. We walked very ______. (quick)
8. I am feeling very______ today. (good)
9. He always does his work______. (good)
10. He speaks very_____. (fast)
11. She prepares her lessons______. (careless)
12. They acted______ in that matter. (bad)
ASSESS YOURSELF 4
Supply the proper form: adjective or adverb.
1. He is a very ______student. (careful)
2. He always does his work ______. (careful)
3. He learns his lesson ______. (quick)
4. This is an _____exercise. (easy)
5. I can do this exercise _____. (easy)
6. Mary is a ______girl. (beautiful)
8. She also sings and plays the guitar ______. (beautiful)
9. John was very______. (foolish)
10. He certainly acted______. (foolish)
11. It is always ______ to prepare for the future. (wise)
12. They acted ______ in doing that. (wise)
13. We drove to the hospital very______. (slow)
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ASSESS YOURSELF 5
Look at the following pictures and make any 10 sentences using suitable
adverbs.
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ASSESS YOURSELF 6
Write the adverb forms of the following adjectives given in the following
texts.
1. The sun shone (fierce) onto the golden sand, burning my feet as I ran (slow)
down the water. I plunged into the (adequate) sparkling water. I was (eager)
waiting for the refreshing coolness. (Initial), there was not a cloud in the sky and
even the birds were not singing (beautiful) in the trees. The waves were lapping
(gentle) onto the beach with a (pleasant) relaxing sound and I (anxious) floated
on my back gazing up at the clear sky above. I could feel the warmth of the sun on
my skin (sufficient) as I closed my eyes.
2. A light rain was falling (continuous). He (usual) drove home by this route.
It was a drive he had taken (regular) a thousand times; still, he did not know
(exact) why, as he passed the park near their home, he should so (sudden) and
(vivid) picture the small pond that lay at the center of it. In winter, this pond was
(complete) frozen over, and he had (unusual) taken his daughter there when she
was small and tried to teach her how to skate. She hadn’t been able to catch on
(proper), and so after two or three lessons, he had (absolute) given up that idea.
ASSESS YOURSELF 7
Match the words with their meanings.
ab initio mock
in liu of in relation to
sneer morally bad
vis-a-vis instead of
wickedly from the beginning
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Vocabulary in Use
Write the sentences and complete them by choosing the best option
below.
1. Are you coming home . . .
a. yesterday? b. tomorrow? c. last week? d. a week ago?
2. How much is a . . .
a. price? b. tickets? c. ticket? d. pay?
3. I don’t like taking . . .
a. exam. b. exam paper. c. exams. d. exam preparation.
4. I go shopping twice a . . .
a. hour. b. week. c. sometimes. d. never.
5. My dad is a . . .
a. fireman. b. fireplace. c. fire brigade. d. fire engine.
6. My sister is twelve years . . .
a. older. b. old. c. young. d. aged.
7. On Friday night I go to the . .
a. pubs. b. visit. c. cafes. d. pub.
8. That clock on the wall is . . .
a. young. b. fast. c. heavy. d. slowed.
9. These questions are . . .
a. easier. b. hardest. c. easy. d. easiest.
10. When do you want to go . . .
a. homework? b. home? c. house? d. walk?
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S T A RT
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SENTENCES Chapter
Act out the following dialogue.

Anand: Hello Maya. How’re you?
Maya: I’m fine, thank you.
Anand: I haven’t seen you for a long time.
Where have you been?
Maya: Several places, virtually all over the country.
Anand: Oh really? That sounds very interesting. Tell me which places
you’ve visited.
Maya: I visited Ilam first. I spent three days there. It’s a small hilly town
surrounded by tea gardens. The weather is cool, the town is clean
and people are friendly. I went to Biratnagar from there.
Anand: I’ve never been to Biratnagar. Can you tell me about it?
Maya: Well, it’s the second largest town in the country. It has more
industries than any other town in the country and it’s hot. I only
stayed there for a couple of days. I went to see the Koshi Tappu
National Park, which is 40 km north-west from Biratnagar. It’s famous
for its birds, particularly water birds. What a paradise place for
birdwatchers!
Anand: Where did you go after Biratnagar?
Maya: After Biratnagar, I went to Jomsom. Jomsom is entirely different
from other towns in the country. The people, houses, weather,
vegetation, almost everything is different. It’s surrounded by the
snowy peaks of the Himalayas. How cold and windy place it is! The
small town is packed with tourists. I spent a whole week there.
Anand: You enjoyed your journey, didn’t you? I’d like to hear more about it,
but I have to rush. Bye Maya.
Maya: Bye Anand.
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Do In the above given dialogue, different types of sentences are
you used to complete the dialogue. Different punctuation marks are
Know? used in different sentences.
Speaking Practice
Answer the given questions based on the above given dialogue.
a. How many different sentences are there in the dialogue?
b. How many sentences have full stop at the end?
c. How many sentences have question mark at the end?
d. How many sentences have exclamatory mark at the end?
e. How many sentences start with verb?
f. How many sentences start with auxiliary verbs?
g. How many sentences start with WH words?
Now look at the following sets of sentences.
First set Second set
sing I song a I sing a song.
a man wise was he He was a wise man.
you today are fine Are you fine today?
Answer these questions.
a. What are the differences between the two sets of sentences?
b. Why are not there punctuation marks in the first set of sentences?
c. Are the words arranged in the first set of sentences?
d. Which set of the sentence makes sense?
e. Why is punctuation mark different in the second set of sentences?
f. Which set has sentences and which set does not?
90
Do In the above given sets of sentences, the first set does not give any
you sense and thus, they are not sentences. The second set gives us
Know? the meaning and thus they are sentences.
Instant Practice
Tick the group of words that give complete sense.
1. He gave the money to me.
2. brought She the me book to
3. sent a He letter me to
4. He told the story to us.
5. us gave some dictation The teacher to
6. We have to go to the hospital this afternoon.
7. were They at midday walking in the park
8. Mary was eating a sandwich in her room.
9. detective stories I met a man yesterday He wrote
10. The boys realized their mistake.
11. is bins collected Garbage in large
12. The birthday girl distributed sweets.
13. important An posted letter was
14. is song singing Manoj a beautiful
15. The president of the United States yields much power.
Quick Tip
A group of words that give complete meaning or make sense is called
a sentence. It starts with capital letter, ends with punctuation and the
words are arranged in proper order.
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Instant Practice
Rewrite the following sentences with correct punctuation marks.
1. this is my car
2. this is our home
3. is she your sister
4. he told his father about it
5. i met her brother
6. nobody knows its history
7. there is not much rice left
8. were there any people in the hall
9. he has a little influence over her
10. do you have any news about him
11. most girls liked the idea
12. fifty paisa is equal to half a rupee
13. more money is needed for relief work
14. one boy and two girls are representing the school
15. two houses are for sale in this locality
Grammar Focus: Types of Sentences

Based on their function, sentences are mainly of four types.
1. An assertive sentence makes a statement.
Subject (noun, pronoun) + verb +object (noun, pronoun) + full stop
 There are some more books in cupboard.
 He had to buy several new books.
 He sent his mother several letters.
 They brought us many presents from abroad.
92
Quick Tip
An assertive sentence starts with noun or pronoun and ends with a full
stop. It asserts yes or no.
2. An interrogative sentence asks a question.

Auxiliary / WH + (noun, pronoun) + verb + question mark
 Are the students in class?
 Is he a good boy?
 What is she like?
 How did you come to school?
Quick Tip
An interrogative sentence ends with a question mark (?) instead of a full
stop. It starts with auxiliary verb or WH words.
3. An imperative sentence gives an order.

Verb / Don’t / Please / Never / Let+ object
 Please help me.
 Never go there alone.
 Don’t park your bike here!
 Let him sing a song.
 Get out!
Quick Tip
An imperative sentence starts with a verb. It also starts with don’t, please,
never, etc. and ends with a full stop. It can also end with an exclamation
point (!) if the order is very firm.
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4. An exclamatory sentence makes a very strong statement called an
exclamation. It shows strong feeling such as surprise or anger.
How / What + exclamatory mark
 How tired we were after the walk!
 How well she plays the piano!
 What a beautiful day it is today!
 What a handsome fellow he is!
Quick Tip
An exclamatory sentence ends with an exclamation point (!) instead of
a full stop.
Listening Practice
Repeat these assertive sentences after your teacher.
The tiger is the largest of the mammals.

Tigers are strong and ferocious meat-eater animals.
Tigers are large, powerful, striped cats found in
Asia.
Tigers live in damp, thickly overgrown places.
The tiger’s striped coat blends well with the colours of the grasslands.
The tiger stalks its prey to make a kill.
Tigers normally live alone, except during the short breeding season.
Tigers are good swimmers.
They may climb trees when under stress.
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Instant Practice
State the type of the following sentences.
1. What romantic music this is!
2. Is this a modern plane?
3. I blame the government on our problems.
4. Take a taxi.
5. Was there much work to do in the office last Monday?
6. The manager presented Harry with a watch.
7. How stupid I was!
8. I’m anxious about my health.
9. Will there be another meeting this week?
10. I was thinking about that problem.
11. I heard about your recent success.
12. What a beautiful dress she is wearing!
13. How romantic this music is!
14. What a beautiful new car you have!
15. Say that again, please.
16. Are the manuals updated?
17. How many days are there in a week?
18. Come again this afternoon, please
19. Never drive too fast please.
20. Always drink black coffee.
Instant Practice
State the type of the following sentences.
1. Speak slowly, please.
2. Nepal is a small country.
3. Will they go any other place after the concert?
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4. English language is easy to use.
5. Europe is a large continent.
6. Don´t speak so slowly please.
7. Eat my bread and butter, please.
8. What a stupid person I was!
9. What a tall man he is!
10. Always work hard.
11. We have to study tonight.
12. What did you think of the hotel?
13. How pretty she is!
14. Work slowly please.
15. What a cold day it is today!
16. I have to work today.
17. Listen to him please.
18. What are the names of those men?
19. Give Mary my new address, please
20. How much free time is there next time?
ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Complete the following imperative sentences choosing one of the words/
phrases given below.
1.
Be ________.
2. Come _______this afternoon.
3. Follow the _______ carefully.
4. Help me open the _______.
5. Get out of _______!
6. Open the _______.
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7. Pay _______to your teacher.
8. Repeat your ________.
9. Sign your ____ here.
10. Sit on _____ chair.
11. Speak _____ slowly.
12. Take off your ____.
13. Turn ____ down.
14. Use the ______ elevator.
15. Never _____ the poor.
16. Wait for me in the _____.
17. Please______ me your pencil for a few minutes.
18. Please _____ me that book.
19. Don’t _____ your coat.
20. Always ____ on time.
ASSESS YOURSELF 2
Supply How, What, or What a / an to make exclamatory sentences.
1. _________ pretty girl!
2. _________ pretty she is!
3. _________ strange remark to make!
4. _________ well she swims!
5. _________ hot it is today!
6. _________ hard sentences these are!
7. _________ beautiful eyes she has!
8. _________ beautifully she sings!
9. _________ foolish thing to say!
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10. _________ hot weather we are having!
11. _________ hot day it is today!
12. _________ quickly the time passes!
13. _________ well she speaks English!
14. _________ excellent student he is!
15. _________ fascinating city Kathmandu is!
16. _________ fast train it was!
17. _________interesting this trip is!
18. _________pleasant Mr. Johnson is!
19. _________friendly person Mary is!
20. _________generous woman Ann was!
ASSESS YOURSELF 3
Complete the following interrogatives with correct auxiliary verbs.
1. ________ I borrow a hundred–rupee note?
2. ________you see any other thing that you liked?
3. ________those cigarettes on the small table?
4. ________you have any other thing to tell us about him?
5. ________you live near your father?
6. ________your brother live in London?
7. ________you met Dibash before?
8. ________he looking at you?
9. ________the bank open?
10. ________you hungry?
11. ________your parents´ house got a garden?
98
12. ________you got a big library at home?
13. ________Ann play tennis?
14. ________we play tennis?
15. ________you go there?
16. ________ I help you?
17. ________you sing a song?
18. ________you like to have a cup of tea?
19. ________you please be quiet?
20. ________they invited us?
ASSESS YOURSELF 4
Complete the following questions with appropriate WH question words.
1. _____ is your math teacher? Mr. Dinesh.
2. _____ is his cat? The blue one.
3. _____ is my backpack? In the living room.
4. _____ is Himani doing? She is watching TV.
5. _____ is an engineer? Netra.
6. _____ colour is the new bus? Red.
7. _____ is that? That is an old coin.
8. _____ are my shoes? In front of the door.
9. _____ is the captain of the team? Janak.
10. _____ is the captain? She is at the gym.
11. _____is your name? Kamal.
12. _____is your class teacher? Himal Sir.
13. _____is your desk? That one.
14. _____are those people? Football players.
15. _____is Messi? Football player.
16. _____book is cheaper? This
17. _____ is the librarian? In library.
99
18. _____ is the key? On the table.
19. _____is today? Friday.
20. _____pen is this? Ram’s.
ASSESS YOURSELF 5
Put the following words into correct order to make suitable sentences.
1. do you stamps have any attention
2. English do think boring you is back

3. finished have you magazine that with be
4. finished have your meal you hand
5. free do in time do you your what hat
6. hard does Louis work here
7. have had you your tea instructions
8. have my you friend seen insult
9. have you why come class this to
lend
10. haven’t why tidied you up
lobby
11. he why hasn’t painting finished bathroom the
more
12. holiday where have been on they
name
13. how you there get do
other
14. I’m leaving has he told you that
put off
15. looked have every you in cupboard
question
16. money have you any got
17. newspapers which you do read quiet
18. one best do which like you suitcase
19. photos has he done what my with the radio
20. she who has talking been to this

window
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Vocabulary in Use
below.
1. Friday is my favourite day of the . . .
a. month. b. week. c. afternoon. d. year.
2. How do I get to the post office from . . .
a. everywhere? b. left? c. here? d. there?
3. I like listening to the . . .
a. cupboard. b. heater. c. radio. d. pictures.
4. I start my new job next . . .
a. monthly. b. month’s time. c. months. d. month.
5. I wish I could go on . . .
a. break. b. weekend away. c. holiday. d. travelling.
6. My exam results are . . .
a. glad. b. surprised. c. disappointing. d. pleased.
7. Nobody knows where the book . . .
a. gone. b. said. c. were. d. is.
8. The coach is waiting for . . .
a. some. b. us. c. student. d. driver.
9. The film was really . . .
a. badly. b. good. c. lonely. d. especially.
10. There’s something wrong with the . . .
a. cleaned. b. dust. c. hoovered. d. dishwasher.
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VERBS Chapter

Child-rearing should be the
responsibility of both parents but the
roles within that partnership may
be different; they are nevertheless
equal in importance. In some
societies, it has been made easier
over the years for single parents
to raise children on their own.
However, this does not mean that the
traditional family, with both parents
providing emotional support and
role-models for their children, is not
the most satisfactory way of bringing
up children.
Child-rearing is to be ‘responsible for bringing the children up’. At its
simplest, it could mean giving the financial support necessary to provide a
home, food and clothes and making sure the child is safe and receives an
adequate education. This would be the basic definition.
People would say it is not just the father’s responsibility to provide his
children with basic needs, while his wife involves herself in the everyday
activity of bringing them up. Rather, he should share those daily duties,
spend as much time as his job allows with his children, play with them,
read to them, help directly with their education, participate very fully in
their lives and encourage them to share their aspirations.
I am in the opinion that the economic and employment situation in many
countries means that jobs are getting more, not less, stressful, requiring long
hours and perhaps long journeys to work as well. Therefore it may remain for
many a desirable ideal rather than an achievable reality.
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In the above given text, the coloured words are verbs. The words
like should, may, are, has, does, is, could, would and am are
auxiliary verbs. They are also called helping verbs. These verbs
Do are used in different tenses for making sentences. Words like
you be, made, raise, mean, bringing up, provide, making sure,
Know? receives, say, involves, share, spend, allows, play, read, help,
participate, encourage, means, work and remain are main
verbs. They perform different actions in sentences.
Speaking Practice
a. Do all sentences have main verbs?
b. Do all sentences have auxiliary verbs?
c. What is the difference between main verb and auxiliary verb?
d. How many auxiliary verbs are there in English?
e. What are the forms of the main verbs used in the description?
f. What are primary auxiliary verbs?
g. What are modal auxiliary verbs?
Quick Tip
Words that express some form of action are called verbs. Most verbs are
action words. They tell you what people, animals or things are doing.

