Machines

Singnal and System
Electrical Machines
Electrical Machines
Chapter–1 Transformers....................................................................................................................................................... 2
Solutions ..................................................................................................................................................................................15
Chapter–2 DC Machine ......................................................................................................................................................52
Solutions ..................................................................................................................................................................................60
Chapter – 3 Synchronous Machines ..............................................................................................................................92
Solutions ............................................................................................................................................................................... 100
Chapter – 4 Induction Machines .................................................................................................................................. 129
Solutions ............................................................................................................................................................................... 140
Chapter – 5 Special Machines ....................................................................................................................................... 173
Solutions ............................................................................................................................................................................... 174
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Electrical Machines
Chapter 1 – Transformers
01. The relative current directions through the Primary (P) 05. Two transformers of different kVA ratings working in
and Secondary (S) of a single phase transformer connected parallel share the load in proportion to their ratings when
to a resistive load on the secondary side, are indicated in their [1992]
the various cross-sectional views given in figure. Which of (a) Per unit leakage impedances on the same kVA base are
these are correct representations [1991] the same
(b) Per unit leakage impedances on their respective ratings
are equal
(c) Ohmic values of the leakage impedances are inversely
proportional to their ratings
(a) (b) (d) Ohmic values of the magnetizing reactances are the
same
06. A 220/440 V, 50 Hz, 5 kVA single phase transformer

operates on 220V, 40 Hz supply with secondary winding.
Then [1993]
(c) (d) (a) The eddy current loss and hysteresis loss of the
transformer decrease
(b) The eddy current loss and hysteresis loss of the
transformer increase
02. The hysteresis and eddy current losses of a single (c) The hysteresis loss of the transformer increases while
phase transformer working on 200V, 50 Hz supply are eddy current loss remains the same
Ph and Pe respectively. The percentage decrease in these, (d) The hysteresis loss remains the same whereas eddy
when operated on a 160V, 40 Hz supply are : [1991] current loss decreases
(a) 32, 36 (b) 20, 36
07. Two 550kVA alternators operate in parallel to supply
(c) 25, 20 (d) 40, 80
the following loads [1993]
(i) 250 kW at 0.95 power factor lag
03. A toroidal iron ring has a uniform cross-sectional area (ii) 100kW at 0.8 power factor lead
of 50 mm2 , and a mean magnetic path length of 100mm. One machine is supplying 200kW at 0.9 pf lag. The power
the ring has an air-gap of 1mm, the ring is excited with a dc factor of other machine must be
current of 1 A through a coil of 100 turns wound uniformly (a) 0.89 lead (b) 0.95 lead
along its length. The iron may be assumed to be perfect (c) 0.95 lag (d) 0.89 lag
magnetic material. The effect of fringing at the gap may be
assumed to increase the effective area of magnetic flux at 08. Two transformers of identical voltages but of different
the gap by 10%. Evaluate [1991] capacities are operating in parallel. For satisfactory load
(a) The exciting mmf of the coil sharing [1994]
(b) The effective reluctance of magnetic circuit (a) Impedances must be equal
(c) The inductance of the coil (b) Per-unit impedances must be equal
(d) The energy stored in the magnetic field under the
X
above excitation. (c) Per-unit impedances and rations must be equal
R
04. Two transformers of the same type, using the same X
(d) Impedances and rations must be equal
grade of iron and conductor materials, are designed to R
work at the same flux and current densities; but the linear
09. Supply to one terminal of a delta-wye connected three-
dimensions of one are two times those of the other in all
phase core type transformer which is on no-load, fails.
respects. The ratio of kVA of the two transformers closely
Assuming magnetic circuit symmetry, voltages on the
equals [1992]
secondary side will be: [1995]
(a) 16 (b) 8
(a) 230, 230, 115 (b) 230, 115, 115
(c) 4 (d) 2
(c) 345, 115, 115 (d) 345, 0, 345

Electrical Machines
10. When started by means of an auto-transformer with 18. A 3-phase transformer bank consists of three identical
50% tapping, supply current at start of an induction motor 2300/230V, 15 kVA single-phase transformers connect in
is reduced to ______________ of that when started by means delta/delta. The bank supplies a 20 kVA, unity p.f. 3-phase
of a star-delta starter. [1995] load. If one of the single-phase transformer develops a
fault, and is removed, the load carried by each of the two
11. The percentage impedance of a 100 kVA, 11 kV/400V, transformers now operating in open delta will be… kVA.
delta/wye, 50Hz transformer is 4.5%. For the circulation of [1997]
half the full load current during short circuit test, with low 19. Given figure shows a magnetic circuit formed by an
voltage terminals shorted, the applied voltage on the high ideal core material. Determine the magnetic flux density in
voltage side will be ________. [1995] the air gap. [1997]
12. A 4 kVA, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer has a ratio

200/400V. the data taken on the l.v. side at the rated
voltage show that the open circuit input wattage is 80W.
The mutual inductance between the primary and the
secondary windings is 1.91H. What value will be the current
taken by the transformer, if the no-load test is conducted
on the h.v. side at rated voltage? Neglect the effect of
winding resistance and leakage reactances. [1995]
13. The function of oil in a transformer is [1996]

(a) To provide insulation and cooling 20. The efficiency of a 100KVA transformer is 0.98 at full as
(b) To provide protection against lighting well as at half load. For this transformer at full load the
(c) To provide protection against short circuit copper loss [1998]
(d) To provide lubrication (a) Is less than core loss
14. Auto-transformer is used in transmission and (b) Is equal to core loss
distribution [1996] (c) Is more than core loss
(d) None of the above
(a) When operator is not available
(b) When iron losses are to be reduced
(c) When efficiency considerations can be ignored 21. The magnetizing current in a transformer is rich in
(d) When the transformation ratio is small (a) 3rd harmonic (b) 5th harmonic [1998]
(c) 7th harmonic (d) 13th harmonic
15. Keeping in view the requirement of parallel operation,
which of the 3-phase connections given below are 22. A 50Hz transformer having equal hysteresis and eddy
possible? [1996] current losses at rated excitation is operated at 45Hz at
(a) Delta-delta to delta-star 90% of its rated voltage. Compared to rated operating
(b) Delta-delta to star-delta point, the core losses under this condition: [1998]
(c) Star-star to delta – star (a) Reduce by 10% (b) Reduce by 19%
(d) Delta-star to star-delta (c) Reduce by 14.5% (d) Remain unchanged
16. The low voltage winding of a 400/230V, 1-phase, 50Hz
transformer is to be connected to a 25Hz supply, the 23. The armature of a single phase alternator is completely
supply voltage should be [1997] wound with T single turn coils distributed uniformly. The
(a) 230V (b) 460V induced voltage in each turn is 2V (rms). The emf of the
whole winding is [1998]
(c) 115V (d) 65V
(a) 2T volt (b) 1.11 T volt
(c) 1.414 T volt (d) 1.273 T volt
17. A voltage v=400 sin 314.16 t is applied to a 1-phase
transformer on no-load. If the no load current of the
transformer is 2 sin (314.16t - 85°), then magnetization 24. In a 50 KVA, 11 KV/400V transformers, the iron and
branch impedance will be approximately equal to [1997] copper losses are 500W and 600W respectively under rated
conditions. Calculate the efficiency on unity power factor at
(a) 141 90 (b) 200 −85
full load. Find the load for maximum efficiency and the iron
(c) 200 85 (d) 282 −80 and copper losses corresponding to this load. [1998]

Electrical Machines
V1 31. In a constant voltage transformer (CVT), the output

25. The winding of a Q kVA, volt, three-phase, Delta
V2 voltage remains constant due to [2000]
(a) capacitor (b) input
connected, core type transformer are reconnected to work
(c) saturation (d) tapped windings
as a single phase transformer. The maximum voltage and
the power ratings of the new configuration are [1999]
32. A 3-phase delta/star transformer is supplied at 6000V
3V1 V1 Q
(a) , 3Q (b) , on the delta-connected side. The terminal voltage on the
3V2 V2 3 secondary side when supplying full load as 0.8 lagging
power-factor is 415V. The equivalent resistance and
3V1 2V1 2Q
(c) , 2Q (d) , reactance drops for the transformer are 1% and 5%
3V2 2V2 3 respectively. The turns ratio of the transformer is: [2000]
(a) 14 (b) 24
26. A 10kVA, 400 V/200V single-phase transformers with (c) 42 (d) 20
10% impedance draws a steady short circuit line current of
(a) 50A (b) 150A [1999] 33. In a single-phase, three –winding transformer, the turns
(c) 250A (d) 350A ratio for primary: secondary : tertiary windings is 20:4:1.
With the lagging currents of 50A at a power factor of 0.6 in
27. The percentage resistance and percentage reactance of the tertiary winding, find the primary current and power-
a 10kVA, 400V/200V, 3-phase transformer are 2% and 10% factor. [2000]
respectively. If the constant losses in the machine are 1%,
34. A single-phase transformer is to be switched to the
the maximum possible percentage efficiency of the supply to have minimum inrush current. The switch should
transformer is: [1999] be closed be [2001]
(a) 98.32 (b) 97.25 (a) Maximum supply voltage
(c) 96.85 (d) 96.12 (b) Zero supply voltage
1
(c) maximum supply voltage
28. A 400V/100V, 10 kVA two-winding transformer is 2
reconnected as an auto-transformer across a suitable 1
(d) maximum supply voltage
voltage source. The maximum rating of such an 2
arrangement could be [1999]
(a) 50 kVA (b) 15 kVA 35. The core flux of a practical transformer with a resistive
(c) 12.5 kVA (d) 8.75 kVA load [2001]
(a) Is strictly constant with load changes
29. A 10kVA, 400V/200V, single transformer with a
(b) Increases linearly with load
percentage resistance of 3% and percentage reactance of
(c) Increases as the square root of the load
6% is supplying a current of 50A to a resistive load. The
value of the load voltage is: [1999] (d) Decreases with increased load
(a) 194V (b) 390V
(c) 192V (d) 196V 36. The hysteresis loop of a magnetic material has an area
of 5 cm2 with the scales given as 1 cm = 2AT and 1 cm =
30. Two single-phase transformers A and B have the 50mWb. At 50 Hz, the total hysteresis loss is
following parameters: [1999] (a)15 W (b) 20 W [2001]
Transformer A: 10V/200V, percentage resistance and (c) 25 W (d) 50 W
percentage reactance 3% and 4% respectively.
Transformer B: 5 kVA, 400V/200V, percentage resistance 37. A 3-phase transformer has rating of 20 MVA, 200 kV
and percentage reactance are 4% and 3% respectively. (star)–33 kV (delta) with leakage reactance of 12%. The
These two transformers are connected in parallel and they transformer reactance (in ohms) referred to each phase of
share a common load of 12 kW at a power factor of 0.8 the L.V delta-connected side is [2001]
lagging. Determine the active and reactive power delivered (a) 23.5 (b) 19.6
by the transformer A. (c) 18.5 (d) 8.7

Electrical Machines
38. An ideal transformer has a linear B-H characteristic with 500. The leakage reactance of the high and low voltage
a finite slope and a turns ratio 1:1. The primary of the windings are 1.0 and 0.012 respectively. Neglect the
transformer is energized with an ideal current source, winding resistance and core losses of the transformer. The
producing the signal I as shown in figure. Sketch the shape Thevenin voltage of system A is 3300V while that of system
(neglecting the scale factor) of the following signals, B is 400 V, the short circuit reactance of systems A and B
labeling the time axis clearly: [2001] are 0.5 and 0.010  respectively. If no power is
transferred between A and B, so that the two system
voltages are in phase, find the magnetizing ampere turns of
the transformer. [2002]
(a) The core flux oc with the secondary of the transformer
open 42. A single phase transformer has a maximum efficiency
(b) The open-circuited secondary terminal voltage V2(t) of 90% at full load and unity power factor. Efficiency at half
(c) The short-circuited secondary current i2(t), and load at the same power factor is [2003]
(d) The core flux sc with the secondary of the transformer (a) 86.7% (b) 88.26%
short-circuited. (c) 88.9% (d) 87.8%
39. A 1 kVA, 230V/100V, single phase, 50 Hz transformer 43. Figure shows an ideal single-phase transformer. The
having negligible winding resistance and leakage primary and secondary coils are wound on the core as
inductance is operating under saturation, while 250 V, 50  N1 
Hz sinusoidal supply is connected to the high voltage shown. Turns ratio 
  = 2 . The correct phasors of
winding. A resistive load is connected to the low voltage  N2 
winding which draws rated current. Which one of the voltages E1 ,E2 currents I1 ,I2 and core flux  are as shown
following quantities will not be sinusoidal? [2002] in [2003]
(a) Voltage induced across the low voltage winding
(b) Core flux
(c) Load current
(d) Current drawn from the source
40. A 400V/200V/200V, 50 Hz three winding transformer is

connected as shown in Figure. The reading of the
voltmeter, V, will be [2002]
(a) 0 V (b) 400 V

(c) 600 V (d) 800 V
41. A single phase 6300kVA, 50 Hz, 3300V/400V

distribution transformer is connected between two 50 Hz
supply systems, A and B as shown in Figure, the
transformer has 12 and 99 turns in the low and high
voltage windings respectively. The magnetizing reactance
of the transformer referred to the high voltage side is (a) Fig. A (b) Fig. B
(c) Fig. C (d) Fig. D

Electrical Machines
44. Figure shows a -Y connected 3-phase distribution

transformer used to step down the voltage from 11000 V
to 415 V line-to line. It has two switches S1 and S 2 . Under
normal conditions S1 is closed and S 2 is open. Under
certain special conditions S1 is open and S 2 is closed. In
such a case the magnitude of the voltage across the LV
terminals a and c is [2003]
(a) 50.0 kVA (b) 53.5 kVA
(a) 240 V (c) 717.4 kVA (d) 767.4 kVA
48. The resistance and reactance of a 100 kVA 11000 |

(b) 480 V 400V,  -Y distribution transformer are 0.02 and 0.07 pu
respectively. The phase impedance of the transformer
(c) 415 V referred to the primary is [2004]
(a) (0.02 + j0.07)
(d) 0 V (b) (0.55 + j1.925) 
(c) (15.125 + j52.94)
(d) (72.6 + j254.1)
45. Figure shows an ideal three-winding transformer. The
three windings 1, 2, 3 of the transformer are wound on the 49. Which three-phase connection can be used in a
same core as shown. The turn’s ratio N1 : N2 : N3 is 4:2:1. A transformer to introduce a phase difference of 30° between
its output and corresponding input line voltages [2005]
resistor of 10 is connected across winding-2. A capacitor
(a) Star - Star (b) Star - Delta
of reactance 2.5 is connected across winding-3. Widing-1
(c) Delta - Delta (d) Delta – Zigzag
is connected across a 400 V, ac supply. If the supply voltage
phasor V1 = 4000°, the supply current phasor I1 is given 50. The equivalent circuit of a transformer has leakage
by [2003] reactance X1 , X'2 and magnetizing reactance XM. Their
magnitudes satisfy [2005]
(a) X1 > X'2 > XM (b) X1 < X'2 < XM
(c) X1 = X'2 > XM (d) X1 = X'2 < XM
51. In transformers, which of the following statements is

valid? [2006]
(a) In an open circuit test, copper losses are obtained while
in short circuit test, core losses are obtained.
(a) (−10 + j10) A (b) (−10 −j10) A (b) In an open circuit test, current is drawn at high power
(c) (10 + j10) A (d) (10 – j10) A factor.
(c) In a short circuit test, current is drawn at zero power
46. A 500 kVA, 3-phase transformer has iron loses of 300 W factor.
and full load copper losses of 600 W. The percentage load (d) In an open circuit test, current is drawn at low power
at which the transformer is expected to have maximum factor.
efficiency [2004]
52. Two transformers are to be operated in parallel such
(a) 50.0% (b) 70.7%
that they share load in proportion to their kVA ratings. The
(c) 141.4% (d) 200.0%
rating of the first transformer is 500 kVA and its pu leakage
impedance is 0.05 pu. If the rating of second transformer is
47. A 50 kVA, 3300/230V single-phase transformer is 250 kVA, then its pu leakage impedance is [2006]
connected as an autotransformer shown in figure. The (a) 0.20 (b) 0.10
nominal rating of the autotransformer will be [2004] (c) 0.05 (d) 0.025

Electrical Machines
Statement for Linked Answer Questions 53 and 54:

A 300 kVA transformer has 95% efficiency at full load 0.8 pf
lagging and 96% efficiency at half load, unity pf.
53. The iron loss (pi) and copper loss (pC) in kW, under full
load operation are [2006]
(a) pc = 4.12, pi = 8.51 (b) pc = 6.59, pi = 9.21
The transformer connection will be represented by [2008]
(c) pc = 8.51, pi = 4.12 (d) pc = 12.72, pi = 3.07
(a) Yd0 (b) Yd1
(c) Yd6 (d) Yd11
54. What is the maximum efficiency (in %) at unity pf load?
(a) 95.1 (b) 96.2 [2006] 59. The core of a two-winding transformer is subjected to a
(c) 96.4 (d) 98.1 magnetic flux variation as indicated in the figure. [2008]
55. In a transformer zero voltage regulation at full load is

(a) Not possible [2007]
(b) Possible at unity power factor load
(c) Possible at leading power factor load
(d) Possible at lagging power factor load
56. A single-phase 50kVA, 250V/500V two winding

transformer has an efficiency of 95% at full load, unity
power factor. If it is reconfigured as a 500V/750V
autotransformer, its efficiency at its new rated load at unity
power factor will be [2007]
(a) 95.752% (b) 97.851%
(c) 98.276% (d) 99.241% The induced emf ( e ) in
rs
the secondary winding as a
57. In the figure, transformer T1, has two secondary, all function of time will be of the form
three windings having the same number of tums and with
polarities as indicated. One secondary is shorted by a 10 
resistor R, and the other by a 15 µF capacitor. The switch
SW is opened (t = 0) when the capacitor is charged to 5V
with the left plate as positive. At t=0+ the voltage Vp and
current IR are [2007]
(a) 25 V, 0.0 A
(b) Very large voltage, very large current
(c) 5.0 V, 0.5 A
(d) –5.0V, -0.5 A
58. Three single-phase transformers are connected to form

a 3-phase transformer bank. The transformers are
connected in the following manner:

Electrical Machines
60. It is desired to measure parameters of 230V / 115V,

2kVA, single-phase transformer. The following watt-meters
are available in a laboratory: [2008]
W1: 250V, 10A. Low Power Factor
W2: 250V, 5A. Low Power Factor
W3: 150V, 10A. High Power Factor
W4: 150V, 5A. High Power Factor
The watt-meters used in open circuit test and short circuit
test of the transformer will respectively be The circuit diagram shows a two-winding, loss less
(a) W1 and W2 (b) W2 and W4 transformer with no leakage flux, excited from a current
(c) W1 and W4 (d) W2 and W3 source, i(t), whose waveform is also shown. The transformer
has a magnetizing inductance of 400/ mH.
61. The single phase, 50Hz, iron core transformer in the
circuit has both the vertical arms of cross sectional area 64. The peak voltage across A and B, with S open is [2009]
20cm2 and both the horizontal arms of cross sectional area (a) 400/ V (b) 800 V
10cm2. If the two windings shown were wound instead on (c) 4000/ V (d) 800/ V
opposite horizontal arms, the mutual inductances will
[2009] 65. If the waveform of i(t) is changed to
(a) Double (b) Remain same i ( t ) = 10 sin (100 t ) A , the peak voltage across A and B
(c) Be halved (d) Become one quarter
with S closed is [2009]
Common Data for Questions 62 and 63: (a) 400 V (b) 240 V
(c) 320 V (d) 160 V

The figure above shows coils 1 and 2, with dot markings as
shown, having 4000 and 6000 turns respectively. Both the
coils have a rated current of 25 A. Coil 1 is excited with
single phase, 400 V, 50 Hz supply.
62. With both S1 and S2 open, the core flux waveform will
be [2009]
(a) A sinusoid at fundamental frequency
(b) Flat-topped with third harmonic
(c) Peaky with third-harmonic
(d) None of these
66. The coils are to be connected to obtain a single phase,
63. With S2 closed and S1 open, the current waveform in 400/1000 V, auto-transformer to drive a load of 10kVA.
the delta winding will be [2009]
Which of the options given should be exercised to realize
(a) A sinusoid at fundamental frequency
(b) Flat-topped with third harmonic the required auto-transformer? [2009]
(c) Only third-harmonic (a) Connect A and D; Common B
(d) None of these (b) Connect B and D; Common C
(c) Connect A and C; Common B
Common Data for Questions 64 and 65:
(d) Connect A and C; Common D
67. In the autotransformer obtained in Question 57, the

current in each coil is [2009]
(a) Coil-1 is 25 A and Coil-2 is 10 A
(b) Coil-1 is 10 A and Coil-2 is 25 A
(c) Coil-1 is 10 A and Coil-2 is 15 A
(d) Coil-1 is 15 A and Coil-2 is 10 A

Electrical Machines
68. A single-phase transformer has a turns ratio of 1:2 and

is connected to a purely resistive load as shown in the
figure. The magnetizing current drawn is 1 A, and the
secondary current is 1 A. If core losses and leakage
reactance are neglected, the primary current is [2010]
(c)
(a) 1.4 A
(b) 2 A
(c) 2.24 A
(d) 3 A
69. A balanced star-connected and purely resistive load is

(d)
connected at the secondary of a star-delta transformer as
shown in the figure. The line-to-line voltage rating of the
transformer is 110V/220V. Neglecting the non-idealities of
the transformer, the impedance ‘Z’ of the equivalent star-
71. A single phase 10kVA, 50Hz transformer with 1kV
connected load, referred to the primary side of the
primary winding draws 0.5A and 55W, at rated voltage and
transformer, is: [2010]
frequency, on no load. A second transformer has a core
with all its linear dimensions 2 times the corresponding
dimensions of the first transformer. The core material and
lamination thickness are the same in both transformers.
The primary windings of both the transformers have the
same number of turns. If a rated voltage of 2kV at 50Hz is
applied to the primary of the second transformer, then the
no load current and power, respectively, are [2012]
(a) 0.7A, 77.8W (b) 0.7A, 155.6W
(c) 1A, 110W (d) 1A, 220W
72. A single-phase transformer has no-load loss of 64W, as

( )
(a) 3 + j0  ( )
(b) 0.866 − j0.5  obtained from an open-circuit test. When a short-circuit
test is performed on it with 90% of the rated currents
(c) ( 0.866 + j0.5 )  (d) (1 + j0 )  flowing in its both LV and HV windings, the measured loss
is 81W. The transformer has maximum efficiency when
70. A single-phase air core transformer, fed from a rated operated at [2013]
sinusoidal supply, is operating at no load. The steady state (a) 50.0% of the rated current.
magnetizing current drawn by the transformer from the (b) 64.0% of the rated current.
supply will have the waveform [2011] (c) 80.0% of the rated current.
(d) 88.8% of the rated current.
73. The following arrangement consists of an ideal

transformer and an attenuator which attenuates by a factor
(a) of 0.8. An ac voltage Vwx1 = 100V is applied across WX to
get an open circuit voltage Vyz1 across YZ. Next, an ac
voltage Vyz2 = 100V is applied across YZ to get an open
circuit voltage Vwx2 across WX. Then Vyz1 / Vwx1 ,
(b) Vwx2 / Vyz2 are respectively, [2013]

Electrical Machines
77. A single phase, 50kVA, 1000V/100V two winding

transformer is connected as an autotransformer as shown
in the figure.
(a) 125/100 and 80/100

(b) 100/100 and 80/100
(c) 100/100 and 100/100
(d) 80/100 and 80/100 The kVA rating of the autotransformer is ________________.
[2014-02]
74. For a specified input voltage and frequency, if the
equivalent radius of the core of a transformer is reduced by 78. For a single phase, two windings transformer, the
half, the factor by which the number of turns in the primary supply frequency and voltage are both increased by 10%.
should change to maintain the same no load current is The percentage changes in the hysteresis loss and eddy
[2014-01] current loss, respectively, are [2014-02]
(a) ¼ (b) ½ (a) 10 and 21 (b) -10 and 2
(c) 2 (d) 4 (c) 21 and 10 (d) -21 and 10
75. The core loss of a single phase, 230/115 V, 50Hz power 79. An open circuit test is performed on 50Hz transformer,
transformer is measured from 230V side by feeding the using variable frequency source and keeping V/f ratio
primary (230V side) from a variable voltage frequency constant, to separate its eddy current and hysteresis losses.
source while keeping the secondary open circuited. The The variation of core loss/frequency as function of
core loss is measured to be 1050 W for 230V, 50Hz input. frequency is shown in the figure The hysteresis and eddy
The core loss is again measured to be 500W for 138V, 30Hz current losses of the transformer at 25Hz respectively are
input. The hysteresis and eddy current losses of the [2014-03]
transformer for 230V, 50Hz input are respectively, [2014-
01]
(a) 508W and 542W (b) 468W and 582W
(c) 498W and 552W (d) 488W and 562W
76. Assuming an ideal transformer, the Thevenin’s

equivalent voltage and impedance as seen from the
terminals x and y for the circuit in figure are [2014-02]
(a) 250W and 2.5W (b) 250W and 62.5W

(c) 312.5 and 62.5W (d) 312.5W and 250W
80. The load shown in the figure absorbs 4kW at a power

factor of 0.89 lagging.
( )
(a) 2sin t , 4 
(b) 1sin ( t ) ,1
(c) 1sin ( t ) ,2 Assuming the transformer to be ideal, the value of the
reactance X to improve the input power factor to unity is
(d) 2sin ( t ) ,0.5
________________. [2014-03]

Electrical Machines
81. The parameters measured for a 220V/110V, 50Hz, 86. Find the transformer ratios a and b such that the
single-phase transformer are: impedance ( Zin ) is resistive and equals 2.5 when the
Self inductance of primary winding = 45mH
network is excited with a sine wave voltage of angular
Self inductance of secondary winding = 30mH
frequency of 5000 rad/s. [2015-02]
Mutual inductance between primary and secondary
windings = 20mH
using the above parameters, the leakage (Ll1 ,Ll2 ) and
magnetizing L ( m ) inductance as referred to primary side

in the equivalent circuit respectively, are [2014-03] (a) a =0.5 , b=2.0 (b) a =2.0, b=0.5
(a) 5mH, 20mH and 40mH (c) a =1.0 , b=1.0 (d) a =4.0, b=0.5
(b) 5mH, 80mH and 40mH
(c) 25mH, 10mH and 20mH 87. A balanced (positive sequence) three-phase AC voltage
source is connected to a balanced, star connected load
(d) 45mH, 30mH and 20mH
through a star-delta transformer as shown in the figure.
The line-to-line voltage rating is 230 V on the star side, and
82. The self-inductance of the primary winding of a single
115 V on the delta side. If the magnetizing current is
phase, 50 Hz, transformer is 800 mH, and that of the
neglected and Is = 1000 A, then what is the value of Ip
0
secondary winding is 600 mH. The mutual inductance
between these two windings is 480 mH. The secondary in Ampere? [2015-02]
winding of this transformer is short circuited and the
primary winding is connected to a 50 Hz, single phase,
sinusoidal voltage source. The current flowing in both the
windings is less than their respective rated currents. The
resistance of both windings can be neglected. In this
condition, what is the effective inductance (in mH) seen by
the source? [2015-01]
(a) 416 (b) 440
(c) 200 (d) 92
83. The primary mmf is least affected by the secondary

terminal conditions in a [2015-01] (a) 5030 (b) 50 − 30
(a) power transformer
(b) potential transformer (c) 50 330 (d) 20030
(c) current transformer
(d) distribution transformer 88. A three-winding transformer is connected to an AC
voltage source as shown in the figure. The number of turns
84. A 200/400V, 50 Hz, two-winding transformer is rated at are as follows: N1 = 100,N2 = 50,N3 = 50 . If the
20 kVA. Its windings are connected as an auto-transformer magnetizing current is neglected, and the currents in two
of rating 200/600 V. A resistive load of 12 Ω is connected
windings are I 2 = 230 and I 3 = 2150 A, then what
to the high voltage (600V) side of the auto-transformer.
The value of equivalent load resistance (in Ohm) as seen is the value of the current I1 in Ampere? [2015-02]
from low voltage side is _____________. [2015-01]
(a) 190
85. Two single-phase transformers T1 and T2 each rated
at 500 kVA are operated in parallel. Percentage impedances (b) 1270
of T1 and T2 are (1 + j6) and (0.8 + j4.8), respectively. To
(c) 490
share a load of 1000 kVA at 0.8 lagging power factor, the
contribution of T2 (in kVA) is ______________ [2015-01]
(d) 4270

Electrical Machines
89. Two three-phase transformers are realized using single- 92. A single-phase 400V, 50Hz transformer has an iron loss
phase transformers as shown in the figure. of 5000W at the rated condition. When operated at 200V,
25Hz, the iron loss is 2000W. When operated at 416V,
52Hz, the value of the hysteresis loss divided by the eddy
current loss is _____________. [2016-01]
93. A single-phase, 22KVA, 2200V/220V, 50Hz, distribution

transformer is to be connected as an auto-transformer to
get an output voltage of 2420V. Its maximum KVA rating as
an auto-transformer is [2016-01]
(a) 22 (b) 24.2
(c) 242 (d) 2420
94. The following figure shows the connections of an ideal

transformer with primary to secondary turns ratio of 1:100.
The applied primary voltage is 100V (rms), 50Hz, AC. The
The phase difference (in degree) between voltages V1 and rms value of the current I, in ampere, is ______________.
V2 is ___________. [2015-02] [2016-02]
90. If an ideal transformer has an inductive load element at

port 2 as shown in the figure below, the equivalent
inductance at port 1 is [2016-01]
(a) nL 95. A single-phase, 2kVA, 100/200 V transformer is

2
(b) n L reconnected as an auto-transformer such that its kVA
rating is maximum. The new rating, in kVA, is ______________.
n
(c) [2016-02]
L
n2 96. Three-phase transformers are connected to form a
(d)
L delta-star three-phase transformer of 110kV / 11kV . The
transformer supplies at 11kV a load of 8 MW at 0.8 p.f.
91. If the star side of the star-delta transformer shown in lagging to a nearby plant. Neglect the transformer losses.
the figure is excited by a negative sequence voltage then, The ratio of phase current in delta to star side is [2016-02]
[2016-01] (a) 1 : 10 3 (b) 10 3 : 1
(c) 1 : 10 (d) 3 : 10
97. A three-phase, three winding  /  / Y (1.1 kV/6.6

kV/400 V) transformer is energized from AC mains at the
1.1 kV side. It supplies 900 kVA load at 0.8 power factor lag
from the 6.6 kV winding and 300 kVA load at 0.6 power
factor lag from the 400 V winding. The RMS line current in
ampere drawn by the 1.1 kV winding from the mains is
(a) V leads V by 600 ____________.
AB ab
(Given the answer up to one decimal place). [2017-01]
(b) V lags V by 60
0
AB ab
98. If the primary line voltage rating is 3.3 kV (Y side) of a
(c) V leads V by 300 25 kVA, Y −  transformer (the per phase turns ratio is
AB ab
5:1), then the line current rating of the secondary side (in
(d) V lags V by 300 Ampere) is ____________ . [2017-02]
AB ab

Electrical Machines
99. A single-phase 100kVA, 1000V/100 V. 50 Hz 104. A single-phase, 4 kVA, 200 V/100 V, 50 ~Hz
transformer has a voltage drop of 5% across its series transformer with laminated CRGO steel core has rated no-
impedance at fall load. Of this, 3% is due to resistance. The load loss of 450 W. When the high-voltage winding is
percentage regulation of the transformer at full load with excited with 160 V, 40 Hz sinusoidal AC supply, the no-load
0.8 lagging power factor is [2018] losses are found to be 320 W. When the high-voltage
winding of the same transformer is supplied from a 100 V,
(a) 4.8 (b) 6.8
25 Hz sinusoidal AC source, the no-load losses will be
(c) 8.8 (d) 10.8
…………… W (rounded off to 2 decimal places). [2020]
100. A 3-phase 900kVA, 3kV 3kV (  Y ) , 50Hz 105. Windings 'A', 'B' and 'C' have 20 turns each and are
transformer has primary (high voltage side) resistance per wound on the same iron core as shown, along with winding
phase of 0.3 and secondary (low voltage side) resistance 'X which has 2 turns. The figure shows the sense
(clockwise/anti-clockwise) of each of the windings only and
per phase of 0.02 . Iron loss of the transformer is 10kW.
does not reflect the exact number of turns, If windings 'A',
The full load % efficiency of the transformer operated at 'B' and 'C' are supplied with balanced 3 -phase voltages at
unity power factor is ______ (up to 2 decimal places). 50 Hz and there is no core saturation, the no-load RMS
[2018] voltage (in V, rounded off to 2 decimal places) across
winding ' X is ____________ [2020]
101. A 5 kVA, 50 V/100 V, single-phase transformer has a
secondary terminal voltage of 95 V when loaded. The
regulation of the transformer is. [2019]
(a) 1 % (b) 4.5 %
(c) 9 % (d) 5 %
102. A single-phase transformer of rating 25 kVA, supplies

a 12 kW load at power factor of 0.6 lagging. The additional
load at unity power factor in kW (round off to two decimal
places) that may be added before this transformer exceeds 106. In a single-phase transformer, the total iron loss is
its rated kVA is __________. [2019] 2500 W at nominal voltage of 440V and frequency 50 Hz.
The total iron loss is 850 W at 220 V and 25 Hz. Then, at
103. The magnetic circuit shown below has uniform cross- nominal voltage and frequency, the hysteresis loss and
sectional area and air gap of 0.2 cm. The mean path length eddy current loss respectively are [2021]
of the core is 40 cm. Assume that leakage and fringing (a) 250 W and 600 W
fluxes are negligible. When the core relative permeability is (b) 900 W and 1600 W
assumed to be infinite, the magnetic flux density computed (c) 1600 W and 900 W
in the air gap is 1 tesla. With same Ampere-turns, if the (d) 600 W and 250 W
core relative permeability is assumed to be 1000 (linear),
the flux density in tesla (round off to three decimal places) 107. An air-core radio-frequency transformer as shown has
calculated in the air gap is ____________. [2019] a primary winding and a secondary winding. The mutual
inductance M between the windings of the transformer is
__________ H. (Round off to 2 decimal places.) [2021]

Electrical Machines
108. When the winding c-d of the single-phase, 50 Hz, two

winding transformer is supplied from an AC current source
of frequency 50 Hz, the rated voltage of 200 V (rms), 50 Hz
is obtained at the open-circuited terminals a-b. The cross-
sectional area of the core is 5000 mm2 and the average
core length traversed by the mutual flux is 500 mm. The
maximum allowable flux density in the core is Bmax = 1
Wb/m2 and the relative permeability of the core material is
5000. The leakage impedance of the winding a-b and
winding c-d at 50 Hz are (5 + j100π × 0.16) Ω and (11.25 +
j100π × 0.36) Ω, respectively. Considering the magnetizing
characteristics to be linear and neglecting core loss, the
self-inductance of the winding a-b in millihenry is ________
(Round off to 1 decimal place). [2023]

Electrical Machines
Solutions
01. Ans: (a), (b)
Solution:
In a transformer the flux produced by the secondary current must oppose the primary flux to satisfy Lenz’s law.
We can use right hand grip rule to check in which connection the fluxes oppose each other.
As we can see, in a) & b), the fluxes oppose each other.
02. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Let, 200V= V1 , 160V=V2
50Hz= f1 , 40Hz=f2
For a 1 −  transformer,
Eddy current loss (Pe)  f 2Bm
2
[ Bm → Peak flux density]
Pe1 f12 .Bm1
2
V2  V
= 2 2 = 12 Bm  f 
Pe2 f2 .Bm2 V2  
Pe2 V22 1602
= = =0.64
Pe1 V12 2002
Therefore, percentage reduction in eddy current loss=36%
Hysteresis loss (Ph)  B1.6
m
f  V1.6f −0.6
Ph1 V11.6 f1 −0.6
= 1.6 −0.6
Ph2 V2 f2
1.6 −0.6 1.6 −0.6
Ph2  V2   f2   160   40 
=    =    = 0.8
Ph1  V1   f1   200   50 
Therefore, percentage reduction in hysteresis loss=20%
03. Ans: (100, 1.44x107, 0.007, 0.69, 0.345)

Solution:
Acore = 50mm2 ,Lcore = 100mm
Lag=1mm, Now due to firing effect
A ag = 50 + 10%  50 = 55mm2
I = 1A,N = 100 ( r =  )
(i) N.I = 100AT → Exciting M.M.F of coil
Lag 1  10 −3
(ii) R ag = = = 1.44  107 AT Wb
0 Aag 4   10  55  10
−7 −6

Electrical Machines
L core 100  10 −3 2000 AT

R core = = =
r 0 Acore r 4   10 −7  50  10 −6 r 0 Wb
Rnet = Rag + Rcore
Now due to perfect magnetic material of core, r =  R core = 0 ( )
R net = R ag = 1.44  107 AT Wb
M.M.F 100
(iii)  = = = 0.007mWb
Rnet 1.44  107
N2 10 4 10 4  0
(iv) L = = = = 0.69mH
Reac tance R ag 1.44  107
1
L  ( I ) = 0.5  0.69 = 0.345mJ
2
(v) E =
2
04. Ans: (a)

Solution:
(
(a) kVA )rating
 EI
Where, E (induced EMF) ,
E = 4.44mfNph &  = B. A
Now linear dimensions are doubled, means length and breadth of the core have been doubled; so area is now 4 times.
So, induced EMF is also 4 times as E  A
Now as area has increased so current carrying capability of winding will also increase
So, current ‘I’ will also be 4 times

( )
Therefore, kVA = V.I = 4  4 V  I = 16kVA ( )
So (kVA) rating will be 16 times the previous one.
Tip: If linear dimensions become ‘k’ times then,

-kVA capacity becomes k4 times.
-Losses become k3 times.
-Surface area becomes k2 times.
05. Ans: (b)

Solution:
*
 Z eb 
Sa =   SLoad
 Z ea + Z eb 
*
 Z ea 
Sb =   SLoad
 Z ea + Z eb 
Hence transformer with greater leakage impedance shares less load or less kVA. (To avoid overloading)
So, Z ea  1 & Z eb  1 [From above statements]
Sa Sb
Z ea Sb
 = ............ (1 )
Z eb Sa
Now,
Ea − IaZea = Eb − IbZeb [if Ea = Eb ]

Electrical Machines
IaZea = IbZeb ………..(2)

From (1) and (2),
Ia Sa
= …………(3)
Ib Sb
 ( V) 
2
V2 V2 
Ia .Z ea (p.u)  = Ib .Z eb (p.u)  (Z) = 
Sa Sb  base Srated 
 
From (3),
Z ea (p.u) = Z eb (p.u)
06. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Hystersis loss,
Ph  Bm
2
f
Taking Steinmetz coefficient as 2.
V 2f V 2
Ph   (As V  Bmf )
f2 f
Pe  Bm f  V2
2 2
Since voltage applied is same, the eddy current loss will remain the same. However, because of reduction in frequency, the
hysteresis loss will increase.
07. Ans: (a)

Solution:
250
Total kVA demand of Load 1 =  cos−1 ( 0.95 ) = 250 + j82.17kVA
0.95
100
Total kVA demand of load 2 =  − cos−1 ( 0.8 ) = 100 − j75kVA
0.8
200
KVA supplied machine 1 =  cos−1 ( 0.9 ) = ( 200 + j96.864 ) kVA
0.9
Using power conservation
Demand KVA = Supply KVA
( 250 + j82.17 ) + (100 − j75 ) = (200 + j96.84 ) + S 2
S2 = 150 − j89.67 = 174.76 − 30.87 KVA 0
Negative angle indicates leading power factor.

