Chapter 3

PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCE

Shacheendra Kishor Labh

Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical and Automobile Engineering
IOE, Pashchimanchal Campus

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Pure substance

• A pure substance is a system which is

a) homogeneous in composition,
b) homogeneous in chemical aggregation, and
c) invariable in chemical composition.
• Homogeneous in composition means that the composition of each part of the system is
the same as the compositions of every other part.
• Homogeneous in chemical aggregation means that the chemical elements must be
combined chemically in the same way in all parts of the system.
• Invariable chemical aggregation means that the state of the chemical combination of the
system does not change with time.

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Pure substance

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State postulate
• For a pure simple compressible substance, repeated observations and experiments show
that two independent properties are necessary and sufficient to establish the stable
equilibrium state of a system.
• The observed behaviour of a pure simple compressible substance is summarized in the
state postulates:
The values of any two independents thermodynamic properties are sufficient to establish the
stable thermodynamic state of a control mass composed of a pure simple compressible
substance.
• The properties considered thus far are p, v ,T ,u and . The state postulate says that if two
of these properties are independent and known, then all others are uniquely specified.

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Ideal Gas
• A perfect gas or an ideal gas is defined as a gas having no forces of molecular attraction.
• A gas which follows the gas laws at all ranges of pressures and temperatures can be
considered as an ideal gas but no such gas exists in nature.
• However, real gases tend to follow these laws at low pressures or high temperatures or
at both.
1. Boyle’s Law
If the temperature remains constant, the volume of a given mass of gas is inversely
proportional to the pressure.

2. Charles’ Law
It may be stated in parts:
a. If the pressure is held constant, the volume of a given mass of gas varies directly as
the absolute temperature.
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Idea Gas

b. If the volume is held constant, the pressure of a given mass of gas varies directly as
the absolute temperature.

• A relation between all the three variables p, v , T and may be obtained by combining
Boyle's law and Charles' law.

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Two Phase System
• Working substance in the form of mixture of liquid and vapor are used in many engineering systems
including power plants, many refrigeration systems, and thermal distribution systems using water or steam
to transport energy.
• Saturation Curve for two phase mixture on T-v diagram

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Two Phase System: T-v diagram

Terminologies
1. Compressed Liquid
2. Saturated Liquid
3. Saturated Vapor
4. Saturated Liquid Line
5. Saturated Vapor Line
6. Compressed Liquid Region
7. Superheated Vapor Region
8. Saturated Liquid-Vapor Region
9. Critical Point
10. Critical Pressure (22.06 MPa)
11. Critical Temperature (373.95 oC)

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Two Phase System: P-v diagram
• Saturation Curve for two-phase mixture on P-v diagram

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Two Phase System: P-T diagram

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P-v-T surface

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Property of two phase mixture
• Each of the two phase is at the boiling point at the existing control
mass pressure at every state along line 24.
• If we measure the specific volume of the liquid phase at any state
along line 24, we find the same value: the specific volume of saturated
water at the control mass temperature, vl(T), is equal to v2.
• The specific volume of the vapor at any state along line 24 is found to
be the specific volume of the saturated vapor, vg(T) = v4. The
subscripts l and g denote the liquid and vapor phases, respectively.
• To define the specific volume v of the total mass defined by the
control mass at any point along the two-phase line 24 in terms of the
specific volumes of the individual phases vl and vg, we introduce a
property called quality of the two-phase mixture.
• The quality is defined as the mass of the vapor present in the two-phase mixture divided by the total mass, and it is
given the symbol . Thus

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Property of two phase mixture
• For a two-phase control mass, the quality ranges from ‘0’ for a control mass composed of only saturated liquid to ‘1’
for a control mass composed of only saturated vapor.
• Quality is also often expressed as a percentage. Note that quality is undefined except for a two-phase mixture of
vapor and liquid.
• The system volume along the two-phase line is

Dividing by mass on both sides, we get

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Property of two phase mixture
• Because the specific volume and other specific properties of the control mass are determined once is specified at a
given P or T, it is common practice to use and one other specific property to specify the state along the two-phase
line.
• Similarly other properties are evaluated as:

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Development of property data
1. Graphical Method
2. Tabular Data

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Example
1. A rigid vessel contains 8 kg of water at 120o C. If 5 kg of the water is in the liquid form and the rest in
the vapor form. Determine
a. The pressure in the vessel
b. The volume of the tank
c. The volume of saturated liquid and saturated vapor respectively
d. The specific enthalpy of water
2. The vessel contains 2 kg of saturated liquid water and saturated water vapor mixture at a temperature
of 150o C. One third of the volume is saturated liquid and two third is saturated vapor. Determine the
pressure, quality and volume of the mixture.
3. Steam contained in a closed container initially at a pressure of 2 MPa and a temperature of 250o C. The
temperature drops as a result of heat transfer to the surroundings until the temperature reaches 80oC.
Determine:
a. The pressure at which the condensation first occurs
b. The pressure and quality of the final state
c. The percentage of volume occupied by the saturated liquid at the final state.

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Example
4. 5 kg of H2O is contained in a closed rigid container with an initial pressure and quality of
1000 kPa and 40% respectively. Heat is added to the system until the container holds only
saturated vapor. Sketch the process on P-v and T-v diagrams and determine:
• The volume of the container
• The final pressure
[0.3922 m3, 2551.87 kPa]
5. A closed rigid container of volume 0.5 m3 is placed on a plate. Initially, the container holds
two phase mixture of saturated liquid water and saturated water vapour at T1 = 100 oC
with a quality of 0.2. After heating the temperature in the container is T2 = 150 oC.
Indicate the initial and final states on P-v and T-v diagrams and determine
• The pressure at each state
• The mass of vapour present at each state in kg
• If the heating continued, determine the temperature when the container holds only
saturated vapour.
[101.32 kPa, 475.72 kPa, 0.298 kg, 1.272 kg, 156.415 oC]
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Example
6. A piston cylinder arrangement shown in figure below contains 0.5 kg of water initially at a
pressure of 400 kPa with a quality of 50%. The system is heated to a position where the piston
is locked, and then cooled till it becomes a saturated vapor at a temperature of 60oC. Sketch
the process on P-V and T-v diagrams and determine the total work transfer.

[1488.503 kJ]

7. A piston cylinder device with a linear spring initially contains water at a pressure of 4 MPa and
500 oC with the initial volume being 0.1 m3 as shown in the figure. The system now cools until
the pressure reaches 1000 kPa. If the piston is at the bottom, the system pressure is 300 kPa.
Sketch the process on P-v diagram and determine
The mass of water
The final temperature and volume
The total work transfer
[1.15714 kg, 179.92 oC, 0.01892 m3, -202.7 kJ]
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Example
8. Water (4 kg) is contained in a piston cylinder device shown in figure below initially at a pressure of 100 kPa with a
quality of 10 %. The piston has a mass of 100 kg and a cross sectional area of 24.525 cm2. Heat is now added until
H2O reaches a saturated vapor state. Sketch the process on P-v and T-v diagrams and determine
7. The initial volume
8. The final pressure
9. The total work transfer [Take Patm = 100 kPa, g = 9.81 m/s2]

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