My father works in a bank. works: main verb
She has got a new car. has got: auxiliary verb + main verb
We visited temple yesterday. visited: main verb
Do you like apples? Do: auxiliary verb
Is she visiting the park? Is visiting: auxiliary verb + main verb
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Instant Practice
Circle the auxiliary and underline the main verbs.
1. Pratik said that he had got a toothache.
2. Arunima said that she was very busy then.
3. She asked me to give her a cup of tea.
4. Dina said that she was going to college.
5. She would have to go the following day.
6. Elisa says that her father is a teacher.
7. The letter was torn into pieces.
8. The stranger was seen by the neighbours.
9. The stranger was questioned by the officer.
10. A new travelogue has been published.
11. The men were pacified by the chief.
12. I was allowed to use their car.
13. They were told to write a letter of apology.
14. The new car was driven by my brother.
15. His old car has already been sold.
16. The ball was caught easily by the captain.
17. Slogans were shouted by the workers.
18. The floor was swept by the servant.
19. The prizes will be given away by the officer.
20. The letter is being typed by the clerk.
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Grammar Focus: Auxiliary Verbs
Primary Auxiliary Verbs
Be Verb: is, am, are, was, were
Kathmandu is the capital city of Nepal.
I am a social activist.
The sheep are grazing in the field.
She was crying when I reached there.
None of them were enjoying the show.
Quick Tip
The words is, am, are, was and were are the form of be verbs, but they
are not action words. They are the simple present tense (is, am, are)
and simple past tense (was, were) of the verb be. We use am with the
pronoun I, and is, was with the pronouns he, she and it. We use are,
were with the pronouns you, we and they.
Have Verb: has, have, had

He has got a new bike today.
We have seen that film twice.
They had invited us too.
Quick Tip
We use have and has to make sentences in present perfect tense.
Has is used with he, she, it, Ram, Riya, etc. which is singular. Have
is used with I, we, you, they and Ram and Riya which are plural
subjects. Had is the past of ‘have’ used in past perfect tense.
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Do Verbs: do, does, did
They do amazing tricks.
He does his work by himself.
I did poorly on my exam.
Quick Tip
We use do, does and did to talk about actions. We use do with the
pronouns I, you, we and they, and with plural nouns. We use does with
the pronouns he, she and it, and singular nouns. Did is the simple past
tense of do and does.
Instant Practice
Fill in the blanks with do, does or did.
1. Whose address _____you need?
2. My brother likes it but I _______not.
3. Whom ______you see?
4. I wake up early but he _____not.
5. What _____you take photographs with?
6. What ____Binisa look like?
7. How long _____ the program last?
8. We ____not have enough time to visit the park.
9. At what time ____ you get up?
10. He _____not go because he was tired.
11. Buna ______ the same exercise three times.
12. I ____ my exercise in one hour.
13. He ____not know you were studying.
14. We _____ not know he was outside.
15. You ____not have any solution to this problem.
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Instant Practice
Fill in the blanks with is, am, are, was or were.
1. The papers ____ prepared by the officers last year.
2. The work ____ done last year by the contractor.
3. A new road ____ being made by the labourers.
4. The structure ____being demolished by the workers.
5. By whom ____ the final decision taken?
6. The tower ____ built in 1903.
7. I ____ planning to buy a small apartment soon.
8. The lights ____ red but the car didn’t stop.
9. This ____my gift to you.
10. I ____ sure you will get another chance very soon.
11. Police ____ looking into the murder case.
12. There ____ a few mangoes in the basket.
13. They ____ celebrating their twenty-fifth anniversary in a grand way.
14. I ____ thinking of buying a new car.
15. If he ____ here, he would take part in the game.
Instant Practice
Fill in the blanks with have, has or had.
1. Bipul_____ a brother but he does not ____ a sister.
2. It _____ been announced that tomorrow will be a holiday.
3. My shoe lace _______ a knot.
4. The sheep _______ a baby lamb.
5. You ______ won the prize.
6. He ____ to return yesterday.
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7. The engineer ____ graduated from TU in 1945.
8. A decision _____ already been taken by the authorities.
9. It _____ been reported that they will cancel this visa.
10. I _____ only pleasant memories about it.
11. You don’t ______ to buy any fruits now.
12. Many days ______ passed since the incident.
13. You _____ to wait a few minutes.
14. He will _____ to wait a few minutes.
15. Paul ____ sold his house the previous year.
Modal Auxiliary Verbs
He can run very fast.
I could type 100 words a minute.
I may call you tonight.
They might play basketball.
She will invite you tomorrow.
They would live in a small house.
What shall we do for you?
I think I should help you.
You must improve your hand writing.
She ought to change her room.
Quick Tip
A model auxiliary verb is a verb used to express the mood or tensed of
another verb.
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Function of Model Verbs
Modal Functions Examples
Verb
can ability I can sing a song.
He can lift that load.
could permission/ability Could you help her?
I could climb that tree.
may possibility/permission May I come in, sir?
It may rain today.
might past possibility I realized that the dog might bite us.
I knew my teacher might find out.
will future actions I will visit the park tomorrow.
We will call you later.
would request Would you help us?
Would you mind singing songs?
shall offers What shall I do for you?
Shall we go there?
should suggestion You should help me.
Everyone should consider this seriously.
must obligation You must help the poor.
The letter must be written by now.
ought to obligation You ought to reach there by 10 o’clock.
The house ought to have proper drainage.
Instant Practice
Underline modal verbs in the following sentences.
1. Can I show you any other thing, Mrs. Smith?
2. You cannot throw rubbish here.
3. They might not have expected such a reaction.
4. Amjad might have left the message at the door.
5. The bread could have been stale.
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6. The function will not be started till the minister arrives.
7. The circular may be read aloud.
8. They may use Room Number 200.
9. I might have caught cold if I had played in the rain.
10. Would you like some sugar?
11. You may write on either side of the sheet.
12. All students should contribute to this noble cause.
13. You may need one and a half meters of cloth.
14. He will come back in an hour.
15. I wouldn’t dream of criticizing you.
16. You shall borrow an umbrella right now.
17. Can I exchange this bag with yours?
18. You ought to insure your luggage against theft.
19. We should invest money in new industries.
20. We must prevent the dog from getting out.
Grammar Focus: Main Verbs

If the verb can stand alone in a sentence, it is called the main verb.
I sing a song.
He plays a game.
He kicked the ball.
Auxiliary verbs are required to make sentences in different tenses.
I am playing the flute.
He has trimmed his hair.
We have been waiting for you.
She was singing songs then.
I had seen you at the party.
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Main verbs have five different forms. They are as follows.
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
accept accepted accepted accepting accepts
act acted acted acting acts
achieve achieved achieved achieving achieves
admire admired admired admiring admires
advise advised advised advising advises
affect affected affected affecting affects
agree agreed agreed agreeing agrees
amaze amazed amazed amazing amazes
play played played playing plays
eat ate eaten eating eats
sing sang sung singing sings
Instant Practice
Complete the following table.
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
dig
be
drink
drive
arise
chew
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
fly
forget
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forgive
freeze
become
begin
steal
drive
find
Grammar Focus: Subject and Main Verbs

Singular verb (V5) with singular subjects
He eats an apple.
She sings beautifully.
It has some meaning.
The river runs through this village.
Plural verb (V1) with plural subjects
We play volleyball.
They go for morning walk every day.
Rita and Sita like singing.
The teacher and the accountant always work actively.
V2, V3 and V4 with any subject
I played a game yesterday.
He has invited us.
They are waiting for the train.
I and You always takes V1
I buy a unique pen.
You like to visit new places, don’t you?
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Instant Practice
Complete the sentences below using one of these verbs.
went laughed made was left did had tried wanted cooked
1. I a really nice meal for my mum’s birthday.
2. My brother to come too, but he wasn’t allowed.
3. We all when Tina fell off her chair!
4. I think that we were for each other.
5. Kim and Gems the party.
6. He to call you but couldn’t get through.
7. I thinking of going to the coast next weekend.
8. you know that Sarita is getting married?
9. I went home after the concert finished.
10. My friends all to see the new exhibition in town.
Instant Practice
Complete the sentences below using one of these verbs.
went ate watched was came did had drank heard walked
1. I missed the bus so I home.
2. I some cereal and toast for my breakfast.
3. Last week I to London for the weekend.
4. I you talking about my friend yesterday.
5. Last night I a film about space travel.
6. I didn’t go alone. My friend with me.
7. you enjoy the concert?
8. It raining this morning so I didn’t go out.
9. I two glasses of water before going to bed.
10. I went to the shop to see if they any postcards.
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ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Fill in the blanks with suitable auxiliary verbs.
1. Amit _____ taking his brother to the airport.
2. If he _____not arrive on time, he’ll have to take a later flight.
3. Unfortunately, our dinner ______ been eaten by the dog.
4. I _____ bought a new phone as my old one was lost.
5. We hope you ____not have an accident on your way to school.
6. She _____ baking a pie for dessert.
7. Dad _____ been working hard all day.
8. The bed _____ made as soon as I got up.
9. She _____not like being criticized.
10. ____he bring coffee?
11. Mahesh ____ got a large coffee stain on his shirt.
12. He ____ bought a new shirt that old one ____ ruined.
13. You _____ been more careful!
14. She ____ her homework every day.
15. He ____ not play football nowadays.
16. We ____ played many football games.
17. He _____ fifteen years old.
18. Prajwol _____ taking you to the museum.
19. They _____ at the party yesterday.
20. My brother _____ been singing songs since 2012.
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ASSESS YOURSELF 2
Complete the following sentences with is, am, are, was or were.
1. There _______ some students absent today.
2. There _______ a great deal of confusion here.
3. A tired traveller _______ walking along the road.
4. It _______ a harsh winter.
5. Our house _______ being whitewashed.
6. There _______ no entry here. It is a one–way lane.
7. There _______ some more meat in the fridge.
8. Sabin _______ a naughty boy.
9. The results _______ declared by the board in time
10. The students _______ trained by the master.
11. The thief _______ caught.
12. I _______ a good boy.
13. There _______ a lot of students absent.
14. There _______ some extra chairs in the room.
15. I _______ from Kathmandu.
16. There _______ a lot of water in the pond.
17. They _______ performing some religious rites on the banks of the river.
18. This _______ a beautiful courtyard.
19. This _______ an untold story.
20. When she _______ a child, she lived in a small town.
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ASSESS YOURSELF 3
Complete the following table.
V1 V2 V3 V4 V5
agree
eat
do
tell
weep
work
play
sweep
travel
admire
write
sleep
keep
hit
cut
put
read
run
spend
sing
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ASSESS YOURSELF 4
List out the following verbs in the related column.
see, is, land, am, arrive, are, join, was, marry, were, cross, do, stay, does, bear, did,
meet, have, leave, has, bury, had, work, can, become, may, return, will, promote,
shall, murder, could, depart, would, hit, might, put, should, sing, must, cry, worship,
collect, repair
Main Verbs Auxiliary Verbs
ASSESS YOURSELF 5
Underline verbs in the following sentences.
1. When he felt extremely cold, he closed the window.
2. The students have done the same exercise three times.
3. She cannot buy a calculator as she has not got enough money.
4. He noticed a bonfire in the distance while he was returning from school.
5. We went closer to see what they were doing on that cold night.
6. Yaman found a few holy men sitting there.
7. He stood there and watched the sacred ceremony.
8. Kamala cleaned her cupboard and put her things there.
9. She always goes to temple and spends an hour there.
10. Alan collects old clothes for the poor.
11. A reasonable time limit has been set.
12. I’ve never heard of The Thames. Where is it?
13. The boys have done nothing today.
14. We´ve waited for them for more than two hours.
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15. She has looked after her parents very well.
16. No clerk has come. It is too early.
17. Has the election result been announced?
18. Has the servant come yet?
19. The house has got a garden.
20. My friends have got a telephone.
Vocabulary in Use
below.
1. A giraffe has got a long . . .
a. head. b. neck. c. arms. d. shoulder.
2. Can you pass me my folder . . .
a. thanks? b. please? c. excuse me? d. hi?
3. Her sink is blocked. She needs a . .
a. baker. b. dentist. c. plumber. d. doctor.
4. Hussein can’t play the . . .
a. lamp. b. football. c. guitarist. d. piano.
5. I washed my hair this . . .
a. later. b. never. c. morning. d. time.
6. I’m taking my sister to see a . . .
a. theatre. b. play. c. poster. d. screen.
7. In the winter we leave the heating . . .
a. under. b. in. c. on. d. near.
8. It’s her birthday on the . . .
a. fiftieth. b. day. c. eleventh. d. fourteen.
9. My boss was really . . .
a. pink. b. busy. c. entertain. d. into.
10. The concert started on . . .
a. hour. b. arrived. c. time. d. month.
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QUESTION TAGS Chapter
Act out the following dialogue.

Dip: Hello friend, you are Diya, aren’t you?
Diya: Yes, I am. How do you know?
Dip: We have already met before, haven’t we?
Diya: I think so. Oh yes! How forgetful person I am! You are from Shakti
School, aren’t you?
Dip: Yes, you are right. We met during Lhosar, didn’t we?
Diya: Certainly. It was quite exciting Lhosar programme, wasn’t it?
Dip: Yes, it was. Anyway, nice meeting you. Bye.
Diya: Bye. See you later.
Do
you In the given dialogue, the coloured words in each sentence are
Know? question tags.
Speaking Practice
Answer these questions based on the given dialogue.
a. What are question tags?
b. Why are question tags used?
c. What are tags in the given dialogue?
d. Do sentences end in full stop or question mark in tags?
e. Do you see main verbs used in tags?
f. Why are only auxiliary verbs used in tags?
g. Why is there comma instead of full stop in sentence in tags?
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Quick Tip
Tag is an addition of a short question to a statement to turn it into
question. It is added to a sentence after a comma. It always starts with
small letters and has an auxiliary verb and a pronoun. It always ends
with question mark.

I am a boy, aren’t I?
He is an engineer, isn’t he?
We are working now, aren’t we?
Listening Practice
Repeat these contractions after your teacher.
is not=isn’t am not= aren’t are not=aren’t
was not=wasn’t were not=weren’t have not=haven’t
has not=hasn’t had not=hadn’t do not=don’t
does not=doesn’t did not=didn’t cannot=can’t
could not=couldn’t will not=won’t would not=wouldn’t
my not=mayn’t might not=mightn’t shall not=shan’t
should not=shouldn’t must not=mustn’t ought not=oughtn’t
Grammar Focus: Formation of Question Tags

 Positive statements take negative tags and negative statements take
positive tags.
Positive statements take negative negative statements take positive
tags tags
We sing songs, don’t we? We do not sing songs, do we?
She does not play the piano well, does
She plays the piano well, doesn’t she?
she?
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Kaman is a smart boy, isn’t he? Kaman is not a smart boy, is he?
He will invite us, won’t he? He will not invite us, will he?
 We use auxiliary verbs in the tags.
I am a student, aren’t I?
He is a farmer, isn’t he?
We are from Kathmandu, aren’t we?
She was from the USA, wasn’t she?
They were dancing, weren’t they?
I have got a new car, haven’t I?
He has got a new house, hasn’t he?
They had got many problems, hadn’t they?
I do it very well, don’t I?
He does his work on time, doesn’t he?
She did it properly, didn’t she?
I can sing songs, can’t I?
He could type fast, couldn’t he?
We shall help them, shan’t we?
They should obey us, shouldn’t they?
I will call you tonight, won’t I?
She would dance, wouldn’t she?
It may rain today, mayn’t it?
She might scold us, mightn’t she?
We must hurry up, mustn’t we?
You ought to write it, oughtn’t you?
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 Do, does and did is used for V1, V5 and V2 if there is no auxiliary verb in
a sentence.
I write a poem, don’t I?
He composes a song, doesn’t he?
We invited them, didn’t we?
 ‘Have’ as main verb takes do, does and did.
He has a new bike, doesn’t he?
We have a new American friend, don’t I?
I had a Toyota car, didn’t I?
 Appropriate pronouns are used according to the subjects of the tag.
Aman is coming here, isn’t he?
Rita likes singing, doesn’t she?
Aman and Rita are good students, aren’t they?
These dogs are infected, aren’t they?
Beer is a drink, isn’t it?
This is a reputed school, isn’t it?
That is my house, isn’t it?
My teachers were there too, weren’t they?
You have seen the venue, haven’t you?
We must hurry up, mustn’t we?
 Imperative sentences take ‘will you?’ in tags.
Listen to you teacher, will you?
Never be rude, will you?
Don’t hit the dog, will you?
Please help us, will you?
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Let us play here, will you?
Let her make a call, will you?
 Sentences starting with ‘let’s’ take ‘shall we?’ in tags.
Let’s have a party, shall we?
Let’s enjoy the party, shall we?
ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Add suitable question tag against the following sentences.
1. My waiter brought a bottle of cold water, ___________?
2. The blind dog was found near the bridge, ___________?
3. Large tigers are found in Asia, ___________?
4. I saw a fox with a long bushy tail, ___________?
5. The weather was windy but pleasant, ___________?
6. You have got a house near the wooden bridge, ___________?
7. Cats and dogs live with us, ___________?
8. Our football team wore blue shirts, ___________?
9. Do not walk on the wet floor, ___________?
10. Maya played with her plastic train, ___________?
11. The store did not have any goods, ___________?
12.
He swims really well, ___________?
13. I have beautiful hand writing, ___________?
14. She does not have a sister, ___________?
15. The shop has been closed, ___________?
16.
She fell fast asleep, ___________?
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17. Mark wanted an ice cream, ___________?
18.
He had no money, ___________?
19.
Salina ran down, ___________?
20.
She hurt her toe, ___________?
ASSESS YOURSELF 2
1. I couldn’t think of the man’s name, ___________?
2. We’re thinking about taking a holiday, ___________?
3. Last night I dreamt about something, ___________?
4. People admire the man for his courage, ___________?
5. She was annoyed with the travel agent, ___________?
6. I’m anxious for the results of the tests, ___________?
7. I’m sorry about the delay, ___________?
8.
I’m nearly ready, ___________?
9. I felt sorry for Dharma, ___________?
10. He had a miserable time, ___________?
11. Tsring had to share a bedroom with Evan, ___________?
12. There were no pencils in the drawer, ___________?
13. I found my mistake in a few minutes, ___________?
14. I do my homework every night, ___________?
15. You know a lot of people, ___________?
16. There’s a lot of fruit in the basket, ___________?
17. That man isn´t a teacher, ___________?
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18. This boy isn´t a new student, ___________?
19. She spoke to me about it, ___________?
20.
I want no more, ___________?
ASSESS YOURSELF 3
1. They used to repair cars in those days, ___________?
2. Let’s do some other thing tonight, ___________?
3. I didn’t tell any other person about it, ___________?
4. She has no other friends, ___________?
5. The other boys laughed at him, ___________?
6. I like the other music better, ___________?
7. There wasn’t any space in the cupboard, ___________?
8. That boy´s my brother, ___________?
9. The books are on the table, ___________?
10. The children are tired, ___________?
11. The students will be in the lab this afternoon, ___________?
12. They will be here at ten-thirty, ___________?
13. They watch TV after dinner, ___________?
14. You go to the movies every Saturdays, ___________?
15.
Let me go now, ___________?
16.
Let her sing songs, ___________?
17.
Let’s watch TV, ___________?
18.
Let’s help them, ___________?
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19.
Don’t shout at us, ___________?
20. Pay attention to your teacher, ___________?
ASSESS YOURSELF 4
1. They came here by taxi, ___________?
2. The boy wanted to play, ___________?
3. You will come here tomorrow morning, ___________?
4. You call me up after 9 oćlock, ___________?
5. You have another cup of coffee, ___________?
6. The train will arrive soon, ___________?
7. John will accept the offer, ___________?
8. They´ll get married in May, ___________?
9. Mary has to come with him, ___________?
10. They have to write many letters, ___________?
11. It may be sunny today, ___________?
12. They might be defeated, ___________?
13. You shall follow these rules, ___________?
14. Labia should play well, ___________?
15. We could drive fast, ___________?
16. She would go there quite often, ___________?
17. We were at the party yesterday, ___________?
18. He had been waiting for the bus, ___________?
19. I do not know about it, ___________?
20. He has not done his work, ___________?
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Vocabulary in Use
below.
1. Do you like crossword . . .
a. please? b. puzzles? c. game? d. written?
2. Do you mind if I have a . . .
a. washing? b. watch TV? c. show? d. shower?
3. My car won’t . . .
a. drive. b. start. c. gone. d. broken.
4. My mother lives in . . .
a. a field. b. Kapan c. wherever. d. road.
5. The only one who knows me is..
a. Manu Thapa. b. cat. c. the computer. d. everybody.
6. They are just good . . .
a. of you. b. sense. c. friends. d. advice.
7. We are saving up to get . . .
a. buying. b. shopping. c. married. d. expensive.
8. We aren’t going to make . . .
a. us. b. it. c. in. d. if.
9. We live in a semi-detached . .
a. bank. b. garden. c. estate. d. house.
10. What’s your sister’s . . .
a. neighbour? b. friends? c. name? d. aged?
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10
Chapter
TENSE
Read the following texts.
Oh, my goodness! How did I lose my expensive watch? It was such a priceless gift.
Awaiting for so long I finally got it as a birthday gift. How could I be so careless?
I’m sure I took it to class today. I distinctly remember wearing it before breakfast.
It must have got lost in school. Maybe it was lost during basketball practice. I had
taken it off so it wouldn’t break. It was the only sports watch of its kind in the
whole class, my beautiful blue watch!
My parents are great. They are very fair and they always discuss things with me.
Dad worries about his little girls but Mum likes to give us enough freedom to learn
from our mistakes. The only rule is that I must tell them where I’m going and who
I am with. I think my parents have got it right: they have deep interest in us but
they don’t want to control us. They have been providing us with all our basic and
additional needs since our childhood.
On Saturday, Mr. Gurung is going to meet his friend in the morning. He will stay
there for two hours. He will talk to him about his new business. After that, he
will meet her secretary at 10:30. They will type some letters. He will sign letters
at 11:00. He will take his lunch in Green Day Restaurant. In the evening, he will
attend a party. He will be singing and dancing, too. He will have met many friends
there. He will have returned Kathmandu by Sunday.
Do
you The given texts represent past, present and future tenses.
Know?
Speaking Practice
Answer these questions based on the given texts.
a. What are different tenses in English?
b. Which tense is used in the first text?
c. Which tense is used in the second text?
d. Which tense is used in the third text?
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e. Which one of the given texts tells us about today and present?
f. Which one of the given texts tells us about yesterday and past?
g. Which one of the given texts tells us about tomorrow and future?
Quick Tip
Tenses are any of the forms of a verb that is used to show time of the
action or state expressed by the verb. Tense is divided into three types
namely present, past and future. Each of them is further divided into
simple, continuous, perfect and perfect continuous aspects.
Listening Practice
Repeat these structures and sentences after your teacher.
TENSES STRUCTURES EXAMPLES
Simple Present Sub + V1/V5 + obj She eats an apple.
Present Sub + is/am/are + V4 + obj She is eating an apple.
Continuous
Present Perfect Sub + has/have + V3 + obj She has eaten an apple.
Present Perfect Sub + has/have + been +V4 + She has been eating an
Continuous obj apple.
Simple Past Sub + V2 + obj She ate an apple.
Past Continuous Sub + was/were + V4 + obj She was eating an apple.
Past Perfect Sub + had + V3 + obj She had eaten an apple.
Past Perfect Sub + had + been + V4 + obj She had been eating an
Continuous apple.
Simple Future Sub + will/shall +V1 + obj She will eat an apple.
Future Continuous Sub + will/shall +be + V4 + She will be eating an
obj apple.
Future Perfect Sub + will/shall +have + V3 She will have eaten an
+ obj apple.
Future Perfect Sub + will/shall +have + been She will have been eating
Continuous + V4 + obj an apple.
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Grammar Focus: Simple Present Tense
Simple present tense is the tense that explains about our everyday activities. It
describes facts, habits and regular actions. Look at the following table:
It rains a lot in winter. facts I always brush my teeth.