( )
 pf = cos 30.870 = 0.858 leading
The closest option would be a.
08. Ans: (c)

Solution:
For satisfactory load sharing, the pu impedances should be same. This will result in proportional load sharing. Also, they
should have same X/R ratios because this will lead to same pf operation.
09. Ans: (b)

Solution:
When one of the supply line fails, the Star-Delta network will look like as shown below,

Electrical Machines
Magnetic Circuit symmetry ensures that reluctance faced by each phase is equal and so the flux and emf would be
balanced in each of the three phases.
Now since, voltage rating of transformer is not mentioned we will assume that turns ratio of transformer is 1:1 without loss
of generality.
Based on options given we assume the line or the phase voltage on primary side to be 230V as shown in the figure above.
Since, the voltage across A Phase on primary is 230V so, the voltage across a phase on secondary will also be 230V.
But due to line opening on primary this 230V gets equally divided in the other two phases as shown below.
Hence, the voltage across each of the other two phases would be 115V assuming the impedance of winding of all phases
is equal.
10. Ans: 0.433

Solution:
In Auto-Transformer starter, the line current at the time of starting is,
Vph
Isup = x 2Isc = x 2
Z sc
In case of Star-Delta Starter, the supply current is given by,
Isc Vph
Isup = =
3 3  Z sc
The ratio of starting current by means of Auto-Transformer and Star-Delta Starter is,
Iauto
Ratio = = 3x 2 = 3  0.25 = 0.433
I Y −
11. Ans:
Solution:
Given 100 kVA, 11 kV/400 V ( – Y) 50Hz Transformer
Per unit impedance = 0.045
When the load terminals are shorted and rated current flows, the equivalent circuit is shown below,
Rated Current in pu = 1 pu
Actual Current = 0.5 Irated
Current in pu = 0.5 pu
By KVL,
Induced EMF, E = IZ = 0.0225pu
Since, pu voltage is same on both sides of transformer.
So, voltage on HV side = 0.0225 pu
HV side voltage = 0.0225  11kV = 247.5V

Electrical Machines
12. Ans: 0.601 A

Solution:
Input Power under No-Load condition = Core Loss = 80W
Core Loss will remain the same irrespective of the side on which it is measured.
 400 
Mutual Inductance referred to HV Side = 1.91   = 3.82H
 200 
Magnetizing Reactance on HV Side = 2 50  3.82 = 1200.088 
V 400
Magnetizing Current, I = = = 0.334A
Xm 1200.08
Pc 80
Core Loss Current, I w = = = 0.5A
V 400
Both currents will be orthogonal to each other. So, no load current will be
I0 = I2 + I2w = 0.52 + 0.334 2 = 0.601A
13. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Insulating oil in an electrical power- transformer is commonly known as transformer oil. It is normally obtained by
fractional distillation. It mainly serves two purposes:
(i) Insulation in electrical power transformer
(ii) It dissipates the heat of the transformer (acts as a coolant)
14. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Advantages of auto-transformer (like higher percentage in saving of copper, higher kVA rating as compared to two-
winding transformer etc.) will be more when transformer ratio is nearer to unity i.e. smaller.
15. Ans: (d)

Solution:
For the parallel operation of transformer, the essential requirement is that the vector group of both must be same, i.e. the
phase difference between line to line voltages between primary and secondary of each transformer must be same.
16. Ans: (c)

Solution:
V
= m (Peak flux)
f
Core flux should be constant
So, from LV side,
V1 V2
=
f1 f2
230 V2
=
50 25
V2 = 115V
17. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Given, V=400 sin(314.16t),
i0=2 sin(314.16t-850)
Therefore, magnetizing branch impedance will be,

Electrical Machines
V 4000
Z= = =200  850Ω
I 0 2 − 850
18. Ans: (10)

Solution:
For open-  connection with banks of ideal transformers, maximum kVA that the rest two transformers can supply is,
1
 (Rated capacity of bank)
3
1
 ( 3  15 )  26kVA
3
Both Transformers in open delta connection share equal load but still KVA rating is not twice of individual capacity due to
different phase of apparent power output of both transformers.
20
Therefore, each transformer will share a load of = 10kVA
2
19. Ans: (62.83 mT)

Solution:
MMF of each winding = 10  10 = 100A − T
Since, the core material is an ideal magnetic material so, the reluctance of core would be zero. The only reluctance would
be offered by the air gap.
lag 4  10−3
Reluctance of air gap = = = 0.3183  108
0 A (
4   10−7  10−2  10−2 )
100
Total flux passing through the air gap = 1 + 2 = 2 = 2  = 6.283Wb
0.3183  108
6.283  10−6
Flux Density in Air Gap = = 0.06283 Wb / m2 = 62.83mT
10−2  10−2
20. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Solution:
Let us assume pf to be unity.
kVA
 = 0.98 = at full load…………(i)
kVA + Pi + Pc
0.5kVA kVA
 = 0.98 = = at half full load ……………..(ii)
0.5kVA + Pi + 0.25Pc kVA + 2Pi + 0.5Pc
From (i) & (ii),
Pi + Pc = 2Pi + 0.5Pc
Pc = 2Pi
Pc  Pi

Electrical Machines
21. Ans: (a)

Solution:
If current is purely sinusoidal in a transformer, then due to BH-curve nature (non-linearity) flux will not be pure sinusoid
and will contain harmonics, especially 3rd harmonic.
This 3rd harmonic will induce E.M.F & the net E.M.F at a particular instant will be
E1 (due to fundamental)+ E3 (due to 3rd harmonic). This is known as oscillating neutral.
But winding insulation is strictly designed for ‘ E1 ’only. As, E3 will be almost 90% of E1 , there will be huge electric stress on
winding insulation & it may get damaged.
Hence, the magnetizing current is rich in 3rd harmonic.
22. Ans: (c)

Solution:
( )
2
Hysteresis loss ,. Ph  f Bm .
Eddy current loss, Pe  V

2
V2 = 0.9V1
f1 = 45Hz = 0.9  (50Hz ) = 0.9  f1
V2 V1
=
f2 f1
So flux density is constant.
Therefore, Ph  f
Ph1 f1 1
= =
Ph2 f2 0.9
Ph2 = 0.9Ph1
Pe  V 2
Pe2 ( 0.9 ) V1
2 2
= = 0.81
Pe1 V12
Pe2 = 0.81Pe1
Pcore1
Initially, Pe1 = Ph1 = [ Pcore1 → Total core loss]
2
Now,
Pcore2 = Pe2 + Ph2 = 0.81Pe1 + 0.9Ph1
Pcore2 = 0.855Pcore1
0.855Pcore1 − Pcore1
% change =  100 = −14.5%
Pcore1
Therefore, reduction of 14.5% takes place.
23. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Distribution factor,

Electrical Machines
sin  m  sin  m 
kd =  2   2  
( sin 
 for small values of ‘  ’)

msin   
m  2 2
 2 2
For 1-phase alternator,
m =  (Phase spread)
kd =
( 2) = 2
sin 
 
2
2
E (induced EMF) = (2T) = 1.273T Volts

24. Ans: (97.84,500W,45.65)

Solution:
Given, 50kVA, 11kV/400V transformer
(P )
i fl
= 500W, (Pcu )fl = 600W
kVA cos  50kVA  1
= =
kVA cos  + Losses 50kVA  1 + 500 + 600
50  103
=  100 = 97.84%
50  103 + 1100
Now, for maximum efficiency,

x 2 (Pcu )fl = (Pi )fl [ x → Fraction of load at which maximum efficiency occurs]
x=
(P ) = 500 = 0.913
i fl
(P ) 600
cu fl
(P ) = ( 0.913)  600  500W

2
cu x
Since, iron loss is independent of load,

Pi = 500W
Loading at maximum efficiency condition = 0.913  50 = 45.65kVA
25. Ans: None

Solution:
Let the per phase winding impedance be ‘Z’
So when all the windings are reconnected as single phase, then equivalent primary circuit becomes
For maximum voltage all windings must be connected in additive polarity.

In single phase connection, Vx = 3V1
Current rating of winding remains same as long as the cross-sectional area of conductor is constant.
KVA Rating of Delta Connection, Q = 3  V1  I
KVA Rating of Single Phase Connection, Q' = (3V1 )  I = Q

Electrical Machines
3V1
So voltage ratio becomes and rating as Q.
3V2
Note: If the windings are connected in parallel then voltage rating remains same but current rating becomes thrice so the
KVA rating will remain same.
Hence, none of the option matches.
26. Ans: (c)

Solution:
10kVA, 400V 200V ,1 −  transformer with 10% impedance
(MVA )
(MVA ) Short −circuit
= rated
%Z or Z (p.u)
So, Isc =
(I) rated
%Z
10 kVA 10  103
( I )rated = 400 = 400 = 25A
25
Isc = = 250A
10%
27. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Fraction of load at which efficiency will be maximum,
Iron loss 0.01
x= = = 0.707
F.L. Copper loss 0.02
For maximum efficiency, the machine must operate at unity power factor.
Full Load KVA = 1 pu
x  KVA  cos  0.707  1
max =  100% =  100 97.25%
x  KVA  cos  + 2Pi 0.707  1 + 0.01  1 + 0.01
28. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Rating of two winding transformer: 400V 100V ,10kVA
For maximum rating, the only possible connection is additive polarity of voltage.
10  1000
IP = = 25A
400
10  1000
Is = = 100A
100
Rating = 500V  100A = 50kVA
[25A enters the dot & 100A leaves the dot]
Note: We can also use the formula,
(kVA )
(kVA ) new
=
1 −K
old
LV
Where, K =
HV
10
(kVA ) new
=
400
= 50 kVA
1−
500

Electrical Machines
29. Ans: (a)

Solution:
 IR cos  + IX sin  
% regulation =    100
 I 
For resistive load  = 00
% Regulation = R p.u. cos  + Xp.u. sin    100
% Regulation = 0.03  cos00 + 0.06  sin00 = 3%

 E − Vt 
3% =  f 
 Ef 
3
 200 = (Ef − Vt ) = 6V
100
Therefore, terminal voltage = 200 − 6 = 194V
30. Ans: (7.466 kW, 6.787 kVAR)

Solution:
 12 
Load KVA = =   36.87 = 1536.87 KVA
 0.8 
Positive KVA angle indicates lagging power factor.
Taking 10 KVA as the base for power,
10
ZB = ( 0.04 + j0.03 )  = ( 0.08 + j0.06 ) pu
5
Load shared by transformer A,
 ZB   0.08 + j0.06
SA =    SL =  15 − 36.87
 Z A + ZB  ( 0.08 + j0.06 ) + (0.03 + j0.04 ) 
SA = ( 7.466 − j6.787 ) kVA
Therefore, PA = 7.466 kW, QA = 6.787 kVAR
31. Ans: (a)

Solution:
In constant voltage transformer, a capacitor is connected across secondary which increases the current in secondary
winding and makes the secondary magnetic circuit saturated. This causes the secondary terminal voltage to remain
constant for large range of input voltage. The portion over which primary winding is wound is unsaturated.
But in this case the output voltage is not sinusoidal but approximate sinusoid with peaks flattened.
32. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Now voltage regulation of a Transformer is given by the equation
V.R. = Rcos   Xsin 
R & X are in p.u or percentage
Since, R = 1% or 0.01 pu and X = 5% or 0.05 pu
V.R . = (1  cos  + 5sin  ) %
Since, cos  = 0.8 and sin  = 0.6
(V) − ( V )full−load
So, V.R . = no −load
= 0.8 + 5  0.6 = 3.8%
(V) no −load

Electrical Machines
E−V
Or, = 3.8%
E
Since, V = 415 V (L − L )
3.8
E (L − L ) =  E (L − L ) + 415
100
415  100
E (L − L ) = = 431.33V
96.2
431.33
Induced EMF per phase = = 249.06V
1.732
In Delta, phase voltage is same as line voltage so Phase Voltage on primary is 6000 V.
E1 6000
So, turns ratio = = 24.08 24
E2 249.06
33. Ans: i = 2.5, pf = 0.6

Solution:
N1 : N2 : N3 = 20 : 4 : 1
Power Factor at tertiary side= 0.6
I3 = 50 − cos−1 ( 0.6 )
So from MMF balance principle of transformer
N1 .I3 = N3 .I3
I3 → Reflected component of tertiary current in primary
 N3  1
So, I3 = 
   50 − 53.13 =
0
 50 − 53.130
N
 1 20
I3 = 2.5 − 53.130
(
So primary p.f. = cos 53.13 = 0.6
0
)
Here, we have neglected no-load current and assumed that secondary side is open-circuited so that there is no
component of secondary current reflected in primary.
34. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Whenever switching occurs or takes place in an inductive circuit, transients are set up initially and net current drawn by the
device increases as the natural response or response due to transients take time to die-out
I ( t ) = Itr ( t ) + Iss ( t )
Itr ( t ) → Transient
Iss ( t ) → Stable state
(
Switching say we have an AC circuit with cos or sine input as Vm sin t +  )
Then total current i(t) at any instant is given as:
 −V 
I (t) =  m
 R2 + X2

.sin  − tan−1 L
R ( )
−Rt
.e L +
Vm
R 2 + XL2
sin t +  − tan−1 L  
 ( )
R  
 L 
For transient part to be zero
 = tan−1 L ( R ) , generally in Transformer
(X L
 R )

Electrical Machines
So,  = 900
So, phase difference between voltage current should be 900 .
So from curve we can see that if we switch the circuit at voltage-maximum current is zero at the instant .So heavy inrush
can easily be avoided but if we switch at voltage min at 00 ,then current is maximum which will increase inrush current.
35. Ans: (a)

Solution:
The core flux of a transformer is decided by V ( f ) ratio.

Applied Voltage

Applied Frequency
So, once these are fixed core flux becomes independent of load changes due to compensation effect in transformer.
V1 − E1
The primary flux is reduced by secondary flux in transients, this cause reduction in E1 . Hence I1 = , an extra
Z
compensating component of current is drawn that compensates the flux produced by secondary. Hence core flux remains
constant.
36. Ans: (c)

Solution:
The area under the hysteresis curve is used to measure hysteresis energy loss per cycle.
Area under curve= = 5cm2 = 5  2AT  50mWb = 500mJ ( )
For a cycle of 50Hz
Loss = 500mJ  50 = 25W
37. Ans: (b)

Solution:
3 ( Vbase ) 3 ( 33kV )
2 2
( Zb ) = Sbase 
=
20MVA
Since, per unit impedance, Z ( ) pu

= 0.12
3  ( 33)
2
12
( Z )actual = ( Z )base  ( Z )pu = 20

100
= 19.6
38. Ans: (d)

Solution:
(a) Since the B-H curve is linear, so   I exciting , so both will have same wave shape
d
()
(b) V2 t = −N
dt

Electrical Machines
We cannot exactly determine the polarity of induced emf as dot polarity on the winding is not mentioned.
(c) The short circuit current will lag induced

secondary EMF, by nearly 900 as R2 → 0
and hence transformer purely inductive.
(d) Flux wave from will remain same, in short circuit condition also, as secondary flux will be compensated by additional
primary flux.
39. Ans: (d)

Solution:
When the supply is sinusoidal, the induced emf would also be sinusoidal. Due to sinusoidal emf, the flux would also be
sinusoidal. To produce sinusoidal flux in the non-linear core, the current drawn from supply should be peaky in nature.
If the current would have been sinusoidal then flux waveform would be flat topped.
40. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Since, the supply is connected across primary winding,
VAB = 400V
Based on dot polarity the corresponding
Dotted terminals in secondary and tertiary
Winding would have positive polarity.
Based on turns ratio,
Vs Ns 200
= =
Vp Np 400
Hence, Vs = VVU = 200V
Similarly for tertiary winding,
VT NT 200
= =
VS NS 400
Hence, VT = VST = −200V
Applying KVL to determine voltmeter reading,
VAB − VVU − VST − Vx = 0
400 − 200 − 200 + Vx = 0
Hence, voltmeter reading, Vx = 0
41. Ans: 652.83 A-T

Solution:
If the Transformer is replaced by its equivalent circuit,

Electrical Machines
Referring all quantities to HV side we get

N2 12
Transformation Ration, k = = = 0.1212
N1 99
X2 0.01
X2 = = = 0.68
k ( 0.1212)
2 2
XL2 0.012
XL2
 = = = 0.8167
k2 ( 0.1212)
2
V2 400
V2 = = = 3300V
k 0.1212
From superposition theorem Im = Im1 + Im2
3300 1.49
Im1 =  = 4.7012 A
(500 || 1.49 ) + 0.6 501.49
3300 0.6
Im2 =  = 1.8931A
(500 || 0.6 ) + 1.49 500.6
Im = 6.5943A
Magnetizing Ampere Turns, Fm = 99  6.5943 = 652.83AT
42. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Output Output
Efficiency,  = =
Input Output + Losses

Electrical Machines
At ‘x’ faction of full load

x.S.cos 
=
x.S.cos  + Pi + x 2PCu,FL
For Maximum Efficiency Pi = x2PCu,FL
x.S.cos 
max =
x.S.cos  + 2Pi
It is given that maximum efficiency occurs at Full Load, x = 1.
1 S 1
0.9 =
1  S  1 + 2Pi
Pi = 0.055 S
Pi = (1 ) .PCu,FL = 0.055s
2
At half full load, UPF

x=1
2
1  S 1
= 2  100 87.8%
( )
2
1  S  1 + 0.055s + 1  0.055S
2 2
43. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Induced EMF E2 ' will lag  by 900 , but E2 is load voltage which is opposite to to E2 ' and will lead  by 90°.
E1 being the supply voltage must oppose the induce EMF E2 ' and since it’s a resistive load so I 2 will be in phase with E2 .
Since N1  N2 , secondary current I2  I1
I1 and I 2 are in phase with E1 and E2 . The phasor diagram is then shown below,
44. Ans: (b)

Solution:
N1 Vph,p 11kV 11 kV
Turns ratio = = = =a
N2 Vph,s 415 3 240V
As 'S2' is closed, B and C are at same potential
So, VBC = VB − VC = 0
For  connection
VAB + VBC + VCA = 0
So, VAB = −VCA

Electrical Machines
VAB = 11  103 00 V

VCA = −11  103 00 V = 11  103 1800 V
Since, AB winding on primary winding is parallel to ‘an’ of secondary and voltage across AB on primary is 11 kV so
Van = 240V
Since, CA winding on primary winding is parallel to ‘cn’ of secondary and voltage across CA on primary is -11 kV so
Vcn = −240V
 Vac = Van − Vcn = 240 + 240 = 480V
45. Ans: (c)

Solution:
As we know
E1 N1
=
E2 N2
N2 2
E2 = .E1 =    40000 = 20000 V
N1 4
E N N  1
Also, 1 = 1 ,E3 =  3  .E1 =  40000 = 10000
E3 N3  
 N1  4
E 20000
Secondary Current, I2 = 2 = = 2000 A
R 10
E 10000
Tertiary Current, I3 = 3 = = 40900 A
− jX c − j  2.5
I 2 referred to primary is
N  2
I2 =  2  .I2 =    2000 = 1000 A
 N1  4
I 3 referred to primary
N  1
I3 =  3  .I3 =
N
(4
)
40900 = 10900 A
 1
So, Primary Current I1 = I2 + I3 = (10 + j10 ) A
46. Ans: (b)

Solution:
For Maximum Efficiency, Iron Loss is equal to Copper Loss.
Pi = x2PCu,FL
where, x is the fraction of full load.
300 = x2 600
1
x2 =
2
Hence, x = 0.707
Hence, maximum efficiency occurs at 70.7% of full load.
x = 70.7%
47. Ans: (d)

Solution:
In the given question, the transformer is connected in additive polarity as shown below,

Electrical Machines
So, Vout = 3300 + 230V = 3530V

Input voltage is same as primary voltage of 2 winding transformer.
Vin = 3300V
LV 3300
Transformation Ratio, k = =
HV 3530
Rating of Auto-Transformer is given by,
S2−wdg 50
Sauto = = = 767.4kVA
1 −k 3300
1−
3530
48. Ans: (d)

Solution:
p.u impedance is same on both primary and secondary sides of the Transformer.
Z e (pu) = 0.02 + j0.07
Z e (  ) = Z e (pu)  Z e (base )
Base Impedance on primary of Transformer,
( )
2
3VL2 3  11  10
3
Z e (base ) = = = 3630
Sbase 105
Z e (  ) = 0.02 + j0.07   3630 = ( 72.6 + j254.1 ) 
49. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Out of the 4 type of connection, the connection that falls into 300 vector group are
Yd1, Yd11
In Yd1, HV leads LV by 300
In Yd11, HV lags LV by 300
Other connection don’t come to 300 vector group. Other connections come in 00 and 1800 vector group.
50. Ans: (d)

Solution:
When we see the equivalent circuit of a transformer referred to Primary then
Primary leakage reactance secondary leakage reactance
But magnetic reactance has a large value in comparison to leakage reactance as
Reactance  flux linkage
And magnetizing flux linkage is maximum between primary and secondary of a transformer
Hence,
X1 X'2 Xm
51. Answer (d)

Solution:
In open circuit test, transformer runs at no load and core losses are obtained.
Hence, pf is no-load power factor.
No-load power factor= 0.2 to 0.3
Power factor angle = 70 – 800
In Short Circuit Test Copper Losses are calculated.

Electrical Machines
52. Ans: (c)

Solution:
For load sharing proportional to KVA rating
pu impedance on own base should be equal.
So, pu impedance of second transformer should be 0.05pu.
53. Answer (a):

Solution:
Efficiency of transformers is,
x (kVA ) cos 
=  100%
x (kVA ) cos  + Pi + x 2PCu,fl
Where x is pu loading
At Full load, x = 1
At Half load, x = 0.5
1  300  0.8
0.95 =
1  300  0.8 + Pi + PcUfl
Pi + PCu,fl = 12.631 …………..(i)
0.5  300  1
0.96 =
0.5  300  1 + Pi + 0.25PcUfl
Pi + 0.25PCu,fl = 6.25 ……………(ii)
Solving (i) & (ii) we get
Pi = 4.123kW
PCu,fl = 8.51kW
54. Ans: (b)

Solution:
For maximum efficiency,
Pi 4.123
x= = = 0.696
PcUfl 8.51
x (kVA ) cos 
max =  100%
x (kVA ) cos  + 2Pi
0.696  300  1
max =  100%
0.696  300  1 + 2  4.123
max = 96.2%
55. Ans: (c)

Solution:
The voltage regulation vs power factor angle curve for a transformer is shown below
So, zero VR is only possible at leading pf load.

Electrical Machines
56. Ans: (c)

Solution:
At full load, upf
Pout = 50kW
Pout
=  100%
Pout + Ploss
50
95 =  100%
50 + Ploss
50 + Ploss = 50
0.95
Ploss = 2.6315kW
When it is reconfigured as an auto transformer
LV 500 2
k= = =
HV 750 3
Rating of 2 Winding 50
Rating of auto transformer = = = 150KVA
( 3)
(1 − k ) 1− 2
Efficiency ,  =
(kVA ) cos   100%
(kVA ) cos  + P
loss
At Full Load and unity pf

150  1
=  100%
150  1 + 2.6315
 = 98.275%
57. Ans: (d)

Solution:
The negative terminal of capacitor is connected to dot.
So, if we refer both secondary to primary we get the circuit shown below,
At t = 0
+
Since, turns ratio = 1.1. Current and voltages remain same on both sides
Vp = − Vc = −5V
VP −5
IR = = = −0.5A
R 10
58. Ans: (b)

Solution:
The phasor diagram for the transformer connection can be drawn as,

Electrical Machines
These can be drawn on clock as,
So, the secondary phasor leads primary by 300

Hence, the connection is Yd1.
59. Ans: (a)

Solution:
The flux indicated in figure represents primary flux.
The polarity of emf will be determined based on Lenz Law. Current must be induced in secondary in such a way that it
opposes primary flux.
So, secondary flux must be anti-clockwise.
Hence, current must come out of R terminal.
Since secondary delivers power to load so current must leave positive terminal.
Hence, R is a positive terminal.
So, polarities are correctly marked
d d
ers = Ns = 200
dt dt
From 0<t<1
d 0.12
= = 0.12Wb
dt 1
d
ers = N = 200  0.12 = 24V
dt
1<t<2
d
=0 ers = 0
dt
2<t<2.5
d 0.12
= = −0.24
dt 0.5
ers = −200  0.24 = − 48V
60. Ans: (d)

Solution:
In Open Circuit Test, No-Load Current is drawn by the Transformer which is 5%-8% of the full load current. Due to high
percentage of magnetizing current in No-Load Current the No-Load Power Factor is low. So, W2 will be used for No-Load
Test.
In Short Circuit Test, high current is drawn by the transformer and it has higher power factor as compared to no-load test.
So, W3 will be used for Short-Circuit Test.
61. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Mutual inductance
0N1N2 A
M=
L
M  Area of cross-section
If we wind the windings, on horizontal arms instead of vertical arms cross-section area becomes half.

Electrical Machines
M2 ( area)2 M 1
=  2 =
M1 ( area) M1 2
1
62. Ans: (b)

Solution:
When both S1 and S2 open, there is no closed loop path for third harmonic magnetizing current and so magnetizing
current is sinusoidal.
So, flux is flat – topped with third harmonic
63. Ans: (c)

Solution:
When S2 is closed, but no load is connected, then fundamental component of current = 0
Third harmonic currents can flow in closed loop in delta winding so secondary only has third harmonic currents.
64. Ans: (d)

Solution:
The circuit referred to primary looks like as shown below.
If S is open, entire current flows into magnetizing inductance

di  400  di
V =L  mH 
dt    dt
 400  di 
Peak voltage =  mH  
   dt max
400 800
Vp =  10 −3  2000 = V
 
65. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Now when S is closed and sinusoidal current is applied. Inductance is replaced by reactance.
400 400
XL =  =  10 −3  100
 
XL = 40
Equivalent circuit is
 jXL   j40  10  40
IR = I   = 100  30 + j40  = 50 90 − 53.13
 R + jXL   
IR = 836.87 0 A
VR = 24036.870 V
Peak voltage=240 V
Note: Here, we have used peak values of quantity for phasors and not the rms values.

Electrical Machines
66. Ans: (a)

Solution:
When coil 1 is excited with 400V
6000
VS =  400 = 600V
4000
VP = 400V VS = 600V
To obtain 400V/1000V auto transformer primary must be coil 1 and additive polarity must be used.
This is shown in figure below:
So, A and D are connected together and B serves as common terminal between primary and secondary.
67. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Current in coil 1 = I1
Current in coil 2 = I2
Since, we are assuming no losses in
transformer input power= output power.
400 ( I1 + I2 ) = 1000I 2
400I1 = 600I2
I1 = 1.5I2
Only option (d) satisfies this condition.
Also, current in both coils should be less than rated which is 25 A.
68. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Assume VP = VP 0
Secondary voltage VS = 2VP = 2VP 0
Due to resistive load, IL = 10A
Primary current, IP = 2IL = 20A
Magnetizing current lags voltage by 90 due to magnetizing reactance
I = 1 − 90 A
Total primary current
IP = 20 + 1 − 90 = 2.236 − 26.56 A
69. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Converting the star connected load to delta
Z  = Z y  3 = 4  3 = 12
So, secondary looks like as shown below.
Impedance per phase = 12
Transforming to primary

Electrical Machines
Zs Zs 12
Zp = 2
= 2
= 2
=1Ω
 Ns   Vph,s   
     220 
 Np   Vph,P   110 
 
 3
Zp =1+j0 Ω
Since, primary is star connected.
So load impedance will also be star connected.
70. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Since supply voltage is sinusoidal the flux will also be sinusoidal and so the magnetizing current drawn by transformer will
be sinusoidal as air core does not saturate as in option (c)
71. Ans: (b)

Solution:
( )
2
Voltage rating  area  dimention
( dimention)
2 2
V2  2
= 2
= 
V1  1 
( dimention)
1
1
 
V2 = 2V1
V2 = 2KV
No load current  dimension
 I 2  dim2
 =
 I  dim
 1  1
I 2 = 2  11 = 2  0.5 = 0.707A
( )
3
Cross loss  core volume = dimension
3
Pc2  dim2 
( 2)
3
=  =
Pc1  dim1 
Pc2 = 55  2 2 = 155.6W
72. Ans: (c)

Solution:
No load loss corresponds to constant loss
Pi = 64W
For short circuit test
I = 0.9 Ifl
Pcu = I2R = 81
( 0.9I )
2
fl
R = 81
I fl R = 100
2
 Full load copper loss Pcu,FL = 100W

Electrical Machines
Pi 64
For maximum efficiency, x = = = 0.8
Pcu,FL 100
 Maximum efficiency occurs at 80% of rated current.
73. Ans: (b)

Solution:
When 100 V applied at primary
Vwx1 = 100V
1.25
Secondary voltage =  100 = 125V
1
Due to potential divider or attenuator
VYZ1 = 125  0.8 = 100V
Vwx1
Hence, = 100
VYZ1 100
When 100 V is applied at YZ, VYZ2 = 100V
Since primary is open circuited no current flows in primary & secondary

 No effect of attenuator
VSec = 100V
VPr i = Vwx2 = 100 = 80V
1.25
Vwx2
Hence, = 80
VYZ2 100
74. Ans: (c)

Solution:
The induced emf in a transformer is given by, E = 4.44fN
1
If the voltage and frequency are kept constant, then  
N
NI NI NI A
Flux in any magnetic circuit is given by,  = = =
R
A
Here, A is the cross-sectional area of the core
is magnetic path length
1
Since,  
N
NI A 1

N
N2I A
Hence, = cons tant
If no-load or magnetizing current is kept constant then, N2A = constant

1
N2 
A
2 2
 N2  r12  r1 
  = 2 =  
 N1  r2  r2 

Electrical Machines
r1
It is given that, r2 =
2
2
 N2 
  = 4
 N1 
N
Hence, 2 = 2
N1
So, number of turns become double.
75. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Core loss = hysteresis loss + eddy current loss
Hysteresis Loss and Eddy Current Losses are given by,
2 2
Ph = KhBm
2
f & Pe = KhBmf
V
Since, Bm 
f
V1 230 138 V2
= = =
f1 50 30 f2
Hence, Bm = constant
2
Therefore, Ph  f & Pe  f
For V = 230 V, f = 50 Hz
Ph + Pe = 1050W …………..(i)
For V = 138 V, f = 30 Hz
Ph' + Pe' = 500W ………....(ii)
Ph' 30 P'  30 
2
= = 0.6 ; e =   = 0.36
Ph 50 Pe  50 
Substituting in (ii),
0.6 Ph + 0.36 Pe = 500 ..……..(iii)
Solving (i) & (iii)
Ph = 508 W , Pe = 542 W
76. Ans: (a)

Solution:
VS NS
Since, =
VP NP
2
VS = × sin  t = 2 sin  t
1
2
N 
ZS =  S  ZP = 4  1 = 4
N 
 P

Electrical Machines
77. Ans: 550

Solution:
low voltage 1000
K= =
high voltage 1100
Since, the Transformer is connected in series additive polarity
 
 1   1 
KVA rating =   (KVA rating of 2-winding transformer) =    50 = 550 KVA
1 −K   1 − 1000 
 
 1100 
78. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Hysteresis loss, Ph = KhBm2f
Eddy current loss, Pe = K eBm2f 2

V
Bm   
f
Since voltage & frequency are both increased by the same amount,
Bm = constant
Ph2 f2 1.1
= = = 1.1
Ph1 f1 1
Therefore, Ph2 = 1.1Ph1
P − Ph1
% change = h2  100
Ph1
1.1Ph2 − Ph1
% change=  100
Ph1
% change = 10%
2
Pe2 f  2
=  2  = (1.1 ) = 1.21
Pe1  f1 
Therefore, Pe2 = 1.21Pe1
Pe2 − Pe1
% change =  100
Pe1
1.21Pe2 − Pe1
% change =  100 =21%
Pe1
79. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Core loss = hysteresis loss + eddy current loss
Hysteresis and Eddy Current Losses are given by,
2
Ph = Kh (Bm ) f ; Pe = K e (Bm ) f 2
2

Electrical Machines
V
Bm   
f
V
Since   is constant, Bm = Constant
f
So, Ph=K'hf ; Pe=K'ef 2
Iron Loss, Pc =K'hf+K'ef 2

Pc
= K 'h + K 'e f
f
Pc
The intercept of v/s f curve gives K'h & slope gives K'e .
f
K 'h = 10 W
Hz
K'e =
( 10 )
15 −
=
1
W / Hz2
50 10
Ph
= 10
f
Ph =10 × 25 = 250 W
1 125
Similarly, Pe=  252 = W = 62.5W
10 2
80. Ans: 23.618

Solution:
PL 4  103
Load Current, IL = =
VL cos  110  0.89
IL = 40.858A
IL = 40.858  -cos −1 0.89 = 40.858  − 27.127  A
IL
I1 = = 20.429 − 27.127A
2
Since, voltage phase angle is assumed to be zero at secondary and hence primary emf will also have zero phase angle.
E1 = 2VL = 2200V
2200 220
I2 = =  − 900 A
jXL XL
For unity pf, I must not have any imaginary part & I2 is purely imaginary.
( )
Hence, I2 = − Im I1 = 9.3148A
220
XL = = 23.618
I2
81. Ans: (b)

Solution:
N1 V
Self-inductance of primary = L + M = L + 1 M = L + 2M
N2 V2

Electrical Machines
L = L1 − 2M = 45 − 2  20 = 5mH
1
Self-inductance of secondary referred to primary

2
 220 
L2 =    30 = 120mH
 110 
L = L2 − 2M = 120 − 20  2 = 80mH
2
N1
Magnetizing inductance = M = 2M = 2 × 20 = 40mH
N2
82. Ans: (a)

Solution:
The T-equivalent of a Transformer is shown below,
La = L1 − M = 800 – 480 = 320 mH
Lc = L2 − M = 600 – 480 = 120 mH
Lb = M = 480mH
L eq = L a + (Lb || L c )
Leq = 320 +
( 480  120 ) = 416 mH
600
83. Ans: (c)

Solution:
In a current transformer, the primary current is independent of secondary current and secondary current instead depends
on primary current. Hence, primary mmf is unaffected by load variations.
84. Ans: 1.33

Solution:
600
Current in load resistance = = 50A
12
Since there are no losses, input power = output power
200  IP = 600  50
IP = 150A
Vin 200
Z in = = = 1.33
IP 150

Electrical Machines
2 2 2
N  V   200 
Alternatively, Z in =  s  RL =  s  RL =   12 = 1.33
N  V 
 P  P  600 
85. Ans: 555.55

Solution:
 Z1 
KVA Supplied by T2, S2* = SL* 
 Z + Z 
 1 2 
SL* = 1000 − 36.86 kVA

 1 + j6 
S2* = (1000 − 36.86 )    = 555.55 − 36.86 kVA
 1.8 + j10.8 
So, contribution of T2 is 555.55 kVA at a power factor of 0.8 lag.
86. Ans: (b)

Solution:
If the Load Resistance is referred to second winding
Referring the inductance to Primary Winding
Since impedance is resistive,

1 L
= 2
C b
1 5000  10 −3
=
5000  10 −5
b2
b = 0.5
R
Input Impedance = 2 2 = 2.5
ab
2.5
= 2.5
a2b2
a2b2 = 1
1
a= =2
b
87. Ans: (a)

Solution:
The phase current in delta winding leads the line current by 300.

