Separation of Mixtures
1. Filtration
can be used to separate a solid from a liquid
residue - the substance left on the filter paper
filtrate- the liquid that comes through filter paper
can also be used to separate two solids from each other if only one of them is soluble in
water
Filtration of a mixture of sand and water
2. Evaporation
can be used to separate solute from a solution
heating the solution until the solvent evaporates and turns into gas
leaving behind the solid residue.
3. Crystallization
can be used to separate solute from a solution
E.g., separation of sugar from a sugar solution.
Diagram showing the process of crystallization
Making pure salts from rock salt by using both filtration and crystallization.
1. Heat the solution to evaporate some water
2. until saturated solution is formed
3. Cool down the solution to form more crystals
4. Filter the crystals by using filtration
5. Dry in warm place
4. Paper Chromatography
can be used to separate a variety of mixtures such as ink, food colouring
5. Simple Distillation
can be used to separate the components of a solution
can also collect water from sodium chloride solution by simple distillation
D
Diagram showing the distillation of a mixture of salt and water
6. Fractional Distillation
is used to separate a mixture of liquids such as ethanol (alcohol) and water by taking
advantage of their different boiling points: water boils at 100 °C, ethanol at 78 °C.
Fractional distillation of a mixture of ethanol and water