He eats an apple every day. always
habits
routines usually She usually drinks
I go to school every day. THE SIMPLE a glass of milk.
The bus leaves scheduled Used Adverbs of
at eight o’clock. actions for PRESENT frequency
often We often play football.
I am a student. TENSE
with state sometimes My parents sometimes
I love you.
verbs go to the cinema.
I understand.
never I never eat meat.
Listening Practice
Repeat these sentences after your teacher.
Afirmative Negative Interrogative
I work. I do not work. Do I work?
We work. We do not work. Do we work?
You work. You do not work. Do you work?
He works. He does not work. Does he work?
She works. She does not work. Does she work?
It works. It does not work. Does it work?
They work. They do not work. Do they work?
Instant Practice
Complete the following sentences using the correct form of verbs in simple
present tense.
1. I often______ out in the evening. [go]
2. We always _____ him on the way to school. [meet]
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3. You_____ my best friend, aren’t you? [be]
4. She_____ beautifully. [sing]
5. It _____some meaning. [have]
6. They_____ us every Saturday. [visit]
7. The cat_____ fish. [love]
8. My mother_____ red sari. [wear]
9. His sister_____ fast. [type]
10. Tony _____to us quite often. [write]
11. Sarita_____ her clothes herself. [wash]
12. Dina and Hem _____ smart in new uniform. [look]
13. We always _____our seniors. [respect]
14. The teacher_____ us English. [teach]
15. The sun_____ bright. [shine]
16. Water _____down. [flow]
17. I never _____at night. [work]
18. They sometimes _____their house. [clean]
19. Do you _____cricket? [play]
20. Does she_____ here? [work]
Instant Practice
Complete the sentences below using a present simple verb.
1. I_________ a shower at 7:30 am.
2. I _________breakfast at 7:45 am.
3. I_________ the newspaper at 8:00 am.
4. I_________ a bus to work at 8:30 am.
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5. I _________work at 9:00 am.
6. I _________ a coffee break at 10:30 am.
7. I _________ lunch at 1:00 pm.
8. I _________ to my friend on the phone at 2:30 pm.
9. I _________ an email at 2:40 pm.
10. I _________ home at 5:00 pm.
11. I _________ dinner at 6:00 pm.
12. I _________ the dishes at 6:30 pm.
13. I _________ football at 7:00 pm.
14. I _________ TV at 8:30 pm.
15. I _________ my guitar at 9:00 pm.
16. I _________ a book at 10:00 pm.
17. I _________ to the radio at 10:40 pm.
18. I _________ to bed at 11:10 pm.
19. I _________ to sleep at about 11:20 pm.
20. I _________ up at 7:05 am.
Instant Practice
Complete the following verb tables using present simple tense.
be verb go verb
I am busy now. I
We We
You You
He He
She She
It It
They They go to office on time.
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do verb have verb
I I
We We
You You
He He
She does her work properly. She
It It has a garden.
They They
Grammar Focus: Present Continuous Tense

Present continuous tense is used to talk about the actions happening at the time of
speaking. It talks about the recent time. Look at the following table:
now, still, at
present, at I am reading now.
the moment,
They are still playing.
Present at this time,
this morning, He is reading at present.
Continuous
afternoon, What are you doing at this moment?
Tense evening, next
day, week I think she is singing at this time.
month, year, We are going to party this evening.
soon
Listening Practice
I am working. I am not working. Am I working?
We are working. We are not working. Are we worrking?
You are working. You are not working. Are you working?
He is working. He is not working. Is he working?
She is working. She is not working. Is she working?
It is working. It is not working. Is it working?
They are working. They are not working. Are they working?
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Instant Practice
Change the following sentences into present continuous tense.
1. He plays the flute well.
2. She teaches us stories.
3. It works well.
4. They go to Kathmandu.
5. You sing classical songs.
6. I live in Canada.
7. We cut trees.
8. Ganesh scolds us.
9. Gita sings folk songs.
10. Hira and Hem wear spectacles.
Instant Practice
Look at the following pictures and say what they are doing.
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Instant Practice
Look at the following pictures and write 5 sentences to each using present
continuous tense.
I II III
First Picture Second Picture

1. _________________________ 1. _________________________
2. _________________________ 2. _________________________
3. _________________________ 3. _________________________
4. _________________________ 4. _________________________
5. _________________________ 5. _________________________
Third Picture
1. _________________________ 2. _________________________
3. _________________________ 4. _________________________
5. _________________________
Instant Practice
Complete these sentences with the present continuous tense.
1. I _____ well today. [not feel]
2. We _____ in a flat. [live]
3. You _____an essay. [write]
4. She_____ the wall. [paint]
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5. It_____ heavily outside. [rain]
6. They _____rest. [take]
7. The man_____ here. [come]
8. My sister_____ computer these days. [learn]
9. The children_____ in the garden. [play]
10. Biplab _____ to his mother right now. [speak]
Grammar Focus: Present Perfect Tense

Present perfect tense is used to refer to a completed action that has connection
with the present or that has a result in the present. Look at the following table:
already
recently I have already finished it.
always He has recently visited us.
Present ever She has always invited us.
Perfect lately
not+yet Have you ever tasted this food?
Tense
just I have not seen her yet.
since He has written us lately.
for I have worked here since May.
Listening Practice
I have worked. I have not worked. Have I worked?
We have worked. We have not worked. Have we worked?
You have worked. You have not worked. Have you worked?
He has worked. He has not worked. Has he worked?
She has worked. She has not worked. Has she worked?
It has worked. It has not worked. Has it worked?
They have worked. They have not worked. Have they worked?
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Instant Practice
Complete these sentences with the present perfect tense.
1. He [has, have] fallen off bicycle.
2. He [has, have] just gone out.
3. It [has, have] not rained since October.
4. It [has rained, have rained] heavily.
5. It [has struck, have struck] ten.
6. I [have written, has written] an essay.
7. I [have, has] finished my work.
8. She [has written, have written] a poem.
9. She [has sung, have sung] a song.
10. She [has planted, have planted] the beans.
Instant Practice
Complete the following sentences using the present perfect continuous tense.
1. Tom _________here for several months. [live]
2. They ________ in the office for several hours. [work]
3. That man _________ there for about 2 hours. [sit]
4. The cadets ________ at attention for about 15 minutes. [stand]
5. I _______ for the bus for more than 10 minutes. [wait]
6. Jack and Mary ________ in the park for nearly an hour. [run]
7. The commander _______ the report all evening. [read]
8. Miss Black ________ her new novel since April. [write]
9. The officers ________in the gym for about 45 minutes. [work out]
10. The generals ______the situation all morning. [discuss]
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Grammar Focus: Simple Past Tense
Simple past tense refers to the past, completed actions. It is an action occurred at a
specific time in the past. Look at the following table.
I visited a park yesterday.
yesterday
His father died a year ago.
ago
last week She called me last week.
Simple
month, year My sister married last year.
Past
in+past time He cried when I pushed him.
Tense when
They built the house in three months.
as soon as
The principal came as soon as I reached school.
until
He did not come until we were there.
Listening Practice
I worked. I did not work. Did I work?
We worked. We did not work. Did we work?
You worked. You did not work. Did you work?
He worked. He did not work. Did he work?
She worked. She did not work. Did she work?
It worked. It did not work. Did it work?
They worked. They did not work. Did they work?
Instant Practice
Change these sentences into simple past tense.
1. There´s a lot of work in the office today.
2. There are two books missing from the shelf.
3. How much milk is there in the fridge?
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4. There aren´t many hotels in this town.
5. Is there enough money for the trip?
6. How many people are there on board?
7. There isn´t much time to talk.
8. There are very few people in the pub.
9. Are there many errors in the bill?
10. There´s very little whisky left.
Instant Practice
Complete the following sentences using the simple past tense.
1. The shop ______ last week. [open]
2. I _____ some gloves yesterday. [buy]
3. The earthquake _______ in 1905. [occur]
4. I ____ badly the whole day. [sleep]
5. When did the first Winter Olympics ____ place? [take]
6. Once upon a time a Princess ____ into a wood and ____down by a stream. [go,
sit]
7. I ______some stories yesterday. [read]
8. I ____ to a shop yesterday. It___ really good. I ___ some gloves. [go, be,
buy]
9. I didn’t ___ any breakfast. [eat]
10. My sister ____ this photo. [take]
11. I ____ that film two days ago. [see]
12. The children always___ in the garden. [play]
13. I ___ younger then. The Romans ____ a huge Empire. [be, have]
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14. We ____at a hotel for several weeks. [stay]
15. We _____ go to Mustang quite often. [use to]
16. The children ____ always play in the garden. [will]
Grammar Focus: Past Continuous Tense

Past continuous tense is used to describe an action that was in progress at a
particular time in the past. Look at the following table.
all day
yesterday,all I was sleeping all day yesterday.
last night, He was reading all last night.
Past Sunday,
week, She was visiting us on Sunday.
Continuous
month, year, We were attending meeting at
Tense at this time this time yesterday.
yesterday, at What were you doing at this
this moment, moment yesterday?
yesterday
Listening Practice
I was working. I was not working. Was I working?
We were working. We were not working. Were we worrking?
You were working. You were not working. Were you working?
He was working. He was not working. Was he working?
She was working. She was not working. Was she working?
It was working. It was not working. Was it working?
They were working. They were not working. Were they working?
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Instant Practice
Change these sentences into past continuous tense.
1. I am singing now.
2. We are playing a game.
3. She is writing an essay.
4. He is learning to type.
5. You are painting the wall.
6. They are playing football.
7. It is raining now.
8. The ball is rolling onto the ground.
9. The sheep are grazing in the field.
10. The painters are painting the wall.
Instant Practice
Complete the following sentences using the past continuous tense.
1. Her books ____ about on the floor. [lay]
2. He ____ to music and had an abstracted expression. [listen]
3. I _____to home when you called me. [go]
4. I _____ right next to her.[stand]
5. It _____ with rain so I accepted his offer of a lift. [pour]
6. Everywhere people _____ about their daily business.[go]
7. People ____ about in the road. [stand]
8. They ____ their lips at the thought of clinching the deal. [lick]
9. We ____ to capsize the boat. [go]
10. They____ there with increased curiosity. [stand]
11. We ____ above the clouds. [fly]
12. They ____ against the current. [row]
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Grammar Focus: Past Perfect Tense
Past perfect tense is used before an action that was finished before a certain action
in the past. It is used in the first action of two past actions. Look at the following
table.
I had written a letter.
Past We had played football.
Perfect He had typed a letter.
Tense The patient had died before the doctor came.

They had attended the party.
Listening Practice
I had worked. I had not worked. Had I worked?
We had worked. We had not worked. Had we worked?
You had worked. You had not worked. Had you worked?
He had worked. He had not worked. Had he worked?
She had worked. She has not worked. Had she worked?
It had worked. It had not worked. Had it worked?
They had worked. They had not worked. Had they worked?
Instant Practice
Change the following sentences into past perfect tense.
1. I have seen you.
2. I have played the flute.
3. They have gone out.
4. Riya has bought a bike.
5. It rained last week.
6. She won the tournament.
7. I sang a song.
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8. He invited us.
9. She married in February.
10. They missed the train.
Instant Practice
Complete the following sentences using the past perfect tense.
1. They _____ him many times. [abuse]
2. He _____ himself from the office for the day. [absent]
3. He ____ something wrong. [do]
4. Our plans _____ badly adrift. [go]
5. She _____ herself by the cold. [suffer]
6. The boy _____ sexually ____ her. [abuse]
7. They _____ three people. [already fire]
8. They ____ a verbal agreement to sell the school property. [make]
9. The visitors ____ late. [arrive]
10. I ____ these skis for years. [have]
Grammar Focus: Simple Future Tense

Simple future tense is action that will take place in near future. It is time after the
time of speaking. Look at the following table.
soon,
tomorrow,
I will be there soon.
tonight,
shortly, next He will come here tomorrow.
Simple time, day, She will give us party tonight.
Future week, month,
year, in a I will come there shortly.
Tense few minutes, They will come next week.
days, week,
months, The class will start in a few minutes
years
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Listening Practice
I will work. I will not work. Will I work?
We will work. We will not work. Will we work?
You will work. You will not work. Will you work?
He will work. He will not work. Will he work?
She will work. She will not work. Will she work?
It will work. It will not work. Will it work?
They will work. They will not work. Will they work?
Instant Practice
Change the following sentences into simple future tense.
1. I sing songs.
2. He plays the flute.
3. She writes an essay.
4. He composes a song.
5. They invite us.
6. We read a story.
7. The manager scolds us.
8. I go to school.
9. Oman visits temple.
10. They are at home.
Instant Practice
Complete the following sentences with the simple future tense.
1. I ____to Biratnagar tomorrow. [go]
2. She ____this letter tonight. [type]
144
3. We ____you later. [call]
4. You ____ to me next day. [write]
5. He _____us next Saturday [meet]
6. She ____us with her finger. [point]
7. She _____ to school tomorrow. [not go]
8. They ____ a poem. [write]
9. We ____next week. [arrive]
10. She ____me next month. [phone]
Grammar Focus: Future Continuous Tense

 Future continuous tense is used with an action that will be going on in
future time.
I will be coming there in May.
We will be visiting the park tomorrow.
 At this time tomorrow, at this moment tomorrow+ future time.
I will be sleeping at this time tomorrow.
He will be playing at this moment tomorrow.
Instant Practice
Complete the following sentences using the future continuous tense.
1. At 10 oćlock tomorrow morning, I ______ here. (work)
2. At this time next month, we ______ in the USA. (travel)
3. I ______ to work at this time tomorrow morning. (drive)
4. We ______ some friends at 9 this evening (entertain)
5. Mr. Sabin and his friends ______Kathmandu next weekend. (visit)
6. Janak ______ the shopping at midday today. (do)
145
7. We______ soccer at this time next Saturday. (play)
8. The students ______ in the gym after 7 this evening. (work out)
9. I ______ television when you come home tonight. (watch)
10. What ______ you ______ at this time tomorrow? (do)
Grammar Focus: Future Perfect Tense