Electrical Machines
100
Per-phase current on delta connected secondary side = 30A
3
Vph,p 230 3 2
Turns ratio of primary to secondary = = =
Vph,s 115 3
Iph,s Vph,p 2
= =
Iph,p Vph,s 3
3 100
Iph,p =  30 = 5030A
2 3
88. Ans: (a)

Solution:
N2 N 50 50
I1 = I 2 + 3 I3 =  230 +  2150
N1 N1 100 100
I1 = 130 + 1150 = 190A
89. Ans: 30
Solution:
The first transformer is a Dd0 connection, so phase difference between primary and secondary will be 0.
The second transformer is Dy11 connection, so secondary leads primary by 30.
Therefore, phase difference between V1 & V2 is −30 as V2 leads V1 by 30 but in this case only magnitude of phase
difference will be specified as answer.
90. Ans: (b)

Solution:
In the given problem
NP
=n
NS
When, inductance is referred to primary
2
N 
LP =  P  L = n2L
 NS 
91. Ans:
Solution:
For negative sequence on star side, voltage in phase leads line voltage by 30
VAB
 VAN = 30
3
From the connection, the winding AN is parallel to ab
N  N  V
 Vab =  S  VAN =  S  AB 30
 NP   NP  3
Hence, Vab leads VAB by 30°
VAB lags Vab by 30 .
Alternatively, phasor diagram can be drawn to derive this relation.

Electrical Machines
92. Ans: 1.4423

Solution:
Initial voltage, Vi = 400 V
Initial frequency, fi = 50 Hz
Final voltage, Vf = 200V
Initial frequency, ff = 25Hz
Vi Vf
Hence, = = 8 = constant
fi ff
Thus, Ph = Khf Pe = k e f 2
At rated condition
5000 = K h (50 ) + k e ( 2500 ) (i)
At 25 Hz,
2000 = K h ( 25 ) + k e ( 625 ) (ii)
Subtract twice the second equation from first
1000 = k e (1250 )
1000
ke = = 0.8
1250
From ( i )
5000 = K h (50 ) + 0.8 ( 2500 )

K h (50 ) = 3000
Kh = 60
Thus, at frequency ‘f’
Pi = 60f + 0.8f 2
At 416V, 52Hz, V = 8 = constant

f
( )
2
Hence, Pi = 60  52 + 0.8  52 = 5283.2 W
60  52
Ratio of hysteresis to eddy current loss = = 1.4423
0.8  (52 )
2
93. Ans:
Solution:
Since, the output voltage is sum of two voltages
So, auto – transformer is connected in additive polarity.
There are two configurations possible 220/2420
Low voltage 220 1
K= = =
High voltage 2420 11
22 22 22  11
(KVA ) auto
= =
1 −K 1 − 1
=
10
= 24.2 KVA
11
Second configuration 2200/2420
Low voltage 2200 10
K= = =
High voltage 2420 11

Electrical Machines
22
(KVA ) = = 242KVA
1 − 10
auto
11
Hence, maximum KVA is achieved in second configuration and it is equal to 242 kVA.
94. Ans: 10
Solution:
Referring the circuit to primary,
2
N  80  103
RP =  P  R S = = 8
 NS  10 4
2
N  40  103
XP =  P  XS = = 4
 NS  10 4
Equivalent circuit
Equivalent Impedance, Z eq = 8 + j10 − j4 = 8 + j6 = 1036.87 


V 1000
I= = = 10 − 36.870 A
Z eq 1036.87
95. Ans: 6
Solution:
The two possible configuration assuming additive polarity are 100 / 300 and 200 / 300
Low voltage
K=
high voltage
K1 = 100 =1
300 3
K 2 = 200 =2
300 3
(KVA )
(KVA ) auto
=
2−dg
1 −k
2
(KVA ) = = 3 KVA
1
1− 1
3
2
(KVA ) = = 6 KVA
2
1− 2
3
Since, (KVA )  (KVA )

2 1
Maximum KVA = 6 KVA

Electrical Machines
96. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Since transformer KVA rating remains same on both sides
3 ( VLP )( ILP ) = 3 ( VLS )( ILS )
3  110  ILP = 3  11  ILS
ILP 1
=
ILS 10
Since primary is delta connected and secondary is star connected
ILP
IPh,P =
3
ILP = 3IPh,P
ILS = IPh,S
3IPh,P
=1
IPh,S 10
IPh,P
= 1
IPh,S 10 3
97. Ans: 625.1

Solution:
S1 = 90036.86kVA
S2 = 30053.13kVA
Total power drawn from supply
S1 + S2 = 900 ( 0.8 + j0.6 ) + 300 ( 0.6 + j0.8 ) = 900 + j78 = 1190.9540.90 kVA
S = 3VL IL
1190.955
IL = = 625.089A
3  1.1
98. Ans: 37.878

Solution:
Line to Line voltage ratio of Y −  transformer
Vsec Ns 1
= =
Vpri 3Np 5 3
KVA rating remains same on both sides of transformer
s 25 125
IL = = = = 37.878 A
3 VL 3.3 3.3
3
5 3
99. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Impedance = 5% = 0.05 pu

Electrical Machines
Resistance = 3% = 0.03 pu
( 0.05 ) − ( 0.03 ) = 0.04 pu

2 2
Reactance =
VR (0.8pf log) = Rcos  + Xsin  = 0.03  0.8 + 0.04  0.6 = 0.048 pu = 4.8%
100. Ans: (97.36)

Solution:
kVA rating = 900 kVA
Vline (  ) = 3 kV
Vline ( Y ) = 3 kV
900
IPh (  ) = = 100A
3  3 kV
( )
Copper loss = 3Iph pri RP + 3Iph sec R sec
2 2
( )
Pcu = 3  1002  0.3 + 3  3002  0.02 = 3  10000  0.48 = 14400 W = 14.4 kW
Core loss = 10 kW
900
=  100 = 97.36%
900 + 24.4
101. Ans: (d)

Solution:
100 − 95
Voltage regulation =  100% = 5%
100
102. Ans: 7.17 to 7.25

Solution:
Load= 12kW at 0.6lag
Load reactive power QL = PL tan L
(
= 12  tan cos−1 0.6 =16KVAr )
For transformer rating, S= 25KVA
S2 = P2 + Q2
Since additional load has unity pf, so it consumes only P
(P + 12)
2
+ 162 = 252
P= 7.21kW
103. Ans: 0.83 to 0.84

Solution:
Initial resistance,
R core =
 0 r A
=0 ( r
= )
0.2  10 −2 2  10 −3
R gap = =
0  A 0 A

Electrical Machines
2  10 −3
R1 = R core + R gap =
0 A
Final resistance,
R core = core 40  10 −2 4  10 −4
= =
 0 r A 0  1000  A 0 A
2  10 −3
R gap =
0 A
R2 = Rcore + Rgap =
2.4  10−3
0 A
If I = constant, MMF = constant
Then,
1

R
2 B2 R1
= =
1 B1 R2
2.0
B2 = 1  = 0.83T
2.4
104. Ans: 162.50 W

Solution:
200 V, 50 Hz, Pc=450 Watt
160 V, 40 Hz, Pc = 320 Watt
100 V, 25 Hz, Pc= ? Watt
V 200 160 100

= constant = = =
f 50 40 25
Pc = Af + BP2
So,
450 = A  (50) + B  (50)2 ……….(i)
320 = A  (40) + B  (40)2 ……….(ii)
From equations (i) and (ii)
450
= A + B(50)
50 ………..(iii)
320
= A + B(40)
40 …………(iv)
Equations (iii) – (iv)
(9-8)=B(10)
1
B=
10
1
A =9−  50 = 4
and 10
Now at 100 V, 25 Hz,
1
Pc = 4  25 +  (25)2
10
= 100 + 62.5 = 162.50Watt

Electrical Machines
105. Ans: *
Solution:
[Data given in question is ambiguous leading to dead short-circuit of supply, marks to all was awarded for this question].
106. Ans: *
Solution:
Wi1 = 2500 W at 440 V1 50Hz
W12 = 850 W at 220 V1 ,25Hz
Wi3 = Re + Ph at 440 V, 50Hz
3 3
v
Re = ?, Ph = ?, = constant
3
f
3
 2500 = Af + Bf2
 400 220 
 = = Constant 
 50 25 
2500
Or = A + Bf
f
2500
= A + B(50)
Or 50 …….. (i)
850
= A +B
And 25 …………….(ii)
Solving (i) & (ii), we get
2500 850 2500 − 1700
25B = − =
50 25 50
800
= = 16
50
16
B=
25
16
And from (i), A = 50 −  50 = 50 − 32 = 18
25
So at 50 Hz,
Ph = Af = 18  50 = 900 W
Pe = Bf 2
 16 
=   (50) = 1600 W
2
 25 
107. Ans: 51.12 μH
Solution:
5
Peak voltage across resistor = = 2.5V
2
V̂ 2.5
Peak current = r = A
R 22

Electrical Machines
Assume iP = Im sin ωt
Induced voltage across secondary = Mdi/dt
Vs = Md/dt (Im sinωt) = ωMIm cos ωt
V̂s = MIm
7.3
2
(
= 2  105 M )2.5
22
 M = 51.12H
108. Ans: 2150 to 2250

Solution:
Open circuit voltage at a-b = 200V (rms)
200 = 4.44fNm
200 = 4.44 fN m
200 = 4.44 × 50 × N1 × 1 × 5000 × 10-6
N1 = 180 turns
Reluctance of flux path inside core =

0 r A
0.5
Score = = 15915.494 A − T / wb
−7
4   10  5000  5000  10 −6
N12
Mutual inductance referred to primary =
s
2
(180)
M= = 2.0357H
15915.494
Self inductance of primary = M + Lep
= 2.0357 + 0.16 = 2.1957
= 2195.7 mH

Electrical Machines
Chapter 2 – DC Machine
01. Level compounded D.C generator is used for which of 07. A separately excited d.c. motor has an armature
the following applications? [1991] resistance of 0.5 ohm. It runs off a 250V d.c. supply drawing
(a) Electric Arc Welding (b) Electric Traction an armature current of 20A at 1500 rpm. The torque
(c) Battery Charging (d) Lighting developed for an armature current of 10A will be
_________________ for the same field current. [1992]
02. A separately excited d.c. motor has to be run at 125%
of rated speed when delivering 50% torque. The excitation 08. A cumulative compounded long shunt motor is driving
will be _______________. [1991] a load at rated torque and rated speed. If the series field in
shunted by a resistance equal to the resistance of the series
03. Match the windings of a large D.C series motor and
field, keeping the torque constant [1993]
their functions: [1991]
Windings Function
(A) series field winding (P) to avoid field
distortion under the pole
(B) shunt field winding (Q) to avoid sparking
(C) commutating pole (R) to generate working
winding flux
(a) The armature current increases
(D) compensating (S) to avoid runway
winding speeds on no-load (b) The motor speed increases
(c) The armature current decreases
04. A 10 kW, 6 pole, D.C generator develops an EMF of (d) The motor speed decreases
200V at 1500 rpm. The armature has a lap l connected
winding. The average flux density over a pole pitch is 0.9 09. A differentially compounded d.c. motor with inter poles
Tesla. The length and diameter of the armature are 0.25m and with brushes on the neutral axis is to be driven as a
generator in the same direction with the same polarity of
and 0.2m respectively. Calculate [1991]
the terminal voltage. It will then [1995]
(a) The flux per pole
(a) Be a cumulatively compound generator but the coil
(b) The total number of active conductors in the armature connections are to be reversed
and (b) Be a cumulatively compounded generator without
(c) The torque developed by the machine when the reversing the inter pole coil connections
armature supplies a current of 50A. (c) Be a differentially compounded generator without
reversing the inter pole coil connections
(d) Be a differentially compounded generator but the inter
05. Neglecting all losses, the developed torque (T) of a d.c.
pole coil connections are to be reversed.
separately excited motor, operating under constant
terminal voltage, is related to its output power (P) as under 10. A 220V, 1.5 kW, 859 rpm, separately excited dc motor
[1992] has armature resistance of 2.5 ohms and it draws a current
(a) T  P (b) T  P of 8A at rated-load condition. If the field current and the
(c) T  P
2 3
(d) T independent of P armature voltage are fixed at the value of rated speed at
rated load, what will be the no-load speed of the motor?
06. The developed electromagnetic force and/or torque in Assume losses remain constant between no-load and full
electro-mechanical energy conversion systems act in a load operation. [1995]
direction that tends [1992]
(a) To increase the stored energy at constant mmf 11. A 4 pole generator with 16 coil has a two layer lap
(b) To decrease the stored energy at constant flux winding. The pole pitch is [1996]
(c) To decrease the co-energy at constant mmf (a) 32 (b) 16
(c) 8 (d) 4
(d) To decrease the stored energy at constant mmf

Electrical Machines
12. A 4 pole dynamo with wave wound armature has 51 19. A DC shunt generator delivers 60KW at 240V and 360
slots containing 20 conductors in each slot. The induced rom. The armature and field resistances are 0.015Ω and
EMF is 357 volts and the speed is 800 rpm. The flux per 60Ω respectively. Calculate the speed of the machine
pole will be [1996] running as a shunt motor and taking 60KW input at 240V.
(a) 3.5 mWb (b) 1.2 mWb Allow 1 volt per brush for contact drop. [1998]
(c) 14 mWb (d) 21 mWb
20. A 4-pole lap-wound DC generator has a developed
13. Out of the following factors for a dc machine, [1996] power of P watts and voltage of E volts. Two adjacent
(i) Inter pole (ii) Armature resistance brushes of the machine are removed as they are worn out.
(iii) Armature current (iv) Reduction in field current If the machine operates with the remaining brushes, the
The factors that are responsible for decrease in the terminal developed voltage and power that can be obtained from
voltage of a shunt generator are the machine are [1999]
(a) i, ii and iv (b) ii, iii and iv E P
(c) ii, iv and iv (d) ii, iv and iv (a) E, P (b) ,
2 2
P P
14 A 5kW, 200V DC shunt motor has an armature (c) E, (d) E,
resistance of 1 ohm and shunt field resistance of 100 ohms. 2 2
At no-load, the motor draws 6A from a 200V supply and
runs at 1000rpm. The rotational loss of the machine is… W 21. A DC shunt motor is running at 1200 rpm, when excited
and the no load torque is… N-m [1997] with 220V DC. Neglecting the losses and saturation, the
speed of the motor when connected to a 175V DC supply
15. A 200V, 10kW lap-wound DC generator has 10 poles is: [1999]
and 500 conductors on its armature. If the pole face covers (a) 750 RPM (b) 900 RPM
80% of the pole pitch, the pole face conductors required to (c) 1050 RPM (d) 1200 RPM
fully compensate for armature reaction will be….
conductors/pole. [1997] 22. A separately excited DC shunt motor is driving a fan
load whose torque is proportional to the square of the
16. The field coil of a two-pole DC series motor is made up speed. When 100V are applied to the motor, the current
taken by the motor is 8A, with the speed being 500 rpm. At
of two identical sections. In one case (i) of two sections of
what applied voltage does the speed reach 750 rpm and
the field coil are connected in series, and in another case
then what is the current drawn by the armature? Assume
(ii) the two sections are connected in parallel. If the motor the armature circuit resistance to be 1 Ω. Neglect brush
takes the rated current in both the cases, then torque (i): and mechanical losses [1999]
torque (ii) is ….. and speed (i) : speed (ii) is ….. (Neglect the
effect of magnetic saturation) [1997] 23. The compensating winding in a dc machine [2000]
(a) Is located in armature slots for compensation of the
armature reaction
17. At 50% of full load, the armature current drawn by a DC
(b) Is located on commutating poles for improving the
shunt motor is 40A when connected to a 200V DC mains.
commutation
By decreasing the field flux, its speed is raised by 20% this (c) Is located on pole shoes for avoiding the flashover at
also causes a 10% increase in load torque. Calculate the the commutator surface
percentage change in field current. The armature resistance (d) Is located on poles shoes to avoid the sparking at the
including the brushes is 1 Ohm. Neglect saturation and brushes.
armature reaction. [1997]
24. A permanent magnet dc commutator motor has a no
load speed of 6000 rpm when connected to a 120V dc
18. A 240 V DC shunt motor with an armature resistance of supply. The armature resistance is 2.5 ohms and other
0.5Ω has a full load current of 40A. Find the ratio of the losses may be neglected. The speed of the motor with
stalling torque to the full load torque when a resistance of supply voltage of 60V developing a torque 0.5 Nm, is:
1Ω is connected in series with the armature? [1998] [2000]
(a) 4 (b) 12 (a) 3000 rpm (b) 2673 rpm
(c) 2836 rpm (d) 5346 rpm
(c) 6 (d) none of the above

Electrical Machines
25. A belt driven dc shunt generator runs at 1500 rpm 30. A 200 V, 2000 rpm, 10A, separately excited dc motor
delivering 10kW, at 220V bus bars. The belt breaks,
has an armature resistance of 2Ω. Rated dc voltage is
following which the machine operates as a motor drawing
2kW power. What will be its speed as a motor? The applied to both the armature and field winding of the
armature and field resistances are 0.25 ohms and 55 ohms
motor. If the armature draws 5A from the source, the
respectively. Ignore armature reaction and assume the
contact drop at each brush to be 1V. [2000] torque developed by the motor is [2002]
(a) 4.30 Nm (b) 4.77 Nm

26. An electric motor with ‘constant output power’ will
have a torque speed characteristic in the form of a (c) 0.45 Nm (d) 0.50 Nm
[2001]
(a) Straight line through the origin
(b) Straight line parallel to the speed axis 31. A 230V, 250 rpm, 100A separately excited dc motor has
(c) Circle about the origin an armature resistance of 0.5, the motor is connected to
(d) Rectangular hyperbola 230V dc supply and rated dc voltage is applied to the field
winding. It is driving a load whose torque speed
27. In a dc motor running at 2000 rpm, the hysteresis and
characteristic is given by TL = 500 − 10, where  is the
eddy current losses are 500W and 200W respectively. If the
flux remains constant, calculate the speed at which the rotational speed expressed in rad/sec and TL is the load
total iron losses are halved. [2001] torque in Nm. Find the steady state speed at which the
motor will drive the load and the rated armature current
28. A dc series motor is rated 230V, 1000 rpm, 80 A (refer drawn by it from the source. Neglect the rotational losses
to figure), the series field resistance is 0.11, and the
of the machine. [2002]
armature resistance is 0.14. If the flux at an armature
current of 20A is 0.4 times of that under rated condition,
calculate the speed at this reduced armature current of 32. The speed/torque regimes in a dc motor and the
20A. [2001] control methods suitable for the same are given
respectively in Group II and Group I [2003]
Group I Group II
P Field Control 1 Below base speed
Q Armature Control 2 Above base speed
3 Above base torque
4 Below base torque
(a) P – 1; Q – 3 (b) P – 2; Q – 1
(c) P – 2; Q – 3 (d) P – 1; Q – 4
29 A dc series motor fed from rated supply voltage is 33. To conduct load test on a dc shunt motor, it is coupled
overloaded and its magnetic circuit is saturated. The to a generator which is identical to the motor. The field of
torque-speed characteristic of this motor will be the generator is also connected to the same supply source
approximately represented by which curve of Figure?
as the motor. The armature of the generator is connected
[2002]
to a load resistance. The armature resistance is 0.02 p.u.
(a) Curve A
armature reaction and mechanical losses can be neglected.
(b) Curve B With rated voltage across the motor, the load resistance
across the generator is adjusted to obtain rated armature
(c) Curve C current in both motor and generator. The p.u. value of this
load resistance is [2003]
(d) Curve D
(a) 1.0 (b) 0.98
(c) 0.96 (d) 0.94

Electrical Machines
34. When Stator and Rotor windings of a 2-pole rotating 37. For a linear electromagnetic circuit, the following
electrical machine are excited, each would produce a statement is true. [2004]
sinusoidal MMF distribution in the air gap with peak values (a) Field energy is equal to the co-energy
(b) Field energy is greater than the co-energy
FS and Fr respectively. The rotor MMF lags stator MMF by a
(c) Field energy is lesser than the co-energy
space angle  at any instant as shown in Figure. Thus, half (d) Co-energy is zero
of stator and rotor surfaces will form one pole with the
other half forming the second pole. Further, the direction 38. The armature resistance of a permanent magnet dc
motor is 0.8. At no load, the motor draws 1.5 A from a
of torque acting on the rotor can be clockwise or counter-
supply voltage of 25 V and runs at 1500 rpm. The efficiency
clockwise. of the motor while it is operating on load at 1400 rpm
drawing a current of 3.5 A form the same source will be
[2004]
(a) 48.0% (b) 57.1%
(c) 59.2% (d) 88.8%
39. A 8 poles, DC generator has a simplex wave-wound

armature containing 32 coils of 6 turns each. Its flux per
pole is 0.06 Wb. The machine is running at 250 rpm. The
induced armature voltage is [2004]
(a) 96 V (b) 192 V
The following Table gives four sets of statements regarding (c) 384 V (d) 768 V
poles and torque. Select the correct set corresponding to
the MMF axis as shown in Figure [2003] 40. Two magnetic poles revolve around a stationary
Stator Stator Rotor Rotor armature carrying two coils (c 1
− c1 ,c2 − c2 ) as shown in
Surface Surface Surface Surface Torque
Figure. Consider the instant when the poles are in a
ABC CDA cda abc is
forms forms forms forms position as shown. Identify the correct statement regarding
North South North South Clock the polarity of the induced EMF at this instant in coil sides
Pole Pole Pole Pole wise c1 and c2 [2005]
South North North South Counter
Pole Pole Pole Pole Clock
wise
North South South North Counter
Pole Pole Pole Pole Clock
wise
South North South North Clock
Pole Pole Pole Pole wise
(a) in c1 , no emf in c2
35. A DC series motor driving an electric train faces a
(b)  in c1 , no emf in c2
constant power load. It is running at rated speed and rated
voltage. If the speed has to be brought down to 0.25 p.u. (c) in c2 , no emf in c1
the supply voltage has to be approximately brought down (d)  in c2 , no emf in c1
to [2003]
(a) 0.75 p.u (b) 0.5 p.u 41. A 50 kW dc shunt motor is loaded to draw rated
(c) 0.25 p.u (d) 0.125 p.u armature current at any given speed. When driven (i) at half
the rated speed by armature voltage control and (ii) at 1.5
36. The following motor definitely has a permanent times the rated speed by field control, the respective
magnet rotor [2004] output powers delivered by the motor are approximately
(a) DC commutator motor (a) 25 kW in (i) and 75 kW in (ii) [2005]
(b) Brushless dc motor (b) 25 kW in (i) and 50 kW in (ii)
(c) Stepper motor (c) 50 kW in (i) and 75 kW in (ii)
(d) Reluctance motor (d) 50 kW in (i) and 50 kW in (ii)

Electrical Machines
42. In relation to DC machines, match the following and 46. The net voltage across the armature resistance at the
choose the correct combination. [2005] time of plugging will be [2008]
(a) 6V (b) 234 V
Group –1 Group – 2
(c) 240 V (d) 474 V
Performance Proportional to
Variables
47. The external resistance to be added in the armature
(P) Armature emf (E) (1) Flux ( ), speed () and
circuit to limit the armature current to 125% of its rated
(Q) Developed armature current ( I a ) value is [2008]
torque (T)
(2)  and  only (a) 31.1  (b) 31.9 
(R) Developed
(3)  and I a only (c) 15.1  (d) 15.9 
power (P)
(4) I a and  only
48. Figure shows the extended view of a 2 pole dc machine
(5) I a only with 10 armature conductors. Normal brush positions are
shown by A and B, placed at the inter-polar axis. If the
brushes are now shifted, in the direction of rotation, to A'
(a) P − 3 Q − 3 R − 1 (b) P − 2 Q − 5 R − 4
(c) P − 3 Q − 5 R − 4 (d) P − 2 Q − 3 R − 1 and B' as shown, the voltage waveform VAB will resemble
[2009]
43. In a DC machine, which of the following statements is
true? [2006]
(a) Compensating winding is used for neutralizing armature
reaction while inter pole winding is used for producing
residual flux
(b) Compensating winding is used for neutralizing armature
reaction while inter pole winding is used for improving
commutation
(c) Compensating winding is used for improving
commutation while inter pole winding is used for
neutralizing armature reaction
(d) Compensating winding is used for improving
commutation while inter pole winding is used for
producing residual flux
44. A 220 V DC machine supplies 20A at 200 V as a

generator. The armature resistance is 0.2 ohm. If the
machine is now operated as a motor at same terminal
voltage and current but with the flux increased by 10%,
then ratio of motor speed to generator speed is [2006]
(a) 0.87 (b) 0.95
(c) 0.96 (d) 1.06
45. The dc motor, which can provide zero speed regulation

at full load without any controller, is [2007]
(a) Series
(b) Shunt
(c) Cumulative compound
(d) Differential compound

A 240V, dc shunt motor draws 15A while supplying the
rated load at a speed of 80 rad/s. The armature resistance
is 0.5and the field winding resistance is 80.

Electrical Machines
Common Data for Questions 49 and 50: the motor draws a line current of 70A. Neglect armature
A separately excited DC motor runs at 1500 rpm under no- reaction. The full load speed of the motor in rpm
load with 200 V applied to the armature. The field voltage is_____________. [2014-01]
is maintained at its rated value. The speed of the motor
when its delivers a torque of 5Nm is 1400rpm as shown in 55. A 250V dc shunt machine has armature circuit
the figure. The rotational losses and armature reaction are resistance of 0.6 and field circuit resistance of 125 .
neglected. The machine is connected to 250V supply mains. The
motor is operated as a generator and then as a motor
separately. The line current of the machine in both the
cases is 50A. The ratio of the speed as a generator to the
speed as a motor is_____________. [2014-02]
56. The no-load speed of a 230 V separately excited dc

motor is 1400rpm. The armature resistance drop and the
brush drop are neglected. The field current is kept constant
at rated value. The torque of the motor in Nm for an
49. The armature resistance of the motor is. [2010] armature current of 8 A is ________. [2014-03]
(a) 2 (b) 3.4
(c) 4.4 (d) 7.7 57. A separately excited 300V DC shunt motor under no
load runs at 900 rpm drawing an armature current of 2A.
50. For the motor to deliver a torque of 2.5Nm at 1400 The armature resistance is 0.5 and leakage inductance is
rpm. The armature voltage to be applied is [2010] 0.01H. When loaded, the armature current is 15A. Then the
(a) 125.5V (b) 193.3V speed in rpm is __________. [2014-03]
(c) 200V (d) 241.7V
58. A separately excited DC generator has an armature
51. A 4-point starter is used to start and control the speed resistance of 0.1Ω and negligible armature inductance. At
of a [2011] rated field current and rated rotor speed, its open–circuit
(a) dc shunt motor with armature resistance control voltage is 200 V. When this generator is operated at half
(b) dc shunt motor with field weakening control the rated speed, with half the rated field current, an un-
(d) dc series motor charged 1000 μF capacitor is suddenly connected across
(d) dc compound motor the armature terminals. Assume that the speed remains
unchanged during the transient. At what time (in
52. A 220V, DC shunt motor is operating at a speed of microsecond) after the capacitor is connected will the
1440 rpm. The armature resistance is 1.0 and armature voltages across it reach 25 V? [2015-01]
current is 10A. If the excitation of the machine is reduced (a) 62.25 (b) 69.3
by 10%, the extra resistance to be put in the armature (c) 73.25 (d) 77.3
circuit to maintain the same speed and torque will be
[2011] 59. A separately excited DC motor runs at 1000 rpm on no
(a) 1.79 (b) 2.1 load when its armature terminals are connected to a 200V
(c) 3.1 (d) 18.9 DC source and the rated voltage is applied to the field
winding. The armature resistance of this motor is 1Ω. The
53. A 220V, 15kW, 1000rpm shunt motor with armature no-load armature current is negligible. With the motor
resistance of 0.25 , has a rated line current of 68A and a developing its full load torque, the armature voltage is set
so that the rotor speed is 500 rpm. When the load torque is
rated field of 2.2A. The change in field flux required to
reduced to 50% of the full load value under the same
obtain a speed of 1600 rpm while drawing a line current of
armature voltage conditions, the speed rises to 520 rpm.
52.8 A and a field current of 1.8A is a [2012]
Neglecting the rotational losses, the full load armature
(a) 18.18% increase (b) 18.18% decrease
current (in Ampere) is ________________. [2015-01]
(c) 36.36% increase (d) 36.36% decrease
60. A DC motor has the following specifications: 10 hp,

54. A 15kW, 230V dc shunt motor has armature circuit
37.5A, 230 V; flux/pole = 0.01 Wb, number of poles = 4,
resistance of 0.4 and field circuit resistance of 230 .
number of conductors = 666, number of parallel paths = 2.
At no load and rated voltage, the motor runs at 1400rpm
Armature resistance = 0.267 Ω. The armature reaction is
and the line current drawn by the motor is 5A. At full load,

Electrical Machines
negligible and rotational losses are 600 W. the motor

operates from a 230 V DC supply. If the motor runs at 1000
rpm, the output torque produced (in Nm) is ____________.
[2015-01]
61. A shunt-connected DC motor operates at its rated (c)

terminal voltage. Its no-load speed is 200 radian/sec. At its
rated torque of 500 Nm, its speed is 180 radian/sec. The
motor is used to directly drive a load whose load torque TL
depends on its rotational speed r (in radian/second),
such that TL = 2.78  r . Neglecting rotational losses, the
steady-state speed (in radian/second ) of the motor, when
it drives this load, is_________. [2015-02] (d)
62. A 4-pole, separately excited, wave wound DC machine

with negligible armature resistance is rated for 230V and
5kW at a speed of 1200 rpm. If the same armature coils are 65. A DC shunt generator delivers at 45A at a terminal
reconnected to form a lap winding, what is rated voltage voltage of 220V.The armature and the shunt field resistance
(in volts) and power (in kW) respectively at 1200 rpm of the are 0.01 and 44 respectively. The stray losses are
reconnected machine if the field circuit is left unchanged? 375W. The percentage efficiency of the DC generator
[2015-02] is________________. [2016-01]
(a) 230 and 5 (b) 115 and 5
(c) 115 and 2.5 (d) 230 and 2.5 66. A separately excited DC generator supplies 150 A to a
145 V DC grid. The generator is running at 800 RPM. The
63. With an armature voltage of 100 V and rated field armature resistance of the generator is 0.1 . If the speed
winding voltage, the speed of a separately excited DC
of the generator is increased to 1000 RPM, the current in
motor driving a fan is 1000rpm, and its armature current is
amperes supplied by the generator to the DC gird is
10 A. The armature resistance is 1  . The load torque of
___________. (Give the answer up to one decimal place).
the fan load is proportional to the square of the rotor
[2017-01]
speed. Neglecting rotational losses, the value of the
armature voltage (in Volt) which will reduce the rotor speed
67. A 220 V DC series motor runs drawing a current of 30 A
to 500rpm is ___________________. [2015-02]
from the supply. Armature and field circuit resistances are
0.4  and 0.1 , respectively. The load torque varies as
64. A 4-pole, lap-connected, separately excited dc motor is
drawing a steady of 40 A while running at 600rpm. A good the square of the speed. The flux in the motor may be
approximation for the waveshape of the current in an taken as being proportional to armature current. To reduce
armature conductor of the motor is given by [2016-01] the speed of the motor by 50%, the resistance in ohms that
should be added in series with the armature is _________.
(Give the answer up to one decimal place). [2017-01]
68. 120 V DC shunt motor takes 2 A at no load. It takes 7 A

(a) on full load while running at 1200 rpm. The armature
resistance is 0.8 and the shunt field resistance is 240 .
The no load speed, in rpm, is ___________. [2017-02]
69. A 220 V, 10 kW, 900 rpm separately excited DC motor

has an armature Ra = 0.02  . When the motor operates at
rated speed and with rated terminal voltage, the
(b)
electromagnetic torque developed by the motor is 70 Nm.
Neglecting the rotational losses of the machine, the current
drawn by the motor from the 220 V supply is [2017-02]

Electrical Machines
(a) 34.2 A (b) 30 A 75. A 280 V, separately excited DC motor with armature
(c) 22 A (d) 4.84 A resistance of 1 Ω and constant field excitation drives a load.
The load torque is proportional to the speed. The motor
70. A separately excited dc motor has an armature draws a current of 30A when running at a speed of 1000
resistance Ra = 0.05 . The field excitation is kept rpm. Neglect frictional losses in the motor. The speed, in
rpm, at which the motor will run, if an additional resistance
constant. At an armature voltage of 100V, the motor
of value 10 Ω is connected in series with the armature, is
produces a torque of 500 Nm at zero speed. Neglecting all ___________. (round off the nearest integer). [2022]
mechanical losses, the no-load speed of the motor (in
radian/s) for an armature voltage of 150 V is _______ (up to 76. The four stator conductors (𝐴, 𝐴′ , 𝐵 and 𝐵′ ) of a
2 decimal places). [2018] rotating machine are carrying 𝐷𝐶 currents of the same
value, the directions of which are shown in the figure (i).
71. A 200V DC series motor, when operating from rated The rotor coils 𝑎 - 𝑎 ' and 𝑏 - 𝑏 ' are formed by connecting
voltage while driving a certain load, draws 10 A current and the back ends of conductors ' 𝑎 ' and ' 𝑎 ' and ' 𝑏 ' and ' 𝑏 ',
runs at 1000r.p.m. The total series resistance is 1 Q. The respectively, as shown in figure (ii). The e.m.f. induced in
magnetic circuit is assumed to be linear. At the same coil 𝑎 - 𝑎 ' and coil 𝑏 - 𝑏 ′ are denoted by 𝐸𝑎−𝑎′ and 𝐸𝑏−𝑏′ ,
supply voltage, the load torque is increased by 44%. The respectively. If the rotor is rotated at uniform angular speed
speed of the motor in r.p.m. (rounded to the nearest 𝜔rad/s in the clockwise direction then which of the
following correctly describes the 𝐸𝑎−𝑎′ and 𝐸𝑏−𝑏′ ? [2023]
integer) is ________ [2018]
72. A 220 V DC shunt motor takes 3 A at no-load. It draws

25 A when running at full-load at 1500 rpm. The armature
and shunt resistances are 0.5  and 220  respectively.
The no-load speed in rpm (round off to two decimal
places) is _________. [2019]
73. A 250 V DC shunt motor has an armature resistance of

