GLECÍRIC (HARGES AND FIEL

Electhic cha ge Electic chaxge is on iotsinsie þpohexty 9 hanhita

matter which give ise to elkctxic foxt between
Electnic (hage sG sa lan quontiy
Si Unit thuse is
A hrotm hes () osihve chanse cn an clectron has J negahvehage
Change n mem ez (-6x0 - (tomb

Basic hopeties ) chaga

4) Aaditivity = Addivity 9 el ecthic chege mom not tme to td change
9 chenge )o 4ysm is the algebiSum au the individul
Noints
chavgeu (0catrd ct cdilenent

(lwarti 20hm The totalchoge )

chasGe integal muipr" hage
whhe 9-0,ti,t2-- ete

(onsryaha =he toBal change en isoloted ystem Memoins

Cntu+
) he ele ethie chage a n neitheh be Heate d

bocy o oothe.

(ovlmA lawU ele cmic fUMce

atthoth m Hepulsicn between two chases 3

) iheety popohnal to tme fuoctvet magaide 9 choges
2) invnly hopohoal to me Sqvae
clistune beWeen tnem.

Combining both

42

pomitivig9 fee shore

1/13
(oulomb6 law in Vectr Osum
det fz = forie m thage 2 cdue o 2

NUw
chomge
Fi2.

An vecth fUm

gt tus ne diAet hin Ue

huge 4 to 2

Sinitornty
Paintiple ) Supenposthon At stotes hot when
Gne þcsent, ne total fUte n agiven chorg9e
I8 he vect Sum
9 tne Joe
he une betwetn two choges iá not oJJected by ne

fUIe behween mutiple hanges

Aecondig t huinciplk 9 supenposihm, tr totu fone on change is

hane Ppe funee n choae 3 due to chc9e 2

Fiz fAe n change 1 due to thange 3
Sinilonty
A Now Sn vecto fOm

hem tiongte low adotiion

hen

21
 Sinioty

--

2=2

Electhic pietd he electut fiud ato hoint is deyinat CUs tne

expeien ted By G unit posihve test choge þlared at hot point.

Vo
eectaic
Siete is om tue chanye towOnrl! -ve
Electnic fietd cue do hoin+ chonge

P. det s but a test chatge vo om Pi

Now orte n 0:
foe

NowE z z
Vo

3/13
|CmhnvoUs choxge clis tsibuhm

Chage stDred heh Unit legtn a wine

So +)

horge disthibuthin (o)

Sunfare stoed
) chasse
AY
besr unit Aeo.

3) Votume change cdistibuhin (e

hange sred pes unit Volume

Elecmic dino le Aby pain esvet cnd opsite chang Aeponated

Smo clistane is ccIfe electmi dipole
Dipcle moment
charge with cdistance between the two chnges
94is Cc vectOh
3ts dinecin is om neg otive (-ve) to hesitive chen9e C+)
Jis die th on is UPpoae to tmot ) eleeoie fad.
Electie fied at Gwai Poirt cdue to a dipole
P
Vo
E-y Exy

Cosiaes o tut change is 2ept at Puint P.

Now Erqy z letthit fied
E-y z Ele cthi fintd at Poin P clve -y hse
Eariat

4/13
 Easia z

L (Gx 26) x 2
(Ata)2
(p)a») whese
momet

20 (tow ord isht

Net electic field ot Point ik in the ciachn ) dipg le emnt,
Wher Is G nit Vech,
$ is towon nig ht.

Elecdnic fied o+ equoOMiol peint

Erq Sine
osides a test chonge is 2ept at Puint
Now,
P
EAy
E-y z Electie field atRoin clurt -y chase ECos6

Now Kotn E5 ant E-, wi() have two Comþoneots

fo Er Ersy (os Ey Sin® E-,Sine
E-y (o s0 >E-y Sn

ne ia hnosie cdiechn. S hey wil (cncel eah ohe t.

ot Pui p wi se
hen electsit fi tdEesu = E-y os6 + Ery (ese
2E (Us
2*_L (os

Now Puthing Volves * 3 (ose

Eegu 2

LIE (s+a')
Ee_u = h e Pe diple mom0+

hoe elketu't field at P is opnosite to hot tne

diFelk mmeot So gn ve ttn

tegu z !
5/13
 gt dietin.

Dipo k in ekcthi fied

whena dipuk s kept imicle an elcethic
the cipok expoiene G fune
+

funee c«pinien ed by he sihwe

chaye is equal Gnd ppo~ite to he foe
So a OrgVe ars m ne clipole :

clutune

T 9E x 2a Sin9
Tz (9y x2a) ESin8
hoe Sin =2
Tz pEsin
Pz lasio

Shecial (aseA
) Stoþle cvi lib kium 2) Unstoble quilibium s) maimum Togue
+
O+y
+
+

hehe hee
hee 9 90

So, Sin= Sinoe0 So, Sin 0. Sin i0 e0 Se, Sin@= Sin9Ø =I

TzpESin0 e pE
(min) (min) T-pe( mex)

Noke- 9 dipole is plocerl in a unifonm ekcthit

have Auo tati enal 'ohim. (ng wil et)
he elipole is plored ina nn-unfom ckoic fe, men it wi)
nave buth eotahina) as wel os dinca motim.
wil Gt+).
 |Et ectric fiad lines