• Future perfect tense is used with an action that will have happened in
future time.
I will have finished my work by Sunday.
They will have arrived in Kathmandu in May.
Our class will have finished by Friday.
Instant Practice
Complete the following sentences using the verbs provided in the future
perfect tense.
1. When you arrive at midday tomorrow, the coach ______ already. (leave)
2. By the end of March, the weather___ considerably. (change)
3. If you come at noon tomorrow, we_____ the work. (finish)
4. If he gets here at 6 oćlock, they____ home. (go)
5. If he doesn´t hurry, they____ dinner when he gets there. (have)
6. By December, the students____ their first course. (complete)
7. I______ in this country two years next October. (be)
8. By tomorrow, I______ all these grammar rules. (forget)
9. When he becomes a man, he______ many things. (learn)
10. By this time next month, you_____ from your illness. (recover)
11. They______ the most important places of interest by tomorrow. (visit)
12. By two oćlock, they ______ and ______. (come - go)
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ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Use the proper verb tense of the verbs provided to complete the following
sentences.
1. Listen! Mary ______ the piano now. [play]
2. We ______ our vacation in Mustang next year. [spend]
3. At 10:30 last night, we ______ television. [watch]
4. John usually ______ here on Tuesday. [come]
5. Mr. Hom ______ a very good movie last night. [see]
6. They ______ not ______ English very often. [practise]
7. What ______ you ______ at this time yesterday? [do]
8. They ______ not ______ the story at the moment. [read]
9. What ______ the Duras ______ last Saturday? [do]
10. What______ Mira ______ at this time tomorrow? [do]
11. ______ not you ______ the newspaper this morning? [buy]
12. Juna ______ not ______ to see me every day. [come]
13. ______ you always ______ home at midday? [phone]
14. Where ______ they ______ when World War II started? [live]
15. How often ______ your friend ______to you? [write]
16. What time ______ you ______ this morning? [get up]
17. What time ______ you ______here tomorrow? [be]
18. They ______not ______ out tonight because it´s too cold. [go]
19. When ______the Johnsons______, today or tomorrow? [arrive]
20. Walter never ______ in bed, as a rule. [smoke]
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ASSESS YOURSELF 2
Change the following sentences into past tense.
1. He says he will be here at noon.
2. He believes he can do it.
3. The weather man predicts it will rain.
4. He says he has to work hard every day.
5. I know where she lives.
6. Bire wants to know how many people there are.
7. I think I can meet you.
8. He hopes he can be there early.
9. I think it may rain this evening.
10. He wants to know where she is.
11. He says he is very sorry.
12. The young man tells us he is married.
13. I think it will be very hot this afternoon.
14. I think he will be there by ten oćlock.
15. The boy says he has seen the movie.
16. The girl says she is studying for a test.
17. I think Mr. Jitu may be in his office.
18. I think there´ll be a lot of work to do.
19. I don´t know where Binita is.
20. I don´t think Binod will like the new job.
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ASSESS YOURSELF 3
Complete the following sentences using correct tenses.
1. I ______ very well last night. [sleep]
2. I ______ soundly when you ______ last night. [sleep/arrive]
3. They ______ to the office when I ______them this morning. [go/see]
4. Pratik ______ his wife Lina when he ______ in Kathmandu. [meet/live]
5. We ______ golf when it ______ to rain yesterday. [play / begin]
6. Bill ______ not ____ in the office when the boss ____ into the room. [work/
walk]
7. When Kris______ us last night, we ______ for dinner. [call on/go]
8. Rita ______ the accident while she ______ home. [have/drive]
9. What ______ you ______ last Saturday afternoon? [do]
10. What ______ you ______ at this time yesterday? [do]
11. He ______ in New York when he ______ chairman of the company. [work/
become]
12. He ______ the newspaper while he ______ on the bus to work. [read/ride]
13. Janet ______ tea very often. [not drink]
14. What time do banks ______in Kathmandu? [close]
15. A: Where ______from? [Martin come] B: He’s Dutch.
16. A: What______? [you do] B: I’m an electrical engineer.
17. It ______me an hour to get to work. [take] How long ____ to you? [it take]
18. I ______the piano [play] but I ______ it very well [not play].
19. I don’t understand this sentence. What _____ [this word mean]?
20. I always ____early in the morning. [wake up]
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ASSESS YOURSELF 4
Change the following sentences into the future tense.
1. There is a lot of free time in the evening.
2. There are some women at the meeting.
3. There isn´t any food left in the fridge.
4. How many people are there at the reception?
5. How much money is there in the box?
6. Is there any more work?
7. Are there more than ten students in your class?
8. They play basketball.
9. We write an essay.
10. We eat Chinese food.
11. She forgets my name.
12. These boys go out.
13. I watch television.
14. He is free now.
15. I phoned to Ram.
16. He sweeps his room.
17. I call her.
18. We visit the zoo.
19. Mina writes a story.
20. Kamal enjoys the fast food.
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Vocabulary in Use
below.
1. Can I borrow your . . .
a. elbow? b. ruler? c. waiter? d. time?
2. Jemmy stole my . . .
a. achieves. b. age. c. make up. d. disliked.
3. My leg . . .
a. ends. b. goes. c. hurts. d. changes.
4. School is the best time of . .
a. his life. b. their lives. c. your life. d. owns’ life.
5. That’s the last . . .
a. one. b. isn’t it? c. times. d. gone.
6. The concert starts at . . .
a. one. b. thirteen. c. time. d. in the evening.
7. The policeman told me to . .
a. calm down. b. accident. c. cried. d. replied.
8. This film is really . . .
a. good. b. greater. c. open. d. enjoyed.
9. This problem is . . .
a. often. b. grey. c. early. d. serious.
10. When shall I come . . .
a. with? b. round? c. under? d. go on?
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S T A RT
T
11
ED
GE
VOICE Chapter

It is not known exactly when gunpowder was invented. It is
known for a fact that rockets and fireworks were made by the
Chinese long before gunpowder was used in Europe, which
occurred at about the beginning of the thirteenth century. It is
generally believed that the ‘Age of Chivalry’ was brought to
an end by gunpowder, since a mounted knight could be brought down by anyone
with a firearm. In fact, efficient firearms were not developed until the sixteenth
century.
When it was first introduced, gunpowder was used mainly in siege cannon. Later
it was used in engineering work and mining, but it was found to be extremely
dangerous. Gunpowder has now been replaced by modern explosives, but it is
still used for making fireworks, just as it was by the Chinese.
Do The coloured words in the above given description are in

you passive voice. If the object is affected by the action of the verb,
Know? that is active voice and if the subject is affected by the action
of the verb, that is in passive voice.
Speaking Practice
a. What is voice?
b. What is active voice?
c. What is passive voice?
d. What are the subjects in the given sentences?
e. What are the objects in the given sentences?
f. Who does an action in the active voice?
g. Who does an action in the passive voice?
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Listening Practice
Reproduce these sentences after your teacher.
Active Voice Passive Voice
You type a letter. A letter is typed by you.
You are typing a letter. A letter is being typed by you.
You have typed a letter. A letter has been typed by you.
You typed a letter. A letter was typed by you.
You were typing a letter. A letter was being typed by you.
You had typed a letter. A letter had been typed by you.
You will type a letter. A letter will be typed by you.
You have to type a letter. A letter has to be typed by you.
You had to type a letter. A letter had to be typed by you.
You can type a letter. A letter can be typed by you.
Quick Tip
Both active and passive sentences have same meaning. An action is
acted upon in the passive voice but an active voice is different types
of simple sentences. Subject does action in active voice whereas object
does action in passive voice.
Grammar Focus: Active and Passive Voice

Active: I write a poem.
Passive: A poem is written by me.
Changes in Passive
a. Object becomes subject in passive voice
b. Main verb is changed into V3
c. Be verbs are changed into is, am, are, was, were +V3
d. ‘By’ is used before the changed object
e. subject pronoun changes into object pronoun
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Pronoun Change
Active voice Passive voice
I Me
We Us
You You
He Him
She Her
It It
They Them
Active Voice Passive Voice
I revise the lesson. The lesson is revised by me.
We revise the lesson. The lesson is revised by us.
You revise the lesson. The lesson is revised by you.
He revises the lesson. The lesson is revised by him.
She revises the lesson. The lesson is revised by her.
They revise the lesson. The lesson is revised by them.
It revises the lesson. The lesson is revised by it.
Passive of different Tenses
Tense Active Passive
Simple He plays a game. A game is played by him.
present Sub + v1/v5 + obj Obj + is/am/are + v3+ by + sub
Present He is playing a game. A game is being played by him.
continuous (S + is/am/are + v4 +obj) (Obj +is/am/are + being + v3 + by +
sub)
Present He has played a game. A game has been played by him.
perfect (S + have/has+ v3+obj) (Obj + have/has + been + v3 + by +
sub)
Simple He played a game. A game was played by him.
past (S + v2 + obj) (Obj + was/were + v3 + by + sub)
Past He was playing a game. A game was being played by him.
continuous (S + was/were + v4 + (Obj + was/were + being + v3 + sub)
obj)
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Past He had played a game. A game had been played by him.
perfect (S + had + v3 + obj) (Obj + had + been + v3 + by + sub)
Simple He will play a game. A game will be played by him.
future (S + will/shall +v1 + obj) (Obj + will/shall + be + v3 + by + sub)
Future He would have played a A game would have been played by
Perfect game. him.
(S + will/shall + have + (Obj + will/shall +have + been + v3 +
v3 + obj) by + sub)
Instant Practice
Change the following sentences into passive.
1. He sings a song.
2. He is singing a song.
3. He has sung a song.
4. He sang a song.
5. He was singing a song.
6. He had sung a song.
7. He will sing a song.
8. He has to sing a song.
9. We have to sing a song.
10. I must sing a song.
Passive of Modal Verbs
Active Passive
(S + modal + v1 + obj) (Obj + modal + be + v3 + sub)
I can sing a song. A song can be sung by me.
We may draw a picture. A picture may be drawn by us.
She will write a letter. A letter will be written by her.
He could type an essay. An essay could be typed by him.
We would tell a story. A story would be told by us.
I might clean the room. The room might be cleaned by me.
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Instant Practice
1. He can clean the room.
2. She could clean the room.
3. She may clean the room.
4. She might clean the room.
5. She should clean the room.
6. I can climb this tree.
7. I could climb that tree.
8. I may climb this tree.
9. I might climb that tree.
10. I should climb that tree.
11. They must write this.
12. We ought to sing a song.
13. You used to scold Ram.
14. It might trouble you.
15. Ram has to trim his hair.
ASSESS YOURSELF 1
1. She writes poems.
2. He read a biography.
3. We will visit the park.
4. I am painting a picture.
5. We were cleaning the room.
6. He has washed his clothes.
7. She had visited the temple.
8. He beats the dog.
9. I fry the fish.
10. Ram plants a tree.
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11. You ate pizza.
12. I can type an article.
13. They could wash dishes.
14. I buy a computer.
ASSESS YOURSELF 2
1. Sarita speaks English.
2. Dinesh sells vegetable.
3. He fixes the parts.
4. She cooks food.
5. We broke that stick.
6. You called a taxi.
7. He bought a bag.
8. I will clean the box.
9. I was brushing my teeth.
10. We are visiting the park.
11. They were publishing the cartoons.
12. We had seen the man.
13. I have torn my book.
14. He has lost his bag.
15. We study rammar.
ASSESS YOURSELF 3
1. We will open the box.
2. They would drive a car.
3. Maya may post the letter.
4. They might help me.
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5. You are helping me.
6. The farmers are harvesting plants.
7. He was buying a phone.
8. I am repairing the wall.
9. I dug a well.
10. They made a house.
11. He should exchange it.
12. We could colour the room.
13. The rain washed the colour.
14. The dog chews bones.
15. The car hit a boy.
ASSESS YOURSELF 4
1. You can change the cover.
2. I could rub my finger.
3. I may throw the stone.
4. We might exchange books.
5. He must decorate it.
6. I ought to call Ram.
7. We shall help him.
8. They should contact Hemanta.
9. We will harvest crops.
10. She would speak Chinese.
11. She is feeding the dog.
12. I have not torn this paper.
13. The boys have cleaned the ground.
14. He broke the window.
15. I help children.
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Vocabulary in Use
below.
1. How many children have you . . .
a. came? b. own? c. got? d. took?
2. I bought some flowers at the . . .
a. optician’s. b. market. c. carrier bag. d. bakery.
3. I feel tired after that . . .
a. go swimming. b. walk. c. go out. d. exercised.
4. I love reading a good . . .
a. phone call. b. receipt. c. gas bill. d. novel.
5. My uncle and aunt are . . .
a. people. b. divorced. c. mixed. d. into.
6. Nima watched his brother . . .
a. come home. b. came home. c. lived. d. hear.
7. Once upon a . . ., there lived a boy.
a. time. b. who. c. story. d. time.
8. Their future will be . . .
a. afraid. b. bright. c. interested. d. waited.
9. The man left his . . .
a. future. b. in it. c. keys. d. addressed.
10. Your dog is so well- . . .
a. travelled. b. meant. c. done. d. behaved.
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REPORTED SPEECH Chapter

Ganesh said,
“I am twelve years old.”

“My name is Ganesh.”
“I am a student.” “I study in grade five.”
“I live in Kathmandu.” “My father works in an army.”
“I like travelling very much.”

“My mother is a house wife.”
Now read what Ganesh said.

Ganesh said that his name was Ganesh.
Ganesh said that he was twelve years old.
Ganesh said that he was a student.
Ganesh said that he studied in grade five.
Ganesh said that he lived in Kathmandu.
Ganesh said that his father worked in an army.
Ganesh said that his mother was a house wife.
Ganesh said that he liked travelling very much.
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There are two ways of expressing meaning what
somebody has said. They are direct and indirect speech. The
Do
speaker at first is using direct speech but the speaker is using
you
Know? indirect speech afterwards. Direct speech is the speech the
speakers themselves use in conversation but indirect speech is
the speech reported by other speakers.
Speaking Practice
Answer the following questions.
a. Who is the speaker?
b. What does he say?
c. What is the difference between the first and second texts?
d. What is direct speech?
e. What is indirect speech?
f. What is the difference between ‘Ganesh said’ and ‘Ganesh said that’?
When actual words spoken by person is used within inverted commas that is
direct speech.
Ganesh said, “My name is Ganesh.”
Ganesh said, “I am a student.”
Ganesh said, “I am twelve years old.”
If the actual words spoken is said by other person, that is indirect speech.
Sentences are not written within inverted commas in indirect speech.
Ganesh said that his name was Ganesh.
Ganesh said that he was a student.
Ganesh said that he was twelve years old.
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Listening Practice
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Maya said, “I am a girl.” Maya said that she was a girl.
Hari said, “I am from Kathmandu.” Hari said that he was from Kathmandu.
They said to me, “We are leaving.” They told me that they were leaving.
We said to them, “We have a car.” We told them that we had a car.
He said, “Are you singing?” He asked if I was singing.
She said, “What is your name?” She asked what my name was.
The teacher said, “Work hard.” The teacher advised me to work hard.
Grammar Focus: Direct and Indirect Speech

Changes in indirect speech.
Direct Speech: Maya said to me, “I am working now.”
Indirect Speech: Maya told me that she was working then.
a. Change in reporting verb: said to-told
b. Use of connective: that
c. Change in pronoun: Maya- she
d. Change in tense: am-was
e. Change in adverbial: now-then
f. Change in punctuation: inverted comma and comma-full stop
Adverbial Change
Direct Indirect
this that
these those
here there
today that day
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now/just then
thus so
hence thence
tomorrow the following day/the next day
yesterday the previous day/the day before
next day/week/month the following day/week/month
the day before yesterday two days ago
last week/month/year the week/month/year before
ago before
hither thither
tonight that night
come go
Person Change
Person Subjective Objective Possessive Self-forms
case case P1 P2
1st I me my mine myself
we us our ours ourselves
2nd you you your yours yourself/
yourselves
3rd she her her hers herself
he him his his himself
it it it its itself
they them their theirs themselves
Tense Change
Direct Indirect Examples
V1/V5 V2 Direct: She said, “I play a game.”
Indirect: She said that she played a game.
is, am, are was, were Direct: She said, “I am playing a game.”
Indirect: She said that she was playing a
game.”
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has, have had Direct: She said, “I have played a game.”
Indirect: She said that she had played a game.
has to, have had to Direct: She said, “I have to play a game.”
to Indirect: She said that she had to play a game.
was, were had been Direct: She said, “I was playing a game.”
Indirect: She said that she had been playing a
game.
will, shall would, should Direct: She said, “I will play a game.”
Indirect: She said that she would play a game.
can, may could, might Direct: She said, “I can play a game.”
Indirect: She said that she could play a game.
do not, does did not Direct: She said, “I do not play a game.”
not Indirect: She said that she did not play a
game.
did not had not Direct: She said, “I did not play a game.”
Indirect: She said that she had not played a
game.
would, should no change Direct: She said, “I would play a game.”
Indirect: She said that she would play a game.
could, might no change Direct: She said, “I could play a game.”
Indirect: She said that she could play a game.
universal no change Direct: She said, “Water flows down.”
truth Indirect: She said that water flows down.
Instant Practice
Write these sentences using the verb in brackets + said.
1. You study English every day. He said, “You study English every day.”
2. Binod studies English every day. [He]
3. You have dinner at work. [They]
4. Bikas has dinner at work. [She]
5. You do the exercises well. [We]
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6. Amar does the exercises well. [I]
7. You don´t work here. [They]
8. Bill doesn´t work here. [Sabina]
9. You don´t watch TV. [Diya]
10. Aman doesn´t watch TV. [He]
ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Choose the correct form of verbs to complete the following sentences.
1. He said he (will, would) be there soon.
2. He thinks he (can, could) do it easily.
3. He asked me where I (live, lived).
4. I didn’t know what the word (means, meant).
5. The newspaper says it (will, would) rain.
6. She said she (was going, is going) away.
7. I told him that I (cannot, could not) go.
8. He said he (has been, had been) a soldier.
9. She said she (does not, did not) feel well.
10. I don’t know what his name (is, was).
11. I didn’t know what he (is, was) trying to do.
12. She said she (may, might) be late.
13. John said he (will, would) be here soon.
14. Mary told me that she (can, could) not come.
15. He said he (may, might) be late.
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ASSESS YOURSELF 2
Change the following sentences into indirect speech.
1. I said to them, “I am busy now.”
2. We said to them, “We are playing football.”
3. You said to me, “I have got a bike.”
4. She said, “I bought a car yesterday.”
5. He said, “I was singing last Saturday.”
6. They said, “We had seen you.”
7. Rita said, “I will you call you tomorrow.”
8. Sabin said, “You may win.”
9. She said, “I have a cap.”
10. He said to us, “I am sorry.”
11. My father said, “I will buy a cycle.”
12. The teacher said, “You have to work hard.”
13. The coach said, “We are taking rest today.”
14. Dad said to me, “You are careless.”
15. Mom said to me, “You are my best son.”
ASSESS YOURSELF 3
1. Sister said, “I chop the onions.”
2. Brother said, “You are very late.”
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3. Teacher said to us, “I will tell you a story.”
4. He said, “I can sing songs.”
5. The boy said, “I sang a song yesterday.”
6. She said, “Ram will be dancing.”
7. We said to them, “We try to help you.”
8. We said, “We have to invite you.”
9. She said, “I cannot carry it.”
10. He said to me, “I came home last week.”
11. Jitu said, “You are my best friend.”
12. Sanu said to me, “It may rain today.”
13. Dinesh said, “We might sing.”
14. Diya said to me, “We used to smoke.”
15. My brother said, “I have done it.”
ASSESS YOURSELF 4
1. Paru said, “I have got a toothache.”
2. Pratik said, “I am very busy now.”
3. Kamal said, “I am going to college.”
4. She said to me, “I will help you”
5. Sarita said, “Ash must go tomorrow.”
6. Eman said, “My father is a teacher.”
7. She said, “This is his first attempt.”
8. He said, “My friends will be here before 12.”
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9. The boy said, “The program will be interesting.”
10. They said, “There´s a telephone in the room.”
11. We said, “There are 30 days in February.”
12. You said, “There´s some more money in my pocket. “
13. I said, “He watches TV after dinner.”
14. You said to us, “We watch TV after dinner.”
15. I said to him, “Bikal goes to the movies.”
Vocabulary in Use
Choose the correct words from the brackets to complete the following
sentences.
1. A small forest is called a ................. (would, wood)
2. Are you going .................? (their, there)
3. He does not eat ................. (meet, meat)
4. This .................leads to capital city. (rode, road)
5. Did she.................the report? (right, write)
6. All I want is .................and prosperity. (piece, peace)
7. The thief ran .................the forest. (through, thorough)
8. The boss scolded his .................very bitterly. (maid, made)
9. Tell me who is the .................of your school. (principal, principle)
10. It takes an .................to reach there. (hour, our)
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Chapter
PREPOSITIONS