0.2 Ω and a field resistance of 100 Ω. When the motor is fig. (i) cross-section view fig. (ii) rotor winding connection
operated on no-load at rated voltage. It draws an armature diagram
current of 5 A and runs at 1200 rpm. When a load is (a) Ea−a′ and Eb−b′ have finite magnitudes and are in the
coupled to the motor, it draws total line current of 50 A at same phase.
rated voltage, with a 5 % reduction in the air-gap flux due (b) Ea−a′ and Eb−b′ , have finite magnitudes with Eb−b′
to armature reaction. Voltage drop across the brushes can leading Ea−a′
be taken as 1 V per brush under all operating conditions. (c) Ea−a′ and Eb−b′ have finite magnitudes with Ea−a′
The speed of the motor, in rpm, under this loaded leading Eb−b′
condition, is closest to: [2020] (d) Ea−a′ = Eb−b′ = 0
(a) 900 (b) 1200
(c) 1000 (d) 1220 77. A separately excited DC motor rated 400 V,15 A, 1500
RPM drives a constant torque load at rated speed
74. A belt-driven DC shunt generator running at 300 RPM operating from 400" " VDC supply drawing rated current.
delivers 100 kW to a 200 V DC grid. It continues to run as a The armature resistance is 1.2 Ω. If the supply voltage
motor when the belt breaks, taking 10 kW from the DC drops by 10% with field current unaltered then the
grid. The armature resistance is 0.025 Ω, field resistance is resultant speed of the motor in RPM is (Round off to the
50 Ω, and brush drop is 2 V. Ignoring armature reaction, nearest integer). [2023]
the speed of the motor is _________ RPM. (Round off 2
decimal places) [2021]

Electrical Machines
Solutions
01.Ans: (d)
Solution:
A level compounded generator has almost constant
terminal voltage with increase in load.
So it can be used for lighting purpose where, with
increase in load, constant terminal voltage is required.
02.Ans: (Decreases by 20%)

Solution:
Given, 2 = 1.251 , T2 = 0.5T1
Let us assume that there are no losses i.e. IaR  0
The back emf will therefore, remain constant.
Since, E= Km ,
11 = 22
11 = 2 (1.251 )
2 = 0.81
Hence, the excitation reduces by 20%.
Also, since T= KIa ,
T2=0.5T1
2Ia2 = 0.51Ia1
(0.81 )Ia2 = 0.51Ia1
Ia2 = 0.625Ia1
Hence, the current reduces by 37.5 %.
03.Ans: (A-R,B-S,C-Q,D-P)
Solution:
• Compensating winding is connected in series with the armature winding to compensate armature reaction under the
pole arc region.
• Interpole winding/Commutating pole winding is used to improve commutation i.e. to avoid sparking by neutralizing
the reaction voltage in the winding undergoing commutation.
• In the DC Series Motor, the series field is used to generate the working flux.
• In case of No-Load in Series Motor, the armature current is small due to which series flux is small and the speed of
motor can increase without bound so the series motor is converted to Compound Machine so that shunt winding can
provide the flux under no-load condition.
04.Ans: (0.02355,340,63.69)
Solution:
Given, 10kW, 6 pole lap wound DC generator
E=200V, N=1500rpm, B = 0.9T
L=0.25; D=0.2m [ D → Diameter of rotor, L → Length of rotor]
A=6 (In a lap wound DC machine, A=P)
a) Total flux = P  
P = BA
A =  D  L

Electrical Machines
B    D  l 0.9  3.14  0.2  0.25

Flux per pole ,  = = =0.02355 Wb
P 6
NP    Z
b) E =
60A
200  60  6
Number of conductors, Z = 340
1500  6  0.02355
c) Ia = 50A
2
=  1500 157 rad/sec
60
EI
= ba

200  50
= = 63.69N − m
157
05.Ans: (b)
Solution:
If supply voltage in a separately excited DC motor is constant, then input power
P  Ia ........ (1 ) ( P = Vt .Ia )
Torque developed, T = KIa
For constant field voltage, i.e., field flux
T  Ia ......... ( 2 )
From (1) & (2),
T P
06.Ans: (b)
Solution:
In an electromechanical energy conversion device, total energy supplied= (Electric energy  Mechanical energy + Field
energy)
For small load change or virtual displacement ‘dx’ of rotor
1
dWelec = 0 =  i.d = 0
2
Total mechanical energy or work done at the expense of field energy

(
is fe .dx )
 dWfed 
fe = −   [ Wfed → Field energy]
 dx  or =Cons tant
dWfed dWfed
fe = −
dx
( , x ) ........... (1 ) → Te = −
d
( ,  ) or 
So, electromagnetic for due is given as
1 dRl 1 di
Te = − 2 = −  (  ,  ) → (From (1))
2 d 2 d
So torque is negative which indicates that it tries to decreases the magnetic stored energy at constant  or 
It can be explained from Lenz’s law also as the developed torque must oppose its cause of production

Electrical Machines
07. Ans: (15.28)

Solution:
Ra = 0.5,Vt = 250V,Ia = 20A
N = 1500rpm,   If ,If is same
So, flux is constant.
(E )
b 1500rpm
= Vt − ( Ia )1500rpm (R a ) = 250 − 20  0.5 = 240V
Eb Ia 240x20
T1500rpm = = = 30.56N − m
 2
 1500
60
T1 Ia1
= (since flux is constant)
T2 Ia2
I   10 
T2 =  a2   T1 =    30.56 = 15.28N − m
I
 a1   20 
08.Ans: (a)
Solution:
If the series field is shunted by a resistance, then current through series field will reduce & hence, series flux ( se ) will
reduce. Hence net flux (net = se + sh ) will reduce.
Since, T=K  Ia ,to keep the torque constant, the armature current will increase.
09.Ans: (b)
Solution:
• In a compound machine, we have series as well as Shunt Winding. The current is Shunt winding remains in same
direction until the terminal voltage connection is reversed. So, the field poles polarity remains the same when the
motor is run as generator.
• Since, the direction of rotation also remains the same so the emf has the same polarity and hence to reverse the
power flow the armature current should be reversed.
• Interpoles in Generator have same polarity as that on next pole in direction of rotation and that of previous pole in
case of motor so polarity of interpoles must be reversed. But since, interpoles are connected in series with armature,
their polarity reverses when the armature current reverses so there is no need to interchange the interpole connection.
• In differentially compounded machine, the shunt and series flux oppose each other but when it is run as generator the
armature current reverses which reverses the series field flux but shunt field flux remains in same direction.
• Hence, the two fluxes are in same direction and get added up and machine acts as compound machine without
reversing the interpole connections.

Electrical Machines
10. Ans: 940

Solution:
Armature Voltage, Field Current and Losses are assumed to remain constant from NL to FL.
Rated Armature Current, (Ia)rated = 8A
Full Load Copper Loss, PCu = Ia,rated2Ra = 82  2.5 = 160W
Under Full Load Condition,
Developed EMF, E1 = 220 − 8  2.5 = 200V
Developed Power, Pdev = Eb  Ia = 200  8 = 1600W
Rated Shaft Power, Psh = 1500W
Constant Loss = 1600 – 1500 = 100 W
Under No-Load Condition the power drawn by the motor is corresponding to Constant Losses.
Pdev = 100W
EbIa = ( Vt − IaR a ) Ia = 100W
220Ia − 2.5Ia2 = 100
2.5I2a − 220Ia + 100 = 0
Solving we get, Ia = 0.4569A
Induced EMF under No-Load, E2 = 220 − 0.4569  2.5 = 218.86V
Since, field current is kept constant so the flux remains same and hence, EN
E2 N2
Thus, =
E1 N1
218.86
N2 =  859 = 940rpm
200
11. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Double layer winding has 2 conductors in 1 slot (2 coil sides in 1 slot)
Now 16 coils → 32 conductors (assuming single turn coils)
2 conductors → 1 slot
32 conductors → 16 slots
Total slots=16
16
Pole pitch=(slots/pole)= =4
4
12. Ans: (b)

Solution:
P=4, A (number of parallel paths) =2 [wave wound]
Total number of conductors, Z = 51  20
Induced EMF, E = 357V,N = 8500rpm
NPZ
E=
60A
E  60A 357  60  2
= = = 1.23 mWb
NPZ 8500  4  51  20

Electrical Machines
13. Ans: B
Solution:
(i) Inter-pole is used to reduce armature reaction, so it increases air-gap flux, hence induced EMF and hence terminal
voltage should increase.
(ii) Armature resistance reduces terminal voltage from no-load to full-load due to IaRa drop
(V = E − I R ) a a
(iii) Armature current also drops terminal voltage, as it also causes drop in no-load voltage or induced EMF as it increases.
( )
(iv) Reduction in field current reduces field flux and hence induced emf and since, V = E − IaR a , the terminal voltage also
reduces due to reduction in field current.
14. Ans: (784W,7.486Nm)

Solution:
5kW, 200V, DC shunt motor
Ra = 1,Rf = 100
2
( ) nl
= 1000rpm 
60
=104.72 rad/sec
V 200
If = = = 2A
R f 100
Ia=6-2=4A
Eg = 200 − 4  1 = 196V
Protational loss = EgIa = 196  4 = 784W
Protational 784
nl = = = 7.486N − m
( ) nl
104.72
15. Ans: 4
Solution: Given, 200V, 10kW, lap wound DC-generator
P=10, Z=500
Pole Arc
Since, = 0.8 or 80%
Pole − pitch
Z
Compensating conductors required per pole is given as: =  ( 0.8 )
AP
500
Compensating Conductors =  0.8  4
10  10
16. Ans: (2 and < 1)

Solution:
From the equivalent circuit of DC-series motor we can see that, armature current is constant and armature resistance varies
When two identical sections are connected in series then net resistance = Rf + Rf + Ra
For linear region of BH curve
  NIa
T  Ia
The motor takes the rated current in both the cases here Ia1 = Ia2 = I
When both field coils are connected in series
1  (NI + NI ) = 2NI

Electrical Machines
When two sections of coil are connected in parallel

 NI NI 
2   +  = NI
 2 2 
So, the ratio of Torque (i) and Torque (ii).
T1  2NI 2
= 1 = =
T2 2 NI 1
Now, E = k. [   Ia and I a is constant]
When both field coils are connected in series

E1 = Vt − Ia (R f + R f + R a )
When two sections of coil are connected in parallel
 R 
E2 = Vt − Ia  R a + f 
 2
Now Rnet decreases when both field sections are connected in parallel
So, E2  E1 [Drop is more in case]
E1 1 1
=
E2 2 2
1 E1 NI E
= = 1
2 E2 2NI 2E2
So, 2  1
So, the ratio of speed (i) and speed (ii) is less than 1
17. Ans: 28
Solution:
Ia1 = 40A
Induced EMF E1 = 200 − 40  1 = 160V = k..
Now, let reduction in flux be by ‘x’ times (x<1)
2
Thus means =x
1
So, due to this torque increases by 10%
So, T2 = 1.1T1  2 = x1 
T2 2 .Ia2 x.Ia2
Or, = =
T1 1 .Ia1 40
Ia2
Or, x = 1.1
40
40  1.1
Or, Ia2 =
x
So, new induced EMF
40  1.1
E = 200 − Ia2  1 = 200 − …………. (1)
x
Since reduction of flux causes 20% increase in speed.
2
= 1.2

Modified EMF, E = k. ( x. ) . (1.2) …………(2)

Electrical Machines
From (1) and (2)
40  1.1 40  1.1
200 − = 1.2x k200
 =− = 1.2x  160
x x
192x2 + 44 − 200x = 0
Solving we get x=0.315
And x  0.72
For x=0.315
40  1.1
Ia2 = = 139.68 Amps
0.315
Which is very large, it will damage the machine
For x=0.72
40  1.1
Ia2 = 61A is a permissible value
0.72
As   If for linear region of BH curve
So % change of reduction is field current or field flux is
1 − 2
 100
1
1 − 0.721
 100 = 28%
1
18. Ans: (a)

Solution:
At stalling condition, speed falls to zero due to which back emf becomes zero. Hence, the DC-motor will draw maximum
current.
V = Istall (R a + R ext )
240 = Istall ( 0.5 + 1 )

Istall = 160A
Since, flux in a DC shunt motor remains unchanged,

TStall I 160
= Stall = =4
Tfull load I fl 40
19. Ans: (343.15)

Solution:
Given, 60kW, 240V, 360 rpm, DC shunt generator, Ra = 0.015,R f = 60
Brush drop is 2V
60  103
Line current, IL = = 250A
240
240
Field current, I f = = 4A
60
(I )
a g
= IL + I f = 254A
Egen = 240 + 254  0.015 + 2 = 245.81V

Electrical Machines
Egen = Kgen
Egen = K ' Ngen
245.81=K  (360) ………………………(1)
Now, when it works as motor, voltage across field winding is same as in case of generator. Therefore, field current and
hence, flux will remain the same.
(I )
a m
= 250 − 4 = 246A
Emot = 240 − 246  0.015 − 2 = 234.31V
Emot = K' Nmot
234.31=K’  Nmot ……………………….(2)
From (1) & (2),

245.81 360
=
234.31 Nmot
Nmot =343.15 rpm
20. Ans: (c)

Solution:
For a 4 pole lap wound generator, number of parallel paths=4 with alternately placed brushes, one from which current
leaves and other to which current enters as shown below.
Developed Power, P = E.Ia

Now when two brushes are removed there can be two possibilities that alternate brushes are removed or adjacent brushes
are removed.
If two alternate brushes are removed then one supply terminal gets disconnected and there is no power developed in the
machine as the circuit becomes open.
This means two adjacent brushes are removed as shown below,
Induced voltage across a (+) and (-) brush is ‘E’

Electrical Machines
After removal of two brushes, induced EMF across the brushes remains the same(since they are in parallel)=E But, the
1
current becomes th
4
Ia P
So, P = E. =
4 4
21. Ans: (d)

Solution:
As losses in D.C shunt motor given are negligible, so armature resistance can be neglected.
Vt Eb
Eb = Back E.M.F
Vt = Terminal voltage
Vt
Now, field current I f = [ R f → Field resistance]
Rf
  If
  Vt
Eb
Speed  =
k
Since, both  & Eb are proportional to
terminal voltage, speed will remain constant for a lossless machine.
22. Ans: (156 V)

Solution:
Nature of load torque,
T  2 or T = k2
It is a separately excited motor, so field flux will be constant.
Eb = k
 2 
Eb1 = k1   N1  = k 1  52.36
 60 
Eb1 = Vt1 − Ia1Ra = 100V − 8  1 = 92V
92
 k1 = = 1.757 V − sec rad
52.36
Since, mechanical losses are negligible and so there is no loss torque and developed torque becomes equal to Load
Torque.
T1
k =
12
Since, flux is constant
T1 = k1Ia1 = 1.757  8 = 14.056 N − m
14.056
 k = = 5.13  10−3 N − m − sec2 rad2
(52.36 )
2
2
2 = 750rpm  = 78.54 rad sec
60
T2 = k   22 = 5.13  10 −3  ( 78.54 )
2

Electrical Machines
T2 = 31.64 N − m = k1 .Ia2
31.64
Ia2 = 18A
1.757
Eb2 = k12 = 1.757  78.54 138 V
Vt2 = Eb2 + Ia2Ra = 138 + 18 = 156V
New Terminal Voltage, Vt2 = 156V
23. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Compensating winding are always placed in slots provided in pole faces parallel to rotor conductors.
They help to overcome the cross magnetizing effect of armature reaction (distortion of flux).
During severe overloads or rapidly changing voltage or loads, the voltage between adjacent commutator segments
become very high. This ionizes the air around it and it becomes sufficiently conductive. An arc is established from brush to
brush. This is called ‘Flashover’ caused by severe overloads and distortion of flux by armature. This is overcome by placing
conducting series with armature winding, such that it carries opposite amount of same armature current & neutralizes the
armature M.M.F or flux. Flux/ pole is undistorted.
24. Ans: (b)

Solution:
(N) nl
= 6000rpm,Vdc = 120V
Ra = 2.5 , other losses neglected
As the motor is a permanent magnet motor, hence field flux will be constant for any load current.
So, torque T = k.Ia and E = k.
Machine constant can be calculated from no-load data as friction & windage loss is neglected. Hence, developed power
would be 0 under no-load conditions and hence no-load armature current Ia 0
E1 = 120V = k. 2 ( 60
 6000 )
V − sec
k = 0.191
rad
0.5
I a for, T = 0.5N − m is given as Ia = = 2.617A
0.191
Now when the terminal voltage is reduced to 60V.
Modified EMF, E2 = 60 − 2.617  2.5 = 53.45V
E2 53.45
 2 = = = 279.87rad sec
k 0.191
60
N2 =  N2
2
279.87  60
Or, N2 = 2673rpm
6.28
25. Ans: 1387 rpm

Solution:
When machine operates as Generator it delivers 10kW load
10000
Load Current, IL = = 45.45A
220

Electrical Machines
220
Field Current, I f = = 4A
55
Since, the machine is Shunt Connected, Ia = IL + If = 4 + 45.45 = 49.45A
Generated EMF, Eg = 220 + 49.45  0.25 + 2 = 234.36V
When machine operates as Motor, it draws 2000W power

2000
Supply Current, IL = = 9.09 A
220
Armature Current, Ia = 9.09 − 4 = 5.09A
Back EMF, Em = 220 − 5.09  0.25 − 2 = 216.7225V
Now since field current remains same the flux can be taken as constant.
Eg Ng 234.36
So, = = = 1.081
Em Nm 216.7225
1500
Nm = = 1387.11rpm
1.081
26. Ans: (d)

Solution:
2N
P= .T = T = Constant
60
1 1
So, T  or, T 
 N
Rectangular hyperbola ( xy = c )
27. Ans: (1140 rpm)
Solution:
Ph [Hysteresis loss] in any rotating machine
B → Air gap flux density
f → Frequency corresponding to speed of rotor
Since, the flux in the machine is constant, the flux density B → Constant
In an AC Machine,
Ph  B1.6f  f  N
Pe  B2 f 2  f 2  N2
In DC Machines, frequency is undefined and hence proportionality is derived in terms of speed.
Given, at N = 2000 rpm
Ph = khN = 500W
500
Hence, k h = = 0.25
2000
Ph = k eN2 = 200W
200
Hence, k e = = 5  10 −5
( 2000 )
2
Initially at 2000 rpm total iron loss = 700 W

When Iron Losses are halved, Pi = Pe + Ph = 350W
k1 .N + k 2 .N2 = 350W

Electrical Machines
Or, 0.25N + 5  10−5N2 = 350

5000N + N2 = 700  104
On Solving we get, N = 1140rpm
28. Ans: (2678.57 rpm)

Solution:
Total Resistance of Field and Armature Winding = 0.11 +0.14 = 0.25 Ω
230V, 1000rpm, 80A series DC-motor
Eb1 = 230 − 80  0.25 = 210 = k1 .N1
210
k=
1  N1
Now, Eb2 = 230 − 20  0.25 = 225V = k2 .N2
Now, 2 = 0.41
225 ( 1N1 )
So, N2 = 225 =
k2 210  0.41
225  1000
Or, N2 = = 2678.57rpm
210  0.4
29. Ans: (b)

Solution:
When DC-series motor is overloaded and its flux becomes constant due to saturation i.e., flux is no more proportional to
field current.
Since, T = kIa
If flux  = Constant, then k = k1
Then T = k1Ia .......... (1 )
V − I a (R a + R f )
Also,  = E = E = E =
k kk  k1 k1
T
V− (R + R f ) (R + R ) V
k1 a
From (1),  = = − a 2 f .T +
k1 k1 k1
Ra V
=− .T + → y = mx + c
k12 k1
So graph would look like as shown,
m → Slope → Negative
From speed-torque characteristics we can see that, there will be linear decrement in speed with increase in torque.
30. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Due to separate excitation the flux is constant
By KVL at rated current,
E = Vt − IaRa = 200 − 10  2 = 180V
Since, E = k
At rated speed of 2000 rpm,
E 180
k = = = 0.8598 V − sec rad
 2  2000
60

Electrical Machines
 Developed torque, T = kIa

When motor draws 5A from source,
T = 0.8598  5 = 4.3 N − m
31. Ans: (300.8 rpm, 27.15 A)

Solution:
Since it is a separately excited motor,
hence flux is constant
So, E = k
At rated condition,
E1 = Vt − IaRa = 230 − 100  0.5 = 180V
Proportionality Constant,
180
 k = = 6.875 V − sec rad
2  250
60
Since, flux is constant

 T2 = k  Ia2
230 − E2 230 − k r
Ia2 = =
0.5 0.5
 230 − k r 
 T2 = k     = 2k  ( 230 − k r )
 0.5 
Since, there are no rotational losses so Loss Torque is 0. At steady state equilibrium point
T2 = TL
 460k  − k 2  ( 2r ) = 500 − 10r

3162.5 − 94.531r = 500 − 10r
2662.50 = 84.531r
r = 31.48rad sec
Nr = 300.8rpm
230 − 6.875  31.48
 Ia2 = = 27.15A
0.5
32. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Field control:
 
It is provided for constant power drive, since speed is inversely proportional to flux/ pole    1  , field can be
 
weakened and can’t be strengthened beyond rated. So this control is suitable for speeds above base speed.
( )
As Tdeveloped   for given I a .
So this control provides control below base torque.
Armature control:
It provides constant torque drive. By keeping
the field current at maximum value, full-load
torque can be obtained at full-load armature
current at all speeds.
This control provides speed below base speed.

Electrical Machines
33. Ans: (b)

Solution:
The schematic of motor and generator as shown below,
All calculations are in p.u.

V = 1pu
Ig = Im = 1pu
Rm = R g = 0.02pu
(E ) = V − I R = 1 − 1  0.02 = 0.98pu
b m m
(P ) = E I = 0.98  1 = 0.98pu
output motor b m
This output power of motor is fed to generator so input power and developed power of generator is 0.98 pu.
So, Eg .Ig = EbIm

Eg = Eb = 0.98pu
Generator Terminal Voltage, Vg = Eg − IgRg = 0.98 − 0.02 = 0.96pu
Vg 0.96
RL = = = 0.96pu
Ig 1
34. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Inside a magnetic material flux flows from South Pole to North pole & from North Pole to South Pole in the air gap.
So, FS will indicate flux from NS to SS and Fr will indicate from Sr to Nr
ABC → Stator surface → N pole
CDA → Stator surface → S pole
abc → Rotor surface → S pole
cda → Rotor surface → N pole
Torque will be in anti-clockwise direction as rotor M.M.F lags stator M.M.F and as only rotor can move so rotor poles will
try align themselves along stator poles.

Electrical Machines
35. Ans: (b)

Solution:
In series motor, E = V − I (R a + R se )
Let (R a
+ R sc = R )
E = V − IR
E = kmN
V − IR
N=
k m
In series motor   I
So at constant power load T   = Constant
If ' ' is decreased by 1/4th of its rated value, then torque will increases by 4 times to maintain constant power.
Since, in series motor T  I
2
Current is increased by 2 times.

Since, developed power = E x I = constant
When, current becomes double them emf becomes half.
If we neglect the armature and series field resistance, E=V
V reduces to half the original value or 0.5p.u.
36. Ans: (c)

Solution:
The rotor of permanent magnet stepper motor is made of ferrite or rare-earth material which is permanently magnetized,
this motor is designed to rotate through a specified angle called ‘Step’ for each electrical pulse received by its control unit.
No sensors are needed for position or speed sensing.
37. Ans: (a)

Solution:
In a linear electromagnetic circuit magnetic flux increases linearly with increase in current eg. Air Core Transformer but for
magnetic cored transformer, it not the case, the variation between flux & current is non-linear depends on BH-curve
Field energy is the energy absorbed by the magnetic system
to establish flux 
Hence area for both curves is same and both energies are equal,
1
Field energy = i [w.r.t Y-axis]
2
1
Co-energy = i [w.r.t X-axis]
2
38. Ans: (a)

Solution:
In PMDC Motors, due to permanent magnets there are no field winding and hence no field losses.
At no-load developed power corresponds to No Load losses
i.e., friction & windage losses (Rotational losses)
(E ) b no −load
= Vt − IaNLR a = 25 − 1.5  0.8 = 23.8V
(P )
output no −load
= 28.8  1.5 = 35.7W → Rotational losses
At loaded condition,
Input power = 25  3.5 = 87.5W

Electrical Machines
Cu − Loss = ( 3.5 )  0.8 = 9.8W

2
No-load loss= 35.7W

Output 87.5 − 9.8 − 35.7
So,  =  100 =  100 = 48%
Input 87.5
39. Ans: (c)

Solution:
NPZ
Induced EMF, E =
60A
N = 250rpm;P = 8;  = 0.06wb
Number of conductors = 32  6  2 = 384
Number of Parallel Path, A=2 [Wave wound]
250  8  0.06  384
E= = 384V
60  2
40. Ans: (a)

Solution:
This problem can be analyzed by assuming poles are stationary and the rotor rotates in anti-clockwise direction. This
causes relative velocity to be same.
Induced EMF in any conductor is given by, e = v  B l
The direction of magnetic field will be from North pole to South Pole i.e. from right to left.
The conductors of coil C2 rotate in same or opposite direction of magnetic field so cross product for induced emf will be
zero.
The velocity of conductors will be perpendicular to the magnetic field so cross product will be maximum and hence
maximum emf will be induced in C1.
The direction of induced emf can be determined by Right Hand Thumb Rule and so direction of emf will be outwards in C1
and inwards for C1’.
41. Ans: (b)

Solution:
(i) In armature voltage control method used for speed control of DC-motor, motor acts as ‘Constant torque drive’. This
method is used for speeds below rated speed.
Output power, P = T.
Since, T = constant
P
P1 1
=
P2 2
 
P2 =  2   P1
 1

Electrical Machines
2
Since, =1
1 2
1
 P2 =  50kW = 25kW
2
So, power becomes half at half the rated speed.
(ii) In field control, motor acts as ‘constant power drive’

Hence, output power = 50kW
42. Ans: (d)

Solution:
(P) Induced EMF in a DC Machine is given by, E = k..
 → Field flux of the machine
 → Angular speed of the rotor
So, E  .
(Q) Torque developed in DC machine is given by the expression T = k..Ia
Ia → Armature current
 → Field flux
Hence, T  .Ia
(R) Power developed in DC machine is given as P = T. = EbIa
P = (k) .Ia
P  Ia
Hence, P → 2,Q → 3,R → 1
43. Answer (b):

Solution:
Compensating winding neutralizes armature reaction, under the main pole.
Interpoles are constructed along inter-polar axis and they tend to neutralize reactance voltage in the coil undergoing
commutation.
44. Ans: (a)

Solution:
When machine is operated as generator
E1 = Vt + Iara = 200 + 20  0.2 = 204V
Now, when it is operated as motor

E2 = Vt − Iara = 200 − 20  0.2 = 196V
But flux in motor is 10% more than generator

2 = 1.11
Since E  N
E2 2 N2
= 
E1 1 N1
Ratio of motor to generator speed

Electrical Machines
N2 2 E2
= 
N1 1 E1
N2 1 196
= 
N1 1.11 204
N2
= 0.873
N1
45. Ans: (c)

Solution:
DC cumulative compound motor can offer zero speed regulation at full load without any controller.
46. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Input current = 15A
240
Field current = = 3A
80
Ia = Iin − If = 15 − 3 = 12A
Induced emf = Vt − IaR a

Ea = 240 − 12  0.5 = 234V
During plugging, armature terminals are reversed.
So, voltage across = Ra = Vt + Ea = 240 + 234 = 474V
47. Ans: (a)

Solution:
If external resistance is added, net armature resistance = Ra + Rex
Vt + Ea
Ia = = 1.25 Ia(rated)
R a + R ex
474
= 1.25  12
R a + R ex
474
R a + R ex = = 31.6
15
Rex = 31.6 − 0.5 = 31.1
48. Ans: (a)

Solution:
If brushes are placed at AB, they are located along interpolar axis and they collect maximum emf.
The emf waveform looks like,

Electrical Machines
Assuming that the commutator is stationery and brushes are rotating in opposite direction then when the brushes arrive at
AB after rotation then maximum emf would be collected.
So, waveform shifted looks like as shown below,
49. Ans: (b)

Solution:
For separately excited machine,
At no-load, P =0 and Ia = 0
Vt = Ea + IaRa = Ea
Induced emf = 200V at 1500 rpm

E = Km
200 12000
K m = E = = = 1.273
 1500 3000
 2
60
Since, field voltage is unchanged.
Km = Constant
Torque = (K  ) I
m a
5 = 1.273  Ia
Ia = 3.927A
Under loaded condition, N = 1400 rpm
2
E = 1.273  1400  = 186.63V
60
Vt − Ea
Armature resistance, R a =
Ia
200 − 186.63
Ra = = 3.4 
3.927
50. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Since, Km = constant
T  Ia
So, when torque is halved. Armature current is also halved.
3.927
Ia = = 1.9635A
2
Since, speed = constant, emf = constant
Ea = 186.63V
Vt = Ea + IaRa = 186.63 + 1.9635  3.4 = 193.3V

Electrical Machines
51. Ans: (b)

Solution:
4 – Point starter in combined armature voltage control and flux control so it can control the speed of dc shunt motor
above and below base speed.
Flux weakening control is used for speeds above base speed and armature voltage control for speeds below base speed.
52. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Since, excitation of machine is reduced by 10% so flux is reduced by 10%
EMF  ( flux )( speed)
Since speed = constant
EMF  ( flux )
Torque  ( flux )( Ia )
Since torque = constant
1
Ia 
flux
Initially, Ra = 1 , Ia = 10A
Ea = Vt − IaRa = 220 − 10  1 = 210V
Ea  
Ea 2 2
= = 0.9
Ea 1 1
Ea 2 = 0.9  210 = 189V

Ia 2 1 1
= =
Ia 1 2 0.9
Ia2 = 10 = 11.11A
0.9
Now, Vt = Ea 2 + Ia 2R 2
220 = 189 + (11.11 )R 2

R2 = 2.79
External resistance added = 2.79 − 1 = 1.79
53. Ans: (d)

Solution:
At rated Condition
IL = Ia + If
68 = Ia + 2.2
Ia = 65.8A
By KVL,
Vt = Ea + IaRa
220 = Ea + 65.8  0.25

Electrical Machines
65.8
Ea = 220 − = 203.55V
4
Under loaded condition
IL = 52.8A
If = 1.8A
Ia = IL − If = 52.8 − 1.8 = 51A
By KVL,
220 = Ea + 51  0.25
Ea = 207.25V
Since Ea  N
E1 1 N
= . 1
E2 2
N2
203.55 1 1000
= 
207.25 2 1600
2 1000 207.25
=  = 0.6363
1 1600 203.55
2 = 63.63% of 1
Hence % changes = 2 − 1 = (100 − 63.63 ) 1

So, 36.36% decrease
54. Ans: 1240.63

Solution:
From the circuit diagram shown,
IL = If + Ia
At no load, IL = 5A
V 230
If = = = 1A
R f 230
Ia = IL − If = 5 − 1 = 4A
(Eb ) NL
= V − IaR a = 230 − 4  0.4 = 228.4V
Under full load, IL = 70A
Field current will remain constant as terminal voltage is constant
Ia = 70 − 1 = 69A
(Eb ) FL
= V − IaR a = 230 − 69  0.4 = 202.4V
We know, Eb =K m
Since, flux is constant,
(Eb ) FL
=
NFL
(Eb ) NL
NNL
NFL 202.4
=
1400 228.4
NFL = 1240.63 rpm

Electrical Machines
55. Ans: 1.27

Solution:
When the machine operates as a generator,
Ia = IL + If
Vt 250
If = = = 2A
Rf 125
Ia = 50 + 2 = 52 A
Generated emf, Eg = Vt + Ia R a = 250 + 52 × 0.6 = 281.2V
When the machine operates as a motor,
Ia = IL − If = 50 – 2 = 48A
Back emf, E = Vt − IaR a = 250 – 48 × 0.6 = 221.2V
b
Since   If & I f is constant, NE

Nm Eb 221.2
= =
Ng Eg 281.2
Ng 281.2
= = 1.27
Nm 221.2
56. Ans: 12.55

Solution:
Since, the motor is separately excited, the flux will be constant
E E
= b = b
K K '
At no load, Vt = Eb
Eb Vt 230
K' = = = = 1.568
   2 
1400   
 60 
Torque = = KIa = K'Ia = 1.568  8 = 12.55N − m
57. Ans: 880.43

Solution:
Terminal Voltage, Vt = Ea + IaRa
Under – no load,
300 = Ea + 2  0.5
Eb = 299V
Under loaded conditions,
300 = Eb + 15  0.5 = 292.5V
Since, the machine is separately excited, the flux remains constant
N  Eb
N2 Eb2
=
N1 Eb1
292.5
N2 =  900 = 880.43 rpm
299

Electrical Machines
58. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Induced emf in a DC generator,
NZ  P 
Eg =  
60  A 
Eg  N
Eg2 2N2
=
Eg1 1N1
Now, since field current & speed are halved,

2 N
= 0.5 & 2 = 0.5
1 N1
Eg2
= 0.5  0.5 = 0.25
Eg1
Eg2 = 200  0.25 = 50V
For charging RC circuit,
 −t RC 
VC = Eg  1 − e 
 
 −t RC 
25 = 50  1 − e 
 
−t RC
e = 0.5
t = −RC ln 0.5 = 69.3  sec
59. Ans: 8
Solution:
Under no load, Ia = 0
 VT = Eb
Eb = 200V at N = 1000 rpm

Since motor is separately excited, flux can be assumed constant.
Eb  N
Eb2 N2 500
= =
Eb1 N1 1000
Eb2 = 100V
For rated torque, let armature current = I a
Since  = constant,
T  Ia
Ia
At half rated torque, armature current =
2
At N = 520 rpm
Eb3 N3 520
= =
Eb1 N1 1000
Eb3 = 104V

Electrical Machines
Ia
Vt = E b2 +IaR a = Eb3 + R
2 a
Ia
100 + IaR a = 104 + R
2 a
Ia
4= R
2 a
8
Ia = = 8A
Ra
Therefore, full load armature current = 8A
60. Ans: 57.789

Solution:
Given,  = 0.01Wb , N = 1000 rpm, Z = 666, A = 2 and P = 4
NZ  P 
Induced emf, Eb =  
60  A 
0.01  1000  666  4  6660
Eb =  =  2 = 222V
60 2 60
Vt − Eb 230 − 222
Armature Current, Ia = = = 29.9625A
Ra 0.267
Developed Power = EbIa = 6651.685W
Shaft power = Developed power – Rotational loss
Shaft power = 6651.685 – 600= 6051.685W
Psh 6051.685
Tsh = = = 57.789N − m
 2
 1000
60
61. Ans: 179.985

Solution:
Speed Torque characteristics of Shunt Motor are linear and so the equation of straight line can be written as,
(200 − 180) 20
 = 200 − T = 200 − T = 200 − 0.04T
500 500
TL = 2.78r
Under steady state neglecting rotational losses, both torques must be equal
 = 200 − 0.04  2.78
 = 179.985 rad / sec
62. Ans: (b)

Solution:
( NZ)  P 
Induced E.M.F.=  
60  A 
For lap connected, P = A = 4
For wave connected, A = 2

Electrical Machines
Elap 1
 =
Ewave 2
Elap = 115V
In lap connected since number of parallel paths are now doubled, so current rating is doubled.
Ilap = 2.I wave
1
Elap = Ewave
2
P = E.I = Cons tant
So, power rating = 5 kW
63. Ans: 47.5

Solution:
Since the motor is separately excited, flux can be assumed constant.
Eb = Vt − IaRa = 100 − 10  1 = 90V
Eb  N (  = constant )
Eb2 N
= 2
Eb1 N1
500
Eb2 = 90  = 45V
1000
T  Ia (  = constant )
T N 2
(given)
 Ia  N2
2 2
Ia2  N2   500 
=  =  = 0.25
Ia1  N1   1000 
Ia2 = 10  0.25 = 2.5A
Vt = Eb2 + Ia2Ra = 45 + 2.5  1 = 47.5V
64. Ans: (c)

Solution:
For lap winding,
Number of parallel paths = Number of poles

A=4
Ia 40
Current in each path = = = = 10A
A 4
Speed of armature = 600 rpm=10 rps
Number of revolution per second = 10

1
Time for 1 revolution = 0.1 sec =100 m sec
10
100
Since, there are 4 poles, time to cover one pole pitch = = 25 m sec
4
Assuming linear commutation, current linearly decreases from 10 A to – 10 A

Electrical Machines
After one pole pitch, conductor changes the pole so current in conductor reverses so half cycle of current takes 25 m sec.
So, the armature current waveform looks like:
65. Ans: 86.84

Solution:
The circuit diagram of DC shunt generator is shown below.
Vt 220
If = = = 5A
Rf 44
By KCL, Ia = IL + If = 45 + 5 = 50A
By KVL,
Eg = Vt + IaRa = 220 + 50  0.01 = 220.5V
Developed power = EgIa = 220.5  50 = 11025W
Mechanical input = Pdev + Pr ot = 11025 + 375 = 11400W
Electrical output = 220  45 = 9900W
P 9900
Efficiency,  = e  100% =  100 = 86.84%
Pm 11400
66. Ans: 550

Solution:
By KVL, E1 = Vt + IaRa
E1 = 145 + 150  0.1 = 160V
In separately excited machine  = Constant
EN
E2 N2
=
E1 N1
1000
E2 = 160  = 200V
800
E2 − V 200 − 145
Ia = = = 550A
Ra 0.1
67. Ans: 10.75