Properties of Electric Lines of Force

1. The lines of force are continuous smooth curves
without any breaks.
2. The lines of force start at positive charges and end
at negative charges - they cannot form closed
loops. If there is a single charge, then the lines of
force will start or end at infinity.
The tangent to a line of force at any point gives the
Fig. 1.74 Field lines of a Fig. 175 ieldlmes of a nega
direction of the electric field at that point.
positive point charge. tíve point charge.
4. No two lines of force can cross each other.
5. The lines of force are always normal the surface
of a conductor on which the charges are in Etectnic ietet dlue to o þoint chaxGe
equilibrium.
Reason. If the lines of force are not normal to the
conductor, the component of the field E parallel
to the surface would cause the electrons to move
and would set up a current on thesurface. But no
current flows in the equilibrium condition.
6 The lines of force have a tendency to contract
lengthwise. This explains attraction between two
unlike charges.
The lines of force have tendency to expand
laterally so as ta exert alateral pressure on neigh
bouring lines of force. This explains repulsion
between two similar charges.
8 The relative closeness of the lines of force gives a
measure of the strength of the electric field in any
region. The lines of force are Fig. 1.76 Field lines of an electric dipole.
) close together in a strong field.
(i) far apart in a weak field.
(iiü) parallel and equally spaced in a uniform field.
Electvic fid due to a dipole

The lines of force do not pass through a conductor

because the electric field inside a charged
conductor is zero.

-++t+
N

Fig. 1.78 Field pattern of apositively charged

plane conductor. Fig. 1.77 Field lines of two equal positive charges.

Uni Usm eletie Electic fid due to 2 husitive chwrges

7/13
Ele cthic (ux
Electie fux uough a given nea is he masuHe
me toBal wmy 9 eletth it
hot aMea
Linea
hosning nemaly
det Ez elenie fited
A z Aeq
Aheg Eose
A o z EA (os
Electic

elee ic ield Aeo vectOr

Note = Ahea veeNN uny which s peyperdiulan to

hauss heomon
havss heum 4tate hot hme totu
hange enetéaed he

(oside a chege is hta red in the (entc

he hauss an SuyGre. îhe vofur
ekethi fi etd ot a cistune A

Niow hotal elccic ficd oves whole havssian Sunjote

Oves whole
Suayare havssion
Sngoe

his pMOVeA aaUss loeuw.

fild cdue t uni foly dmg hayed wine
Cmsideh o honged wie
leetaificd elue
NUw we want to fid
WIA.

So we kaw o gawsssan sUoe (sho pd

ylinde,) to Cove he wite Cmpieteg
whole
Mow aouss lew fo Sungue
A

Eds los04 Es (osO + Eds (os6 yle.

Us,
Es os 0 + Ecs (os 90 + Ed (os 0

MR
S

E( CUAved Su ue AMea
Ex 2 l -

Now kincan chog dsy Choxge

deng

2T+20
¬le c#saic fretd cdue unilomly cheged sheet
Comaider an "finite hangd shet Plane sheet,
charge density o
New w wont to find electhic
olwe to trnis cha_<d Ahect
Cat a
Ah eet.
Now we duQw a
Suyore
(cylinamial Ahas Cross-sectional
area A

Fig 1,98 Gaussian surface for a uniformly

charged infirite plane sheet.
Fucm hovss laud -
E-ds

MRI whih tme elsetie ield ik þosin)

2
t. so gavss law witl Se

ES4 ES z hae S Sunfae AKa ie

2¬5 Veo
Mow, we know, sujoe hong chity choe
Sunjae Anea
ThenyzTS
Now

2¬S = TS

2to
his is me Volve ) eleethi fild du to a Aheet.
NOe; he ektnic fied elve to u sheet cdoes net deped upm
ne cistone.

10/13
 Ete cthic fiud elwe t two chenged shect
Ele ctnic field cue to two hosihive Elechie fitel due to ne hosihve
Sheet; me ngative þlate
Congideh two sheets wit
chonge dity (osidr twoshe ets wihi
t and
chamge clemity
E
E, E E

E E

TU Ez

Sheèt 1 Sheet 2

Fig. 1.99 Sheet 1 Sheet 2

20 28 t
2s. 2S

2¬ Ene o

An ucgim I

2S% 2s
226

2£o

2s
Enes E, t-E)
2S.
2>,

So electhie exist
beween ne platu?

11/13
 Etecdtie fid due to unijormy hwyect min shehicat shen
Cosices a Ahhehial shu ) aiws
n i+, NUw we have to fint ele c#%ic firtd. at
D tsiue he Aheial sheu (A+ point P)

) kadius R,

T
5) électhic Pied n the shehical Aheu
Now to find eleetrit sphere, d c
on gavasian sUjaue
Now uom gcoss oud:.

hoe yz Choge
and, 4Ti, 2 Aea
So E 1chuse men,
Sojou hge domiy
chogAea
) Elethic fied insida me shherial aheu:
6o fint electnie ficd inniee tn Ahhet a aheur
hen Ac. to gavss Aaw.
(e.cu vleo
BU+ thue is No hoje inMide hhe Jaustian augjare
So
hen,
E-sz o E

No elkthic fid is prcyent imie the sher

12/13