Versailles is a city in France. It is about 22 kilometers
south-west of Paris. Versailles is famous for a palace
built in the 1600s under the guidance of King Louis
XIV. The Palace of Versailles was one of the most
costly buildings in the world. French kings lived there
for more than 100 years.
Versailles was not even a town when King Louis XIII built a hunting lodge there
in the 1630s. The expansion of the lodge into the palace began in the 1660s.
Construction went on through the next century. When the building was completed,
about 5,000 people lived there. Other buildings on the palace grounds include the
Grand Trianon and the Petit Trianon.
The town of Versailles grew around the palace. It was founded in 1671. Many of
the first residents were people who had come to work on the palace. When Louis
XIV died in 1715, after 72 years as king, the town of Versailles had a population
of 30,000.
The Palace of Versailles was used as the royal residence until the French
Revolution started in 1789. After the revolution, the palace was nearly destroyed.
In 1837 King Louis-Philippe restored it and turned it into a museum.
Do In the above given description, the coloured words are

you prepositions. They are used before a noun or pronoun to
Know? show, time, place, position or method.
Speaking Practice
a. Where is Versailles?
b. How far is it from Paris?
169
c. When was the town of Versailles founded?
d. When was the palace nearly destroyed?
e. How long did the construction go on?
f. How many people lived there when the building was completed?
Quick Tip
Words that combine with a noun or pronoun to form a phrase are termed
as prepositions. They show relationship.
Look at the following pictures.
The car is behind the bus.
The bucket is beside the television.
The hen is standing in front of the door.
The helicopter is flying above the house.
170
Listening Practice
Repeat these prepositions after your teacher.
on, in, through, for, beneath, against, beside, over, during, without, abroad,
across, among, against, around, at, between, behind, below, by, inside, into, after,
to, about, at, since ,while, under, over
Instant Practice
Underline preposition in the following sentences.
1. You must stay in bed until you get better.
2. They felt lonely after their children left home.
3. We must walk home before it gets too dark.
4. We arrived at the house in the afternoon.
5. The tiger jumped onto my face.
6. I went to the store today.
7. A light appeared in the window.
8. Three hockey players are on the ice.
9. The cowboy rode into the setting sun.
10. Three boxers are in the ring.
11. I visited my grandparents during the summer.
12. You must finish the work by Friday.
13. I’ll do my homework before dinner.
14. The boys chased after each other.
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15. The football rolled down the hill.
16. A man was walking his dog along the riverbank.
17. The play ran from September to November.
18. Dad was angry with us.
19. We were afraid of the big dog.
20. She’s not very interested in sports.
Grammar Focus: Preposition of Time

AT
specific time I wake up at 7 o’ clock
She returned home at midnight.
holiday period Everyone seems happy at Christmas.
ON
days of the week We will visit you on Wednesday.
date I return to my country on the 27th May.
occassion We get together on Christmas Day.
IN
months My birthday is in January.
years America was discovered in 1492.
seasons I always go to the beach in summer.
length of time It will be ready in 20 minutes.
centuries Life was different in the 15th century.
Parts of the Day
in the morning I go to the gym in the morning
in the afternoon I often feel tired in the afternoon
in the evening I study English in the evening.
at night I like to read in bed at night.
ON+Day+Part of the day
We will have a party on Friday night.
Our flight leaves on Monday morning.
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Other Time Prepositions
Preposition Usage Example
AGO a certain time in the past 2 years ago, 1 month ago, etc.
before 2004, before school, before I
earlier than a certain point
BEFORE came here, before his marriage, before
of time
10 am, etc.
at the latest, up to a certain I will be back by 6 o’clock.
BY
time By 11 o’clock, I had read five pages.
for 2 years, for a day, month, year,
over a certain period of
FOR decade, for a long time, for a few
time
minutes, for an hour, for 10 days, etc.
PAST telling the time ten past six, seven past ten, etc.
since my birthday, since Sunday, since
from a certain point of
SINCE 1980, since January, since morning,
time in past till now
since childhood, etc.
TO telling the time ten to six, five to ten, etc.
beginning and end of a He is on holiday until Friday.
UNTIL
period of time I waited until he arrived.
Instant Practice
Complete the following sentences with correct time prepositions.
1. Many shops close _____Saturdays. [on, in, at]
2. The trees lose their leaves ____ winter. [at, during, on]
3. We always wash our hands _____ meals. [before, during, at]
4. We get up _____ the morning. [on, in, at]
5. We go to bed ____ night. [on, in, at]
6. It’s always hot ____ summer. [at, in, on]
7. The movie starts _____ two ____ the afternoon. [at, on, in]
8. Autumn begins ____ September. [on, in, at]
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9. They were married ____ 1990. [on, in, at]
10. My father arrived ____ me. [after, than, then]
11. It has not rained at all ____ two weeks. [since, for, on]
12. Breakfast is served ____ seven o’clock. [at, on, in]
13. We have been in the same class ____ first grade. [for, since, during]
14. Dad gets home ____six ____ the evening. [about, on, at, in]
15. School starts _____nine o’clock. [in, on, at]
16. We’re going to the zoo ____Labourer’s Day. [on, in, at]
17. The video is _____ your bedtime already. [past, across, at]
18. I visited my grandparents ____ summer. [in, during, at]
19. I’ll do my homework _____ dinner. [before, in, at]
20. We watched the World Cup game ____2:00 A.M. [until, during, at]
Grammar Focus: Preposition of Place

Preposition Usage Example
higher than something else, but a path above the lake
ABOVE
not directly over it flying above the clouds
walk across the bridge
ACROSS getting to the other side
swim across the lake
meaning next to, by an object at the door, at the station
for table at the table
for events at a concert, at the party
AT
place where somebody does at the cinema, at school, at work,
something-watch a film, study, at cinema, at the theatre, etc.
work, etc.
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lower than something else but The fish are below the surface.
BELOW
above ground Skirts are worn below the knee.
FROM in the sense of where from a flower from the garden
room, building, street, town, in the kitchen, in London, in the
IN country, book, paper, car, taxi, book, in the car, in a taxi, in the
picture, world picture, in the world
INTO enter a room , a building go into the kitchen , the house
left or right of somebody or
NEXT TO She is standing next to the car.
something
attached the picture on the wall
for a place with a river London lies on the Thames.
being on a surface, floor on the table, on the first floor
ON
for a certain side [left, right] on the left, on the right
for public transport on a plane, on the bus
for television, radio on TV, on the radio
movement to the top of
ONTO jump onto the table
something
covered by something else put a jacket over your shirt
meaning more than over 16 years of age
OVER
getting to the other side walk over the bridge
overcoming an obstacle climb over the wall
something with limits on top, drive through the tunnel
THROUGH
bottom and the sides river flowing through the village
movement to person or building go to the cinema
TO movement to a place or country go to London , go to Kathmandu
for bed go to bed
movement in the direction of go 5 steps towards the house
TOWARDS something but not directly to
it head towards the city
lower than or covered by The bag is under the table.
UNDER
something else The cat is sitting under the car.
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Instant Practice
Fill in the blanks with the correct prepositions from the box.
near on by at beside over between inside

in underneath around into up behind under
1. The bus arrived ________ 8:30 A.M.
2. The children are swimming ________ the pool.
3. There’s a picture ________ the wall.
4. There is a fence ________ the house.
5. Granny is sitting ________ fire.
6. Harold is hiding ________ the chair.
7. Jack climbed ________ the beanstalk.
8. We divided the candy ________ us.
9. I dived ______ the river.
10. Don’t go too ________ the edge.
11. Tom was sitting ____ a tree.
12. There’s a wooden floor ______ the carpet.
13. Some geese flew ____ their house.
14. John and Sarah were hiding ____ the wardrobe.
15. There was a tree _____ the river.
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Grammar Focus: Preposition of Movement and Direction
up down across
up the stairs down the stairs across the road
over under along
over the bridge under the bridge along the street

into out of through
into the house out of the house through the town

past round/around from...to...
past the house round the tree from A to B
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A girl went past them on a bike.
A man was walking his dog along the riverbank.
The boys chased after each other.
The football rolled down the hill.
The freeway goes right through the city.
They watched the train pull out of the station.
This road leads away from the stadium.
We were travelling towards Mustang.
Grammar Focus: Other Prepositions

Of I bought a bag of rice and a quart of milk.
I need three pieces of paper.
For I made this bread for my sister.
What’s this board for?
With He pounds nails in with a hammer.
Mix the flour with water.
Cross the busy street with care.
Except I like all kinds of food except pasta.
Everyone likes chocolate except Sabina.
We go to school every day except Saturday.
Instead of You should eat fruit instead of candy.
Dad is coming to the theater with us instead of mom.
We could watch TV instead of reading our books.
Like Simran looks like her dad.
Aman smiles like his mother.
Preeti sings like a professional singer.
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As As I came in, she flew.
He sleeps as the rain falls.
Than My backpack is bigger than his.
Dad is taller than all of us.
This painting is more beautiful than that one.
ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Complete the following sentences with correct prepositions given in
brackets.
1. The water spilled _____ the floor. [into, in]
2. School starts ___ nine o’clock. [in, at]
3. We’re going to the zoo ____Saturday. [in, on]
4. I need three pieces ___ paper. [off, of]
5. You must finish the work ____ Friday. [on, by]
6. I brush my teeth ___ the morning and ___ night. [in, on, at]
7. I have a friend who lives ____Humla. [on, in]
8. A big truck is parked _____ their car. [in, in front of]
9. The cat jumped ____top of the cupboard. [in, on]
10. She ran ___the hill. [down, through]
11. The children are ____the classroom. [on, in]
12. There is a bird_____ the cage. [in, on]
13. I saw a mouse ____the box. [in, on]
14. The air is blowing ____the twigs. [in, at]
15. The carpet is ____the floor. [on, at]
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ASSESS YOURSELF 2
brackets.
1. My birthday is ___ 14th of Chaitra. [in, on]
2. There is a bridge____ the river. [under, over]
3. He lives ____the village. [in, at]
4. Unisha cut fruits ____the knife. [by, with]
5. Children fly kites_____ Dashain. [in, at]
6. I saw her _____the airport. [in, at]
7. The book is ____that table. [on, in]
8. The thieves were hiding _____the cave. [in, on]
9. The bulb is hanging____ the table. [over, under]
10. I am satisfied ____his work. [by, with]
11. Is she fond____ your books? [of, off]
12. I saw her happy ____the show. [during, on]
13. I worked there ____ five years. [for, since]
14. The cap is ___his head. [in, on]
15. The dog is moving____ the temple. [round, between]
ASSESS YOURSELF 3
brackets.
1. The boys are hiding _____the bush. [behind, into]
2. My house is ____the river. [at, by]
3. There is a dog ____the table. [under, beneath]
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4. The boy is standing _____two boys. [between, among]
5. I once fell_____ my bike. [of, off]
6. It has been raining _____ morning. [since, for]
7. Divide this apple ____ the boys. [between, among]
8. I am good ____ English. [in, at]
9. I was born ____ September. [in, on]
10. Where are you _____? [from, by]
11. I like to thank ____your suggestions. [to, for]
12. These children are going ____school. [to, for]
13. He prefers tea ____coffee. [to, too]
14. He ran ____the busy street. [along, across]
15. The poor man is walking ____the road. [along, across]
16. I bought colour____ Holi. [in, at]
17. I donot take food____the evening.[on, in]
18. He goes to school ____foot.[in, on]
ASSESS YOURSELF 4
brackets.
1. The students are fond___ reading poetry. (to, of, as, about)
2. The players went to Arughat___ (by, from, on) bus.
3. Krishal went to market ____ foot. (on, by, in)
4. Shreekrishna will go to Japan ___the end of this month. (on, at, in)
5. Pemba lives__ Parbat. It is very cold ___spring there. (on, by, in, to)
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6. Can you show the Nile ___ the map? (in, on, at)
7. I believe ___the strength of my own mind. (on, to, in, of)
8. Sujata is famous ______ her dance skill. (in, for, to)
9. Kunti was suspicious ___ theft. (for, in, of)
10. Our teachers write ___ Red ink.(on, in, at)
11. Rohit left school ____ the age of nine. (in, on, at)
12. Welcome___ (to, in, on) our new school.
13. What are you doing ____ the weekend?(in, at, by)
14. Our school bell always rings ______ 10. o’clock. (at, on, in)
15. This whiteboard is ___the table. (around, over, above, at)
16. The cap I bought yesterday is ___the table. (in, to, on, over)
17. My pens are lying___ the table. (to, by, in, on)
18. They took out the sweets___ (in, into, out of, from) their pocket.
19. The bridge ___the Nile River is very nice. (up, over, above)
20. The cat jumped ___the table. (of, by, off, in)
ASSESS YOURSELF 5
brackets.
1. These school going children remind me ___my childhood. (of, about, on)
2. My son has been missing ____ yesterday. (since, from, during)
3. These boys are afraid _____ the cat. (with, of, at)
4. The fan is hanging___ (on, under, below) the ceiling.
5. The green field reminds me ___my village. (of, about, on)
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6. The firemen are going to put___ (of, off, out, up) the fire.
7. Manu is clever ____ finding answer. (in, to, for)
8. The hotel is ____ the middle of the city. (in, at, on)
9. The hunter killed a bird ____ a stone. (by, with, from)
10. The ball rolled ____ the ground. (at, on, off, onto)
11. Mr. Bhusal warned us___ (for, about, to) the danger.
12. We talked a lot ___ politics today. (of, about, on)
13. We waited___ her ____ half an hour but she didn’t come. (till, to, for, at)
14. We were supplied___ good stationeries. (in, with, of)
15. You can apply ___the post. (for, to, at)
16. You should sketch ___pencil at first. (in, by, on, with)
17. The price of petrol has increased ___five per cent. (to, by, in)
18. The quality ___ this photo is not different ____that one. (to, of, on, form)
19. The Manager is preparing___ the meeting. (of, about, on, for)
20. A stream flows___ the bridge ___my village. (in, over, under, through)
ASSESS YOURSELF 6
brackets.
1. I was asleep __________the phone woke me up. [when, until]
2. I carried on looking for my ring __________ I found it. [until, unless]
3. Who’s going to wash the dishes __________ dinner? [during, after]
4. I felt very tired __________ staying awake all night. [at, after]
5. We always have a good breakfast __________we go to work. [before,
during]
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6. There are several ways __________cooking meat. [of, on]
7. Is there room __________ me __________this house? [for, to, at, on]
8. I’m afraid __________ snakes. [of, off]
9. Go and apologize __________ her. [for, to]
10. The tiger jumped __________ the trap. [into, onto]
11. I’ll do my homework __________dinner. [before, in]
12. Kabindra is known __________ his writing skills. [in, for, to]
13. Herman is true __________ his name. [on, to, by]
14. I always meet her __________ the way to work. [in, on, at]
15. They are looking_______ a good house. [for, to, of]
Vocabulary in Use
Fill in the blanks with who or which.
1. The girl _____is with him is his sister.
2. The book_____ I want is on the table.
3. The man _____ is driving the car is my father.
4. Is this the camera_____ you are planning to buy?
5. Is that the bus _____goes to the airport?
6. The chair on_____ I am sitting is very comfortable.
7. John is the student_____ speaks English well.
8. The books_____ are listed in that catalogue are in English.
9. Is it Mr. Anurag_____ wants to see the manager?
10. The magazine _____ is on the sofa is a sports magazine.
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Chapter
CONJUNCTIONS