Solution:
E = Vt − Ia (R a + R se ) = 220 − 30 ( 0.5 ) = 205V
N2
If speed is reduced by 50%, = 0.5
N1
Since, T  N
2

Electrical Machines
2
T2  N2 
= = 0.25
T1  N1 
In case of series motor

2
 Ia2 
 I  = 0.25
 a1 
Ia2
= 0.5
Ia1
Ia2 = 15A
EMF, E  N  IaN
E2 I N
= a2  2
E1 Ia1 N1
E2 = 205  0.5  0.5 = 51.25V
V − E2 220 − 51.25
R2 = = = 11.25
I2 15
Rext = 11.25 − 0.5 = 10.75
68. Ans. 1241.82

Solution:
Vt 120
Shunt field current = = = 0.5A
R f 240
Ia(nL) = 2 − 0.5 = 1.5A
Ia(FL) = 7 − 0.5 = 6.5A
Induced emf, E(NL) = 120 − 1.5  0.8 = 118.8 V
E(FL) = 120 − 6.5  0.8 = 114.8 V
EN
Since, IF = constant ,  = const & E  N
ENL NNL
=
EFL NFL
118.8
NNL =  1200 = 1241.8118rpm
114.8
69. Ans: (b)

Solution:
In separately excited machine
 = constant
T  Ia or T = km Ia
70
70 = k m Ia or Ia = ----(i)
km
2
Similarly E = k m  = k m  900  = k m (30)
60
By KVL
E = V − Ia R a
70
Km (30) = 220 −  0.02
km
km
2
(30) = 220km − 1.4

Electrical Machines
km
2
(30) − 220km + 1.4 = 0
km = 2.3278
70
Ia = = 30.07 A
km
70. Ans: (600)

Solution:
At zero speed, =0
E = km = 0
Vt − E 100 − 0
Ia = = = 2000A
Ra 0..05
Since T = kIa
500 1
k = =
2000 4
Since motor is separately excited k = constant
At no load, if mechanical losses are ignored
Ia = 0
Vt = E = 150
150 = km
150
m = = 600 rad sec
1
4
71. Ans: (825)

Solution:
At original current Ia = 10A
E1 = 200 − 10  1 = 190V
When torque becomes 1.44 times
T2 = 1.44T1
Since it is series motor with linear magnetization
T  I a2
I2a2 = 1.44Ia12 ; Ia2 = 1.2Ia1
Ia2 = 12A
E2 = 200 − 12  1 = 188V
E2 2 N2 Ia2 N2
=  = 
E1 1 N1 Ia1 N1
188 10
 N2 =   1000 = 824.56 rpm
190 12
Since, the speed should be rounded off to nearest integer the speed will be 825rpm
72. Ans: 1577 to 1583

Solution:

Electrical Machines
220
Field current I f = = 1A
220
At full load,
Line current, IL = 25A
Armature current, Ia = IL − If = 24A
Induced emf = Vt − Iara = 220 − 24  0.5 = 208V

At no load,
Line current, IL = 3A
Armature current Ia = IL − If =2A
Induced emf = Vt − Iara = 220 − 2  0.5 = 219V

Since If = constant,  = constant
E  speed
E2 N2
=
E1 N1
219
N2 =  1500 = 1579.32 rpm
208
73. Ans: (d)

Solution:
No load current 5 A
B.R.D =1 V per brush

Loaded, IL =50 A
Rsh=100 Ω
250
Ish = = 2.5 A
100
Ia0 = 2.5 A
IaL = 47.5 A
V=Eb +IaRa +B.R.D
Eb no load = V − Ia0Ra − B.R.D
= 250 − 2.5(0.2) − 1  2

Electrical Machines
= 247.5 Volts
Ebload = 250 − 47.5(0.2) − 1  2
= 238.5 volts
N2 Eb2 1
= 
N1 Eb1 2
N2 238.5 1
= 
1200 247.5 0.951
N2 = 1217.22rpm
74. Ans: (275.18)

Solution:
Current drawn from grid,
100  103
IL = = 500 A
200
200
Ish = = 4A
50
Ia = 504 A
Eq = V + Ia Ra + Brush drop
=200 + 504 (0.025) + 2 V
=214.6 V
In motoring case: VI = 10 kW, V = 200 V
10000
I = = 50A
200
Field current, If = 4 A, Ia = IL - If
= 46 A
Eb = V – Ia Ra – Brush Drop
= 200 – 46 (0.025) – 2
= 196.85 V
Nm Eb
=
Ng Eg
Eb
Nm =  Ng
Eg
196.85
 Nm =  300 = 275.18rpm
214.6
75. Ans: (483)

Solution:
Given : V = 280, Sep. excited motor, Ra = 1Ω

Electrical Machines
φ : constant, Ta ∝ Ia = 30 A, N = 1000 rpm,
Rext = 10Ω
T ∝ φIa
∴ Flux constant,
T∝
T2 Ia2
=
T1 Ia 1 I
a
Given, T ∝ ,
T2 N2
 =
T1 N1 N
Ia2 N2
 =
Ia1 N1
Let, Ia1 = 30A, N1 = 1000 rpm
30
 Ia2 = (N )
1000 2
Ia2 = 0.03N2
Ef
N

N2 Eb2 N2 V − Ia2 (Ra + Rext )

=  =
N1 Eb1 N1 V − Ia1Ra
N2 280 − 0.03N2 (1 + 10)

=
1000 280 − 30(1)
280 − 0.33N2
=
250
250N2 = 280  1000 − 330N2
N2 = 482.76 rpm
76. Ans. (d)

Solution:
Magnetic field produced by stator is shown below

Electrical Machines
The poles formed on stator based on direction of magnetic field are also shown.
Number of poles = 4
p
e =  :  = 2 / pe
2 m m
If θe = 90°, θm = 45°
Geometry Neutral Axis (GNA) lies at 90° electrical to pole axis ie. at 45° mechanical to poles axis. GNA is shown in figure
below.
Since the coils a-a’ & b-b’ lie along GNA, emf induced in each of them is 0.
77. Ans. (1343) 1340 to 1345

Solution:
Load to constant torque T = constant
Under rated condition
E1 = Vt – Iara = 400 – 15 × 1.2 = 382 V
Since motor is separately excited  = constant
When supply voltage is reduced by 10%
10
Vt2 = 400 − 400  = 360 V
100
 T = constant
T  fa if  = constant Ia = constant for constant torque
 Ia = 15A
E2 = Vt2 − Iara = 360 − 15  1.2 = 342 V
 = const E  speed
E2 N2 342 N
=  = 2
E1 N1 382 1500
N2 = 1343 rpm

Electrical Machines
Chapter 3 – Synchronous Machines
01. Damper winding is provided in a poly-phase 06. A three phase alternator has negligible stator
synchronous motor in order to [1991] resistance. A short circuit test is conducted on this
(a) Damp out the noise of the machine alternator. At a particular speed a field current of I f1 is
(b) Prevent hunting required to drive the rated armature current. If the speed of
(c) Provide starting torque the alternator is reduced to half, the field current required
(d) Provide a cylindrical structure to reduce wind friction to maintain rated armature current [1993]
(a) Would be equal to I f1
02. A 500 MVA, 11 KV synchronous generator has 0.2 p.u.
synchronous reactance. The p.u. synchronous reactance on (b) Would be equal to 2If1
the base values of 100 MVA and 22 KV is: [1991] (c) Would be equal to If1 / 2
(a) 0.16 (b) 0.01 (d) Cannot be predicted due to insufficient data
(c) 4.0 (d) 0.25
07. A synchronous motor operates at 0.8 p.f. lagging. If the
03. A 10 kVA, 380V, 4-pole, 50 Hz, star-connected field current of the motor is continuously increased [1993]
cyclindrical rotor alternator has a stator resistance and (a) The power factor decreases upto a certain value of field
synchronous reactance of 1 ohm and 15 ohms respectively. current and thereafter it increases
It supplies a load of 8 kW at rated voltage and 0.8 power (b) The armature current increases upto a certain value of
factor lagging. [1991] field current and thereafter it decreases
(a) Draw a phasor diagram of operation (c) The power factor increases upto a certain value of field
(b) Express the resistance and synchronous reactance in per current and thereafter it decreases
unit values with the machine rating as the base (d) The armature current decreases upto a certain value of
(c) Calculate the percentage regulation field current and thereafter it increases.
(d) What is the terminal voltage if the load is suddenly
removed (with the speed and excitation unaltered)? 08. Match the items on the right hand side with those on
04. The torque angle of a synchronous machine operating left hand side [1994]
from a constant voltage bus, is usually defined as the space (a) Commutation (P) Resistive load
angle between [1992] (b) V-curves (Q) Inductive load
(a) Rotor mmf wave and stator mmf wave (c) Freewheeling diode (R) Capacitive load
(b) Rotor mmf wave and resultant flux density wave (d) Overlap (S) Inter pole
(c) Stator mmf wave and resultant flux density wave (T) Source Inductance
(d) Stator mmf wave and resultant mmf wave (U) Synchronous motor
05. Figure depicts the load characteristics of an isolated 09. A synchronous motor on load draws a current at a
three-phase alternator, running at constant speed. Match
leading power factor angle  . If the internal power factor
the following sets of operating conditions with the given
characteristics. Disregard the effects of saliency, saturation angle- which is the phase angle between the excitation
and stator resistance. [1992] e.m.f. and current in the time phasor diagram is  then
the air gap excitation m.m.f lags the armature m.m.f by

(a)  (b) + [1995]
2

(c) − (d) +
2
(a) Constant excitation and non-zero leading power-factor
(b) Constant excitation and zero power-factor leading 10. The distribution factor for a 36 slot stator with three-
(c) Constant terminal voltage and zero power-factor phase, 8-pole winding, having 120° phase spread, is
leading _____________ [1995]
(d) Constant terminal voltage and non-zero leading power-
factor

Electrical Machines
11. A three-phase, 50 Hz, 415V, synchronous machine 18. A three phase alternator is wound with a 60 degree
operates at rated voltage and at a leading power factor of phase-spread armature windings and develops 300 kVA. If
0.8. Shaft power is 15 kW and excitation emf is 400V. If per the armature is reconnected utilizing all the coils for single
phase resistance is 0.5 ohm, find the synchronous phase operation with a phase spread of 180 degrees, the
reactance. Neglect mechanical losses of the system. [1995] new rating of the machine is [1999]
(a) 100 kVA (b) 200 kVA
12. A cylindrical rotor synchronous motor is switched on (c) 250 kVA (d) 300 kVA
the supply with its field winding shorted on themselves. It
will [1996] 19. A 5 MVA, 11 kV, 3-phase star connected alternator is
(a) Not start synchronized to the bus bars and is operating with an
(b) Start but not run at synchronous speed induced EMF of 125% of the rated voltage. If the load
(c) Start as an induction motor and then run as current is 500A, what is the power factor of operation? The
synchronous motor machine has a synchronous reactance of 5Ω and negligible
(d) Start and run as a synchronous motor resistance per phase. [1999]
13. In figure the characteristic that corresponds to the 20. The phase sequence of a three-phase alternator will
variation of synchronous reactance of a synchronous motor reverse if [2000]
with field current is [1996] (a) The field current is reversed keeping the direction of
rotation same
(a) Curve I (b) The field current remains the same but the direction of
rotation is reversed
(b) Curve II (c) The field current is reversed and the number of poles is
doubled
(c) Curve III (d) The number of poles is doubled without reversing the
field current
(d) Curve IV
21. A 240V dc series motor takes 40A when giving its rated
output at 1500 rpm. Its resistance is 0.3 ohms. The value of
14. During hunting of synchronous motor [1996] resistance which must be added to obtain rated torque at
(a) Negative phase sequence currents are generated 1000 rpm is: [2000]
(b) Harmonics are developed in the armature circuit (a) 6 ohms (b) 5.7 ohms
(c) Damper bar develops torque (c) 2.2 ohms (d) 1.9 ohms
(d) Field excitation increases
22. A single-phase, 2000V alternator has armature
15. A single-phase alternator has a synchronous reactance resistance and reactance of 0.8 ohms and 4.94 ohms
of 2 ohms and negligible resistance. If it supplies 10A to a respectively. The voltage regulation of the alternator at
purely capacitive load at 200V, then generated e.m.f will 100A load at 0.8 leading power-factor is: [2000]
be… V and the regulation will be…% [1997] (a) 7% (b) -8.9%
(c) 14% (d) 0%
16. A synchronous generator connected to an infinite bus
is overexcited. Considering only the reactive power, from 23. A 2300V, 3-phase synchronous motor driving a pump is
the point of view of the system, the machine acts as [1998] provided with a line ammeter and a field rheostat. When
(a) a capacitor the rheostat is adjusted such that the ac line current is
(b) an inductor minimum, the armature reads 8.8A. What is the power
(c) a resistor being delivered to the pump, neglecting losses?
How should the rheostat be adjusted so that the motor
(d) none of the above
operates at 0.8 leading power factor? How many KVARs is
the motor supply to the system at this new power factor?
17. Higher synchronous reactance is preferred in the
[2000]
present day alternators, because one can have [1999]
(a) Reduced sub-transient currents
24. It is desirable to eliminate 5th harmonic voltage from
(b) Reduced harmonic currents
the phase voltage of an alternator. The coils should be
(c) Reduced transient currents
short-pitched by an electrical angle of [2001]
(d) Higher voltage regulation with load

Electrical Machines
(a) 30 o (b) 36 o 29. The flux per pole in a synchronous motor with the field
(c) 72 o (d) 18 o circuit ON and the stator disconnected from the supply is
found to be 25mWb. When the stator is connected to the
25. Figure shows the magnetization curves of an alternator
rated supply with the field excitation unchanged, the flux
at rated armature current, unity power factor and also at no
per pole in the machine is found to be 20mWb while the
load. The magnetization curve for rated armature current,
0.8 power factor leading is given by [2001] motor is running on no load. [2002]
Assuming no load losses to be zero, the no load current
down by the motor from the supply
(a) Lags the supply voltage
(b)Leads the supply voltage
(c) Is in phase with the supply voltage
(d) Is zero
30. A 415 V, 2 poles, 3 phases, 50 Hz, star connected, non-

salient pole synchronous motor has synchronous reactance
of 2  per phase and negligible stator resistance. At a
(a) Curve A (b) Curve B
particular field excitation, it draws 20 A at unity power
(c) Curve C (d) Curve D
factor from a 415 V, 3 phase, 50 Hz supply. The mechanical
26. A star-connected 440 V, 50 Hz alternators has per load on the motor is now increased till the stator current is
phase synchronous reactance of 10. It supplies a equal to 50A. The field excitation remains unchanged.
balanced capacitive load current of 20A, as shown in the Determine: [2002]
per phase equivalent circuit of Figure. It is desirable to have
(a) The per phase open circuit voltage E0
zero voltage regulation. The load power factor should be
[2001] (b) The developed power for the new operating condition
and corresponding power factor
(a) 0.82
(b) 0.47 31. A stand-alone engine driven Synchronous generator is

feeding a partly inductive load. A capacitor is now
(c) 0.39
connected across the load to completely nullify the
(d) 0.92 inductive current. For this operating condition. [2003]
(a) The field current and fuel input have to be reduced
(b) The field current and fuel input have to be increased
27. A 50 kW synchronous motor is tested by driving it by
(c) The field current has to be increased and fuel input left
another motor. When the excitation is not switched on, the
driving motor takes 800W. When the armature is short unaltered
circuited and the rated armature current of 10A is passed (d) The field current has to be reduced and fuel input left
through it, the driving motor required 2500 W. On open- unaltered
circuiting the armature with rated excitation, the driving
motor takes 1800W. 32. Curves X and Y in Figure denote open circuit and full-
Calculate the efficiency of the synchronous motor at 50% load zero power factor (zpf) characteristics of asynchronous
load. Neglect the losses in the driving motor. [2001] generator. Q is a point on the zpf characteristics at 1.0 p.u.
voltage. The vertical distance PQ in Figure gives the voltage
28. Two identical synchronous generators, each of 100 drop across [2003]
MVA, are working in parallel supplying 100 MVA at 0.8
lagging p.f. at rated voltage. Initially the machines are
sharing load equally. If the field current of first generator is
reduced by 5% and of the second generator increased by
5%, find the sharing of load (MW and MVAR) between the
generators. Assume Xd = Xq = 0.8 p.u., no field saturation
and rated voltage across load. Reasonable approximations
may be made. [2001]

Electrical Machines
(a) Synchronous reactance 39. In relation to the synchronous machines, which one of
(b) Magnetizing reactance the following statements is false? [2005]
(c) Potier reactance (a) In salient pole machines, the direct-axis synchronous
(d) Leakage reactance
reactance is greater than the quadrature-axis synchronous
reactance
33. A 4-pole, 3-phase, double layer winding is housed in a
36-slot stator for an ac machine with 60° phase spread. Coil (b) The damper bars help the synchronous motor self-start
span is 7 slot pitches. Number of slots in which top and (c) Short circuit ratio is the ratio of the field current
bottom layers belong to different phases is [2003] required to produce the rated voltage on open circuit to
(a) 24 (b) 18 the rated armature current
(c) 12 (d) 0 (d) The V-curve of a synchronous motor represents the
variation in the armature current with field excitation, at a
34. The synchronous speed for the seventh space harmonic
mmf wave of a 3-phase, 8 pole, 50 Hz induction machine is given output power
[2004]
(a) 107.14 rpm in forward direction Statement for Linked Answer Questions 40(A) & 40(B):
(b) 107.14 rpm in reverse direction A 1000 kVA, 6.6 kV, 3-phase star connected cylindrical pole
(c) 5250 rpm in forward direction synchronous generator has a synchronous reactance of 20
(d) 5250 rpm in reverse direction . Neglect the armature resistance and consider operation
at full load and unity power factor. [2005]
35. Two 3-phases, Y-connected alternators are to be (A) The induced emf (line-to-line) is close to
paralleled to a set of common bus bars. The armature has a (a) 5.5 kV (b) 7.2 kV
per phase synchronous reactance of 1.7 and negligible (c) 9.6 kV (d) 12.5 kV
armature resistance. The line voltage of the first machines (B) The power (or torque) angle is close to
is adjusted to 3300 V and that of the second machine is (a) 13.9° (b) 18.3°
adjusted to 3200 V. the machine voltages are in phase at (c) 24.6° (d) 33.0°
the instant they are paralleled. Under this condition, the
synchronizing current per phase will be [2004] 41. A synchronous generator is feeding a zero power factor
(a) 16.98 A (b) 29.41 A (lagging) load at rated current. The armature reaction is
(c) 33.96 A (d) 58.82 A [2006]
(a) Magnetizing (b) Demagnetizing
36. A 400V, 50 kVA, 0.8 pf leading -connected, 50 Hz (c) Cross-magnetizing (d) Ineffective
synchronous machine has a synchronous reactance of 2Ω
and negligible armature resistance. The friction and 42. A 3 phase, 400 V, 5 kW, star connected synchronous
windage losses are 2kW and the core loss is 0.8 kW. The motor having an internal reactance of 10 is operating at
shaft is supplying 9kW load at a power factor of 0.8 50% load, unit pf. Now, the excitation is increased by 1%.
leading. The line current drawn is [2004] What will be the new load in percent, if the power factor is
(a) 12.29 A (b) 16.24 A to be kept same? Neglect all losses and consider linear
(c) 21.29 A (d) 36.88 A magnetic circuit. [2006]
(a) 67.9% (b) 56.9%
37. A 500 MW 3-phase Y-connected synchronous (c) 51% (d) 50%
generator has a rated voltage of 21.5 kV at 0.85 pf. The line
current when operating at full load rated conditions will be Common Data for Questions 43, 44 , 45:
[2004] A 4 pole, 50 Hz synchronous generator has 48 slots in
(a) 13.43 kA (b) 15.79 kA which a double layer winding is housed. Each coil has 10
(c) 23.25 kA (d) 27.36 kA turns and is short pitched by an angle to 36o electrical. The
fundamental flux per pole is 0.025Wb.
38. A hydraulic turbine having rated speed of 250 rpm is
connected to a synchronous generator. In order to produce
power at 50 Hz, the number of poles required in the 43. The line-to-line induced EMF (in volts). For a three
generator are [2004] phase star connection is approximately [2006]
(a) 6 (b) 12 (a) 808 (b) 888
(c) 16 (d) 24 (c) 1400 (d) 1538

Electrical Machines
44. The line-to-line induced EMF (in volts), for a two phase 50. The excitation voltage (E) and load angle () will
connection is approximately [2006] respectively be [2008]
(a) 1143 (b) 1332 (a) 0.8pu and 36.86o lag
(c) 1617 (d) 1791 (b) 0.8pu and 36.86o lead
(c) 1.17pu and 30.96o lead
45. The fifth harmonic component of phase emf (d) 1.17pu and 30.96o lag
(in volts), for a three phase star connection is [2006]
(a) 0 (b) 269 51. Keeping the excitation voltage same, the load on the
(c) 281 (d) 808 motor is increased such that the motor current increases by
20%. The operating power factor will become [2008]
46. A three-phase synchronous motor connected to ac (a) 0.995 lagging (b) 0.995 leading
mains is running at full load and unity power factor. If its (c) 0.791 lagging (d) 0.848 leading
shaft load is reduced by half, with field current held
constant, its new power factor will be [2007] 52. A field excitation of 20 A in a certain alternator results
(a) Unity in an armature current of 400 A in short Circuit and a
(b) Leading terminal voltage of 2000 V on open circuit. The magnitude
(c) Lagging of the internal voltage drop within the machine at a load
(d) Dependent on machine parameters current of 200 A is [2009]
(a) 1V (b) 10V
47. A 100 kVA, 415V (line), star-connected synchronous (c) 100V (d) 1000V
machine generates rated open circuit voltage of 415 V at a
field current of 15 A. The short circuit armature current at a 53. A three-phase, salient pole synchronous motor is
field current of 10A is equal to the rated armature current. connected to an infinite bus. It is operated at no load at
The per unit saturated synchronous reactance is [2007] normal excitation. The field excitation of the motor is first
(a) 1.731 (b) 1.5 reduced to zero and then increased in the reverse direction
(c) 0.666 (d) 0.577 gradually. Then the armature current [2011]
(a) Increase continuously
48. An isolated 50 Hz synchronous generator is rated at 15 (b) First increases and then decreases steeply
(c) First decreases and then increases steeply
MW which is also the maximum continuous power limit of
(d) Remains constant
its prime mover. It is equipped with a speed governor with
5% droop. Initially, the generator is feeding three loads of 4 54. The direct axis and quadrature axis reactance of a
MW each at 50 Hz. One of these loads is programmed to salient pole alternator are 1.2p.u. and 1.0 p.u. respectively.
trip permanently if the frequency falls below 48 Hz. If an The armature resistance is negligible. If this alternator is
additional load of 3.5 MW is connected then the frequency delivering rated kVA at upf and at rated voltage then its
will settle down to [2007] power angle is [2011]
(a) 49.417 Hz (b) 49.917 Hz (a) 300 (b) 450

(c) 50.083 Hz (d) 50.583 Hz (c) 600 (d) 900
49. Distributed winding and short chording employed in 55. A star connected 400V, 50Hz, 4 pole synchronous
AC machines will result in [2008] machine gave the following open circuit and short circuit
(a) Increase in emf and reduction in harmonics. test results: [2014-01]
(b) Reduction in emf and increase in harmonics. Open circuit Test: Voc = 400V (rms,line to line ) at field
(c) Increase in both emf and harmonics.
(d) Reduction in both emf and harmonics. current If = 2.3A
Short circuit Test: ISC = 10A (rms,phase ) at field current

A synchronous motor is connected to an infinite bus at If = 1.5A
1.0pu voltage and draws 0.6pu current at unity power The value of per phase synchronous impedance in  at
factor. Its synchronous reactance is 1.0pu and resistance is rated voltage is______________.
negligible.

Electrical Machines
56. A three phase synchronous generator is to be Hz/MW. Total load in the system is 2.5MW. Assuming that
connected to the infinite bus. The lamps are connected as the generators are operating under their respective droop
shown in the figure for the synchronization. The phase characteristics, the frequency of the power system in Hz in
sequence of bus voltage is R-Y-B and that of incoming the steady state is__________. [2014-02]
generator voltage is R-Y-B.
60. In a synchronous machine, hunting is predominantly
damped by [2014-03]
(a) mechanical losses in the rotor
(b) iron losses in the rotor
(c) copper losses in the stator
(d) copper losses in the rotor
61. A non-salient pole synchronous generator having

synchronous reactance of 0.8pu is supplying 1 pu power to
a unity power factor load at a terminal voltage of 1.1 pu.
Neglecting the armature resistance, the angle of the
It was found that the lamps are becoming back in the voltage behind the synchronous reactance with respect to
sequence L − L − L . It means that the phase sequence the angle of the terminal voltage in degrees is
a b c ______________. [2014-03]
of incoming generator is [2014-01]
(a) opposite to infinite bus and its frequency is more than 62. A three-phase, 11 kV, 50 Hz, 2pole, star connected, and
infinite bus cylindrical rotor synchronous motor is connected to an
(b) opposite to infinite bus and its frequency is less than 11kV, 50 Hz source. Its synchronous reactance is 50  per
infinite bus phase, and its stator resistance is negligible. The motor has
(c) same as infinite bus and its frequency is more than a constant field excitation. At a particular load torque, its
infinite bus stator current is 100A at unity power factor. If the load
(d) same as infinite bus and its frequency is less than torque is increased so that the stator current is 120 A, then
infinite bus the load angle (in degrees) at this load is __________.
[2015-02]
57. A 20-pole alternator is having 180 identical stator slots 63. A three-phase, 50Hz salient-pole synchronous motor
with 6 conductors in each slot. All the coils of a phase are has a per-phase direct-axis reactance Xd of 0.8pu and a
in series. If the coils are connected to realize single-phase per-phase quadrature-axis reactance Xq of 0.6pu.
winding, the generated voltage is V1. If the coils are Resistance of the machine is negligible. It is drawing full-
reconnected to realize three-phase star-connected load current at 0.8pf (leading). When the terminal voltage is
winding, the generated phase voltage is V2. 1 pu, per-phase induced voltage, in pu, is_______________.
Assuming full pitch, single-layer winding, the ratio V1/V2 is [2016-01]
[2014-02] 64. A three-phase, 50 Hz, star-connected cylindrical-rotor
1 1 synchronous machine is running as a motor. The machine is
(a) (b)
3 2 operated from a 6.6 kV grid and draws current at unity
power factor (UPF). The synchronous reactance of the
(c) 3 (d) 2
motor is 30 per phase. The load angle is 30 degrees. The
power delivered to the motor in kW is __________. (Give the
58. A synchronous generator is connected to an infinite
answer up to one decimal place). [2017-01]
bus with excitation voltage E = 1.3pu . The generator has
f
a synchronous reactance of 1.1pu and is delivering real 65. Two parallel connected, three-phase, 50 Hz, 11 kV, star-
power (P) of 0.6 pu of the bus. Assume the infinite bus connected synchronous machines A and B, are operating as
voltage to be 1.0pu. Neglect stator reactance. The reactive synchronous condensers. They together supply 50 MVAR
power (Q) in pu supplied by the generator to the bus under to a 11 kV grid. Current supplied by both the machines are
this condition is _______________. [2014-02] equal. Synchronous reactance’s of machine A and machine
B are 1 and 3 , respectively. Assuming the magnetic
59. There are two generator in a power system. No-load circuit to be linear, the ratio of excitation current of
frequencies of the generators are 51.5Hz and 51Hz, machine A to that of machine B is ____________. (Given the
respectively. And both are having droop constant of 1 answer up to two decimal places). [2017-01]

Electrical Machines
66. If a synchronous motor is running at a leading power 73. A three-phase cylindrical rotor synchronous generator
factor, its excitation induced voltage (Ef) is [2017-02]
has a synchronous reactance XS and a negligible armature
(a) Equal to terminal voltage Vt
(b) Higher than the terminal voltage Vt resistance. The magnitude of per phase terminal voltage is
(c) Less than terminal voltage Vt
VA and the magnitude of per phase induced emf is EA.
(d) Dependent upon supply voltage Vt
Considering the following two statements, P and Q,
67. Two generating units rated 300 MW and 400 MW have
P : For any three phase balanced leading load connected
governor speed regulation of 6% and 4% respectively from
no load to full load. Both the generating units are across the terminals of this synchronous generator, VA is
operating in parallel to share a load of 600 MW. Assuming
always more than EA
free governor action, the load shared by the larger unit is
___________ MW. [2017-02] Q : For any three-phase balanced lagging load connected
across the terminals of this synchronous generator, VA is
68. A 25 kVA, 400 V,  –connected, 3-phase, cylindrical
rotor synchronous generator requires a field current of 5 A always less than EA
to maintain the rated armature current under short-circuit Which of the following options is correct? [2020]
condition. For the same field current, the open-circuit
voltage is 360 V. Neglecting the armature resistance and (a) P is false and Q is true. (b) P is true and Q is false.
magnetic saturation, its voltage regulation (in % with (c) P is false and Q is false. (d) P is true and Q is true.
respect to terminal voltage), when the generator delivers
the rated load at 0.8 pf leading, at rated terminal voltage is
___________. [2017-02] 74. A single 50 Hz synchronous generator on droop control
was delivering 100 MW power to a system. Due to increase
69. A 3-phase, 2-pole, 50 Hz, synchronous generator has a in load, generator power had to be increased by 10 MW, as
rating of 250 MVA. 0.8 pf lagging. The kinetic energy of the a result of which, system frequency dropped to 49.75 Hz.
machine at synchronous speed is 1000 MJ. The machine is
Further increase in load in the system resulted in a
running steadily at synchronous speed and delivering 60
frequency of 49.25 Hz. At this condition, the power in MW
MW power at a power angle of 10 electrical degrees. If the
load is suddenly removed, assuming the acceleration is supplied by the generator is __________ (rounded off to 2
constant for 10 cycles, the value of the power angle after 5 decimal pages). [2020]
cycles is ___________ electrical degrees. [2017-02]
75. The figure below shows the per-phase Open Circuit
70. In a salient pole synchronous motor, the developed Characteristics (measured in V) and Short Circuit
reluctance torque attains the maximum value when the Characteristics (measured in A) of a 14 kVA, 400~V. 50~Hz,
load angle in electrical degrees is [2018] 4-pole, 3-phase, delta connected alternator, driven at 1500
(a) 0 (b) 45 rpm. The field current, If is measured in A. Readings taken
(c) 60 (d) 90 are marked as respective (x, y) coordinates in the figure.
Ratio of the unsaturated and saturated synchronous
71. A Three-phase synchronous motor draws 200 A from impedances (Zs(unsat) / Zs(sat)) of the alternator is closest to
the line at unity power factor at rated load. Considering the [2020]
same line voltage and load, the line current at a power
factor of 0.5 leading is. [2019]
(a) 300 A (b) 400 A
(c) 100 A (d) 200 A
72. A 220 V (line), three-phase, Y-connected, synchronous

motor has a synchronous impedance of
( 0.25 + j2.5 )  /phase . The motor draws the rated
current of 10 A at 0.8 pf leading. The rms value of line-to-
(a) 1.000 (b) 2.100
line internal voltage in volts (round off to two decimal
(c) 2.000 (d) 2.025
places) is _________. [2019]

Electrical Machines
76. A cylindrical rotor synchronous generator with constant 79. A star-connected 3-phase, 400 V, 50 kVA, 50 Hz
real power output and constant terminal voltage is synchronous motor has a synchronous reactance of 1 ohm
supplying 100 A current to a 0.9 lagging power factor load. per phase with negligible armature resistance. The shaft
An ideal reactor is now connected in parallel with the load,
load on the motor is 10 kW while the power factor is 0.8
as a result of which the total lagging reactive power
leading. The loss in the motor is 2 kW. The magnitude of
requirement of the load is twice the previous value while
the real power remains unchanged. The armature current is the per phase excitation emf of the motor, in volts, is
now _________ A (Rounded off to 2 decimal places). [2020] ___________ (round off to nearest integer). [2022]
77. A cylindrical rotor synchronous generator has steady 80. A three-phase synchronous motor with synchronous
state synchronous reactance of 0.7 pu and subtransient impedance of 0.1+j0.3 per unit per phase has a static
stability limit of 2.5 per unit. The corresponding excitation
reactance of 0.2 pu. It is operating at (1 + j0) pu terminal
voltage in per unit is (Round off to 2 decimal places).
voltage with an internal emf of (1 + j0.7) pu. Following a
[2023]
three-phase solid short circuit fault at the terminal of the
generator, the magnitude of the subtransient internal emf
(rounded off to 2 decimal places) is _____________ pu. [2020]
78. Two generating units rated for 250 MW and 400 MW

have governor speed regulations of 6% and 6.4%,
respectively, from no load to full load. Both the generating
units are operating in parallel to share a load of 500 MW.
Assuming free governor action, the load shared in MW, by
the 250 MW generating unit is _________. (round off to
nearest integer) [2022]

Electrical Machines
Solutions
01. Ans: (c)
Solution:
Synchronous motor is not a self-starting motor. This is because the rotor is unable to rotate quickly because of large
mechanical time constant or inertia of rotor (net torque is zero and rotor is unable to get locked to stator poles)
To overcome this problem, copper, brass or aluminum

bars are embedded in slots of pole faces of salient pole
machine.
The damper winding acts as a short circuited winding like in squirrel cage induction motor. When supply is given to stator
and excitation is off, the rotor starts like squirrel cage induction motor and gains speed near to synchronous speed, such
that when excitation is switched on, the rotor poles can catch the stator poles easily and get locked [Effect of rotor inertia
is cancelled out].
The damper bars also help to damp out oscillations in synchronous state (known as Hunting)
02. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Given, on 500MVA, 11kV base values, Xs = 0.2pu
On new base values, MVA ( )

base new
= 100MVA , (kV )base new = 22kV ,
 (MVA )   (kV ) 
2
New synchronous reactance Xs new = XS,old    

new old

 (MVA )old   (kV )new 
2
 100   11 
X s,new = 0.2       = 0.01pu
 500   22 
03. Ans: (b) 0.069, 1.038 (c) 85.54% (d) 705.07

Solution:
Given, 10kVA, 380V, 4-pole, 50Hz, star connected cylindrical rotor alternator
RS = 1, XS = 15
Po/p = 8kW at 0.8 p.f lagging [  = cos−1 ( 0.8 ) = 36.860 ]

(a) Alternator is working at lagging p.f, it means it is overexcited.
So length of phasor Ef  Vt
(E cos   V )
f t
OP = Ef cos 
OQ = Vt
OP  OQ → (Overexcited)
(b) kV( ) base

= 380V, (S )base = 10kVA
( V ) = (380 ) = 14.44
2 2
(Z) = base
(S ) 10  10
base 3
base
R () 1
R (pu) =
s
= = 0.06925 pu
s
Z 14.44 base

Electrical Machines
Xs (  ) 15
X s (p.u) = = = 1.03878 pu
Zbase 14.44
(c) P= 3 VLILcos 
8000= 3 x380 x IL x 0.8
IL= 15.2 A
→
IL =15.2  (-36.870)
→ → → →
Ef = Vt + Ia Z s
380
Ef  =
3
( )
00 + 15.2 −36.870 x (1 + j15 )
Ef  = 407.07525.190 Volts
Ef − Vt
%Vreg= x100
Vt
380
407.075 −
%Vreg= 3 x100 = 85.54%
380
3
(d) If load is suddenly disconnected, then,

Vt = Ef (Per phase)
Vt = 407.075V → Per phase
Vt (L − L ) = 705.07V
04. Ans: (a)

Solution:
The synchronous machine is connected to constant voltage bus.
So, resultant air gap M.M.F or flux is always fixed.
The electric space angle '  ' between rotor and stator M.M.F is called ‘Torque angle’ and the electric space angle between
either stator or rotor M.M.F and resultant is called ‘Load angle’ → sor r
Te = k.Fs .Fr .sin  or Te = k.FS .FR .sin ( S ) or Te = k.Fr .FR .sin ( r )
05. Ans: (A-Q, B-P, C-S, D-R)

Solution:
(a) For non-zero leading power factor and constant excitation, as the load current increases, armature reaction is partly
magnetizing and partly cross magnetizing. Hence 'Vt ' goes on increasing. If the load current goes beyond the rated value
then cross magnetizing effect dominates.

