ENGLISH b.

Monkey → monkeys
DOST-SEI Scholarship Review c. Valley → valleys
Dasmariñas Integrated High School d. Journey → journeys

PARTS OF A SPEECH 5. Some nouns have irregular plural

forms.
NOUNS a. Child → children
– a part of speech that names something. b. Man → men
– names people, places, ideas, processes, c. Women → woman
and concepts d. Sheep → sheep
e. Mouse → mice
Rules in Forming Plural Form of Nouns f. Bacterium → bacteria
1. Add “-s” to most common nouns that g. Focus → foci
end in consonants. h. Alumnus → alumni
a. Book to books i. Appendix → appendices
b. Bag to bags j. Fish → fishes
c. Pen to pens k. Fruit → fruits
d. Chair to chairs
6. Add “-s” to nouns that end in “o” if
● There are some exceptions, the preceding letter before it is a vowel.
however. For instance, nouns a. Zoo → zoos
ending in "-s," "-sh," "-ch," "-x," b. Carabao → carabaos
or "-z" usually take "-es" for the c. Stereo → stereos
plural to avoid a hissing sound (bus d. Portfolio → portfolios
-> buses, wish -> wishes).
7. Add “-es” to nouns that end in “o” if
2. Add “-es” to nouns ending in "-s," the preceding letter before it is a
"-sh," "-ch," "-x," or "-z". consonant.
a. Box → boxes a. Veto → vetoes
b. Bus → buses b. Echo → echoes
c. Wish → wishes c. Hero → heroes
d. Church → churches d. Potato → potatoes

3. If a noun ends in a consonant ● However, there are exceptions to

followed by “y”, change the “y” to “i” this rule: avocado, photo, honcho,
and add “-es”. and piano.
a. City → cities ● Also: cargo, zero, mango,
b. Puppy → puppies mosquito, volcano, and memento.
c. Baby → babies
d. Cry → cries 8. Most nouns ending in “-f” or “-fe”
will be changed into plural form by
4. If a noun ends in a vowel followed by changing the ending to “-ve” before
“y”, simply add “-s”. adding “-s”.
a. Toy → toys a. Life → lives
 b. Wife → wives 13. For compound nouns, add “-s” to
c. Half → halves the word that functions as a noun.
d. Knife → knives a. Mother-in-law → mothers-in-law
e. Scarf → scarves b. Passerby → passersby
c. Son-in-law → sons-in-law
9. Some nouns ending in “-f” or “-fe” d. Runner-up → runners-up
will be changed into plural form by
simply adding “-s”. 14. For single letters, single numerals,
a. Proof → proofs and symbols, add “-’s”.
b. Sheriff → sheriffs a. A’s
c. Roof → roofs b. 9’s
d. Cliff → cliffs
15. For acronyms, add “-s”.
10. Some nouns are always plural even a. NGOs
though they appear singular. b. CEOs
a. Team c. UNs
b. Committee
c. Family 16. Some nouns change in meaning with
d. Trousers a change in form.
e. Shorts a. Authority and authorities
f. Scissors b. Time and times
g. Eyeglasses c. Cloth and clothes
h. Thanks d. Work and works
i. Riches

11. Some nouns are always singular. Types of Nouns

a. Concrete 1. Compound nouns
b. Sugar a. With space: Ice cream, real estate,
c. Rice full moon
d. Blood b. Without space: football,
e. Baggage greenhouse, armchair
f. Information c. With hyphens
g. Equipment
h. Justice 2. Countable noun
i. Bravery When to use a and an.
j. Confidence

12. Some nouns have the same singular

and plural form.
a. Sheep
b. Species
c. Series
d. Swine
e. Salmon
PRONOUNS 3. Intransitive verbs do not need a direct
– a word that is used to replace a noun. object.
a. She laughed.
11 Types of Pronouns b. I read.
1. Pronouns in the subjective case c. He drives.
I, you, we, they, whoever, he, she, it, who
4. Transitive verbs need a direct object.
2. Pronouns in the objective case a. I love my country.
Me, you, us, them, whomever, him, her, it, b. He supports the mint ice cream
whom flavor movement.

Examples: 5. Auxiliary verbs are used to support the

a. Philip threw the ball at Luke.
b. JP and Eloiza went to DIHS yesterday.
c. It is [they, them] who gave the
command.
a. Ramsey asked [I, me] to attend the
party.
b. [Who, Whom] wrote the letter?
c. [Who, Whom] did you give the letter
to?
VERB
– a word that shows an action or a state.
main verb.
a. Be: am, is, are, was, were, been,
and being
b. Do: do/does, did
c. Have: has/have, had
6. Modal verbs express ability,
permission, possibility, and obligation.
a. Ability: can, could
b. Permission: can, may
c. Possibility: might, may, could
d. Obligation: could, should, must
7. Regular verbs (walked, watched)

Nine Types of Verb 8. Irregular verbs (eat, drive)

1. Action verb
a. He jumps 9. Phrasal verb
b. I eat. a. Broke up
c. They play. b. Put on
c. Take off
2. State verb shows:
a. Thoughts and opinions (believe,
agree)
b. Feelings and emotions (love, hate)
c. Senses and perception (smell, feel)
d. Possession (has, have, had)
e. Profession or position (am, lives)
ADJECTIVE PREPOSITIONS
– a word that describes a noun or a – are words that indicate the relationship
pronoun. between other words.