My name is Binod. I live in Kathmandu. I have a
sister and a brother, too. My sister studies in grade
six but my brother is in grade three. I read in grade
five. I always get up early in the morning because
waking up early is a good habit. I do some exercise
in the morning so that I can be healthy. I also go to temple to worship god on
Saturdays.
Though my sister is elder than me, she is not as active as I am. She is so lazy that
she sleeps till seven. She does not wake up unless mother asks her to wake up. My
little brother is neither active nor lazy. He is rather playful. As playing football is
his favourite hobby, he plays chess, too. If there is a football match, he wakes up
early. He sleeps until seven like sister on Saturdays.
Sister does not like cats nor does brother. However, both of them like dogs very
much. Both play with our family dog and make it walk around with them. Mother
scolds them because of their dirty clothes playing with the dog. My brother comes
to me when mother scolds him. I give him sweets and he becomes happy.
Do In the given description, the coloured words are conjunctions.

you They are also called connectors. They connect two different
Know? ideas.
Speaking Practice
Say what words are connectives in the following sentences.
a. Mohan wanted an ice cream but he had no money.
b. Sony fell down and she hurt her toe.
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c. Lal was in bed because he was sick.
d. He sold his old car so that he could buy a new one.
e. You cannot pass exam unless you work well.
f. I am worried since no message has come so far.
g. India is big but Nepal is small.
h. I went to school to learn.
i. She called me in order to pass an urgent message.
Quick Tip
Conjunctions are the words that connect sentences, clauses, phrases,
or words, and sometimes paragraphs. They can also be used to avoid
repetition of grammatical phrases.
Listening Practice
Repeat these words after your teacher.
for and but after before than until

although how though when as if till to
because since unless why either…or.. neither..nor… so
so so…....
but despite in spite of as…as.. yet
that that…
as long as if however because of whenever in order to nor
Instant Practice
Underline the conjunctions in the following sentences.
1. I wanted to buy chocolate but the store did not have any.
2. She swims really well and her diving is impressive too.
3. I bought an enormous cake and Manu and I shared it.
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4. We went to the toy shop but the shop was closed.
5. Mr. Tim sat on his armchair and he fell fast asleep.
6. Madhu wanted an ice cream but he had no money.
7. Suraj fell down and he hurt his toe.
8. They built an adobe house because they decided never to move again.
9. They cancelled the match because of bad weather.
10. The team won the match despite weakness.
11. He has worked for our company since 1989.
12. They have been waiting for a taxi for about 15 minutes.
13. It was a nice day, so we decided to go for a walk.
14. The economic policies have been changed in order to control inflation.
15. We expect our lesson to finish at ten o’clock.
Grammar Focus: Use of Conjunctions

CONJUNCTIONS MEANINGS EXAMPLES
COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
I have to find a new job, for I am
For because
unemployed.
Please calm down. Let’s wait and
And in addition to
see.
Neither my parents nor my
Nor and not
teachers supported me.
I have a nice house but I don’t
But however
have a car.
Do you have any brothers or
Or either
sisters?
He is good person, yet you don’t
Yet but
trust him.
My brother is very smart, so
So therefore
everybody likes him.
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SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
As reason I did not go to school as I was
sick.
Since because; as I will not write to you since you
write to me.
Because for the reason I walked slowly because my leg
was fractured.
Therefore logical result I am sixteen therefore I am not
eligible to vote.
Though despite the fact Though he is poor, he is honest.
that
Although despite the fact Although it was very hot, they
that continued walking.
Despite unexpected result He failed the exam despite hard
labour.
In spite of unexpected result They climbed up hills in spite of
bad weather.
So that the reason for sth I went to market so that I could
buy some fruits.
To for the purpose of I bought a computer to learn to
type.
In order to for the purpose of He went to the zoo in order to see
wild animals.
If in that condition If you work hard, you can pass
the exam.
Unless if not You won’t succeed unless you
labour hard.
However to whatever He is a good boy. However, a few
degree friends like him.
While shows time order Father watches television
[same time] while I do my homework.
After shows time order I take a bath after I come from
office.
[first action]
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When shows time order I go out when I finish my work.
[first action]
Before shows time order Before taking bath, I walk for an
[second action] hour.
CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
Both …and not only...but also Both father and mother are
equally important.
Either…or choice of two I like to play either shirt or
t-shirt.
Neither…nor true negative Neither I played nor did I enjoy
the game.
statement
Whether…or choice Whether you do it yourself or let
me do.
Not only...but also sth else is also I not only wrote poem but also
true recited it in class.
Instant Practice
Underline conjunctions in the following sentences.
1. John smokes but his brother doesn’t.
2. Neither Arati nor Nilam has come.
3. She speaks English as well as Spanish.
4. I like him because he is very sincere.
5. Though he worked hard, he did not win.
6. She is ill but she is cheerful.
7. Though it was raining we decided to go out.
8. The piper played and the children danced.
9. James works hard whereas his brother is lazy.
10. I went to the shop and bought some vegetables.
11. You must start at once; otherwise you will be late.
12. He must be tired because he has been working since morning.
13. He does not speak, neither does he drink.
14. You must apologize, otherwise you will be finished.
15. He must be asleep for there is no light in his room.
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16. He has been working hard, so he will pass.
17. We will promote him because he is efficient.
18. I can’t help you unless you tell me the truth.
19. I have such regard for him that I will do anything for him.
20. He climbed up a tree so as to get a good view of the procession.
ASSESS YOURSELF 1
Choose suitable conjunction and complete the following sentences.
1. It looks _____ it might rain. [as if, if]
2. _____she is poor, she is always neatly dressed. [Since, Though]
3. He is not ______ clever as his brother. [so, so that]
4. He must be punished ______ he is guilty. [because, because of]
5. A fool ____his money are soon parted. [and, as well as]
6. He was not punished ___he was guilty. [as though, though]
7. He worked hard ______ he might pass the examination.[that, than]
8. I waited for him _____the clock struck seven. [unless, until]
9. You will not get the prize ______ you deserve it.[if, unless]
10. It has been a year ______ I saw him. [as, since]
11. Hardly had he reached the platform ______the train arrived. [then, when]
12. No sooner did he see the tiger ______ he fainted. [than, then]
13. The book_____ is on the table is about beauty of Nepal. [where, which,
who]
14. The city____ we can see many temples is Kathmandu. [which, where, what]
15. The time____ I usually get up is 4:30 a. m. [what, which, when]
16. _____ I want to know is about her success. [ What, Who, Whom]
17. You will be punished for____ you have done.[what, when , while]
18. I went to library_____ read some story books.[because, for , to]
19. My friend was lazy,_____ he failed the exams.[ however, despite, therefore]
20. I never play volleyball____ my left hand is weak.[but , although, since]
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ASSESS YOURSELF 2
1. She was afraid ——— she had seen the accident. [because, so]
2. I worked hard ——— I might win the first prize. [for, so that]
3. She spoke in such a low voice ——- few could hear her.[for, that]
4. She was ——– weak that she could hardly stand. [too, so]
5. That is Peter, ——– I am mistaken. [if, unless]
6. We will have plenty to eat ——- that no uninvited guests turn up. [unless,
provided]
7. I will forgive you ——– you don’t repeat the offence. [on condition that, as
if]
8. They were disappointed ——- you weren’t in.[that, such that]
9. There will be no trouble ———- you keep your mouth shut.[whether, as long
as]
10. ——– were his words and gestures that the listeners were hypnotized. [So,
Such]
11. She was not only a farmer_____ an electrician. [but also, as well as , along
with]
12. He eats egg, _____he never eats meat. [ but, however, therefore]
13. I went to market_____ buy a grammar book.[ for, to , because of]
14. ______ he was late, he missed his school bus.[ Before, As, Until]
15. Ravi often goes to river_____ fetch water.[ so that, in order to, because]
16. They are happy_____ they go.[where, wherever, which]
17. We go to bank_____ deposit our money.[in order to, for, because of]
18. The school was closed____ severe cold.[ because of, in spite of, in order to]
19. Our flight was cancelled____ poor visibility.[in spite of, because , because
of]
20. God helps those_____ help other people.[which, what, who]
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ASSESS YOURSELF 3
1. ____he is rich, he walks bare feet. [Though, Because]
2. He failed the exam ____ his laziness. [because, because of]
3. I cannot attend the meeting today _____ I am sick now. [because, because of]
4. You have only two options: do ___die. [and, or]
5. He can dance ___ he cannot sing. [and, but]
6. She is very active ____ she is old. [although, despite]
7. I love travelling ____ dancing. [as well as, also]
8. ____ I knew the answer, I would tell you. [If, Unless]
9. She goes to market ___she can buy vegetables. [so that, and]
10. He is ____intelligent ____ honest. [so... that, neither-or]
11. I couldn’t attend class____ my brother’s wedding.[ because of, therefore, in
spite of]
12. _____bad weather, they climbed the mountain.[ Because, Because of , In
spite of]
13. The boy____ I like very much is good at football. [ whom, whose, what]
14. I met him yesterday,____ he didn’t say anything to me.[ though, therefore,
however]
15. Yesterday, I met the man ____was singing a song. [who, whose, whom]
16. She got up early____ she could go to temple.[so, however, so that]
17. He lost his way____ his weak eyesight. [so that, however, due to]
18. She is happy_____ she has lost her money bag.[ however, though, even]
19. _____her cleverness, she couldn’t present smartly. [Despite, In order to,
Because of]
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20. My brother tried hard,______ he couldn’t finish the task in time.[ though,
however, so]
21. The girl____ hair is curly is running a restaurant. [who, whose, whom]
22. I was born in Pokhara____ is a very beautiful city. [which, where, who]
23. ______ you do not apologize, I shall punish you. [If, Unless]
ASSESS YOURSELF 4
Fill in the blanks with until, when, as soon as, as long as, while, before.
1. We will not leave the hotel_____ you are ready to go, too.
2. I´ll write to you____ I get to Kathmandu next Friday evening.
3. Don´t start moving. You must wait ____ the light changes to green.
4. They will stay in Kathmandu ___ the war lasts.
5. We will wait here ____you telephone this afternoon.
6. You can stay here ____we go to the movie this evening.
7. You will know him ___you see him at the meeting tomorrow.
8. We’ll come to see you next week ___you leave on your vacation.
9. The doctor will arrive within a few minutes. Please, wait here ____he
arrives.
10. I´ll believe it _____ I see it.
ASSESS YOURSELF 5
Join these short sentences together using the conjunction ‘and’ or ‘but’.
1. I wanted to buy chocolate. The store did not have any.
2. Janak swims really well. His diving is impressive too.
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3. I bought an enormous cake. Mohan and I shared it.
4. John has a brother. He does not have a sister.
5. We went to the toy shop. The shop was closed.
6. Mr. Sharma sat on his armchair. He fell fast asleep.
7. I read a story book. I read a poem.
8. He likes apples. He does not like lemon.
9. My father is a teacher. His father is a mason.
10. I play football. I play chess.
Vocabulary in Use
Fill in the blanks with the correct possessive adjectives.

1. I walk to _____chair.
2. John walks to _____desk.
3. You walk to _____school every morning.
4. Rabina goes to _____office every day.
5. They went back to _____seats and began to write.
6. The teacher writes with _____pen.
7. We moved to _____new house last month.
8. They take _____children to the park on Sunday.
9. The dog wags ______ tail.
10. My brother drives ______ car every day.
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Chapter
STORY WRITING
According to Abrams, “A short story is a brief work of prose fiction, and most of
the terms for analyzing the component elements, the types and the various narrative
techniques of the novel are applicable to the short stories as well.”
Remember a good story has a beginning, a problem, a solution to the problem,
and an ending. Follow these tips to write a story:
 Decide who the characters are.
 Who is going to be in the story?
 What sort of characters are they?
 Where and when your story is going to take place. This is called the setting.
 What is going to happen in your story?
 What is the main event?
 What type of story is it?
 A summary of what happens in the story.
 The events in the story which is known as the plot.
 How it all ends and how the problem is solved.
 What type of ending? Happy or sad?
Read the following sample story.
The Goose That Laid Golden Eggs
There was once a very poor farmer and his wife. He lived in
an old broken house. He had one goose. It did not lay eggs
for some time. The farmer was worried about the goose. He
was planning to sell it. With that thought he went to sleep.
The next morning, the poor couple woke up to a glittering
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dawn. It was so bright that they had to cover their eyes. But it was not the sunlight
shining. They could hardly believe what they saw; it was a gigantic, glorious,
golden egg! ‘You clever girl! Ha! Ha! Ha! Ha! We will be rich! Rich beyond our
dreams!, said the poor man to his wife.
So off he went to market pushing the egg in an old wheel barrow and back he
came with a barrowful of meat to cook, chicken fed for his goose and a huge bag
of coins. Every day, the same thing happened and they continued their money and
wished more and more. Soon the farmer and his wife became very rich but as they
grew rich, they grew greedier and still they wanted more. And then the farmer had
an idea.
The farmer said to his wife, “Our goose has all those golden eggs inside her, why
not to get them all at once?” he grabbed the goose and killed her instantly. To his
surprise there were no eggs inside her. “Why did I kill her,” the man cried. Now he
realized that there will be no more golden eggs.
Moral: Greed ruins us.
The Rabbit and the Tortoise
Once upon a time there lived a rabbit and a tortoise in a
forest. They were good friend for many years. They used
to meet and play together every day. The rabbit always
boasted that he could run faster than the tortoise.
Quite raged with the rabbit, the tortoise planned to take
part in the race. They chose a starting and finishing point
of the race. The rabbit ran really fast and soon left the tortoise far behind. He
thought that the tortoise is too slow and he can rest for a while.
So the rabbit stopped under a tree nearby and decided to sleep for some time.
Meanwhile, the tortoise kept walking the whole time and reached the wining point.
When the rabbit woke up, he saw that the tortoise had already won the race.
Moral: Slow and steady wins the race.
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The Greedy Dog
Once there lived a dog. He always wandered in search of
food. One day the dog was very hungry. He searched the
food everywhere and at last found a bone. He picked the
bone with his mouth and started going back to his home.
There was a bridge on the way to his home.
When he started crossing it, he saw his own reflection in
the water. He wanted to get that other bone too as he was very hungry thinking that
two bones could satisfy his hunger.
Therefore, he started barking at his own reflection. His bone fell in water as soon
as he opened his mouth. The greedy dog lost his bone this way.
Moral: Do not be greedy.
ASSESS YOURSELF
1. Read the following story and give a suitable title and moral for the story.
___________________________________________
Once there was a young man who called himself Icarus. His father always wanted
his children to look after themselves and do what they wanted. The trouble was
that Icarus always wanted to put himself into danger. His father said again and
again, if we don’t take care, we’d hurt ourselves.
Icarus shocked his father with an idea that he was going to try out on himself. He
had watched birds flying throwing themselves into the air. His sister she would like
to push herself into the air and fly but she was too frightened. Icarus said he would
try and he promised his father: I will not injure myself. The last words his father
said before Icarus left were: look after yourself.
Unfortunately, Icarus went too near the sun and the wax on his wings melted and
the feathers worked themselves free and he fell on the ground and died.
Moral: _____________________________.
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2. Rearrange the paragraphs to make a complete story.
The Wily Lion
However, presently compelled him to do something; and as the use of force did
not promise success he determined to resort to lie going up to the bull in friendly
way.
A lion watched a fat bull feeding in a meadow and his mouth watered when he
thought of the royal make but he did not dare to attack him for he was afraid of his
sharp horns.
The bull was foolish enough to be persuaded by this flattery to have his horns cut
off; and having now lost his only means of defense fell an easy prey to the lion.
He said to him, “I cannot help saying how much I admire your magnificent figure,
what a fine head! What powerful shoulders and thighs! But my dear friend, what
in the world makes you wear those ugly horns! You must find them as awkward as
they are unsightly. Believe me; you would do much better without them.
Moral: Don’t trust anyone without reason.
3. Read the following story and give a suitable title and moral for the
story.
___________________________________________
Once, a small bee was searching nectar on its way. It fell in a tank and tried its
way to come out but it failed in a couple of times. A generous dove came to see
that miserable condition of the bee. The dove felt pity on the little bee who was
struggling hard to save its life.
The dove flew on the tree and picked up a large leaf with its beak and dropped into
the water. The bee was able to climb on the tree leaf and the dove took the leaf out
of water. Ultimately, the bee was saved. The bee thanked the dove for help and the
dove flew away.
A couple of days later, the bee saw a hunter aiming at shooting the dove in order
to kill it. The bee thought that it was the best time to repay the debt and instantly
went to the hunter. It bit the hunter before he fired his gun. The hunter cried in pain.
Hearing the sound, the dove flew away. The little bee walked towards its home
being proud of itself for repaying the debt. The dove was also thankful to the bee
who saved its life.
Moral:
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Chapter
PARAGRAPH WRITING
Paragraph is a group of connected sentences that is generally made up of one