Electrical Machines
(b) In case of zero power factor leading, armature reaction is completely magnetizing.
So, terminal voltage rises at a faster rate.
(c) For constant terminal voltage and ZPF leading current, if the load current increases, then to maintain constant terminal
voltage we have to reduce the excitation voltage due to increasing magnetizing effect of armature reaction.
(d) In case of non-zero leading power factor load, to maintain constant terminal voltage, excitation must be reduced for
increase in load current upto a certain value. But beyond rated current the cross magnetizing effect of armature reaction is
dominant. Hence, ‘ Ef ’ must be increased.
06. Ans: (a)

Solution:
The rated armature current in the armature circuit is given by,
Eph
(I )
a rated
=
Xs
Since, Eph  f & Xs  f ,
k1f k1
(I )
a rated
=
k 2f
=
k2
So, if the flux remains constant, rated armature current can be maintained by given field current, even if speed is changed.
07. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Synchronous motor is working at 0.8 lag, it means the motor is under excited. Now if excitation or field current is
increased, the reactive power drawn by motor from AC source will decrease, hence pf will tend to unity. Therefore, pf
increases and the armature current reduces, as imaginary component of armature current reduces.
If field current is increased after that then motor will go to over excited state and will work at leading pf but the magnitude
of power factor will again reduce.
Magnitude of armature current will further increase as imaginary component again increases. This can be observed from ‘V
curve’ and ‘Inverted V-curve’
(V-Curve) (Inverted V-Curve)
08. Ans: (a-S,b-u,c-Q,d-T)

Solution:
(a) Commutation → (S) Inter-pole
(b) V curve → (V) Synchronous motor
(c) Freewheeling diode → (Q) Inductive load
(d) Overlap → (T) Source inductance
09. Ans: (c)

Solution:
“Internal pf angle” ‘’ in Alternator and in motor is between [‘Ef’ & ‘Ia’]
The phasor diagram of Synchronous Motor is shown below with leading power factor current drawn by the motor.

Electrical Machines
As can be seen the angle between the excitation emf and armature current (or mmf) is ‘’ and since the angle between
excitation emf and field mmf is 900. So, the angle between armature and field mmf is 90 − ψ
10. Ans: 0.844

Solution:
Number of stator slot = 36
Phase Spread = mβ = 120°
36
Slots per pole per phase, m = = 1.5
83
Since, m is not an integer this is a fractional slot winding.
36
slots / ph 4  3 Ks
Hence, m = = 3 = =
pole 8 4  2 Kp
Here, K is HCF and s = 3.
Distribution Factor for Fractional Slot winding is,
 m   120 
sin   sin  
 2  =  2  = 0.844
kd =
 m   120 
s  sin   3  sin  
 2s   23
11. Ans: 1.457

Solution:
Assuming that the machine is Star-Connected.
Ef (L – L) = 400 V
Vt (L – L) = 415 V
So, Ef cos  < Vt
Hence, the machine is under-excited but it is given that machine operates at leading power factor. So, the machine is
working as a Generator.
Shaft Input = 15 kW
Since, mechanical losses are neglected. The only losses in the system are Copper Losses.
3Vt Ia cos  + 3Ia2R a = Psh = 15000W
3  400  Ia  0.8 + 3Ia2  0.5 = 15000

1.5I2a + 554.25Ia − 15000 = 0
Solving we get, Ia = 25.327A
The magnitude of EMF in an alternator is given by,
( V cos  + I R ) + ( V sin  − I X )
2 2
Ef = t a a t a s
Squaring both sides,

Electrical Machines
= ( Vt cos  + IaR a ) + ( Vt sin  − IaX s )

2 2 2
Ef
2 2
 400   415  415
(
 + ( 25.327 ) 0.5 + X s + 2  25.327  ) ( 0.5  0.8 − X s  0.6 )
2 2 2
  =
 3   3  3
641.45X2s − 30.3924Xs + 4255.625 = 0
Solving we get, 641.45X2s − 7282.03Xs + 9250.41 = 0
Xs = 1.457
12. Ans: (b)

Solution:
As the field windings are short circuited, there won’t be any DC-voltage in field circuit to drive DC into field circuit and
hence produce a constant field MMF or field flux.
So, now the stator RMF will rotate in air-gap, and hence stationary damper & field winding will cut stator flux and an EMF
will be induced driving a current which will produce a torque just like in an induction motor. Hence the machine will run as
an induction motor and hence the speed will not be equal to synchronous speed.
13. Ans: (b)

Solution:
In case of OCC curve saturation can be observed as shown below. But in SCC the armature reaction is demagnetizing so
SCC does not saturate and characteristics are linear.
So, at high values of field current the voltage will saturate but current will keep on increasing and hence their ratio i.e.
Synchronous Reactance will decrease.
14. Ans: (c)

Solution:
When due to sudden load change or any small fault, speed of alternator goes beyond or below synchronous speed, then
there is a relative motion between damper bars on rotor and rotating RMF (at NS ). Hence we get an induced current in
damper bars, due to flux cut by them. This induced current is Lenz’s law current and hence it produces a torque to oppose
its
cause, i.e., the increased/decreased electromagnetic torque and hence it brings back the machine at ‘ NS ’ but at new load
angle.
15. Ans: (180,-10)

Solution:
Ef  = Vt 00 + IaZs
 → Impedance angle
 → Load power factor angle

Electrical Machines
(
Ef  = 200 + 10900 2900 )( )
Ef = 200 − 20 = 180V
Ef − Vt 180 − 200
Voltage regulation= = = −10%
Vt 200
16. Ans: (a)
Solution:
An over excited synchronous generator delivers lagging VARs to the infinite bus (or takes leading VARs from the bus) and
hence it acts like a capacitor from system’s point of view.
17. Ans: (c)

Solution:
During fault, the steady-state armature current is given by
Eg
(I )
a fault
=
Xs
As synchronous reactance X s increases, the fault current Ia ( ) fault
decreases.
So, higher X s is used to limit the fault current or transient current.
18. Ans: (b)

Solution:
E  k dkp Nph
For three phase connection with 600 phase spread,
 
sin  3 
 2 
k d1 =  =3
  
 3
 2 
 
For single phase connection with 1800 phase spread
k d2 =
sin  ( 2) = 2
( 2 ) 
Since armature conductors are same, the current carrying capability will be the same.
(kVA ) rating
 E  kd
3
(kVA ) 1
=
300
= =
3
(kVA ) 2
(kVA )2  2
2
(kVA ) 2
= 200 kVA
19. Ans: (0.8556 lag)

Solution:
Alternator is over-excited as Ef  Vt
In case of Over-Excited Condition, alternator operates

Electrical Machines
at lagging power factor.

Ef = 1.25 Vt
Ef  = Vt 0 + j ( Ia −  ) X s
Ef  = Vt 0 + Ia ( 90 −  ) X s
Ef sin  = IaX s cos ............ (1 )
Ef cos  = Vt + IaX s sin ............ ( 2 )
(1 ) + ( 2 )
2 2
E = (I X )
2
2
f a s
+ Vt2 + 2Vt . Ia X S sin 
11
Ef = 1.25   103 V
3
11
Vt =  103 V [Per phase value]
3
( I )  ( X ) = 500  5 = 2500 V
a s
2 2
 11   11  11
 103  = ( 2500 ) + 
2
 1.25   103  + 2   103  500  5  sin 
 3   3  3
sin  = 0.5176
 = 31.170
cos  = 0.8556 lag
20. Ans: (a)

Solution:
When the rotor carrying DC-poles is rotated at synchronous speed, then the stationary stator conducts observe flux
change, as the rotor poles pass them. This phenomenon is called ‘Flux cutting’ [There is a relative motion between field
poles and armature conductors which causes the flux cutting].
As a result the EMF is induced in each phase (from Faraday’s law) of the alternator with peak EMF’s occurring after 1200 &
2400 with respect to phase ‘a’, in the other two phases due to space displacement of 1200 between the windings of each
phase.
Hence we can see, as the rotor poles start rotating,
initially maximum flux is linked to phase ‘a’ conductor
under (north pole).
After 1200 mechanical rotation phase ‘b’ attains
maximum EMF value (as now phase ‘b’ conductor
is under north pole).
After further 1200 , phase ‘c’ attains maximum
EMF hence we get 3-phase voltage as below.
[In clockwise sense]
So phase sequence is ABC

Electrical Machines
We can see difference between respective maxima’s is 1200
Now if field current is reversed, it will only reverse the pole as shown
Hence now phase ‘a’ will get maximum negative peak EMF first then phase ‘b’ will get
maximum negative peak EMF and then ‘c’.
So phase sequence doesn’t change and it remains ABC.
Now if rotation direction is reversed,

then we can see from first figure that phase ‘c’ will attain maximum EMF after phase ‘a’
So now phase sequence is reversed, it becomes negative sequence i.e. ACB.
Changing Number of Poles changes the synchronous speed but does not change the phase sequence as the direction of
rotation of alternator remains same.
21. Ans: (d)

Solution:
In a dc series motor, developed torque T = kI2a
Since, the torque remains at the rated value, the armature current ( I ) remains constant.
a
Under rated conditions, E1 = 240 − 40  0.3 = 228V

Series Flux,   If = Ia = constant
Induced EMF, E  N  N   = constant 

E1 N1
=
E2 N2
1000
 E2 =  228 = 152V
1500
Since, Ia = constant = 40A
Hence, 240 − 40  0.3 + R x  = 152

R x = 1.9
22. Ans: (b)

Solution:
From the per phase KVL equation of an alternator
For leading pf, Ef  = Vt 00 + Ia  Zs
 → Leading p.f. angle
 → Impedance angle
Ef  = 200000 + 100 cos −1 ( 0.8 )  (0.8 + j4.94 )
Ef  = 1822.31614.070
Ef − V 1822.316 − 2000
V.R =  100 = 8.884%
 100 = −8.384%
V 2000

Electrical Machines
23. Ans: P = 35.056 kW, Q = 26.29KVAR

Solution:
Minimum Armature Current, ( I ) (L − L ) = 8.8A
a min
From, the V-curve of Synchronous Motor it can be observed that minimum line current occurs at upf load as shown below.
Otherwise, for a constant power input and terminal voltage
P = 3Vt Ia cos 
Armature current will be minimum when power factor is maximum
i.e. unity power factor.
(i) Since losses are neglected, input power is same as
output power.
P = 3  Vt  Ia  cos00
P= 3  2300  8.8  1 = 35.056kW
(ii) For getting leading 0.8 p.f, motor has to be overexcited, now output load power remains same as load is not changed.
3  Vt  Ia1  cos 1 = 3  Vt  Ia2  cos 2
 cos 1 
  8.8  1
 Ia2 = Ia1   = = 11A

 cos 2 
 0.8
So we should decrease field resistance using rheostat until line ammeter reads 11A
(iii) Reactive Power delivered to supply under this condition,

Q = 3  Vt  Ia2  sin 2 = 3  2300  11  0.6 = 26.29 kVAR
24. Ans: (b)

Solution:
 n 
Pitch Factor for nth harmonic is given by, K pn = cos  
 2 
Where,  is the short chording angle.
 5 
To eliminate 5th harmonic, K p5 = cos   = 0
 2 
5
Hence, = 90
2
Chording Angle,  = 360
25. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Curve A & B are eliminated because, for V = 0; If  0 , because at short-circuit condition, in order to make rated armature
current flow a non-zero value of field current will be required and it is same for all lead lag by and UPF loads, so all three
curves must start from same point
Now for lead pf we will get more terminal
voltage than upf, for the same field current
producing rated armature current at upf and lead pf.
Vt = Ef − ( jIa )( jXS ) = (Ef + IaX S ) → For a zpf leading load
Due to nature of load, the drop adds to Ef

Electrical Machines
At lead pf we get Ia900 or jI a

Hence, curve-C represents load curve for leading pf and curve D for lagging pf.
26. Ans: (d)

Solution:
For Zero Voltage Regulation,
− Ia Z S − ( 20  10 )
cos (  +  ) = = = −0.3936
2 Vt 2  440
3
(  +  ) = 113.178 0
Since, the synchronous impedance consist of only reactance so, the impedance angle is 900.
 = 113.180 − 900 = 23.180
cos  = 0.92
27. Ans: 91.82%

Solution:
The losses of the synchronous machine at various or using various conditions are to be calculated
(i) When excitation is OFF for Synchronous machine, input motor takes 800W, i.e., the driving motor is producing an output
power corresponding to the friction & windage loss of synchronous machine. The shaft of synch-machine is acting as a
load to driving motor.
So, PFraction & Windage = 800W [Neglected driving motor losses]
(ii) When the armature of the motor is shorted and rated armature current flows then friction and windage and full load
copper losses occur in the synchronous machine.
P= PFraction & Windage
+ (Pcu )loss
So, Pcu( ) loss

= 2500 − 800 = 1700W
(iii) With excitation armature, open-circuited, output driving motor supplies power corresponding to friction and windage
and the iron losses.
P = PFraction & Windage + Piron
Piron = 1800 − 800 = 1000W
To calculate the efficiency at half load, the output will be 50% of the rated power and Copper Losses will become 1/4 th of
the original value.
(P ) = 1700
cu
4
= 425W
50  0.5  103
So,  = = 91.82%
50  0.5  103 + 1000 + 425 + 800
28. Ans: Gen A - 35.32, 26.49; Gen B – 44.6, 33.45

Solution:
Rating of each alternator=100MVA, 0.8pf
Assuming linear magnetization of the alternators, the change in field current will be same as the change in excitation emf.
Hence, E f1 is reduce by 5%; E f 2 is increased by 5%

Electrical Machines
PL = SL cos  = 100  0.8 = 80MW

QL = SL cos  = 100  0.6 = 60MVAR
Initially, P1 = P2 = 40MW and Q1 = Q2 = 30MVAR
Assuming Base of System is 100 MVA
Let V = 1pu,Ia = 1pu
Since, direct and quadrature axis reactance are equal the machine is Cylindrical Rotor with, Xs = 0.8pu;Ra = 0
( V cos  + I R ) + ( V sin  + I aX s )
2 2
Initially, EA = EB = a a
(1  0.8 ) + (1  0.6  0.8 )

2 2
EfA = EfB =
EfA = EfB = 1.612p.u
When excitation is modified, EfA = 0.95  1.612 = 1.532p.u
EfB = 1.05  1.612 = 1.693p.u
Assuming negligible change in pf
( V cos  ) + ( V sin  + I aX s )
2 2
So, 1.532 =
Or, Ia = 0.883p.u
( V cos  ) + ( V sin  + IaX s )

2 2
EfB = 1.693 =
Ia = 1.115p.u
So modified active power & reactive power for ‘A’ generator

PA = 0.883  40  106 = 35.32MW
QA = 0.833  30  106 = 26.49 MVAR
For ‘B’ new PB & QB are

PB = 1.115  40  106 = 44.6MW
QB = 1.115  30  106 = 33.45 MVAR
29. Ans: (d)

Solution:
The air gap flux working supply initially was 25mWb, with supply connected and fixed excitation; the motor demagnetized
itself to 20mWb. Hence it drew leading current from supply to cancel out extra 5mWb. Hence 20mWb must be rated air
gap flux. So, working pf is leading pf.
Note: In synchronous motor armature reaction is demagnetizing for leading pf.
30. Ans: 242.92V, 35.382 kW

Solution:
Induced EMF, Ef = Vt − jIa00 ( X s ) = 415 − j ( 20  2 ) = 242.92 − 9.470 V
3
(a) For constant excitation and variable load Ef remains same
[Per phase open circuit voltage]
So, E0 = 242.92V
(b) When, load is increased the power factor also changes but excitation remains constant. For lagging power factor,
excitation emf is given by
( V cos  + I R ) + ( Vt sin  + I aX s )
2 2
Ef = t a a

Electrical Machines
Since, armature resistance is neglected.
( V cos  ) + ( V sin  − I X )
2 2
Ef = t t a s
E2f = Vt2 + Ia2Xs2 − 2Vt IaXs sin 

2
 
( 242.92) =  415  − 2. 415  (100 ) .sin  + (50  2)
2 2
 3  3
sin  = 0.175
 = 10.090
Since, Φ comes out to be positive. So, our assumption is correct that the pf is lagging. This can also be derived from
phasor diagram that as the load increases the pf becomes lagging.
cos  = 0.9845lag
Output Power = Input Power as the machine is given to be lossless.
P = 3  Vt  Ia  cos  = 3  415  50  0.9845 = 35.38kW
31. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Assuming resistance of armature is negligible.
When the alternator is feeding a partly inductive or R-L load, then it is over-excited as it has to supply lagging var.
Now when the capacitor is being connected across the alternator that draws same amount of leading VAR as the lagging
VAR drawn by inductive load, then VAR’s supplied by alternator is zero and it is working at UPF. This happens for normally
excited alternator. So, excitation or field current has to be reduced to bring the alternator from over-excited condition to
normally excited condition.
Capacitor only supplies reactive power and hence the real power output remains the same so the real power input will also
remain same for constant losses. Hence, fuel input remains same.
32. Ans: (a)

Solution:
The upper curve represents the open circuit voltage or induced emf in an alternator. The lower curve represents the
terminal voltage for zpf load.
Ef = Vt + Ia − 900 ( jX S )
Ef = Vt + IaXS
Hence, the different between induced emf and terminal voltage is corresponding to synchronous reactance.
33. Ans: (a)

Solution:
The coil distribution looks like as shown
By looking into second row, we can see out of 9 slots 3 have coils of same phase & 6 have coils of different phase.
36
In 36 slots, 6  = 24 slots have coils of different phase.
9

Electrical Machines
34. Ans: (a)

Solution:
NS
Synchronous Speed of nth order space harmonic =
n
Synchronous Speed of nth order time harmonic = nNS
where NS is the speed of fundamental rotating magnetic field.
NS
Synchronous Speed of 7th order space harmonic =
7
120  50
Speed of Fundamental RMF, Ns = ( ) 8
= 750rpm
750
(N )
s 7th Harmonic
=
7
= 107.14rpm
Also, (3k + 1) order harmonics are positive sequence and (3k-1) harmonics are negative sequence and so 7th order
harmonic magnetic field rotates in forward direction.
35. Ans: (a)

Solution:
When excitation of two parallel machines is not same then synchronizing current flows which can also be called as
circulating current and it tends to make the excitation emf of both machines same.
E1 − E2
Per phase synchronizing current =
ZS1 + ZS2
Directly emf magnitude can be considered as both emf are in same phase.
3300 − 3200
 Isy = 3 3 = 16.98A
2  1.7
36. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Shaft Power, Pshaft = 9kW
Total Losses= Core loss+ Frictional & Windage losses+ cu-loss
Given,
Core loss= 0.8kW
Friction and Windage Loss = 2kW
Since, armature resistance is negligible.
Copper Losses can be neglected.
Losses = 0.8 + 2 = 2.8kW
Input Power drawn by motor, Pinput = PShaft + PLoss = 9 + 2.8 = 11.8kW
Line current drawn
P 11.8  103
IL = = = 21.29A
3  VL  cos  3  400  0.8
37. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Real power output, P = 3  VL  IL  cos 

Given, P = 500MW
Power Factor, cos  = 0.85

Electrical Machines
Line Voltage, VL = 21.5kV

500  106
 IL (Line current ) = = 15.79kA
3  2.15  103  0.85
38. Ans: (d)

Solution:
120f
Synchronous Speed, Ns =
P
120  50
250 =  P = 24
P
39. Ans: (c)
Solution:
• In Salient Pole Machines, the air gap along d-axis is less than q-axis so reluctance along d-axis is less than q-axis and
hence, d-axis reactance is more than q-axis reactance.
• Synchronous Motor is not self-starting as the rotor is not able to catch up with the rotating magnetic field rotating at
synchronous speed sue to which pulsating torque is produced and motor cannot rotate in one direction. Damper Bars
help the synchronous motor to self-start as an Induction Motor.
• Short circuit ratio is the ratio of the field current required to produce the rated voltage on open circuit to the field
current required to produce rated armature current on short circuit. It is reciprocal of per unit synchronous reactance.
So, third statement is false.
• The V-curve of a synchronous motor represents the variation in the armature current with field excitation, at a given
output power.
40 (a) and (b)

Ans: (b) and (c)
Solution:
(S )rated
= 1000kVA
(V) L −L
= 6.6kV
Rated Armature Current, I = S 1000
a
= = 87.477A
3  VL −L 3  6.6
As alternator is Y-connected
VL −L 6.6
Per-phase terminal voltage Vt = = = 3.81kV
3 3
Vt = 3.8100 kV
Ia = 87.47700 A [Unity power factor]
Induced EMF, Ef = Vt + IaXs = 3.8100 + 87.47700  ( j20 )  10 −3 = 4.1924.80 kV

 Ef (L − L ) = 3Ef = 3  4.19 = 7.2kV
Power Angle,  = 24.60
41. Ans: (b)

Solution:
For zero pf lagging load, the phasor diagram
of synchronous generator is,
Since Far is opposite to Ff .
Hence, armature reaction is demagnetizing.

Electrical Machines
42. Ans: (a)

Solution:
5000
Power output at 50% load = = 2500W
2
P
Ia =
3VL cos 
2500
Ia = = 3.608 A
3  400  1
Induced emf, Ef = Vt + jIaX s = 400 0 + j3.608  10 = 233.748.8790 V

3
Now, if emf is increased by 1%
Enew = 233.74  1.01 = 236.0774V
( V cos  + I R ) + ( V sin  + I aX s )
2 2
E = a a
( )
2 2
E = V + I2a R 2a + X 2s + 2IaX s sin  + 2 I aR a cos 
at unity pf cos  = 1,sin  = 0
Also Ra = 0, Xs = 10
2
 400 
( 236.0774 )
2
 + Ia  10
2 2
=
 3 
Ia = 4.8981A
5000
Rated current at upf = = 7.2168A
3  400  1
4.8981
New current in percent =  100% = 67.9%
7.2168
43. Ans: (c)

Solution:
48
Slots per pole = = 12
4
180
Slot pitch,  =
Slots per pole
180
= = 150
12
12
Number of slots per pole per phase, m = =4
3
 m   4  15 
Ka =  2 =  2  = 0.9576
  15 
msin   4 sin  
2  2

Pitch factor K p = cos = cos18 = 0.951
2
Winding factor, K w = KpKd = 0.951  0.9576
K w = 0.91

Electrical Machines
In double layer winding.

Slots = Number of coils
Number of coils = 48
Number of turns = 48  10 = 480 turns
480
Number of turns per phase = = 160
3
Induced emf per phase = 4.44  f  Nph    K w
Eph = 4.44  50  160  0.025  0.91 = 808.08V

Line to line voltage = 3  808.08 = 1400V
44. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Number of slots per pole per phase
m = 12 = 6
2
sin  m 
 2
Distribution factor, K d =
msin    

 2
Kd =
(
sin 6  15 )
2 = 0.9028
6sin 15( 2)
Kp = 0.951
Winding factor, K w = KpKd = 0.8585
480
Number of turns per phase = = 240
2
Induced emf per phase, Eph = 4.44fNphK w
Eph = 4.44  50  240  0.025  0.8585 = 1143.522V

Line to line voltage = 2  1143.522 = 1617.18V
45. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Pitch factor for 5th harmonic
K p = cos 5 = cos 5  36
2 2
Kp = cos90 = 0
Induced emf of 5th harmonic = 0
46. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Neglecting armature resistance
Ef = Vt − jIaX s
Ef Vt
P= sin 
Xs

Electrical Machines
When Ef is constant and P is reduced.  decreases, the phasor diagram of synchronous motor is shown below.
As we can see when 2  1

I a2 becomes leading
Hence, leading power factor.
Note: This can also be determined using the expression for Input Reactive Power,
V
Q = t ( Vt − Ef cos  )
Xs
At unity power factor, Q = 0 and Vt = Ef cos 
But as  decreases then Vt  Ef cos  and Q < 0 so the motor operates at leading power factor.
47. Ans: (c)

Solution:
If (rated Voc ) 15
Short circuit ratio = = = 1.5
If (rated Isc ) 10
1 1
X s (pu) = = = 0.666
SCR 1.5
48. Ans: (c)

Solution:
As power is increased from 0 to PFL , frequency reduces by 5%
Initially a load of 12MW is connected at 50Hz frequency.
Now, an additional load of 3.5 MW is connected
f P 3.5
=−  droop = −  0.05
f PFL 15
f = −0.583Hz
f = fi + f = 50 − 0.583 = 49.417Hz
But since the load is 15.5 MW and it is more than the maximum power limit of prime mover due to which the electrical
output is more than shaft input and hence the rotor will decelerate as per Swing Equation.
Due to rotor deceleration the speed of rotor and the frequency decreases and after certain time the frequency will fall
below 48Hz due to which one 4MW load will trip. So, net load will become 11.5MW,
Δf ΔP
=- ×droop
f PFL
Δf 11.5-12
=- ×0.05
50 15

Electrical Machines
Δf=0.083Hz
f=fi +Δf=50.083 Hz
49. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Due to short chording and distributed winding factor is introduced into emf equation which leads to reduction an emf.
E = 4.44fNphK w
Since, K w  1 , induced emf is reduced.
For nth harmonic,
 n 
K p = cos  
 2 
 mn 
sin  
Kd =  2 
 n 
msin  
 2 
With proper design, i.e. proper choice of ϵ and β dominant harmonics are reduced.
50. Answer (d):

Solution:
Vt = 10pu
Ia = 0.60pu
By KVL
E = Vt − jIa X s
Current and voltage are in-phase due to unity power-factor.
E = 1 − j  0.6  1 = 1 − j0.6
E = 1.167 − 30.960 pu
So, emf=1.17pu
load angle (  ) = 30.96 lag
0
51. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Equation for EMF in a synchronous motor is,
1
Ef = ( V cos  − IaR a ) + ( V sin  − IaX s ) 

2 2 2
 
Ra = 0
1
Ef =  V 2 cos2  + V 2 sin2  + I2a X 2s − 2Ia X s V sin   2
Since, excitation is same Ef = 1.17pu

1
1.17 = 12 + Ia2 (1 ) − 2Ia  1  1  sin  

2 2
 
Ia = 1.2(Ia )(initial) = 1.2  0.6 = 0.72
(1.17 ) = 12 + ( 0.72 ) − 1.44 sin 

2 2

Electrical Machines
−1.44sin  = −0.1495
sin  = 0.1038
 = 5.960
pf= cos  = 0.995 lag
52. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Assuming a single phase alternator
V 2000
X s = oc = = 5
Isc 400
Voltage drop at I = 200 A
V = IXs = 200  5 = 1000V
53. Ans: (a)

Solution:
At no-load, P = 0
Ef Vt V2  1 1 
P= sin  + t  −  sin2
Xd 2  X q X d 

If P=0  = 0 or 180
Assume initially =0
The phasor diagram looks like as shown below
Now here Iq = 0 and
hence, Id = Ia as we reduce excitation then
Vt − Ef = Ia Xd increases
And armature current increases.
When we increase excitation in reverse direction
Ef becomes negative or we can say  = 180
0
Ef = Vt becomes high and armature current increases steeply
54. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Given, Rated KVA = 1pu, Rated voltage = 1pu, Power factor, 1
S = VpuIpu cos 
1 = 1  1pu  1
Ipu = 1pu , cos  = 1  = 0
V sin  + IaX q 0 + 1 1
tan  = = =1
V cos  + IaR a 11 + 1 0
 = 45
 =+
Since,  = 0
 =  = 45
55. Ans: 15.06

Solution:
We will have to find out the short circuit current at field current of 2.3 A. Since, the short circuit characteristics are linear,

Electrical Machines
10  2.3
ISC = = 15.33A
If =2.3 1.5
Voc 400
Synchronous Reactance, XS = = = 15.06
3  ISC 3  15.33
56. Ans: (a)
Solution:
L a corresponds to phase R
L b corresponds to phase Y
L c corresponds to phase B
A lamp goes off when voltage of generator &
infinite bus corresponding to that
phase has same magnitude & phase.
If both had the same phase sequence, all lamps would have gone off at the same instant (when all phases would have
coincided) . Since that is not the case, incoming generator & infinite bus have opposite phase sequence.
If frequency is same then both phases will get locked to each other and no lamp will go off. Since that is not the case, the
frequency is different.
If frequency of bus is more, magnetic flux of bus rotates with respect to generator flux and after R phase, B phase will
overlap (120 ° rotation anticlockwise). So lamp C will go off, which is incorrect as after La ,Lb goes off.
If frequency of generator is more, then generator field moves anti-clockwise with respect to bus field and after R phase, Y
phase will overlap & L b goes off. Hence, option (A) is correct.
57. Ans: 2
Solution:
1800 1800
Slot angle, = = = 200
number of slots/pole 180 / 20
For a single phase connection,
number of slots 180
m= = =9
number of poles  number of phases 1 20
 m   9  20 
Distribution factor, Kd =  2  =  2  = 0.6398
  20 
m sin   9  sin  
2  2 
Number of conductors in each slot 180  6
Number of turns = Number of slots × = = 540
2 2
For a three phase connection,
 = 20°
m= Number of slots 180 = 3
=
Number of poles  Number of phases 3  20

Electrical Machines
 m   20 
sin   sin  3  
Distribution factor, Kd =  2  =  2  = 0.9597
  20 
m sin   3 sin  
2  2 
Number of conductors in each slot 1
Nph = Number of slots  × = 180
2 Number of phases
E = 4.44 Kd fNph 
E1− V1 4.44  0.6398  f  540   = 2
= =
E3− V2 4.44  0.9597  f  180  
58. Ans: 0.109

Solution:
EV
Real Power Delivered by Generator, P = f t sin 
XS
1.3  1
0.6 = sin 
1.1
1.1  6
sin  = = 0.5076
1.3
 = 30.51
Reactive Power Delivered by Generator, Q =

Vt
E cos  − Vt 
XS  f
1
Q= 1.3cos30.51 − 1 = 0.109pu
1.1 
59. Ans: 50
Solution:
Given, P + P = 2.5MW ………(i)
1 2
The droop characteristics of the two
generators are shown on the right,
Let the frequency in steady-state be f Hz,

For generator -1,
Droop,
(51.5 − f ) = 1
P1
f = (51.5 − P1) ………(ii)
Similarly for generator- 2 having same droop as 1
f = (51 – P2 ) ………(iii)
From (ii) & (iii)
51.5 - P1 = 51 - P2
P1-P2 = 0.5 MW ………….(iv)
From (i) & (iv) P1 = 1.5 MW ; P2 = 1MW

Therefore, f = 50Hz

Electrical Machines
60. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Due to Hunting, the power input to the machine oscillates and armature current experiences surges and due to high
armature current, there are copper losses in the stator which dissipate the energy of oscillation and help in damping out
the oscillations.
61. Ans: 33.47

Solution:
Terminal Voltage, Vt = 1.100 ;
Since pf is unity, angle of current will be zero degrees.
P = VI cos φ
1 = 1.1 × I × 1
1
I= 0pu
1.1
Excitation emf, Ef 0 = Vt 00 + jI00  X s

1
Ef 0 = 1.100 + j 00  0.8
1.1
1
Ef 0 = 1.100 + j 00  0.8
1.1
Ef 0 = 1.31833.470
Hence,  = 33.470
62. Ans: -47.26

Solution:
Induced EMF, E = V 0 − jI X = 11000 − j  100  50 = 8082.9 − 38.21
f t a s
3
Suppose, when the load torque is increased, pf becomes cos  lagging.
Ef = Vt 0 − j ( Ia −  ) Xs
( )
Ef = Vt0 − jIa (cos  − jsin ) X s = Vt − IaXs sin  − jIaXs cos 
Ef = (Vt − IaXs sin )2 + (IaXscos )2
Ef = Vt2 + Ia2Xs2 − 2IaXs Vt sin 
Since excitation is not changed, Ef is constant
8082.9 = Vt2 + Ia2Xs2 − 2IaXsVt sin 
2
 
( 8082.9 )2 −  11000  = (120)2  (50)2 − 2  120 
11000
 50 sin 
 3  3
sin  = 0.1443
 = 8.298
11000  = −47.26
Ef = Vt0 − jIaXs = − j  (120 − 8.298 )  50 = 8082.97 − 47.26 V
3

Electrical Machines
63. Ans: 1.608

Solution:
Phasor diagram of synchronous motor in the leading Pf is
Internal Pf angle  =  + 
V sin  + Ia x q
tan  =
V cos  − IaR a
For full load, Ia = 1pu
cos  = 0.8 and sin  = 0.6

 1  0.6 + 1  0.6 
 = tan−1 
 1  0.8 − 1  0 
 = tan−1 4
8( )
= 56.31
 =  −  = 56.31 − cos−1 0.8 = 19.44
From phasor diagram, Ef = Vt cos  + IaXd
Id = Ia sin (  +  ) = 1 sin (56.3 ) = 0.832
Ef = 1  cos19.44 + 0.832  0.8 = 1.608 Pu
64. Ans: 838.3

Solution:
For unity pf, motor must be normally excited
Hence, Ef cos  = Vt
Vt 6.6kV
Excitation emf Ef = =
cos  cos30
Since, armature resistance is negative
E V
P = f t sin  =
(
6.6kV cos300 6.6kV )
sin300 =
( 6.6 ) tan300 MW
2
= 0.8383125MW = 838.31kW
Xs 30 30
65. Ans: 0.744

Solution:
Synchronous Condenser means the machine is working at leading power factor as a synchronous motor.
Load current = S = 50  10
6
= 2.6243kA
3VL 3  11  103
Current absorbed by each machine= 1.3121kA
Excitation emf of each machine

11 11
E1 = − 1.312190 ( j1 ) = − 1.3121 = 7.662900
3 3
11
E2 = − 1.312190 ( j3) = 10.287kV
3
I f1 E1
Since, magnetic circuit is linear i.e. =
I f 2 E2
If1 7.669
= = 0.745
I f 2 10.287

Electrical Machines
66. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Synchronous motor operates at leading pf in case of over-excitation.
Hence, excitation is more than terminal voltage.
67. Ans: 400

Solution:
Assuming both machine have equal no-load frequency ‘f’.
fFL1 = f(1 − 0.06) = 0.94 f
fFL2 = f(1 − 0.04) = 0.96 f
The load shared by machine 1
 f − f 
P1 =    300
 f − 0.94f 
The load shared by machine 2
 f − f 
P2 =    400
 f − 0.96f 
Total load P1 + P2 = 600
300 (f − f ) 400 (f − f )
+ = 600
0.06 f 0.04 f
50 (f − f) + 100 (f − f ) = 6f
144
144f = 150 f ; f = f
150
Load shared by larger machine i.e. machine 2
 144 
f − f
 150  6 16
P2 =  400 =  400 = = 400 MW
0.04 f 150  0.04 0.04
68. Ans: –14.55

Solution:
Open circuit voltage = 360 V
360
In pu, Voc = = 0.9 pu
400
Short circuit current = 1 pu
V
Synchronous reactance = oc = 0.9 pu
Isc
Since, machine delivers rated load at 0.8 pf lead at rated voltage
Ia = 1 pu Vt = 1pu
Ef = 1 + 136.86 ( j0.9)
Ef = 1 + 0.9 126.86 = 0.85457.42 pu

0.854 − 1
Voltage regulation =  100 % = −14.55%
1
69. Ans: 12.7

Solution:
By swing equation

Electrical Machines
H d2 
= Pm − Pe
180f dt2
Initially, Pm = Pe = 60MW
60
Pm = Pe = pu
250
Kinetic energy = GH = 1000 MJ
1000
H= = 4MJ / MUA
250
If load is suddenly removed, Pe =0
4 d2  60
=
180 f dt2 250
d2  60
Acceleration  = =  180  50 = 540 elect − deg/ sec2
dt 2
250  4
1 2
By equation of motion  = 0 + t
2
5
t = 5 cycles = = 0.1 sec
50
1
 = 10 +  540  0.01 = 12.7 elect deg
2
70. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Reluc tance power
Reluctance torque =
s
3Vt  12
1 
T=  −  sin2
2s  X q X d 
So torque is maximum when 2 = 90

 = 45
71. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Since load is fixed, P=constant
P = 3VLIa cos 
3VL  200  1 = 3VL  Ia  0.5
Ia = 400A
72. Ans: 245 to 246

Solution:
1
1  220 2
  220  
2 2
E = ( V cos  − Iara ) + ( V sin  + Ia X s ) 

2 2 2
  =   0.8 − 2.5  +   0.6 + 25  

 3   3  


Electrical Machines
1 1
(
E =  101.6166 − 2.5 ) + (76.2124 + 25)  = ( 99.1166 ) + (101.2124 ) 
2 2 2 2 2 2
= 141.6617V
   
Line to line voltage= 245.38V
7. Ans: A
Solution:
• For leading of near unity. VR  0 & hence VA < EA For most leading of loads, VR < 0 & VA > EA but not for all
leading of loads.
• For all lagging of loads, VR > 0 & hence VA < EA
∴ first statement is false & second statement is True.
23. Ans: 130

