1.Give the systematic position of spirogyra. A.Kingdom : plant king dom. Sub King dom: Cryptogamae. Division: Thallophyta.

Sub division: Algae. Class: Chlorophyceae. Order: Congugales. Family: zygnymtaceae. Genus: Spirogyra. 2.What is hold fast?What is its use?Mention the specis of spirogyra having holdfast. A.The basal colourless cell of attached spirogyra species is called holdfast cell or hapetron cell. USE: It fixes the filament to the stones in water. 3.How does holdfast cell differ from oter vegetative cells of spirogyra filament? A.Holdfast cell differ from other vegetative cells in not having chlorophyll,incapable to divide and it fixes the filament to the stones in water. 4.Why spirogyra is called pond scum and pond silk? A.Some spirogyra species freely floating masses on the surface of stagnant water in ponds and ditches.Hence it is called pond scum. The pectose part of cell wall becomes gelatinous in water to form amucilage sheath. When we touch the filament slimy or slippery in nature.Hence it is called pond silk or water silk. 5.Why spirogyra filament is slimy to touch? A. The pectose part of cell wall becomes gelatinous in water to form amucilage sheath. When we touch the filament slimy or slippery in nature.Hence it is called pond silk or water silk. 6.Why spirogyra is named as such? A.The chloroplasts are arranged spirally in the cytoplasm.Hence the name given spirogyra. 7.Write about pyrenoids present in spirogyra cell. Athe pyrenoids are special protenaceous structures that store starch. 8.How does spirogyra reproduce vegetatively? A.Spirogyra reproduce vegetatively by fragmentation due to mechanical injury by water currents,aquatic animals and gelatinous of middle lamellum. Each broken fragment grows it a full filament by diffused growth. 9.Distinguish between akinetes and aplanospores of spirogyra. A. 10.Differentiate between the direct and indirect lateral conjugation in spirogyra. A. Direct lateral conjugation Indirect lateral conjugation 1.Usually conjugation occurs between the two cells which lie next to holdfast cell. 2.Conjugation tubes are not formed. 3.The male gamate migrates tofemale gametangium through an pore in the septum. 4.At the end of conjugation male cell with zgospore and female cell is empty.EX:S.affinis 1.Conjugation takes place between two adjacent cells of a single filament. 2.Conjugation tubes are formed laterally. 3.The male gamate migrates to female gametangium through conjugation tube. 4.At the end of conjugation half of the congugated cells empty and remaining half with a zygospores.EX:S.jogansis,S.adnata, S.mirabilis.

11.Where in zygospores are formed during isogamous physiological anisogamous conjugation in spirogyra? A.In isgamous conjugation zygospores are formed in the conjugation tubes physiological anisogamous conjugation zygospores are formed in the cells of female filament. 12.Which type of conjugation in spirogyra is considered dioecious and which type monoecious? A.Selariform conjugation and Lateral conjugation.