main idea and a group of supporting sentences. Paragraphs are the basic unit
for building longer pieces of writing, like essays, reports, assignments, etc. A
paragraph contains three main parts:
a. A topic sentence - contains the main idea of the paragraph. It’s often but not
always the first sentence of the paragraph.
b. Supporting sentences - these sentences develop or give details about the topic
sentence. They can: expand on the main point, offer explanations, give
examples and give additional details.
c. A concluding sentence which summarizes the paragraph or may provide a link
to the next paragraph. This sentence is not always necessary in a paragraph.
Read the following sample paragraphs.
PHYSICAL EXERCISE
Physical exercise invigorates us. It maintains physical and mental balance. Students
require more recreational time in order to better focus on lessons in class. In fact,
studies have shown that students who enjoy a recess of more than 45 minutes
repeatedly score better on tests immediately following the recess period. Clinical
analysis further suggests that physical exercise greatly improves the ability to
focus on academic materials. Longer periods of recess are clearly required to allow
students the best possible chances of success in their studies. Clearly, physical
exercise is just one of the necessary ingredients for improving student scores on
standardized tests.
HUMAN RIGHTS
Human rights are the rights that belong to an individual or group of individuals as
a consequence of being human. They refer to a wide range of values or capabilities
thought to enhance human society and declared to be universal in character, in
some sense equally claimed for all human beings. It is a common observation that
human beings everywhere demand the realization of diverse values or capabilities
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to ensure their individual and collective well-being. It also is a common study
that this demand is often painfully frustrated by social as well as natural forces,
resulting in exploitation, domination, discrimination, and other forms of
deprivation.
FOOTBALL
Football is one of the most watched sports in the world. It is a popular game
that uses a ball. Football is played by two teams. Each team tries to score points
by getting the ball over the other team’s goal line, into the end zone. They try to
pass, kick, or carry the ball across each other’s goal line to score points. Football
players use moves such as blocking and tackling to prevent their opponents
from advancing the ball. Almost all students like to play football. Many schools
have included football as their sport events. Additionally, to be a good football
player is the pleasant hobby of many students.
MUSIC
Everybody loves music. Many people feel that music makes life worth living.
We can hear music on CDs and on radio or television. Music gives us pleasure.
It can cheer us up, excite us, or calm us. Music can be happy, sad, romantic and
sleepy. Music, like language, is a uniquely human form of communication. People
listen to jazz, rock, classical, folk, country, and many other kinds of music. We
dance to music. We sing songs at school. Many of us exercise to music. We hear
music in cars and stores. Music has always been important to religious ceremonies.
Thus, music is necessary for all of us.
MY SCHOOL
I like my school because teachers are very helpful and affectionate. We talk
about different issues in our classroom. They ask us interesting questions
and we use our experiences to answer them. They give us handouts and other
reference materials. We work in groups and pairs. They encourage us to do things
on our own. We are always active in class. Education is based on practice and
relevancy to our real life. We take part in different extra and co-curricular activities.
We do a lot of project works. I am always busy doing so many things and learning
a lot of things every day. Well experienced teachers, its infrastructures and
other facilities make our school a perfect place for learning and getting education.
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DOG
A dog is a good pet. It is a domestic animal. It has four feet, a tail, two eyes, two
ears and a body. It is of different colours and types. The house where a dog lives is
called a kennel. A dog eats different types of food. It likes to eat meat. It also eats
biscuits, bread, rice, etc. A dog is a useful animal. It guards our houses. When it
sees a stranger, it barks at him. Police use dogs to find criminals. So keeping a pet
dog is very useful.
THE TREE
The tree plays a major role for the welfare of human beings. So it is said that tree
is our life to live better and safe. We cannot think of an environment without tree.
The tree helps us in many ways. It supplies us with food, furniture, medicine, etc.
The tree gives out oxygen without which we cannot live. It gives us food when
we are hungry and medicine when we are sick. It also gives us many kinds of
flowers. Fruit trees grow all over the country. Trees bring down rains to keep the
atmosphere cool and fresh. Trees can be planted all the year around but the rainy
season is the best period for tree plantation.
CANADA
There are three reasons why Canada is one of the best countries in the world. First,
Canada has an excellent health care system. All Canadians have access to medical
services at a reasonable price. Second, Canada has a high standard of education.
Students are taught by well-trained teachers and are encouraged to continue
studying at university. Finally, Canada’s cities are clean and efficiently managed.
Canadian cities have many parks and lots of space for people to live. As a result,
Canada is a desirable place to be in this world.
Write paragraphs on the following topics.
a.
Cow b. My living room
c.
Classroom d. Good habits
e. National museum f. Zoo
g. My country h. Doctor
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Chapter
ESSAY WRITING
An Essay is a regular and connected writing about any subject. It may be narration
of some individual, description of some substance, some creature, building,
plant or some topic of abstract qualities, such as ‘Youth’, ‘Friendship’, ‘Truth’,
‘Discipline’, ‘Love,’ etc.
Parts of an essay:
Introduction
Supporting Paragraphs
Summary Paragraphs
Read the following essays.
NAGARKOT
Nepal is a beautiful country. It is plentiful in beautiful hills and mountains. The
green hills and snow clad mountains attract everybody.
There are some important hill tops around the Kathmandu valley. People go there
to have nice views of other hills and mountains. From these places, one can see
beautiful scenes and the sun rise. One of such places is Nagarkot hill top. It is a
famous place.
The place is about 19 km north east of the Bhaktapur town. A single lane road
connects it with Bhaktapur. The road has many bends. It runs through the fields
and the patches of woods. We can drive up to the top of the hill in about an hour.
Driving up the hill is exciting. The cool air and green view are really refreshing.
There are some nice places which can be very good picnic spots. For this some
basic requirements have to be fulfilled. Pure drinking water is the most important
one. There should be sunshades and places to prepare food and rest. The spot
should be well guarded.
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THE WORLD CUP
Football is the most popular game in the world. The most important football
competition is the World Cup. The World Cup is held every four years. In 2002 it
was held in Asia for the first time. It was held in the two Asian countries- South
Korea and Japan.
In 1994 football was a part of the Olympic Games. But because football was so
popular, a new competition had to be held. The very first World Cup was held in
Uruguay in 1930. There were just thirteen teams and sixteen matches. An average
of 24,000 fans watched each match. The World Cup was held in the USA in 1994.
About 1.5 billion people around the world watched the final match on television.
Winning the World Cup is the highest achievement in football. But in the history of
the World Cup, a few teams have won more often than others.The first World Cup
was won by Uruguay, and they won again in 1950.
Argentina won twice, in 1978 and 1986. West Germany won in 1954, 1974 and
1990. Italy won in 1934, 1938, 1982 and 2006. Spain won it in 2010. Germany
won the World Cup in 2014. The World Cup was held in 2018 in Russia. France
won the Russia World Cup 2018.
But the greatest World Cup team is Brazil. Brazil has won five times! They won it
in 1958, 1962, 1970, 1994 and 2002.
UNEMPLOYMENT
Unemployment is the condition of one who is capable of working, actively
seeking work, but unable to find any work. Unemployment has become a serious
problem in our country because it is increasing day by day. It is quite impossible to
get employed without channel and force in Nepal.
Unemployment problem has resulted many Nepalese youths who are going abroad
for employment every day. Almost all youth manpower of the country is in abroad.
About 30 lakhs youths are in abroad from Nepal.
Unemployment has reduced agricultural production because of lack of workers
and lands are barren in the village. Low salary, insecurity and uncertainty of the
future are the main causes of youth migration for employment.
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Different crimes are being increased due to unemployment. When people are free,
they generally have evil thoughts and indulge into crimes. The strength of the
country deteriorates if youth manpower does not become productive. It slows
down the economic and social development of the country.
Full employment of all citizens of the country is necessary in Nepal. Natural
resources should be aptly used and youth manpower should be mobilized. Different
infrastructures of development should be set up. The government should create
more job opportunities to solve this problem soon.
VILLAGE LIFE
Majority of the people live in the villages in Nepal. There are more villages than
cities in Nepal. Village life is simple. People are simple and kind hearted. They are
hard working and honest. They help each other in need. There is sense of humanity
and cooperation in village life.
People are often farmers. They have raised animals and depend on animal products
and crops for their survival. They work day and night and make their living. They
exchange their goods and have mutual trust among them. They are often busy at
their work.
Village is a healthy life. The environment is clean and food is fresh here. There
is no pollution. The water is fresh and people have high immunity power as they
are strong. They take the real taste of ghee, curd, milk, vegetables and many other
food items.
Superstition, belief in Dhami and Jhankri, discrimination between son and daughter,
early marriage, unhealthy living conditions are common in village. They are mostly
uneducated and lack health awareness. They believe that giving birth to a child is
the blessing of god.
Villages should be provided modern facilities and living standard of people must be
promoted. Education and training can make them aware citizen. Equal development
of all parts of villages is necessary to bring change in the villages.
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POTATO
The potato plant is an herb. An herb is a plant without a woody stem. The potato
plant bears white or purplish flowers. Each potato leaf is divided into leaflets.
Such a leaf is known as a compound leaf. The compound potato leaf is 20 to 30
centimeters long.
The stem of the potato plant grows underground. It extends into structures called
stolons. The stolons may enlarge greatly at the tips, thereby forming from a few
to more than 20 tubers of varied shapes and sizes. The tubers are the parts of the
potato plant that can be eaten. The plant’s leaves manufacture the starch that is
stored in the potato’s tubers.
The skin of the potato tuber varies in colour from brownish white to deep purple. Its
flesh normally ranges in colour from white to yellow, but it also may be purple.
Potatoes grow well in cool climates, in a light sandy or clay loam soil. The plant
is not commonly grown from seed but rather from pieces of the tuber. Each potato
tuber bears buds, also known as eyes. When the conditions are right, these buds
grow into new plants.
The new plants are identical to the plant that bore the tubers. Commercial varieties
of potato are grown from tuber buds. In this way a potato plant of a selected variety
will give rise to other plants of the same variety.
MY DAILY LIFE
Different people have different works for a day. As everything should be done
on time, everyone must plan for each day. As a student it is our duty to prepare a
routine of each day utilizing the time wisely. I am a school student. I have a routine
of my own. I strictly follow it.
With the break of dawn, my day begins every day. I always remember the proverb
“Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.” Thus, I
have inculcated the habit of rising early in the morning. I brush my teeth, wash my
hands, feet and face and then go for Morning Prayer for fifteen minutes. I go for
physical exercise after it. I take a bath after exercise and go to room for completing
my homework and assignments.
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At 8:30 am I complete my tasks and get ready for the school. I manage my things
and iron clothes and polish shoes. I take breakfast and dress up within 15 minutes.
At 9:00 I go to the bus station where I am picked up for school. I reach school at
around 9:30 and attend the morning assembly.
I remain busy and silent during school hours. I submit all my home works and get
them checked. When the school is over, I come back to home and take some light
refreshment after changing dress.
MY LIVING ROOM
My house has different rooms like bathroom, bedroom, day room, dining room,
family room, kitchen, living room, study room, toilet and guestroom. All these
rooms are equally important for me. But my living room is special one for me.
I like my living room very much for many reasons. It is a peaceful place. It is
comfortable. It is wide and spacious. I feel happy when I stay here. The interior
setting of this is very nice. The walls are painted in pink and the room is carpeted
in the same colour.
It has two big windows and a thick wooden door. Air and sunlight gets into my
room through the windows. The curtains of the windows are also pink, which
is my best colour. There are three beautiful paintings on the wall that reflect the
various groups of people in Nepal.
In the east corner of the room, there is a single bed. And a book-shelf is kept
opposite the bed. There is a round tea table between the bed and the book-shelf.
There are two chairs around the tea table.
My room is very good for living and exercises that everyone who visits it likes it
very much.
MY SCHOOL LIBRARY
Library is storehouse of books. It is collection of books and other informational
materials made available to people for reading, study, or reference. Materials such
as manuscripts, books, newspapers, and magazines, art reproductions, films, sound
and video recordings, maps, photographs, software and other media are found
there.
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My school library has great role for my learning. It is peaceful and well-maintained.
I can read books on various subjects. These books help a lot to my understanding
of academic subjects. Also, my habit of reading has increased.
I can find books on biology, chemistry, algebra, history, geography, literature,
language, etc. there. It also has a good collection of famous magazines, newspapers
and several other reading materials. These reading items help me to do project
work, extracurricular and creative activities.
When we finish a lesson in our classroom, our subject teacher provides a list of
books that we need to go through for deeper and better understanding. After school
I visit the library and read the books and magazines of my interests.
Everybody should develop reading habit for good learning. Also, a good book can
change our life, too. Over all, my school library is a good place for information
and knowledge.
MY AIM IN LIFE
Man is ambitious by nature. It is a strong feeling of wanting to be successful in
life. It also means achieving our targets. Everybody has an ambition in his/her life.
Ambition gives us aim. It gives us a sense of direction in life.
My ambition is to become an ideal teacher. I can serve my people by becoming
an ideal teacher. A true teacher is the builder of the nation. I shall try to shape the
character of my students. I will make them ideal citizens. I shall also help them in
choosing their careers.
For this, I must have a high moral character. I shall be punctual, disciplined,
humble, efficient and righteous. A good profession is its own reward. Most people
choose a profession which can give them maximum money but my ambition is not
earning money only.
Wealth, power and possessions do not attract me. My aim is to serve my country
and people. I can serve my people by becoming an ideal teacher. I will produce
able citizens who can compete with the world people.
Thus, I will teach both students and subjects. Success of students will be the greatest
prize for me as an ideal teacher.
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MY BEST FRIEND
Friends are those who live, eat, play, sing, dance and learn together. They have
common feelings and hobbies. There can be many fair weather friends but only
one best friend. The best friend is one who helps you in need and never lets you
down.
Mina is my best friend. She lives in my neighbourhood. We go to school together.
We sit together and have similar hobbies and interests. We never quarrel each
other. We have good sense of understanding. We exchange ours notes and opinions
as well.
Mina is slim and tall. She has an oval face with white complexion. She is polite and
friendly to all. She is also the class captain of our class. She treats all fairly. She
is smart and talented. She always stands first in class. She is regular and punctual.
When we have problem in class, it is Mina to put the issue with teachers.
Mina is very helpful and considerate. Once I forgot my Tiffin and was without
money. I was sitting alone in the classroom. She knew it. She bought some food
from the canteen and gave me. That day I understood that she is a man of high
characters. I love her very much.
BIRDS
We see and hear many birds daily. Birds are all around us. They fly in the sky,
hover on tree branches, hop on the ground, and swim in the water. Only the birds
have feathers. Feathers on their wings help birds fly. Soft, fluffy feathers on their
bodies keep them warm.
Birds fly by flapping their wings. Large birds like eagles flap their wings slowly
and can fly high in the air for hours at a time. The smallest birds, hummingbirds,
flap their wings very fast.
All birds cannot fly. Penguins use their wings as flippers to swim underwater. The
ostrich is the world’s biggest bird and is too heavy to fly. But it has powerful legs
and can run as fast as a horse.
Bird beaks are different. They use their sharp beak to tear the flesh of the animals.
Baby birds hatch from eggs. When the babies hatch, the parents feed them until
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they are old enough to care for themselves. Many male birds have brightly coloured
feathers to attract a friend.
People kill birds for their feathers. It is bad. Birds should be preserved. They are
our wealth. They sing for us. I love birds very much.
PEACOCK
The peacock is an attractive bird. They have colourful feathers, two legs and a
small beak. They are famous for their dance. When a peacock dances it spreads its
feathers like a fan. It has a long shiny dark blue neck.
The male’s body is about 35–50 inches long. Its feathers are about 60 inches long.
The tail feathers are green. The body feathers of the male blue peacock are mostly
blue-green. The peahen of both these species is green and brown. It is almost as
big as the male.
Peacock and peahen belong to the pheasant family. They live in lowland forests.
At night they rest in trees. Peacocks are mostly found in the fields. They are very
beautiful birds. The females are known as Peahen.
Peafowl build their nests on the ground or in the low branches of trees. The birds
survive on worms, insects, small snakes, and seeds of different types.
Peacocks are very beautiful that everyone loves them. Their feathers are used for
making jackets, purses, etc. In many parts of the world people also keep them at
home. Hunters kill them for their feathers. We should protect them. We can see
peacock in zoos.
TELEVISION
The television is one of the most common household appliances. It is a system
of sending and receiving pictures and sound by electronic signals transmitted
through wires. It is the cheapest way of providing us with news, information and
entertainment.
Television is the developed form of radio. In radio, we can only listen but on
television we can see pictures and videos too. Television begins with a video
camera. The camera records the pictures and sound of a television programmed
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changing the pictures and sound into electric signals. A television set receives the
signals it works.
Television, black and white or colour, is operated through electricity. It provides
the viewer with different programs through the cable network. We can see cartoons,
dance shows, news, talks, games, and many other shows of our interest, here.
As a student, we should watch good shows only. It is source of knowledge. We can
gain knowledge related to our family, society, country and the whole world from
this. We should not watch television for long time. It might create great problem
in our eyesight.
As an electronic device, television has many advantages than disadvantages.
Therefore, right use of television is good for all students.
Write an essay on the following topics.
a. Football
b. Computer
c. The Dog
d. The Horse
e. The Elephant
f. Television
g. My Family
h. Godawari
i. Fun Park
j. Ratna Park
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Chapter
LETTER WRITING
Read the following letters.

A thank you letter to your friend for his help
Address Jwalamukhi-5, Dhading
Date April 4, 2020
Greeting Dear Friend,
I would like to thank you for the time you took to complete
my missed homework and assignments during the annual
examination. If you had not helped me, I would have been
missed a lot of information which could be a cause of my failure
Body in exam.
It was very kind of you and I felt very happy more than I had
before. I am planning to do arrangements and continue my study
now. Once again, I would like to thank you for your selfless help
in difficult time. I will never forget it throughout my life.
Yours best friend,
Ending
Saman Adhikari
A letter to your friends describing your new house
Dhading, Nepal
June 7, 2020
Dear All,
As you can see from the address, we are now in our new home! We got the keys
last Thursday and moved in on Friday. It was the hottest day of the year, so we
didn’t enjoy it very much.
The new house has got five bedrooms, so it’s a lot bigger than the old one. All our
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furniture looks very small and we keep losing the kids. We moved so the girls can
have a bedroom each now they are getting older, and it’s great having a spare room
for visitors.
One thing that is worse than the old place is the garden – the new one is smaller and
it is very untidy. However, there’s a park across the road so the girls can play there
on their bikes. I can see the park from the front windows so I won’t worry about
them. We’re having a house warming party on the 22nd of next month. I invite all
of you in the party.
Yours ever,
Muna
P. S.: Please share this information all of our friends.
A letter to the librarian of your school explaining why you are not able to
return a book
Jwalamukhi-5, Dhading
May 10, 2020
The Librarian,
Tripura Sundari Secondary School,
Jwalamukhi-5, Dhading
Dear Sir,
I am writing this letter to explain why I have been unable to return the three books
which are now overdue. After taking the books out on 10th May, I had an urgent
phone call from my elderly aunt’s neighbour to say that my aunt had had a fall and
had been taken into hospital. I am her only surviving relative in this country, so I
felt I had to go and see her immediately. I travelled down to Pokhara the following
morning, thinking I would stay for only two or three days.
Unfortunately, my aunt’s condition has only improved very slowly, so I have to
stay here longer than expected. However, the hospital says that if all goes well, she
will be able to go home in two or three days’ time, in which case I will be back at
the beginning of next week.
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Dealing in mind the circumstances I trust you will kindly ignore any fines that may
have accumulated. I hope you understand this problem.
Yours sincerely,
Name:
Class:
Roll No:
Signature:
An Application to the principal of your school for sick leave
Gangajamuna-7, Dhading
May 23, 2020
The Principal
Mandali Secondary School
Gangajamuna-5, Dhading
Subject: About sick leave for three days.
Dear Sir,
With due respect, I beg to state that I am unable to come to school because of high
fever since last Sunday. My father has already taken an appointment for today.
Therefore, will you please kindly grant me leave for three days?
I will surely write to you again if I require more days of leave. I promise that I will
recover my missed lessons after my recovery.
I am hopeful for the positive response from you soon.
Yours obedient student,
Name:
Class:
Roll No:
Signature:
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A letter to your friend telling him/her about your exam and asking for
suggestions.
Budhathum, Dhading
May 20, 2020
Dear Friend,
How are things with you. Hope you’re doing well in your studies. I’m doing
my best too but I haven’t been able to get through the Math tests. I did very poorly
in the first term. I was very upset and hoped better for the second. But I got just
pass marks. I’m afraid I’m going to spoil my studies. I’m nervous, what can I do?
Please suggest me the things I am supposed to do to improve my studies. I am
eargely awaiting for your next letter soon.
With best wishes,

Yours friend,
Radha
P.S: Please convey my warm regards to all.
Exercise
1. Write a letter to your little sister suggesting her some healthy tips.
2. Write a letter to your uncle asking him to send you a good English dictionary.
3. Write a letter to your friend describing about your recent visit of a place.
4. Write a thank you letter to your friend for his help in doing project work.
5. Write a letter of application to your class teacher asking him/her for 2 day’s
sick leave.
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READING COMPREHENSION Chapter
1. Read the following passage and do the activities that follow.