Solution:
Change in frequency = 4.9.75 = -0.25 Hz
Change in load = 10 MW
f
Slope of droop characteristics = = −0.025Hz / MW
P
When frequency becomes 49.25 Hz
f = 49.25 – 50 = – 0.75 Hz
Slope = – 0.025 Hz/MW
f
P = = 30MW
slope
P = 100 + 30 = 130 MW
73. Ans: (*)

Solution:
At 400 V, If = 8 A
So, air gap line equation will be like,
y=mx+C
y = 100 x + 10 …………………(i)
At If = 8 A
Unsaturated voltage =100 × 8 + 10 = 810
810 81
Zsunsat = =
20 2 ……..(ii)

Electrical Machines
400 40
Zsaturated = =
And 20 2 …….(iii)
From equation (ii) and (iii)
Zunsaturated 81 / 2
= = 2.025
Zsaturated 40 / 2
74. Ans: (*)

Solution:
At Pconstant
Ia cos 1 = Ia cos 2
1 2
cos 1 = 0.9
Q
tan 1 = 0.484 =
P
2Q
 = 0.9686 = tan 2
P
cos 2 = 0.7182
 100  0.9 = Ia2  0.7182
 Ia2 = 125.29 A
73. Ans: (*)

Solution:
At 400 V, If = 8 A
So, air gap line equation will be like,
y=mx+C
y = 100 x + 10 …………………(i)
At If = 8 A
Unsaturated voltage =100 × 8 + 10 = 810
810 81
Zsunsat = =
20 2 ……..(ii)
400 40
Zsaturated = =
And 20 2 …….(iii)
From equation (ii) and (iii)
Zunsaturated 81 / 2
= = 2.025
Zsaturated 40 / 2

Electrical Machines
74. Ans: (*)

Solution:
At Pconstant
Ia cos 1 = Ia cos 2
1 2
cos 1 = 0.9
Q
tan 1 = 0.484 =
P
2Q
 = 0.9686 = tan 2
P
cos 2 = 0.7182
 100  0.9 = Ia2  0.7182
 Ia2 = 125.29 A
49. Ans: 1.02 pu
Solution:
Pre-fault condition
Ea − Vt (1 + j0.7) − 1
Ia = = = 1 pu
jxs j0.7
During fault
Short circuit emf
Connect – Vt at terminals
Use sub transient reactance
1
If = = − j 5pu
j0.2
∴ fault current = (1 – j5) pu

Sub transient emf = If” (j Xd”)
= (1 – j5) j0.2 = 1 + j0.2
Ef = 1.04 = 1.02pu
56. Ans: 190.83 MW

Solution:
Assume same no-load frequency of both generators = f0
full load frequency of generator 1 = 0.94 f0
full load frequency of generator 2 = 0.936 f0

Electrical Machines
 f0 − f   f0 − f 
P1 = 250  P = 400 
 f − 0.94f  2  f − 0.936f 
 0 0   0 0 
P1 + P2 = 500
 250 400 
(f0 − f)  +  = 500
 0.06f0 0.064f0 
f = 0.9542 f0
∴ P1 = 190.833 mW
75. Ans: (245)

Solution:
Y-connected. 3 phase, 400V, 50 kVA, Synch motor, Xs = 1 Ω ph. Shaft load Psh = 10 kW. p.t. = 0.8 loading losses =2 kW, Ra :
Negligible Find excitation EMF (Eb) :
( V cos  − I R ) + ( V sin   I X )
2 2
Eb = a a a s
(+ for lead and - for lagg)

To find Ia. Current drawn, we need to find input.
Input = Output + Losses + Psh+ Losses
=10 + 2 = 12 kW
3VLlL cos  = 12kW
12000
IL = = 21.65 A = Ia
3  400  0.8
2 2
 400   400 
Eb =   0.8  +   0.6 + 21.65(1) 
 3   3 
( V cos  − I R ) + ( V sin  + I X )
2 2
Eb = a a a s
= 34135.336 + (138.568 + 21.65)2

Eb = 244.55 V per phase
47. Ans. (1.6022) 1.58 to 1.59

Solution:
Developed power of a Synchronous Motor,
Ef Vt Vt2
Pdev = cos ( s −  ) − cos s
Zs Zs
Pdew
Motor is stable if 0

sin ( s − 8 ) 0   s
Steady state stability Limit
Ef v t E2f a
Pdev (max) = − 
zs zs zs
Assume Vt =1pu
Ef  1 E2f
2.5 = −  0.1
0.12 + 0.32 (0.1 + 0.3 )
2 2
Ef = 1.5811 pu

Electrical Machines
Chapter 4 – Induction Machines
01. In a poly-phase squirrel-cage induction motor, 08. In a variable frequency induction motor drive, the
increased starting torque can be obtained by [1991] voltage must be varied _____________ to the frequency.
(a) Increasing the frequency of operation [1994]
(b) Using deep-bar rotors
(c) Increasing the number of poles 09. An induction motor is fed from a balanced three phase
(d) Using a double-cage rotor supply at rated voltage and frequency through a bank of
three single phase transformers connected in delta-delta.
02. A prime mover drives a 6 pole, 3-phase induction
One unit of the bank develops fault and is removed. Then,
frequency converter. The converter is connected to 60 Hz,
[1995]
3-phase supply on the primary. If the prime mover speed is
3000 rpm, the frequencies of the possible outputs from the (a) Single phasing will occur and the machine fails to start
converter are [1991] (b) Single phasing will not occur but the motor terminal
(a) 120 Hz, 60 Hz (b) 90 Hz, 210 Hz voltages will become unbalanced and the machine can be
(c) 186 Hz, 86 Hz (d) 180 Hz, 210 Hz loaded to the extent of 57.7% of its rating.
(c) The machine can be loaded to the extent of 57.7% of its
03.. A 5 kW, 400 V, 50 Hz, 4 pole, delta connected three- rating with balanced supply at its terminals.
phase induction motor is supplied by a cable of negligible
2
inductance. On starting the motor using a star-delta starter, (d) The machine can be loaded to the extent of 66 % with
it is found that the starting torque is the same on star as 3
well as delta connection, due to the voltage drop in the balanced supply at its terminals.
feeder resistance. The equivalent circuit parameters of the
motor are as follows: 10. An induction motor runs stably under constant torque
load at 1250 rpm off a 50Hz supply. Its number of poles is
r1 = 1 ohm , x1 = 4.5ohms , r2 = 1.4ohms and
_______________ [1995]
x2 = 4.50ohms
Determine the feeder resistance. [1991] 11. Motor characteristics [1995]
04. A three phase slip ring induction motor is fed from the
rotor side with stator winding short circuited. The
frequency of the currents flowing in the short circuited
stator is [1993]
(a) Slip frequency
(b) Supply frequency
(c) Frequency corresponding to rotor speed
(d) Zero
05. Skew is used in induction motors in order to reduce

torque due to [1994]
(a) Time harmonics (b) Space harmonics
(c) Slot harmonics (d) Reverse rotating fields (a) Speed torque characteristics of induction machine
under motoring operation.
06. A 3-phase induction motor coupled to a pump is
(b) Current torque characteristics of a dc series motor
operating at normal speed. If one line gets disconnected,
(c) Power factor variation with voltage of an induction
the motor stops. (True/False) [1994]
motor under no-load operation
(d) Speed torque characteristics of induction machine
07. A six pole 50Hz induction motor rotating at 1400 rpm is
under dc injection dynamic braking operation
in _________________ mode. [1994]
(e) Speed torque characteristics of dc series motor.

Electrical Machines
12. A 50 Hz, 440V, three-phase, 4-pole induction motor x-axis y-axis

develops half the rated torque at 1490rpm. With the (a) Load efficiency (P) curve-I
applied voltage magnitude remaining at the rated value. (b) Speed current (Q) curve-II
What should be its frequency if the motor has to develop (c) Speed power factor (R) curve-III
the same torque at 1600rpm? Neglect stator and rotor (S) curve-IV
winding resistances, leakage reactances and iron losses. (T) curve-V
[1995]
19. If an induction machine is run at above synchronous
13. Unbalanced supply voltage given to a 3-phase, delta- speed, it acts as [1997]
connected induction motor will cause [1996] (a) A synchronous motor
(a) Zero sequence currents (b) A induction generator
(b) Less heating of the rotor (c) An inductor motor
(c) Negative sequence component current (d) None of these
(d) All of these
20. A 3-phase, 20kW, 400V, 1470rpm, 50Hz squirrel cage
14. When the supply voltage to an induction motor is induction motor develops a torque of 100 N-m at a speed
reduced by 10%, the maximum torque will decrease by of 1400rpm. If the motor is connected to a 30Hz supply, for
approximately [1996] keeping the same air-gap flux, then supply voltage should
(a) 5% (b) 10% be… V and for the same load torque, the new speed will
(c) 20% (d) 40% be…. Rpm [1997]
15. An induction motor having full load torque of 60Nm 21. A 50kVA, 400V, 3-phase, 50Hz squirrel cage induction
when delta-connected develops a starting torque of motor has full load slip of 5%. Its standstill impedance is
120Nm. For the same supply voltage, if the motor is 0.866 ohms/phase. It is started using a tapped
changed to star-connection, the starting torque developed autotransformer. It the maximum allowable supply current
will be [1996] at the time of starting is 100A, then calculate the tap
(a) 40Nm (b) 60Nm position and the ratio of starting torque to full load torque
(c) 90Nm (d) 120Nm [1997]
16. In case of a split phase motor, the phase shift between 22. A 3 phase squirrel cage induction motor has a full load
currents in the two windings is around [1996] efficiency of 0.8 and a maximum efficiency of 0.9. it is
(a) 30 degrees (b) 70 degrees operated at a slip of 0.6 by applying a reduced voltage. The
(c) 90 degrees (d) 120 degrees efficiency of the motor at this operating point is: [1998]
(a) less than 0.4
17. In an induction motor, if the air gap is increased (b) greater than 0.6
[1996] (c) in the range of 0.8±0.1
(a) Speed will reduce (d) none of the above
(b) Efficiency will improve
(c) Power factor will be lowered 23. Match the column [1998]
(d) Breakdown torque will reduce Test Machine
(A) No load and (P) Transformer
18. Out of the several characteristics shown in figure blocked rotor test
identify the appropriate ones to match the (B) Sumpner’s test (Q) Induction machine
following for a 3-phase induction motor. [1996] (C) Swinburne’s test (R) Synchronous machine
(S) DC machine
24.. A 50 hp, 6 pole, 50 Hz slip-ring induction motor runs at

960 rpm on full load with a rotor current of 40A. Allowing
300W for the copper loss in the short circuiting gear and
1200W for mechanical losses, find the resistance R 2 per
phase of the 3 phase rotor winding. [1998]

Electrical Machines
25. Starting torque can be obtained in the case of a single 31. A 230V, 20 hp, 60 Hz, 6-pole, 3-phase induction motor
phase induction motor with identical main and auxiliary driving a constant torque load at rated frequency, rated
windings by connecting [1999] voltage and rated horse-power, has a speed of 1175 rpm
and an efficiency of 92.1%. Determine the new operating
(a) A capacitor across the mains
speed if a system disturbance causes 10% drop in voltage
(b) A capacitor in series with the machine
and 6% drop in frequency. Assume that friction, windage
(c) A capacitor in series with the auxiliary winding and stray power losses remain constant. [2000]
(d) The main and the auxiliary windings in series
32. If a 400V, 50 Hz, star connected, 3 phase squirrel cage
26. The following starting method for an induction motor is induction motor is operated from a 400 V, 75 Hz supply,
inferior view of the poor starting torque per ampere of the the torque that the motor can now provide while drawing
rated current from the supply? [2002]
line current drawn: [1999]
(a) Reduces
(a) Direct line starting (b) Increases
(b) Auto transformer method of starting (c) Remains the same
(c) Series inductor method of starting (d) Increase or reduces depending upon the rotor
(d) Star-Delta method of starting resistance
33. The rotor of a three phase, 5 kW, 400V, 50 Hz, slip ring
27. A 3 kW, 400V/200V, Delta/Star, 50Hz, three phase, 6-
induction motor is wound for 6 poles while its stator is
pole induction motor is found to draw a line current of 25A
wound for 4 poles. The approximate average no load
at a power factor of 0.4, when a blocked rotor test is
steady state speed when this motor is connected to 400V,
conducted at the rated voltage. Determine the stator and
50 Hz supply is [2002]
rotor winding resistances in ohms per phase, if the torque
(a) 1500 rpm (b) 500 rpm
developed by the motor under the above conditions is 25
(c) 0 rpm (d) 1000 rpm
N-m [1999]
34. A 440 V, 50 Hz, 6 poles and 960 rpm star connected
28. A 3-phase, 4-pole squirrel cage induction motor has 36 induction machine has the following per phase parameters
stator and 28 rotor slots. The number of phases in the rotor referred to the stator:
is: [2000] RS = 0.6,Rr = 0.3, Xs = 1
(a) 3 (b) 9 The magnetizing reactance is very high and is neglected.
(c) 7 (d) 8 The machine is connected to the 440V, 50 Hz supply and a
certain mechanical load is coupled to it. It is found that the
29. The power input to a 415V, 50 Hz, 6 pole, 3-phase magnitude of the stator current is equal to the rated
induction motor running at 975 rpm is 40 kW. The stator current of the machine but the machine is running at a
losses are 1 kW and friction and windage losses total 2kW. speed higher than its rated speed. Find the speed at which
The efficiency of the motor is [2000] the machine is running. Also find the torque developed by
(a) 92.5% (b) 90% the machine. [2002]
(c) 91% (d) 88%
30. A three phase, wound rotor induction motor is to be 35. An ac induction motor is used for a speed control
operated with slip energy recovery in the constant torque application. It is driven from an inverter with a constant V/f
mode, when it delivers an output power P0 at slip s. Then control. The motor nameplate details are as follows
V: 415 V Ph: 3 f: 50Hz N: 2850 rpm
theoretically, the maximum power that is available for
recovery at the rotor terminals, is equal to [2000]
The motor is run with the inverter output frequency set at
(a) P0 (b) P0s
40 Hz, and with half the rated slip. The running speed of
P0 P0 .s the motor is [2003]
(c) (d)
(1 − s ) (1 − s ) (a) 2400 rpm (b) 2280 rpm
(c) 2340 rpm (d) 2790 rpm

Electrical Machines
36. No-load test on a 3-phase induction motor was (a) Rotor current is zero
conducted at different supply voltages and a plot of input (b) Rotor current is non-zero and is at slip frequency
power versus voltage was drawn. This curve was (c) Forward and backward rotating fields are equal
extrapolated to intersect the y-axis. This intersection point (d) Forward rotating field is more than the backward
yields [2003] rotating field
(a) Core loss
(b) Stator copper loss 40. The type of single-phase induction motor having the
(c) Stray load loss highest power factor at full load is [2004]
(d) Friction and windage loss (a) Shaded pole type (b) Split-phase type
(c) Capacitor-start type (d) Capacitor-run type
37. Following are some of the properties of rotating
electrical machines [2003] 41. The direction of rotation of a 3-phase induction motor
P Stator winding current is dc, rotor-winding is clockwise when it is supplied with 3-phase sinusoidal
current is ac voltage having phase sequence A-B-C. For counter
Q Stator winding current is ac, rotor-winding clockwise rotation of the motor, the phase sequence of the
current is dc power supply should be [2004]
R Stator winding current is ac, rotor-winding (a) B-C-A (b) C-A-B
current is ac (c) A-C-B (d) B-C-A or C-A-B
S Stator has salient poles and rotor has
commutator 42. A single-phase, 230 V, 50 Hz, 4 pole, capacitor-start
T Rotor has salient poles and slip rings and stator is induction motor has the following stand still impedances
cylindrical Main winding Zm =6.0 + j4.0
U Both stator and rotor have poly-phase windings
Auxiliary winding Z a = 8.0 + j6.0
DC machines, Synchronous machines and Induction The value of the starting capacitor required to produce 90°
machines exhibit some of the above properties as given in phase difference between the currents in the main and
the following table. Indicate the correct combination from auxiliary windings will be [2004]
this table (a) 176.84 µF (b) 187.24µF
DC Synchronous Induction (c) 256.26µF (d) 280.86µF
machines machines machines
P.S Q.T R.U 43. A 400V, 15 kW, 4 poles, 50 Hz, Y-connected induction
Q.U P.T R.S motor has full load slip of 4%. The output torque of the
P.S R.U Q.T machine at full load is [2004]
R.S Q.U P.T (a) 1.66 Nm (b) 95.50 Nm
(c) 99.47 Nm (d) 624.73 Nm
38. A 3-phase Inductor Motor is driving a constant torque
44. On the torque/speed curve of induction motor shown
load at rated voltage and frequency. If both voltage and
frequency are halved, following statements relate to the in Figure, four points of operation are market as W, X, Y
new condition if stator resistance, leakage reactance and and Z. Which one of them represents the operation at a slip
core loss are ignored. greater than 1? [2005]
P The difference between synchronous speed and actual
speed remains same (a) W
Q The air-gap flux remains same (b) X
R The stator current remains same
S The p.u. slip remains same (c) Y
Among the above, correct statements are [2003] (d) Z
(a) All (b) P, Q and R
(c) Q, R and S (d) P and S
45. For an induction motor, operating at a slip s, the ratio
39. A single phase induction motor with only the main of gross power output to air gap power is equal to: [2005]
winding excited would exhibit the following response at (a) (1 – s)2 (b) (1 – s)
synchronous speed [2003] (c) (1 − s ) (
(d) 1 − s )

Electrical Machines
46. Under no load condition, if the applied voltage to an the machine constant in the constant torque region by
induction motor is reduced from the rated voltage to half
controlling the terminal voltage as the frequency changes.
the rated value, [2005]
(a) The speed decreases and the stator current increases The inverter output voltage vs frequency characteristics
(b) Both the speed and the stator current decrease
should be [2006]
(c) The speed and the stator current remain practically
constant
(d) There is negligible change in the speed but the stator
current decreases
47. A three-phase cage induction motor is started by

direct-on-line (DOL) switching at the rated voltage. If the
starting current drawn is 6 times the full load current, and
the full load slip is 4%, the ratio of the starting developed
torque to the full load torque is approximately equal to
[2005]
(a) 0.24 (b) 1.44
(c) 2.40 (d) 6.00
48. In a single phase induction motor driving a fan load,

the reason for having a high resistance rotor is to achieve
[2005]
(a) Low starting torque (b) Quick acceleration
52. The speed of a 4-pole induction motor is controlled by
(c) High efficiency (d) Reduced size
varying the supply frequency while maintaining the ratio of
49. Determine the correctness or otherwise of the supply voltage to supply frequency (V/fJ constant. At rated
following Assertion [a] and the Reason [r]. frequency of 50 Hz and rated voltage of 400 V its speed is
Assertion: Under V/f control of induction motor, the 1440 rpm. Find the speed at 30 Hz, if the load torque is
maximum value of the developed torque remains constant constant. [2006]
over a wide range of speed in the sub-synchronous region. (a) 882 rpm (b) 864 rpm
Reason: The magnetic flux is maintained almost constant (c) 840 rpm (d) 828 rpm
at the rated value by keeping the ratio V/f constant over
the considered speed range. [2005]
53. A 3 phase, 4 poles, 400 V, 50 Hz, star connected
(a) Both [a] and [r] are true and [r] is the correct reason for
[a] induction motor has following circuit parameters
(b) Both [a] and [r] are true but [r] is not the correct reason r2 = 1.0,r2 = 0.5, x1 = x2 = 1.2, xm = 35 . The
for [a] starting torque when the motor is started direct-on-line is
(c) Both [a] and [r] are false
(use approximate equivalent circuit model) [2006]
(d) [a] is true but [r] is false
(a) 63.6 Nm (b) 74.3 Nm
(c) 190.8 Nm (d) 222.9 Nm
50. For a single phase capacitor start induction motor
which of the following statements is valid? [2006]
54. A 3 phase, 10 kW, 400 V, 4 pole, 50 Hz, star connected
(a) The capacitor is used for power factor improvement
(b) The direction of rotation can be changed by reversing induction motor draws 20A on full load. It’s no load and
the main winding terminals blocked rotor test data are given below:
(c) The direction of rotation cannot be changed No Load test : 400 V 6A 1002 W
(d) The direction of rotation can be changed by Blocked Rotor test : 90 V 15A 762 W
interchanging the supply terminals Neglecting copper loss in no Load test and core loss in
Blocked Rotor test, estimate motor’s full load efficiency
51. The speed of a 3-phase, 440 V, 50 Hz induction motor
[2006]
is to be controlled over a wide range from zero speed to
(a) 76% (b) 81 %
1.5 times the rated speed using a 3-phase voltage source
(c) 82.4 % (d) 85%
inverter. It is desired to keep the flux in

Electrical Machines
55. The electromagnetic torque Te of a drive, and its 60. A 230V. 50 Hz, 4-pole, single-phase induction motor is
rotating in the clockwise (forward) direction at a speed of
connected load torque TL are as shown below. Out of the
1425 rpm. If the rotor resistance at standstill is 7.8, then
operating points A, B, C and D, the stable ones are [2007] the effective rotor resistance in the backward branch of the
equivalent circuit will be [2008]
(a) 2  (b) 4 
(c) 78  (d) 156 
61. A 400 V, 50 Hz, 30 hp, three-phase induction motor is

drawing 50 A current at 0.8 power factor lagging. The
stator and rotor copper losses are 1.5 kW and 900 W
respectively. The friction and windage losses are 1050W
and the core losses are 1200 W. The air-gap power of the
motor will be [2008]
(a) 23.06 kW (b) 24.11 kW
(c) 25.01 kW (d) 26.21 kW
62. A 400 V, 50 Hz, 4 pole, 1400 rpm, Star connected

squirrel cage induction motor has the following parameters
referred to the stator:
(a) A, C, D (b) B, C R'r = 1.0, Xs = X'r = 1.5

(c) A, D (d) B, C, D Neglect stator resistance and core and rotational losses of
the motor.
56. A three-phase squirrel cage induction motor has a The motor is controlled from a 3-phase voltage Source
starting torque of 150% and a maximum torque of 300% inverter with constant V/f control. The stator line-to-line
with respect to rated torque at rated voltage and rated voltage (RMS) and frequency to obtain the maximum
frequency. Neglect the stator resistance and rotational torque at starting will be: [2008]
losses. The value of slip for maximum torque i [2007] (a) 20.6 V, 2.7 Hz (b) 133.3 V, 16.7 Hz
(a) 13.48% (b) 16.24% (c) 266.6 V, 33.3 Hz (d) 323.3 V, 40.3 Hz
(c) 18.92% (d) 26.79%
Common Data for Questions 63 and 64:
Common Data for Questions 57, 58, 59: A 3-phase, 440 V, 50 Hz, 4-pole, slip ring induction motor is
A three phase squirrel cage induction motor has a starting fed from the rotor side through an autotransformer and
current of seven times the full load current and full load the stator is connected to a variable resistance as shown in
slip of 5%. the figure.
57. If an autotransformer is used for reduced voltage

starting to provide 1.5 per unit starting torque, the
autotransformer ratio (%) should be [2007]
(a) 57.77% (b) 72.56%
(c) 78.25% (d) 81.33%
58. If a star-delta starter is used to start this induction

motor, the per unit starting torque will be [2007]
(a) 0.607 (b) 0.816
The motor is coupled to a 220V, separately excited, dc
(c) 1.225 (d) 1.616
generator feeding power to fixed resistance of10. Two-
59. If a starting torque of 0.5 per unit is required then the wattmeter method is used to measure the input power to
per unit starting current should be [2007] induction motor. The variable resistance is adjusted such
(a) 4.65 (b) 3.75 that the motor runs at 1410 rpm and the following
(c) 3.16 (d) 2.13 readings were recorded:
W1 = 1800 W, W2 = −200 W

Electrical Machines
63. The speed of rotation of stator magnetic field with (a) rotates clockwise
respect to rotor structure will be [2008] (b) rotates anticlockwise
(a) 90 rpm in the direction of rotation (c) does not rotate
(b) 90 rpm in the opposite direction of rotation (d) rotates momentarily and comes to a halt
(c) 1500 rpm in the direction of rotation
(d) 1500 rpm in the opposite direction of rotation 67. A balanced three-phase voltage is applied to a star-
connected induction motor, the phase to neutral voltage
64. Neglecting all losses of both the machines, the dc being V. The stator resistance, rotor resistance referred to
generator power output and the current through resistance the stator. Stator leakage reactance, rotor leakage
(R ) will respectively be
ex [2008]
reactance referred to the stator and the magnetizing
reactance are denoted by rs − rr − xs − xr and Xm
(a) 96 W, 3.10 A (b) 120 W, 3.46 A
respectively. The magnitude of the starting current of the
(c) 1504 W, 12.26 A (d) 1880W, 13.71 A
motor is given by: [2010]
65. A 3-phase squirrel cage induction motor supplied from V V

(a) (b)
a balanced 3-phase source drives a mechanical load. The
(r + r ) + ( x ) r 2 + ( xr + xm )
2 2 2

+ xr
torque-speed characteristics of the motor (solid curve) and s r s
1
of the load (dotted curve) are shown. Of the two V V
equilibrium points A and B. which of the following options (c) (d)
(r + rr) ( xm + xr ) rs2 + ( Xm + xr )
2 2 2
correctly describes the stability of A and B? [2009] x
68. A separately excited dc machine is coupled to a 50Hz,

three-phase. 4-pole induction machine as shown in the
figure. The dc machine is energized first and the machines
rotate at 1600rpm. Subsequently the induction machine is
also connected to a 50Hz, three-phase source, the phase
sequence being consistent with the direction of rotation, in
steady state. [2010]
(a) A is stable B is unstable

(b) A is unstable B is stable
(c) Both are stable
(d) Both are unstable
66. A 220V, 50 Hz, single-phase induction motor has the (a) Both machines act as generators.
following connection diagram and winding orientations (b) The dc machine act as generators, and the induction
shown. MM’ is the axis of the main stator winding (M1M2) machine acts as a motor
and AA' is that of the auxiliary winding (A1, A2). Directions (c) The dc machine act as motor, and the induction
of the winding axes indicate direction of .flux when currents machine acts as a generator
in the windings are in the directions shown. Parameters of (d) Both machines act as motors.
each winding are indicated. When switch S is closed, the
motor. [2009] 69. A three-phase 440V, 6pole, 50Hz, squirrel cage
induction motor is running at a slip of 5%. The speed of
stator magnetic field with respect to rotor magnetic field
and speed of rotor with respect to state magnetic field are
[2011]
(a) zero, -5rpm (b) zero, 955rpm
(c) 1000rpm, -5rpm (d) 1000rpm, 955rpm
70. The slip of an induction motor normally does not

depend on [2012]
(a) rotor speed (b) synchronous speed
(c) shaft torque (d) core-loss component

Electrical Machines
71. A two-phase load draws the following phase currents: (a) f1, f2 > 50Hz and f1 > f2
i1 ( t ) = Im sin ( t − 1 ) , i2 ( t ) = Im cos ( t − 2 ) . These (b) f1 < 50Hz and f2 > 50 Hz
currents are balanced if 1 is equal to [2012] (c) f1, f2 < 50Hz and f2 > f1
(a) −2 (b) 2 (d) f1 > 50Hz and f2 > 50 Hz
(c) ( / 2 −  )
2 (d) ( / 2 +  )2
78. In a constant V/f control of induction motor, the ratio
V/f is maintained constant from 0 to base frequency, where
72. The blocked rotor current in a 3-phase, star connected V is the voltage applied to the motor at fundamental
15kW, 4-pole, 230V, 50Hz induction motor at rated frequency f. Which of the following statements relating to
conditions is 50A. Neglecting losses and magnetizing low frequency operating of the motor is TRUE? [2014-02]
current, the approximate blocked rotor line current drawn (a) At low frequency, the stator flux increases from its rated
when the motor is connected to a 236V, 57Hz supply is value.
[2012] (b) At low frequency, the stator flux decreases from its
(a) 58.5A (b) 45.0A rated value.
(c) 42.7A (d) 55.6A (c) At low frequency, the motor saturates.
(d) At low frequency, the stator flux remains unchanged at
73. Leakage flux in an induction motor is [2013] its rated value.
(a) Flux that leaks through the machine
(b) Flux that links both stator and rotor windings 79. A three-phase slip-ring induction motor, provided with
a commutator winding, is shown in the figure. The motor
(c) Flux that links none of the windings
rotates in clockwise direction when the rotor windings are
(d) Flux that links the stator winding or the rotor winding closed. [2014-02]
but not both
74. A 4-pole induction motor, supplied by a slightly

unbalanced three-phase 50Hz source, is rotating at
1440rpm. The electrical frequency in Hz of the induced
negative sequence current in the rotor is [2013]
(a) 100 (b) 98
(c) 52 (d) 48 If the rotor winding is open circuited and the system is
made to run a rotational speed f with the help of prime-
75. An 8 – pole, 3 – phase, 50Hz induction motor is r
operating at a speed of 700rpm. The frequency of the rotor mover in anti-clockwise direction, then the frequency of
current of the motor in Hz is ___________________. [2014-01] f and frequency of voltage
voltage across slip rings is
1
76. A 3 phase, 50Hz, six pole induction motor has a rotor across commutator brushes is f . The values of f and f
2 1 2
resistance of 0.1 and reactance of 0.92 . Neglect the
respectively are
voltage drop in stator and assume that the rotor resistance
is constant.
(a) f + f and f (b) f − f and f
Given that the full load slip of 3%, the ratio of maximum r r
torque to full load torque is [2014-01] (c) f − f and f + f (d) f + f and f − f
(a) 1.567 (b) 1.712 r r r r
(c) 1.948 (d) 2.134
80. A single phase induction motor is provided with
77. A three-phase, 4-pole, self-excited induction generator capacitor and centrifugal switch in series with auxiliary
is feeding power to a load at a frequency f1. If the load is winding. The switch is expected to operate at a speed of
partially removed, the frequency becomes f2. If the speed 0.7Ns, but due to malfunctioning the switch fails to
of the generator is maintained at 1500 rpm in both the operate. The torque-speed characteristics of the motor is
cases, then [2014-02] represented by [2014-03]

Electrical Machines
82. A 3 – phase 50 Hz square wave (6-step) VSI feeds a 3 –

phase, 4 pole induction motor. The VSI line voltage has a
dominant 5th harmonic component. If the operating slip of
the motor with respect to fundamental component
voltages is 0.04, the slip of the motor with respect to 5th
harmonic component of voltage is __________________.
(a)
[2015-01]
83. The figure shows the per-phase equivalent circuit of a

two-pole three-phase induction motor operating at 50 Hz.
The “air-gap” voltage, V across the magnetizing
g
inductance, is 210 V rms, and the slip, s, is 0.05. The torque
(in Nm) produced by the motor is __________. [2015-02]
(b)
84. A 220 V, 3-phase, 4-pole, 50 Hz inductor motor of

wound rotor type is supplied at rated voltage and
frequency. The stator resistance, magnetizing reactance,
(c) and core loss are negligible. The maximum torque
produced by the rotor is 225% of full load torque and it
occurs at 15% slip. The actual rotor resistance is 0.03
 / phase . The value of external resistance (in Ohm)
which must be inserted in a rotor phase if the maximum
torque is to occur at start is______. [2015-02]
85. In a constant V/f induction motor drive, the slip at the

(d) maximum torque [2016-01]
(a) is directly proportional to the synchronous speed.
(b) remains constant with respect to the synchronous
speed.
81. The torque-speed characteristics of motor ( TM ) and
(c) has an inverse relation with the synchronous speed.
load ( TL ) for two cases are shown in the figures ((a) and (d) has no relation with the synchronous speed.
((b). The load torque is equal to motor torque at points P,
86. Consider a system consisting of a synchronous
Q, R and S
generator working at a lagging power factor, a
synchronous motor working at an overexcited condition
and a directly grid-connected induction generator.
Consider capacitive VAr to be a source and inductive VAr to
be a sink of reactive power. Which one of the following
statements is TRUE? [2016-01]
(a) Synchronous motor and synchronous generator are

sources and induction generator is a sink of reactive power.
The stable operating points are [2014-03]
(b) Synchronous motor and induction generator are
(a) P and R (b) P and S
sources and synchronous generator is a sink of reactive
(c) Q and R (d) Q and S
power.