13.Give one example each to the two types of lateral conjugation in spirogyra. A.In indirect lateral conjugation:Ex S.affinis and In direct lateral conjugation Ex : S.jogensis,S.adnata,S.mirabilis. 14.Distinguish between Zygote and Zygospore in spirogyra. A. Zygote Zygospore 1.In spirogyra,the Zygote is a diploid structure 1.Zygospore is a thick walled resting spores formed formed by the fusion ofmale and female gametes due to contraction of zygote. SATQ 1.Describe the cell structure of spirogyra. A.1.Cells are cylinderical shaped and usually longer than its diameter. 2.Cell has two wall layeris.Outerwall is made up of pectin and Inner wall is made up of cellilose. 3.The pectose part of cell wall becomes gelatinous in water to form a mucilagenous sheath.When touch the filaments slimy or slippery in nature .Hence spirogyra is called Pond silk or water silk. 4.The centre of the cell has a large vacuole and surrounded by cytoplasm Known as Primordial Utricle. 5. A single nucleus lies suspended in the central vacuole by cytoplasmic strands. 6.The cell s have 1-16 number of spirally coiled,ribbon shaped chloroplasts in the cytoplasm and hence the name Spirogyra. 7.Each chloroplast has a number of pyrenoids. Pyrenoids are special protenaceous structures that store starch. 2.Explain asexual methods of reproduction in Spirogyra. A.Spirogyra reproduce asexually by non_motile spores like akinites or aplonospores. i) Akinetes It is resting spore formed due to thickening of cell wall of vegetative cell to overcome the unfavourable conditions. In favourable conditions, each akinete germinates and forms a new Spirogyra filament. e.g.S.farlowii ii) Aplanospores These are formed in species like S. aplanospora. These are formed in favourable conditions. The protoplast of cell contracts and rounds up and develops a new wall of its own. Only one aplanospore is formed in each cell. It germinates and gives rise only one Spirogyra filament 3.Elucidate the dioecious conjugation in Spirogyra. A.The conjugation takes place between cell s of two different filaments is called sclariform conjugation or dioecious conjugation . In this process both male and female filaments come close to each other due to secretion of more mucilage.The cell s of bothe male and female papillae of filament come in contact with each other. at the point of contact the intervening wall is dissolved by the action of enzyme cytase to form a tube known as conjugation canal. The two parallel filaments with conjugation canals between them resemble a ladder. Hence it is known as Scalariform conjugation. During the formation of conjugation canals, the protoplasts loose water, contract, become rounded off and transform into gametes. Each cell with a gamete in it is known as gametangium. The +strain gamete enters into strain cell through conjugation canal by amoeboid movement. It fuses with the strain gamete and forms diploid zygote . The Zygote metamorphose into a non motile ,Thick walled resting spore called diploid Zygospore.

4.Write about monoecious conjugation in spirogyra. A. The conjugation takes place between the cells of the same filament is called Lateral conjugation or Monoecious conjugation. It is of two types known as Indirect and Direct lateral conjugation. Indirect Lateral Conjugation: In this process the adjacent cells of single filament produce papillae and come in contact with eachother and at the point of contact dissolved by the action of Enzyme cytase to form conjugation tube.During the formation of conjugation canals, the protoplasts loose water, contract, become rounded off and transform into gametes. The male gamete shows amoeboid movement and enters into the female gametangium, unites with the female gamete to form diploid zygote.The zygote metamorphose into a deploid zygospore. Direct Lateral Conjugation: It was first reported in S. jogensis by M.O.P. Iyengar. Conjugation canals and papillae are not formed. Usually the two cells present nearer to the holdfast are involved in this conjugation. The cell present adjacent to the holdfast acts as female and the one above it as male. The lower female cell swells and becomes larger and produces relatively larger female gamete. The upper cell remains small and its protoplast transforms into a male gamete with conical process. The conical process gradually elongates and applies pressure on the cross wall separating the two cells, makes a hole in it through which it enters into the female cell by amoeboid movement, fuses with the female gamete to form diploid zygote. Since the two gametes are morphologically and functionally different, the fusion is described as anisogamy. 5.Differebtiate between scalariform and lateral conjugation in spirogyra. A. scalariform lateral conjugation 1. The conjugation takes place between cell s of 1. Conjugation takes place between two adjacent two different filaments is called sclariform cells of a single filament is lateral conjugation or conjugation or dioecious conjugation . monoecious conjugation. 2.It s advanced 2.It is premitive 3. .Conjugation tubes are formed. 3. .Conjugation tubes are not formed in direct lateral conjugation and formed in indire ct lateral conjugation. 4. At the end of conjugation the cell of one 4. At the end of conjugation half of the congugated filament are empty and another filament are with cells empty and remaining half with a zygospores. a zygospores . 6.Wrie about germination of zygospore in spirogyra. A. In favourable conditions, the zygospore absorbs water and becomes active. The diploid nucleus undergoes meiosis and forms four haploid nuclei. Three of them degenerate and only one is functional. The zygospore with functional nucleus germinates. During this, the outer two layers of zygospore wall are ruptured, and the inner one comes out as tube like structure known as germ tube. Germ tube is green in colour whose protoplasm has proplastids at the beginning and later converted to chloroplasts. The green germ tube divides transversely and forms two cells. The lower cell is colourless and known as holdfast cell.the upper green cell divides and develops into the multicellular green filament. This younger filament shows basal apical differentiation. In free floating forms, the upper green filament detaches from the lower holdfast cell, floats on the surface of water.