Dinosaurs lived about 225 million years ago. The biggest
dinosaurs were as big as ten elephants. The smallest were
as small as a chicken. Some dinosaurs could fly and these
were as big as planes. Scientists have found the bones
of these types of dinosaurs in Africa and America. Some
dinosaurs ate their own kind but most of them ate plants. The largest dinosaurs
weigh about a thousand kilogram.
A. Write T for true and F for false statements.
a. Dinosaurs lived about 252 million years ago.
b. The biggest dinosaurs were as big as ten elephants.
c. There were some dinosaurs that could fly.
d. All dinosaurs were very big.
e. Some dinosaurs did not eat their own kind.
B. Answer the following questions.
a. When were dinosaurs found on earth?
b. How big were the flying dinosaurs?
c. What did most dinosaurs eat?
d. What have scientists found in America and Africa?
e. What was the weight of the largest dinosaurs?
2. Read the following passage and answer the questions that follow.
Hansel and Gretel sat by the fire, and at midday they both ate their pieces of bread.
They heard the strokes of an axe and thought their father was nearby. But it was
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not an axe, it was a branch he had tied to a withered tree,
and the wind was shaking it to and fro. After sitting there for
sometimes, they became so tired that their eyes closed and
they fell into a deep sleep. When at last they awoke, it was
dark night. When the full moon had risen, Hansel took his
little sister by the hand and followed the pebbles, which glistened like newly made
silver coins and showed them the way. They walked all night and reached their
father’s house just as day was breaking.
A. Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the text.
a. Hansel and Gretel were……….
b. When they woke up it was………….
B. Match the words with their meanings given below.
a. midday a weapon to cut down the trees
b. axe moving
c. shaking pieces of stone
d. pebbles middle of the day
C. Answer the following questions.
a. What did Hansel and Gretel eat?
b. What was the sound they heard?
c. What showed them the way to their home?
d. When did they reach their home?
3. Read the following passage and do the activities that follow.
Rama was a good as well as kind man. People loved him. For
fourteen years he lived in the forest. One day, he and his brother
Lakshman were walking through the forest. They were hungry.
They came to a small hut. An old woman, Shabri, lived there.
She was overjoyed when she saw Rama. She had a basket full
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of berries. She wanted Rama to eat only the sweet ones. So she bit each berry and
offered the sweet ones to Rama. He ate them. Lakshman was shocked. He had
never eaten anything bitten by someone else. Rama smiled at Lakshman. Later he
told him, ‘She offered the berries with great love. I could not reject an offering of
love.’
A. Write similar meaning to the following words.
a. thrilled b. tiny c. sugary d. aged e. starving
a. Where did Shabri live?
b. How did she feel when she saw Rama?
c. What did she have at home?
d. What did she want Rama to eat?
e. Who were hungry in the forest?
In winter, Darjeeling is very cold. It snows for days together.
You cannot see the sun. People wear thick woolen clothes
and drink lots of hot tea. In summer, Darjeeling is cool and
pleasant. People enjoy going out for long walks. Tiger Hill is
near Darjeeling. It is very high. On a clear morning you can
see Mt. Everest from there. The Everest looks like a finger of
snow pointing towards the sky.
a. chilly b. close to c. observe d. sky-scraping e. dress in
a. When does it snow in Darjeeling?
b. Is Darjeeling bright and sunny in winter?
c. When is Darjeeling cool and pleasant?
d. Where can you see Mt. Everest from?
e. What does Mt. Everest look like from there?
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It was a hot summer day. A crow was very thirty. It flew here
and there in search of water. It could not find any water. It sat
on a branch of a tree. It saw a pitcher on the ground. There was
little water in the pitcher. It was very happy to see the water in
the pitcher.
It tried to drink the water but the level of water was low. Its beak could not reach
the water in the pitcher. It thought of a plan. It dropped some pebbles into the
pitcher, one by one. The level of water rose up. The crow drank the water, and
felling satisfied; flew away.
a. joyful b. fulfilled c. stones d. floor e. height
a. Why did the crow fly here and there?
b. How much water was there in the pitcher?
c. What did he drop into the pitcher to rise up the level of water?
d. What was very thirty at the very hot summer day?
e. Was the crow able to drink the water at last?
Women generally live about six years longer than men.
Evidence suggests that boys are the weaker sex at birth, which
means that more die in infancy. Men also have a greater risk
of heart disease than women, and they have heart attacks
earlier in life. Men smoke and drink more than women, and
their behaviour is generally more aggressive, particularly
when drinking, so they are more likely to die in accidents.
Also men are more often in dangerous occupations, such as construction work.
Historically, women died in childbirth and men in wars. So nuns and philosophers
often lived to great ages. Now child bearing is less risky and there are fewer
wars.
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A. Write similar meanings to the following words.
a. sickness b. especially c. previous d. hostile e. childhood
a. Who have greater risk in heart disease?
b. In which particular case do the men become more aggressive?
c. What is the dangerous occupation mentioned in the passage?
d. Who live longer, men or women?
7. Read the passage and answer the questions given below.
As we entered the church, two strangers passed round to the back
of it. I thought that they would probably enter by the side door
and witness the ceremony. Mr. Rochester did not observe them as
he was looking at my face and gently leading me up to the holy
altar where the priest was waiting for us. Meanwhile, I heard
some steps and glancing backwards saw the strangers coming.
The service began. The explanation of the intent of matrimony
was gone through, and then the priest bending slightly towards Mr. Rochester said,
“I require and charge you both, that if either of you know any impediment, why
you may not lawfully be joined together in matrimony, you confess it now.” As was
the custom, the priest paused, a pause which was never followed by a reply. He
was about to ask Mr. Rochester, “Will thou have this women for thy wedded life?
When a distinct voice said, “The marriage cannot go on. I declare the existence of
an impediment. Mr. Rochester has a wife now living.”, there was a stunned silence
in the room. Mr. Rochester moved slightly as if an earthquake had rolled under his
feet and then firmly said, “Proceed.”
a. obstacle b. shocked c. stopped d. pure
B. Fill in the spaces with the correct words.
a. A……voice said, “The marriage cannot go on”.
b. The two strangers passed round to the back of the……..
c. Mr. Rochester did not…….the strangers
219
C. Answer the given questions.
a. What did the writer hear?
b. Why do you think the priest bent slightly towards Mr. Rochester?
c. What did the writer think when two strangers passed round?
d. Why couldn’t Mr. Rochester take notice of the strangers?
It was Tanya’s birthday and she had received many presents:
games, toys and books. But the gift she liked the most was from
her uncle. It was a net for catching birds.
A little board was attached to a frame on which a net was
stretched. Grain was sprinkled on the board, and then the net
was set out in the yard. When a bird flew up and perched on the
board, the board would turn over and the net would fall.
Tanya was so happy with the gift that she came running to her mother to show it to
her. But her mother did not like it. “It is not a nice day at all”, she said. “What do
you want with little birds? Why do you want to torment them?”
“Little birds make amusing pets,” Replied Tanya, “I can put them in cages. They’ll
sing for me and I’ll feed them.”
Tanya then got some grains, sprinkled them on the little board and set the net out
in the garden. She stood next to it, waiting for the birds to come flying down. But
the birds were afraid of her and did not come near the net.
a. frightened b. structure c. small d. scattered e. gift
a. What did Tanya receive on her birthday?
b. What did she like the most?
c. Did she like the bird most?
d. What did Tanya say when her mother objected?
e. Did Tanya catch the bird?
220
20
IRREGULAR VERBS Chapter
Simple Past Past Participle

be was, were been
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
bend bent bent
bet bet bet
bite bit bitten
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
dig dug dug
do did done
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
221
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen
get got gotten
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lit lit
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
quit quit quit
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
222
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
shake shook shaken
show showed shown
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
split split split
spread spread spread
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
swim swam swum
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
wear wore worn
win won won
write wrote written
223
21
Chapter
REGULAR VERBS
Past Past
Infinitive Past Infinitive Past
participle participle
accept accepted accepted last lasted lasted
act acted acted learn learned learned
achieve achieved achieved like liked liked
admire admired admired link linked linked
advise advised advised list listed listed
affect affected affected listen listened listened
agree agreed agreed live lived lived
amaze amazed amazed locate located located
amuse amused amused look looked looked
answer answered answered love loved loved
appear appeared appeared manage managed managed
arrange arranged arranged mark marked marked
arrive arrived arrived match matched matched
ask asked asked measure measured measured
attack attacked attacked mention mentioned mentioned
bake baked baked miss missed missed
behave behaved behaved move moved moved
believe believed believed name named named
224
belong belonged belonged need needed needed
blame blamed blamed note noted noted
borrow borrowed borrowed notice noticed noticed
bother bothered bothered number numbered numbered
call called called offer offered offered
cancel canceled canceled open opened opened
carry carried carried order ordered ordered
cause caused caused organize organized organized
celebrate celebrated celebrated pack packed packed
clean cleaned cleaned paint painted painted
clear cleared cleared pamper pampered pampered
climb climbed climbed pardon pardoned pardoned
close closed closed park parked parked
compare compared compared participate participated participated
compete competed competed pass passed passed
complete completed completed perform performed performed
contain contained contained persuade persuaded persuaded
continue continued continued pick picked picked
cook cooked cooked plan planned planned
correct corrected corrected play played played
cough coughed coughed please pleased pleased
count counted counted practice practiced practiced
225
crash crashed crashed predict predicted predicted
create created created prefer preferred preferred
cross crossed crossed present presented presented
curse cursed cursed program programmed programmed

change changed changed protect protected protected
chase chased chased provide provided provided
chat chatted chatted purchase purchased purchased
check checked checked push pushed pushed
damage damaged damaged rain rained rained
dance danced danced receive received received
date dated dated recommend recommended recommended
decide decided decided relate related related
deliver delivered delivered relax relaxed relaxed
depend depended depended release released released
describe described described remember remembered remembered
design designed designed repair repaired repaired
destroy destroyed destroyed repeat repeated repeated
dicrease dicreased dicreased resist resisted resisted
die died died rest rested rested
disagree disagreed disagreed return returned returned
discover discovered discovered review reviewed reviewed
discuss discussed discussed sail sailed sailed
226
disturb disturbed disturbed save saved saved
dress dressed dressed scan scanned scanned
dry dried dried scare scared scared
eliminate eliminated eliminated share shared shared
end ended ended shop shopped shopped
enjoy enjoyed enjoyed shout shouted shouted
entertain entertained entertained skate skated skated
excuse excused excused ski skied skied
exercise exercised exercised slow slowed slowed
exhibit exhibited exhibited sneeze sneezed sneezed
expect expected expected snow snowed snowed
express expressed expressed solve solved solved
film filmed filmed spell spelled spelled
fill filled filled start started started
fish fished fished step stepped stepped
fix fixed fixed stop stopped stopped
follow followed followed stress stressed stressed
freeze freezed freezed study studied studied
fry fried fried substitute substituted substituted
greet greeted greeted suggest suggested suggested
guess guessed guessed surprise surprised surprised
hail hailed hailed talk talked talked
227
handle handled handled taste tasted tasted
happen happened happened terrorize terrorized terrorized
hate hated hated thank thanked thanked
help helped helped touch touched touched
hope hoped hoped travel traveled traveled
hunt hunted hunted try tried tried
identify identified identified tune tuned tuned
ignore ignored ignored turn turned turned
imagine imagined imagined underline underlined underlined
impress impressed impressed use used used
improve improved improved vary varied varied
include included included wait waited waited
increase increased increased walk walked walked
interview interviewed interviewed want wanted wanted
introduce introduced introduced warn warned warned
invite invited invited wash washed washed
jog jogged jogged watch watched watched
join joined joined water watered watered
jump jumped jumped welcome welcomed welcomed
knock knocked knocked wish wished wished
label labeled labeled witness witnessed witnessed
land landed landed work worked worked
wrestle wrestled wrestled worry worried worried
228
22
Chapter
ANTONYMS
Word Antonym Word Antonym

all none reduce expand
abhor love alert unprepared
able unable aim aimless
above below answer question
aged young airy airless
also excluding come go
bring take away buy sell
broad narrow kill save
busy free gay unhappy
catch drop unexciting exciting
copy original smart shabby
delight displeasure day night
earn spend engrave erase
end start error errorless
enjoy despise energetic inactive
excuse blame close open
fat thin morning evening
foolish wise first last
frank vague begin end
freedom restriction lovable dreadful
fruitful fruitless evening morning
229
full empty happy gloomy
gain lose incorrect correct
gather scatter vacation work
get misplace smooth rough
good bad sick healthy
grow destroy cruel kind
hero villain distant near
huge small greet ignore
impolite polite little large
important unimportant variety likeness
round flat guilt innocence
kind unkind bad good
many few tale fact
plain elaborate cozy uncomfortable
poor rich firm soft
rush linger sleep wake up
see ignore alone together
shut open in out
sickness good health opposite similar
silly sensible desire unconcern
succeed fail rich deprived
tell hide awful fine
weep laugh slow speedy
worry relax total partial
worth worthless attempt give up
230
23
Chapter
SYNONYMS
Word Synonym Word Synonym

abduct kidnap abridge shorten
abhor detest abroad overseas
able capable aim plan
above over answer respond
aged old airy fresh
also too come approach
bring fetch buy purchase
broad wide kill slay
busy active gay happy
catch hold cheat trick
copy imitate smart intelligent
delight joy question interrogate
earn produce cut chop
end finish error mistake
enjoy take pleasure in earth ground
excuse forgive close near
fat overweight morning dawn
foolish mad first initial
frank honest begin start
freedom liberty lovable attractive
fruitful productive evening dusk
231
full filled happy delighted
gain profit incorrect false
gather collect vacation holiday
get receive smooth soft
good fair sick ill
grow increase cruel fierce
hero champion distant far
huge big greet welcome
impolite rude little small
important significant type sort
instruct teach look see
kind gentle bad awful
many numerous tale story
plain simple clothes dress
poor underprivileged firm strong
rush hurry sleep doze
see observe annual yearly
shut close in inside
sickness illness opposite reverse
silly stupid desire want
succeed win rich well off
tell narrate bad naughty
weep cry slow sluggish
wood forest total all
worth value attempt try
232

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DYNAMIC

Shubharambha Publication Pvt. Ltd.

Dynamic English Grammar and Composition Book-5

Author: Krishna Prasad Regmi

Read the following text.

Look at the following table.

Pronoun Conjunction Interjection Preposition

Antelopes are mammals with hooves and hollow horns.

Read the following story.

Grammar Focus: Common and Proper Nouns

In the above sentences, boy, city, temple, girl, dog, month,

Grammar Focus: Countable and Uncountable Nouns

apples, cats, dogs, watches, books, mobiles, balls, doors,

Formation of Plural Nouns

s bus-buses octopus- syllabus- virus-

 We change the vowels of some nouns to make them plural.

axis-axes goose-geese cactus-cacti louse-lice crisis-crises

 We add –en or –ren.

advice, knowledge, aircraft, music, baggage, news, cattle, offspring, cod,

Grammar Focus: Abstract Noun

Some abstract nouns in English

cruelty bravery strength courage life death

Grammar Focus:Collective Noun

a band of musicians a brood of chickens a flight of steps

a school of fish a team of players a bunch of keys

a class of pupils a collection of books a deck of cards

a fleet of ships a flock of sheep a gaggle of geese

a gang of robbers a herd of cattle a litter of cubs

a pod of whales a pack of wolves a pride of lions

a set of stamps a swarm of bees a troupe of actors

a band of robbers an army of soldiers a blush of boys

Grammar Focus: Gender Nouns

Laxmi Prasad Devkota Birds Ramayana

Parrot Lord Krishna Man

Teacher Samsung Mobile Jesus Christ

Market Ratna Park Bishal Bazaar

Sita Doctor Farmer

Singular Countable Noun Plural Countable Noun Uncountable Noun

Complete the following sentences with ‘there’ and ‘their’.

Read the following description.

Grammar Focus: Different types of Pronouns

Object Pronouns: me, us, you, him, her, it, them

Interrogative Pronouns: who, whom, what, which, whose, when

Demonstrative Pronouns: this, that, these, those

Indefinite Pronouns: someone, somebody, anyone, anybody, each, either, none,

Grammar Focus: Replacing Nouns with Pronouns

Complete the following sentences with ‘advice’ and ‘advise’.

Read the following story.

Do The coloured words a, an and the in the above given

Grammar Focus: Indefinite Article: A/An

a glass of water a cup of tea a pouch of oil a pail of water

Grammar Focus: Definite Article: THE

Grammar Focus: No Article

_____ River Indus flows from north to south. It is ______

_____spider has eight legs instead of six, and it doesn’t have

Match each word to make a compound word.

Read the following text.

Read the following sentences.

Grammar Focus: Formation of Comparative and Superlative

Elephants, the largest living land animals, belong

big, small, long, short

ugly, smart, attractive, handsome, slim, big, long, short, fat

William Shakespeare Mona Lisa

small, famous, mysterious, beautiful,

_ River Indus flows from north to south. It is __