Types of Adjectives
i. Demonstrative adjective
a. This book is mine.
b. This is my book.
ii. Interrogative adjective
a. Which subject do you like the
most?
b. Which is your favorite subject?
iii. Possessive adjective
a. Joey left his keys at home.
b. The keys on the table are his.
iv. Compound adjective
a. Full-time job
b. Five-hour bus ride
1. IN
a. Precedes a month, year, or any long
period of time
b. Talking about a large area
c. When something is inside an
enclosed space or when you mean
“within”
2. ON
a. Precedes a day or a specific date or
event
b. When talking about streets, roads
or avenues, and small islands
c. When a thing is on top of or in
contact with an object
d. When talking about
communications media

v. Distributive adjective 3. AT
– any, each, either, every, and neither a. Precedes an hour or exact time of
a. Did any of you do the homework? the day
b. Each guest received a gift. b. When talking about a specific place
c. Either sweater will look good in or address
those pants. c. When one means in proximity to a
structure
vi. Predicative adjectives follow the verbs
of “be” and modify the subject. Notes:
a. Vanessa is smart. ● Box drawing
b. We used to be rich. ● Vehicle
● 1 to ten

ADVERB
– a word or phrase that modifies a verb, an
adjective, or another adverb.
CONJUNCTION INTERJECTION
– A word used to connect clauses or – A word or utterance that expresses
sentences or to coordinate words in the emotions without changing the message of
same clause. the sentence.

Common Conjunctions Three Types of Interjection

And → addition
But → opposition
Or → choice
So → result
Four Types of Conjunctions
1. Coordinating conjunctions
– for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
2. Subordinate conjunctions
Time: When, while, before, after, since,
until
Reason: Because, since, as
Condition: If, unless
Contrast: Although, though, whereas
Purpose: So that, in order to
1. Volitive interjection
2. Cognitive interjection
Um," "Er," "Hmm," "Well," "You know,"
"I mean," "Like”
3. Emotive interjection
Examples:
Excuse me! (Politeness)
Bless you! (After someone sneezes)
Thank goodness! (Relief)
Come on! (Encouragement)
Nonsense! (Disagreement)

● Because I was tired, I went to bed

early.
● The movie, which everyone was
raving about, was disappointing.
● If you finish your homework, you
can watch TV.

3. Correlative conjunctions
a. Both, and
b. Either, or
c. Neither, nor
d. Not only, but also

4. Conjunctive adverbs
– however, furthermore, nevertheless,
notwithstanding, consequently
VERB USAGE/TENSES
Present Tense
1. Simple present
a. Habit
b. Permanent situations
c. Present facts
● I am teaching.
● My name is Eloiza.
● I live in Cavite.
● Matter is anything that
occupies space and has
mass.
2. Present continuous
a. Action in progress
b. For temporary conditions
c. DON’T USE STATE VERBS.
● I am eating chocolate.
● I am working.
● I am teaching.
3. Present perfect
a. Expresses an action that has
happened sometime in the past.
b. UNPECIFIC TERMS.
● I have lived in the
Philippines all my life.
4. Present perfect continuous
a. Started in the past and has
continued until the present.
● I have been eating
chocolate.
● The boys have been playing
basketball since 4 pm.
● Flor has been working at
DSWD for two years.
Past Tense
1. Past Simple
a. Actions that were completed
entirely in the past.
b. SPECIFIED time expressions.
● I ate chocolate at 6pm
yesterday.
● I made dinner yesterday.
● She attended a soiree last
Sunday.
2. Past Continuous
a. Describes an action that has been
happening sometime in the past.
● I was eating chocolate at
2pm yesterday.
b. Describes a past action that was
happening before it was interrupted
by another past action.
● I was eating chocolate
when you arrived.
3. Past Perfect
a. Expresses that the second past
action happened sometime after the
first past action.
● She had written about the
concept in one of their
essay requirement before
their teacher taught the
class about it.
● The class had started before
you arrived.
4. Past Perfect Continuous
a. Used for a past action that had been
happening for a specified time
before it was terminated by another
past action.
● They had been walking for hours
before they decided that they were
lost.
● Flor had been working at DSWD
for two years before she resigned.
Future Tense
1. Future Simple
a. Action that will happen in the
future.
● I will eat chocolate.
● He will turn 60 in June.
● It is going to rain this
afternoon.
● I will help you carry these
boxes.

2. Future Continuous
a. Future action that will be
happening when a specific time is
mentioned.
● I will be eating chocolate at
2pm tomorrow.
b. Future action that will be
interrupted by a second future
action.
● I will be teaching by the
time you call me.

3. Future Perfect
a. The second future action will
happen sometime after the first
future action.
● I will have retired by the
time I am 65.

4. Future Perfect Continuous

● Flor is going to have been
working at DSWD for two
years next month.
FIGURES OF SPEECH b. Why did the scarecrow win an
award? Because he was
Types of Figure of Speech outstanding in his field!
1. Antithesis
a. "Hope for the best, prepare for the
worst."
b. Her voice, though soft, held a
steely determination.
2. Apostrophe
a. Oh, Romeo, Romeo! Wherefore art
thou Romeo?

3. Circumlocution
a. Instead of saying 'I'm hungry,' you
might use a circumlocution like
'My stomach is rumbling a bit.
b. My head is spinning.

4. Epigram
a. All that glitters is not gold.
b. The early bird gets the worm.

5. Euphemism
a. Death → passed away, departed,
sleeping peacefully
b. Old → of mature age

6. Litotes
a. That wasn’t my best work.
b. The weather isn’t the best for a
picnic.

7. Metonymy
a. Wearing the crown
b. Reading Shakespeare

8. Pleonasm
a. Advance warning
b. Repeat again

9. Puns
a. I used to hate facial hair, but then it
grew on me.