Electrical Machines
(c) Synchronous motor is a source and induction generator 93. The equivalent circuit of a single phase induction motor
and synchronous generator are sinks of reactive power. is shown in the figure, where the parameters are
(d) All are sources of reactive power. R1 = R2 = Xl1 = Xl2 = 12 XM = 240 and S is the slip. At
no-load, the motor speed can be approximated to be the
87. The direction of rotation of a single-phase capacitor run
synchronous speed. The no-load lagging power factor of
induction motor is reversed by [2016-02]
the motor is ________ (up to 3 decimal places). [2018]
(a) interchanging the terminals of the AC supply
(b) interchanging the terminals of the capacitor.
(c) interchanging the terminals of the auxiliary winding
(d) interchanging the terminals of both the windings.
88. The starting line current of a 415V, 3-phase, delta

connected induction motor is 120A. When the rated
voltage is applied to its stator winding. The starting line
current at a reduced voltage of 110V, in ampere, is
______________. [2016-02]
89. A 4 pole induction machine is working as an induction

generator. The generator supply frequency is 60 Hz. The
rotor current frequency is 5 Hz. The mechanical speed of 94. The parameter of an equivalent circuit of a three-phase
the rotor in RPM is [2017-01] induction motor affected by reducing the rms value of the
(a) 1350 (b) 1650 supply voltage at the rated frequency is [2019]
(c) 1950 (d) 2250 (a) Rotor leakage reactance
(b) Magnetizing reactance
90. A 375 W, 230 V, 50 Hz, capacitor start single-phase (c) Rotor resistance
induction motor has the following constants for the main (d) Stator resistance
and auxiliary windings (at starting):
Zm = (12.50 + j15.75)  (main winding), 95. A delta connected 3.7kW, 400V (line), three phase, 4-
pole, 50-Hz squirrel-cage induction motor has following
Za = (24.50 + j12.75)  (auxiliary winding). Neglecting
equivalent circuit parameters per phase referred to the
the magnetizing branch, the value of the capacitance stator:
(in  F) to be added in series with the auxiliary winding to R1 = 5.39 , R2 = 5.72 , X1 = X2 = 8.22
obtain maximum torque at starting is _____________. Neglect shunt branch in the equivalent circuit. The starting
[2017-01] line current in amperes (round off to two decimal places)
when it is connected to 100V (line), 10Hz, three-phase AC
91. A 3-phase, 4-pole, 400 V, 50 Hz squirrel-cage induction source is ___________. [2019]
motor is operating at a slip of 0.02. The speed of the rotor
flux in mechanical rad/sec, sensed by a stationary observer, 96. A three-phase, 50 Hz, 4-pole induction motor runs at
is closest to [2017-02] no-load with a slip of 1 %. With full load, the slip increases
(a) 1500 (b) 1470 to 5 %. The % speed regulation of the motor (rounded off
(c) 157 (d) 154 to 2 decimal places) is ____________ [2020]
92. A star-connected, 12.5kW, 208 V (line), 3-phase, 60 Hz 97. Consider the table given:
squirrel cage induction motor has following equivalent
circuit parameters per phase referred to the stator: Constructional Machine type Mitigation
R1 = 0.3 , R2 = 0.3 , X1 = 0.41 , X2 = 0.41 . Neglect feature
shunt branch in the equivalent circuit. The starting current (P) Damper bars (S) Induction (X) Hunting
(in Ampere) for this motor motor
(Q) Skewed rotor (T) Transformer (Y) Magnetic
when connected to an 80 V (line), 20 Hz, 3-phase AC source slots locking
is ___________. [2017-02] (R) Compensating (U) Synchronous (Z) Armature
winding machine reaction
(V) DC machine

Electrical Machines
The correct combination that relates the constructional 103. A 3-phase, 415 V, 50 Hz induction motor draws 5
feature, machine type and mitigation is [2021] times the rated current at rated voltage at starting. It is
(a) P-V-X, Q-U-Z, R-T-Y required to bring down the starting current from the supply
(b) P-U-X, Q-S-Y, R-V-Z to 2 times of the rated current using a 3-phase
(c) P-T-Y, Q-V-Z, R-S-X autotransformer. If the magnetizing impedance of the
(d) P-U-X, Q-V-Y, R-T-Z induction motor and no load current of the
autotransformer is neglected, then the transformation ratio
98. The power input to a 500 V, 50 Hz, 6-pole. 3-phase of the autotransformer is given by ……………….. (round off to
induction motor running at 975 RPM is 40 kW. The total two decimal places). [2022]
stator losses are 1 kW. If the total friction and windage
losses are 2.025 kW. then the efficiency is __________ %. 104. The following columns present various modes of
[2021] induction machine operation and the ranges of slip
(A)
99. An 8-pole, 50 Hz. three-phase, slip-ring induction Mode of Operation
motor has an effective rotor resistance of 0.08 Ω per phase. (a) Running in generator mode
Its speed at maximum torque is 650 RPM. The additional (b) Running in motor mode
resistance per phase that must be inserted in the rotor to (c) Plugging in motor mode
achieve maximum torque at start is …………… Ω. (Round off (B)
to 2 decimal places.) Range of Slip
Neglect magnetizing current and stator leakage (p) From 0.0 to 1.0
impedance. Consider equivalent circuit parameters referred (q) From 1.0 to 2.0
to stator. [2021] (r) From –1.0 to 0.0
The correct matching between the elements in column A
100. The type of single-phase induction motor, expected to with those of column B is [2023]
have the maximum power factor during steady state (a) a-r, b-p, and c-q
running condition, is (b) a-r, b-q, and c-p
(a) split phase (resistance start) (c) a-p, b-r, and c-q
(b) shaded pole. (d) a-q, b-p, and c-r
(c) capacitor start.
(d) capacitor start, capacitor run. [2022] 105. A 10-pole, 50 Hz, 240 V, single phase induction motor
runs at 540RPM while driving rated load. The frequency of
101. The frequencies of the stator and rotor currents induced rotor currents due to backward field is [2023]
flowing in a three-phase 8-pole induction motor are 40 Hz (a) 100 Hz (b) 95 Hz
and 1 Hz, respectively. The motor speed, in rpm, is _________ (c) 10 Hz (d) 5 Hz
(round off to nearest integer). [2022]
106. A three phase 415 V, 50 Hz, 6-pole, 960 RPM, 4 HP
102. A 4-pole induction motor with inertia of 0.1 kgm2 squirrel cage induction motor drives a constant torque load
drives a constant load torque of 2 Nm. The speed of the at rated speed operating from rated supply and delivering
motor is increased linearly from 1000 rpm to 1500 rpm in 4 rated output. If the supply voltage and frequency are
seconds as shown in the figure below. Neglect losses in the reduced by 20%, the resultant speed of the motor in RPM
motor. The energy, in joules, consumed by the motor (neglecting the stator leakage impedance and rotational
during the speed change is ……… (round off to nearest losses) is (Round off to the nearest integer). [2023]
integer). [2022]

Electrical Machines
Solutions
01. Ans: (b, d)
Solution:
Deep-bar rotor: During starting, frequency of induced current in rotor is very high. As a result, the deep bars offer great
opposition to flow of current and hence the rotor current is forced to flow in the outer bars. So, effective cross-sectional
area reduces and hence, resistance of rotor increases resulting in a higher starting torque. As the rotor speeds up, the
frequency of induced current keeps on decreasing and rotor current eventually spreads out uniformly throughout the rotor
making sure resistance during running condition is less.
In a double cage rotor, we have an inner cage and an outer cage. During starting, due to high frequency of induced
current, reactance of inner cage will be high.
So at starting, current flows through high resistance outer-cage increasing the starting torque and during running
condition when the rotor speeds up, the frequency decreases and reactance of inner cage becomes less and current flows
through it resulting in a higher efficiency.
In order to choose one out of the two options D should be preferred.
02. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Given, 6 pole, 3 −  induction frequency converter, input frequency is 60Hz.
The machine is nothing but an induction machine as an induction machine converts input supply frequency to slip
frequency (i.e., induced in rotor)
fr = sfs ; P=6
120  60
NS (Synchronous speed) = = 1200 rpm
6
Given, rotor speed Nr = 3000 rpm
For any electric machine, rotor magnetic field & stator magnetic field must be stationary with respect to each other, for
uni-directional torque.
So, speed of rotor field with respect to space= Speed of stator field with respect to space
Case-I: Both fields are rotating in same direction as rotor
3000 − (N)rotor field = 1200 rpm
(N) rotor field

= 1800rpm [With respect to rotor structure]
120  frotor 1800  6

= 1800 , frotor = = 90Hz
6 120
[Stator & rotor must have same number of poles for uni-directional torque]
In previous case, we had induction machine working as generator. This was because (N r
 NS ) , (Slip was negative)
Case-2
If both fields rotate opposite to rotor then, speed of rotor field with respect to stationary air-gap
 ( N) − 3000  =Stator field speed in air gap= 1200rpm
 rotor field 
(N) rotor field
= 4200rpm (Breaking operation, s>1)
120  frotor field

= 4200rpm
P
4200  6
fr = = 210Hz
120
fr = 210Hz

Electrical Machines
03. Ans: (5.377)

Solution:
When connected in star, the starting torque was less than when connected in delta due to less phase voltage in ‘Y’ for the
same value of line voltage. Hence, T  TY
But if TY = T , that means phase voltage in delta reduced due to voltage drop in feeder resistance.
Now TY = T , so on per phase basis
j 1
 I22 .R 2 =  I2 .R
s  s 2 2
(Y) ()
That gives I2 = I2
Here, both currents are phase currents.
Now
R eq (Referred to stator) = 1 + 1.4 = 2.4
X eq (Referred to stator) = 4.5 + 4.5 = 9
400 3
I2 =
(R + 2.4 ) + 81
2
C
Now when connected in delta
Δ-Y
Conversion
400
3
( )
So, I2
Y
=
2
 2.4 
RC +  +9
 3 
This is the line current in equivalent star of delta connection. So, per phase current would be
( I2 )Y = I
2
3
400 1
 400
3 3 3
 I2 = =
2 2
 2.4   2.4 
RC +  +9 RC +  +9
 3   3 
400 400
As derived earlier, I2 = I2 ; 3 = 3
(R + 2.4 ) + 81
2 2
 2.4 
RC +  +9
C
 3 
2
 2.4 
 − (R C + 2.4 ) = 54
2
3 RC +
 3 
2R2C = 57.84 ; RC = 5.377

Electrical Machines
04. Ans: (a)

Solution:
This is the case of Inverted Induction Motor. When the three phase supply is connected to rotor terminals a rotating
magnetic field is set up which rotates at synchronous speed with respect to rotor.
This field cuts the stator conductors and induces an emf and causes current to flow due to short-circuiting. To reduce the
relative speed between stator conductors and magnetic field the rotor rotates in opposite speed and the speed of
magnetic field reduces to slip speed.
Hence, the frequency of emf induced in stator is slip frequency.
05. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Say we have 5th induced EMF harmonic in slot conductors, then if we keep a particular skew angle, then induced EMF due
to that harmonic can be eliminated.
 → Skew angle
Induced EMF within the span AOB can be eliminated using the given skew angle.
06. Ans: (False)

Solution:
The 3 −  induction motor is connected to a fan type load or pump type load. Now, if one line gets disconnected, it will
keep running but as a single phase induction motor. The torque will reduce (because now, the torque will be proportional
to V2 instead of 3V2) and hence the speed will also reduce. Therefore, motor won’t stop but will keep running at lower
speed.
07. Ans: (Generating)

Solution:
Synchronous speed
120  50
NS = = 1000rpm
6
Given Nr = 1400rpm
Nr  NS
Slip s<0 → negative
So, induction machine is working in generating mode.
08. Ans: (Proportionally)

Solution:
In variable frequency induction motor drive voltage and frequency must be linearly varied to keep air gap flux constant.
V E = 4.44fNphK w [Neglecting stator drop]
V

f
09. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Here the 3- Induction motor is acting as a load to the 3- transformer, so when one of the unit of the bank is removed
due to fault, then connection of T/f is an “open – delta” or “V-V-Connection”, which supplies (57.7% of its rating to the
load in balanced form).

Electrical Machines
10. Ans: 4
Solution:
Speed of Induction motor (Nr) = 1250 rpm.
Input supply frequency = 50 Hz
120  f 6000
Synchronous speed, Ns = =
P P
The nearest synchronous speed to the rotor speed with even number of poles is 1500rpm which is obtained with 4 poles.
Hence, P = 4
11. Ans: a – R, b – U, c – P, d – S, e – Q
Solution:
(a) Speed-Torque Characteristics of Induction Motor is the inverse of Torque-Speed Characteristics and it is depicted in
Curve-R.
(b) In DC series Motor, T  I 2a at low values of armature current and for high values the machine saturates so the torque
varies linearly with current T  I a . Curve, U is the closest approximation to this behavior.
(c) Under No-Load, the current drawn by the motor is magnetizing and core loss current. With increase in voltage and
constant frequency the flux increases linearly with voltage and thus the magnetizing as well as core loss current increases.
But magnetizing current dominates over core loss component so power factor reduces. Curve-P is most appropriate.
(d) When DC voltage is applied, the mmf produced is stationery in space and it cuts the rotor conductors and induces emf
and produces braking torque. At zero relative speed, the emf induces is zero and there is zero braking torque. Hence,
curve-S depicts the variation.
(e) Curve-Q is a standard Variation of Speed vs Torque in a DC Series Motor.
12. Ans: 53.7

Solution:
f = 50 HZ, P = 4,
120  50
Ns = = 1500 rpm
4
Given speed, N = 1490 rpm
1500 − 1490
Original Slip, s1 = = 0.67%.
1500
New speed N2 = 1600 rpm.
Under Running Condition approximately,
Torque developed  s.V2
T
So, s  ,
V2
If Torque and applied voltage are Constant the slip is Constant.
N2 1600
So, Ns = = = 1610.7 rpm.
2
1−s 0.67
1−
100
Ns  P 1610.7  4
(f )
2 new =
120
2
=
120
= 53.7 Hz
13. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Any unbalanced set of vectors or phasors can be resolved into two sets of balanced components and one set of co-phasal
component.
So if a 3 −  source is unbalanced, then it must have two sets of balanced components i.e., positive and negative sequence
components.

Electrical Machines
Presence of co-phasal component (i.e. zero sequence component) depends on presence of return path also, so it may not
be present necessarily, but negative sequence component will always be there.
14. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Maximum torque in an induction motor is proportional to square of supply voltage
T  V2
V → 0.9V
T  0.81V2
T2  0.8T1
So maximum torque reduces approximately by 20%
15. Ans: (a)

Solution:
In case of delta connection, the line voltage appears across the rotor but in case of star connection phase voltage
V
Vp = L appears across the rotor.
3
Starting Current in Star, ( I ) = VL
st Y
3Z sc
VL
Starting Current in Delta, ( Ist ) =
 Z sc
Tst  ( Ist )
2
(T )
st Y  1 
= 
2
(T )
st   3
1
(T )
st Y
=
3
 120 = 40N − m
16. Ans: (a)

Solution:
The two windings in split phase motor are so
designed that starting winding has high resistance
and relatively small reactance while the main
winding ‘M’ has relatively low resistance and large reactance.
Hence the currents in the two windings have reasonable phase difference of around 300.
17. Ans: (c), (d)

Solution:
M.M.F
We know  =
R
So if reluctance increases due to increase in air-gap, M.M.F must increase to keep the flux same, i.e., ‘ N0im ’ or magnetizing
current from supply must increase.
So increase in magnetizing current causes decrease in power-factor at stator input side
Further as reactance of air-gap has increased and flux is constant, so current or flux through magnetic part must increase
(i.e., Leakage flux increases).
Leakage Flux is represented by Leakage Reactance X2 in Induction Motor. So, increase in leakage flux increases leakage
reactance.
1
Now Tmax 
X2

Electrical Machines
So, as leakage reactance increases, maximum torque reduces.
18. Ans: (a-T, b-P, c-Q)

Solution:
(a) For any electrical machine, the efficiency increases with increase in load and becomes maximum at a certain load and
then reduces till the rated load. At zero current the output power is zero so efficiency is zero. Hence, curve must start from
origin.
Curve-V correctly represents this variation.
(b) With decrease in speed the slip increases which reduces the effective rotor impedance,
2
R 
Zr =  2  + X 22
 s 
Due to increase in rotor impedance the rotor current would reduce.
At high speed, i.e. at low slip I = V = V

sV
Zr 2
 R2  R2
  + X2
2
 s 
So, current is less at low slip.
Hence, current would increase with decrease in speed. Curve-1 correctly depicts this behavior.
(c) Rotor Power Factor angle is given by,  = tan−1  sX 2 

 
R 
 2 
At high speeds and low slip the power factor angle is small and power factor is close to unity. But as speed reduces the slip
increases which increases the power factor angle and thus the power factor reduces.
Curve-II correctly represents this behavior.
1 1
T  cos ,N  N
T cos 
(a – T, b – P, c – Q)
19. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Speed of the induction machine is greater synchronous speed
i.e., (Nr
 Ns )
So, slip is negative
N − Nr
s= s 0
Ns
So, induction machine is working as a generator.
20. Ans: (240V, 800 rpm)

Solution:
Given, 3 −  , 20kW, 400V, 1470rpm, 50Hz
Since, synchronous speed is not given we will assume the nearest possible synchronous speed i.e. 1500 rpm (for 4 poles)
Now, for constant air gap flux,
V1 V2
=
f1 f2
f2 30
V2 = V1 =  400 = 240V
f1 50

Electrical Machines
1500 − 1400 1
Slip, s1 = =
1500 15
Now, torque produced in any machine  I [  → Air gap flux]
T  I &  = Constant
Therefore, current will remain the same for torque to be same.
3 2 R2 3 2 R2
I = I
s1 2 s1 s2 2 s2
s1s1 = s2s2 [Constant slip speed]

 
s2 =  s1  s1
 s2 
f  50 1 1
s2 =  1   s1 =  =
f
 2 30 15 9
120  30 8
N2 = Ns2 (1 − s2 ) = 
4 9
N2 = 800rpm
21. Ans: (0.4652, 0.4432)

Solution:
Since, the stator connection is not given, it is assumed that stator is delta connected which is practically used.
50  108
I fl = = 72.17A
3  400
Now due to the auto transformer input voltage to IM is x.V [Where ‘x’ is the tapping ratio]
Now input & output of autotransformer must always be same

Per phase input voltage xV
xISC = =
impedance perphase 3Z
Z=Short circuit impedance
400 400
ISC = = = 461.89A
Zph 0.866
Given line current across auto transformer required=100 A
So, per phase input kVA to auto transformer =  V   100

 3
Output kVA per phase of auto-transformer =  x V  ( xI )

SC
 3
Input KVA must be same as Output KVA

Electrical Machines
 V   V 
   100 =  x  ( xISC )
 3  3
100 100
x2 = = = 0.2165
ISC 461.89
x 0.4652
2
Tst I   461.9 
= x2 .  SC  .sfl = ( 0.4652 )  
2
Now   0.05 = 0.4432
Tfl  Ifl   72.17 
22. Ans: (d)

Solution:
( ) fl
= 0.8
( ) max
= 0.9
s = 0.6
As fixed losses are not given, so nothing can be said about the efficiency of the machine at given operating point (data is
insufficient)
23. Ans: (a)-(Q), (b)-(P), (c)-(S)

Solution:
(a) No-load & blocked rotor tests are conducted for induction machine to calculate the equivalent circuit parameters. No
load test is used to calculate shunt branch parameters and blocked rotor test is used to calculate series parameters.
(b) Sumpner’s test is used for transformer to determine the maximum temperature rise in transformers.
(c) Swinburne’s test is used in a DC machine to calculate no-load losses of the machine.
24. Ans: (0.334)

Solution:
Given, 50 hp, 6 pole, 50Hz slip-ring IM, (N ) fl
= 960rpm
(I )
2 fl
= 40A , (Pcu )
rotor
= 300W , (P )mech = 1200W
120  50
NS = = 1000rpm
6
NS − Nr 1000 − 960
s= = = 0.04
NS 1000
Pd = Pg ( )
− (Pcu )rotor = Pg − sPg = 1 − s Pg [ Pg → air-gap power, Pd → Developed power]
Now,
PShaft = 50  746 = 37.3kW
Pd = Pshaft + Pmech = 37.3 + 1.2 = 38.5kW
38500 38500
Pg = =
(1 − 0.04 ) 0.96
Prcu = sPg = 3I22R 2 + 300
38500
0.04  = 3I22R 2 + 300
0.96
1304.167
R2 = = 0.27 / phase
3  ( 40 )
2

Electrical Machines
25. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Tst  Im .Ia sin 
By connecting identical main and auxiliary windings, we can’t create a phase displacement between currents in the two
windings, which is required to get unidirectional torque.
Hence, to create phase displacement between the currents we need to connect a capacitor in series with the auxiliary
winding.
26. Ans: (c)

Solution:
In case of series inductor method of starting, if the applied voltage is reduced by a fraction of ‘x’ (x < 1), then current
drawn by motor reduces by ‘x’, whereas starting torque is reduced by a factor of ‘x2’. Here, reduction in starting Torque is
more as compared to reduction in the line current drawn by the motor. In other methods, the both the current and
starting torque get reduced by the same amount.
27. Ans: (6.8972, 0.3489)

Solution:
Rating: 3kW, 400V 200V ,  − Y,50Hz
During blocked rotor condition,
Slip, s = 1
120  f 2
s =  = 104.72 rad sec
P 60
400
Turns ratio = = 2 3 :1
200
3
Rotor Parameters referred to stator are,
( )
2
R2 = a2R 2 = 2 3 R 2 = 12R 2
X2 = a2 X2 = 12X2
The Induction Motor Circuit referred to Stator is shown below,
Req = R1 + 12R2
X eq = X1 + 12X 2
Since, the current drawn has a pf of 0.4
X
tan cos−1 ( 0.4 )  = eq
R eq
X 2eq = 5.25 R eq
2
............. (1 )
400
Input impedance, Z =
25 / 3
( 27.71)
2
= R 2eq + X eq
2
From (1),
27.712
R 2eq = = 122.85
6.25
R eq = R1 + 12R 2 = 11.084 ............ ( 2 )
Torque Developed can be computed as Air-Gap Power divided by the Synchronous Speed.
T = 25N − m

Electrical Machines
3
( Is ) 12R 2 = 25
2
s
2
3  25 
  .12R 2 = 25
104.67  3 
R 2 = 0.3489 
From (2) R1 = 6.8972 
28. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Number of Rotor Poles must be same as Number of Stator Poles for the production of steady torque.
Hence, number of rotor poles = 4
Number of rotor slots 28
Number of rotor phases = = =7
Number of rotor poles 4
29. Ans: (b)

Solution:
120  50
Synchronous Speed, NS = = 1000rpm
6
NS − Nr 1000 − 975
Slip, s = = = 0.025
Nr 1000
1000 − 975
s= = 0.025
1000
Power Output or Developed Power by motor = (1 − s )P [ P → Air-gap power]
g g
Air-gap power= Input power- Stator Cu-loss

Pg = Pi/p − (Pcu )stator
Pg = 40 − 1 = 39kW
Developed Power, Pd = (1 − s ) Pg = (1 − 0.025 )  39 = 38.025kW
PShaft = Pdev − Pfriction = ( 38.025 − 2 ) = 36.025kW

Po/p 36.025
So,  =  100 =  100 = 90%
Pi/p 40
30. Ans: (d)

Solution:
It is given that output power, or developed power is 'P0' . So air-gap power is given by
Pg (1 − s ) = P0
P0
Air Gap Power, Pg =
1−s
Rotor Copper Losses can be recovered at the slip ring terminals and can be used to drive another Induction Motor in
cascade.
sP0
Pcu = sPg =
1−s

Electrical Machines
31. Ans: 1100.7 rpm

Solution:
120  60
Rated Synchronous Speed, Ns1 = = 1200 rpm
6
1200 − 1175 1
Rated Slip, s 1 = =
1200 48
At high speeds, the developed torque in the machine can be approximated as,
3 sVph
2
T dev =
s R 2
Synchronous Speed, s  f
Hence, 6% drop in frequency causes 6% drop in synchronous speed.
s2 f2
= = 0.94
s1 f1
Due to 10% drop in voltage
V2
= 0.90
V1
Since, T 2 = T1
3 s2 V2 3 s1 V1
2 2
=
s2 R 2 s1 R 2
2 2
 V  1  1 
Hence, s2 = s1 s2  1  =  0.94    = 0.0242
 
s1  V2  48  0.9 
New Synchronous Speed, Ns2 = 0.94Ns1 = 0.94  1200 = 1128 rpm
Rotor Speed, N2 = Ns2 (1 − s2 ) = 1128  (1 − 0.0242 ) = 1100.7 rpm
32. Ans: (a)

Solution:
For the produced in any electrical machine is proportional to product of average air gap flux and rotor current armature
current
T  I2
Since in both case motor draws rated current from supply hence 'I 2' is constant
So, T    v
f
So, T  1 for constant supply voltage
f
So, for 75Hz 400V supply torque developed will be less compared to 50Hz, 400V supply
33. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Since, stator and rotor are wound for different number of poles then unidirectional torque cannot be developed. Hence,
Torque is oscillating in nature and does not let the motor rotate so steady state speed is 0.
34. Ans: (1040 rpm, 199.48N –1)

Solution:
Equivalent circuit of induction motor referred to stator is shown below,

Electrical Machines
120  50
Ns = = 1000rpm
6
1000 − 960
s= = 0.04
1000
440
Stator Current, Ir =
2
 R 
3  R1 + 1  + ( x1 + x2 )
2
 s 
440
Ir = = 30.447A
2
 0.3 
3  0.6 +  +2
2
 0.04 
Developed Torque,
180 R 180 0.3
 ( Ir )  2 =  ( 30.47 ) 
2 2
T=
2  Ns s 2  1000 0.04
T = 199.48N − m
If the machine is running above rated speed with same stator current, then its is working as Induction Generator with
negative slip of same magnitude.
s = −0.04
N = 1000 (1 + 0.04 ) = 1040rpm
Developed torque by induction machine when it is running at a speed higher than its rated speed:-
440
Ir ' = = 35.361 A
2
 0.3 
3  0.6 −  +2
2
 0.04 
180 0.3
 ( 35.361 ) 
2
Developed torque T = = 268.66 N-m
2  1000 0.04
35. Ans: (c)
Solution:
Rated Synchronous Speed should be nearest to rated speed = 3000 rpm
3000 − 2850
Rated Slip of the Motor is, sfl = = 0.05
3000
sfl
At half the rated slip, s = = 0.025
2
40
At 40Hz frequency the synchronous speed will be, Ns = 3000  = 2400 rpm
50
Speed of Induction Motor,
40
Nr = Ns (1 − s ) = 2400  (1 − 0.025 ) = 2400  0.975 = = 2340 rpm
50
36. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Power input at no-load (P ) provided losses only as the shaft output is zero. Those losses comprise of Iron Loss
0
( Pi ) and Friction and Windage Losses Pwf .

As the voltage is reduced below rated value, the core losses
decreases as the square of voltages.
Since the slip doesn’t change significantly the friction & windage

Electrical Machines
losses remain almost constant.

Extrapolated plot at V = 0 ,gives Pwf as Pi = 0 at zero voltage.
37. Ans: (a)

Solution:
• In DC machine field winding is provided at stator and armature winding is provided on rotor. Stator has poles and
rotor has commutator to convert AC quantity into DC.
• In synchronous machine, it is difficult to provide armature on rotor because of factors like insulation, number of slip
rings, high rating of armature. Therefore, armature is on stator & field on rotor. In Salient Pole Synchronous Machines,
rotor has salient poles while the stator is cylindrical.
• Induction machines are singly fed machine i.e., they draw excitation from same ac supply and hence both windings
have AC currents. In induction machine both stator & rotor windings have 3 −  distributed winding, such that both
RMF’s can interact and produce torque.
38. Ans: (b)

Solution:
V
Air Gap Flux,  
f
Since, voltage and frequency are both halved so the air gap flux remains constant.
Under Running condition, the torque can be approximated as,
3 sV
2
T=
s R2
Since, load torque is constant
3 s1 V1 3 s2 V2
2 2
=
s1 R2 s2 R2
s2 1
Since, frequency is halved, the synchronous speed is also halved =
s1 2
V2 1
Also, =
V1 2
Hence, s2 = s2 V1 = 1  4 = 2
2
s1 s1 V22 2
s2 = 2s1
Ns2 − Nr2 N − Nr1
= 2 s1
Ns2 Ns1
Ns2 1
Ns2 − Nr2 = 2 (Ns1 − Nr1 ) = 2 (Ns1 − Nr1 ) = (Ns1 − Nr1 )
Ns1 2
Hence, difference between synchronous and actual speed remains same.
Torque produced in any motor is given as
T  I2
Now as load torque is constant and flux is constant . So, I 2 has to be constant
So reflected component of I 2 in stator will remain same → I1
39. Ans: (b)

Solution:
In 1 −  IM, no RMF is produced field is pulsating in nature and can be taken as sum of two field rotating at Ns , opposite
to each other

Electrical Machines
Ns − Nr
Forward Slip, sf = =s
Ns
At Nr = Ns , rotor is stationary w.r.t forward field
So, forward slip is 0.
Ns + Nr Ns − ( −Nr ) 2Ns − (Ns − Nr )
Backward Slip, sb = = =
Ns Ns Ns
sb = 2 − s
At s = 0,sb = 2
So rotor current is produced at slip frequency w.r.t backward field.
40. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Capacitor run type Single phase induction motor has better running power factor and is more efficient that capacitor start
motor and has smoother operation i.e. it is less noisy.
41. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Reversing the phase sequence of currents in the winding of Induction Motor can reverse the direction of rotating magnetic
field. The rotor of Induction Motor rotates in the same direction as the rotating magnetic field and hence the direction of
rotor can also be reversed.
So, if clockwise rotation is produced by positive sequence A-B-C and anti-clockwise rotation would be produced by
applying negative phase sequence A-C-B.
42. Ans: (a)

Solution:
The schematic and phasor diagram of Capacitor start Induction Motor is shown below,
Due to series capacitor auxiliary circuit is capacitive and leading pf whereas due to inductor main winding circuit is lagging
pf.
Zm = ( 6 + j4 ) 
V 23000
Im = = = 81.89 − 33.70 Amp
Zm 6 + j4
Now starting capacitor should be connected in series with auxiliary winding, so net impedance produces 90 0 phase
difference. So, the phase of auxiliary current should be 90 − 33.7 = 56.30
Z a = 8 + j6 − j
C
1 − 6
tan−1  C  = 56.3
 8 
 

Electrical Machines
C = 176.84F
Alternatively, the direct formula for capacitive reactance can be memorized

RR
Xc = a m + Xa
Xm
43. Ans: (c)

Solution:
120  f 120  50
Synchronous Speed, NS = = = 1500rpm
P 4
Rotor Speed at Full Load = NS (1 − s ) = 1500 (1 − 0.04 ) = 1500  0.96 = 1440rpm
Output Power at full load = 15 kW
P 15000
Torque developed, T = = = 99.47N − m
r 2
 1440
60
44. Ans: (a)
Solution:
Slip is greater than 1 means it is operating in braking region of induction motor. In Braking Region, the magnetic field and
rotor rotate in opposite direction so that torque developed and speed are in opposite direction.
N −N
( s )motoring = sN r  1
s
Ns + Nr
(s)braking
=
Ns
1
45. Ans: (b)

Solution:
The power flowing from stator to rotor is through air gap is known as air gap power.
Air Gap Power = Pg
Rotor Copper Losses = sPg
Mechanical Power Developed = Pg − sPg = Pg (1 − s )

Pg (1 − s )
Ratio = =1−s
Pg
46. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Theoretically induced motor at no-load is assumed to be at nearly ‘Synchronous speed of the machine’. No-Load slip of
Induction Motor is nearly zero.
The equivalent circuit at no-load is,
Series Branch of Induction Motor can be neglected at No-Load.

V
I0 =  Z = (R C ) || ( jXm )  , if ‘V’ or supply voltage or ‘forcing function’ is reduced current has to reduce by the same
Z  
fraction.
But slip ‘s’ for the IM at no-load is nearly  0

Electrical Machines
So even if current reduces, there won’t be much noticeable change in speed as it is operating at no-load. Hence, we can
say unless frequency changes at no-load the speed will not change.
47. Ans: (b)

Solution:
R
Developed Toque in Induction Motor is, T = 3 .I22 2
s s
The ratio of starting to full load torque is given by,
(T) starting I 
 
2
=  st  .sfl
(T) full−load
 I
 fl 

In the above expression rotor current is replaced by stator current as ratio of rotor current and stator currents will be same.
I
Given, st = 6
I fl
(T) starting
= 36  0.04 = 1.44
(T) full−load
48. Ans: (b)

Solution:
In 1 −  , Induction Motor the total torque developed is given as
Ttotal = Tf − Tb
Tf → Torque due to forward field
Tb → Torque due to backward field
Im
2
R2  1 1 
Ttotal =  − 
2s  s 2 − s 
Ttotal  R2
Higher the total resistance, more is the total torque developed which results in quick acceleration.
49. Ans: (b)

Solution:
The resultant air-gap flux per pole is f  V ( f)
Hence to avoid saturation in stator & rotor cores which would cause sharp increase in magnetizing current. The flux f must
be kept constant to achieve this V must be kept constant.

f
3 V 2
Tmax = 
2s X 2
Synchronous Speed and Leakage reactance are both proportional to frequency. Hence,
2
V
Tmax  
f
Now say ‘f’ and ‘V’ are reduced keeping V ( f ) ratio constant. Then maximum torque also remains constant.
Hence both assertion & reason are true and [r] is the correct reason of [a].

Electrical Machines
50. Answer (b):

Solution:
By reversing main winding terminals, main field is reversed while auxiliary field is same so the torque is reversed. It is so
because torque depends on product of two fields and is proportional to sine of angle between them.
51. Ans: (d)

Solution:
While controlling the speed below rated speed, the frequency is reduced between 50Hz but V is kept constant.
f
Hence V  f
But to make the speed above rated speed
we increase the frequency above 50Hz but voltage cannot be increased
beyond rated voltage because of chances of insulation failure.
So V=Constant.
52. Ans: (c)

Solution:
For constant load torque in V control of induction motor
f
Ns − Nr = Constant
Initially at f = 50Hz
120  50
Ns1 = = 1500rpm
4
At f = 30Hz
120  30
Ns2 = = 900rpm
4
Ns1 − Nr1 = Ns2 − Nr2
1500 − 1440 = 900 − Nr2
Nr2 = 900 − 60 = 840rpm
53. Ans: (a)

Solution:
In approximate circuit model, Xm can be neglected
At starting s=1
2 R 2
3 Vph
T= s
s  R2 
2
2
 R 1 +  + ( X1 + X2 ) 
 s  
120  50
Ns = = 1500rpm
4
2
s =  1500 = 50 rad sec
60
2
 400 
3    0.5
 3
T= 
50  1 + 0.5 2 + 1.2 + 1.2 2 

( ) ( ) 
T = 63.6N − m

Electrical Machines
54. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Full load current of induction motor= 20A
Current in Blocked rotor test= 15A
( 15 )
2
Armature Cu loss at full load= 20  762
Pcu,FL = 1354.67W
Core loss at rated voltage= 1002 W
Total losses= 2356.67 W
Pout
=  100%
Pout + PLoss
10000
=  100% 81%
10000 + 2356.67
55. Ans: (a)

Solution:
At point A,
dTe dT
 0 whereas L  0
dn dn
dTe dTL
 , So A is stable
dn dn
At point B,
dTe dTL

dn dn
So B is unstable
At point C,
dTe dTL

dn dn
So, C is stable
At point D, both slopes are negative but

dTe dTL
is more negative as compared to
dn dn
dTL dTe
So, 
dn dn
So D is stable
56. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Ratio of Torque T at slip ‘s’ and maximum torque Tmax at slip ‘ sm,T ’is
T 2
=
Tmax s sm,T
+
sm,T s
At starting T = Tst ,s = 1

Electrical Machines
Tst 2
=
Tmax 1 + sm,T
sm,T
0.15 2s
= 2 m,T
0.30 sm,T + 1
sm,T
2
− 4sm,T + 1 = 0
sm,T = 0.268 = 26.8%
57. Ans: (c)

Solution:
For auto transformer starting
2
Tst I 
= x2  st  sFL
TFL  Ifl 
1.5 = x 2 ( 7 )  0.05
2
x 2 = 30
49
 x = 0.78246 = 78.25%
58. Ans: (b)

Solution:
For star delta starter
2
Tst 1  ISC  1
=   S =  49  0.05 = 0.816
TFL 3  IFL  FL 3
59. Ans: 3.16

Solution:
Tst
If Tst = 0.5pu then = 0.5
TFL
2
I 
0.5 =  st   SFL
 IFl 
2
I 
0.5 =  st   0.05
 IFL 
Ist
= 3.16
IFl
60. Ans: (a)

Solution:
120f 120  50
Synchronous speed = = = 150 rpm
p 4
Rotor speed = 1425 rpm

Electrical Machines
Ns − Nr 1500 − 1425 1
slip = = =
Ns 1500 20
R2
Resistance in backward branch =
2
(2 − s)
7.8
2 7.8 20
Rb = = × = 2
 1  2 39
2 − 
 20 
61. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Input power of induction motor = 3VL IL cos  = 3  400  50  0.8 = 27.7128kW

Air gap power = Pin − Pcore − Pstator = 27.7128 − 1.2 − 1.5 = 25.01kW
62. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Slip for maximum torque Rr 1 1
= =
(X s
+ Xr ) 15 + 1.5 3
Now, when frequency is changed, maximum torque occurs at starting
So, slip for maximum torque= starting slip
Rr
= 1........... ( i )
2f (L s + Lr )
Initially at f = 50Hz
Rr 1
= ........... ( ii)
2 (50 )(L s + Lr ) 3
Divided (ii) by (i)
f 1
=
50 3
f = 16.67Hz
V
Due to constant control
f
400 V
=
50 16.67
400
V= = 133.33V
3
63. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Since the motor is fed from rotor side, it is a case of inverted induction motor.
120f 120  50
Synchronous speed = = = 1500rpm
P 4
1500 − 1410 90 9 3
Slip = = = =
1500 1500 150 50

Electrical Machines
Speed of stator magnetic field= Speed of rotor magnetic field.
Hence, speed of stator magnetic with respect to rotor= speed of rotor magnetic field wrt rotor
Speed of rotor magnetic field with respect to rotor = Ns = 1500rpm
In case of inverted IM, rotor moves opposite to magnetic field.
64. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Power input to induction motor = W1 + W2 = 1600W
If we neglect all losses
Pin = Pg = 1600W
Mechanical power output = Pg (1 − s ) = 1600 (1 − 350 )

Pm = 1504W
This power is fed to be generator and due to no losses
Pout = 1504W
I2R = 1504
I2 = 150.4
I = 12.26A
65. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Condition for stability in induction motor
dTe dTL

dn dn
The tangents at both points area shown in figure
dTL dTe
At A,  so A is stable
dn dn
dTL dTe
At B, is more negative as compared to
dn dn
dTL dTe
So,  , hence (B) is unstable.
dn dn
66. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Assume, voltage as reference phasor
Phase angle of current in auxiliary winding
V0
Ia = = V  − a
Z aa Za
 2    50  10 
L a   = − tan−1 1000  = −89.9427 
Phase = −a = − tan−1 = − tan−1   
Ra  1 
 
Current in main winding
V0 V
Im = =  − m
Zmm Zm
2    50  0.1 
L m   = − tan−1 100 = −89.427
Phase = −m = − tan−1 = − tan−1 
Rm  0.1 
 

Electrical Machines
Phase difference = m − a = −0.5156 =

Since, torque  tan 
 is very less so torque is less and insufficient to rotate the motor.
Note: If the angle were not small, then torque would be developed and direction of rotation can be determined by
determining the direction of rotating magnetic field. The direction of rotating magnetic field can be determined by using
current in main and auxiliary winding and the direction of their fluxes.
67. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Equivalent circuit of induction motor referred to stator
At standstill s = 1 so variable resistance is shorted

I = Ist
If we neglect Xm
V
Ist =
(r + r ' ) + ( x + xr ' )
2 2
s r s
68. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Synchronous speed of induction motor
120f 120  50
Ns = = = 1500 rpm
P 4
Since, both machines are mechanically coupled both rotate at same speed of 1600 rpm.
Since, Nr  Ns for induction machine, it operates in generating mode.
DC machine acts as a motor.
69. Ans: no. option matches

Solution:
In an induction Motor, Stator and Rotor magnetic field are locked with each other and rotate in synchronism,
So relative speed = 0
Rotor speed = Nr = Ns (1 − s )
Stator MMF speed = Ns
Relative speed = Ns (1 − s ) − Ns = −sNs

120f 120  50
Ns = = = 1000 rpm
P 6
Relative speed = −0.05  1000 = −50 rpm
So, no option matches.
70. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Slip of an Induction motor depends on rotor speed, synchronous speed by the relation given below,

Electrical Machines
Ns − Nr
s=
Ns
It depends on shaft torque as shaft torque is a function of mechanical power output which depends on slip.
Slip is independent of core – loss component.
71. Ans: (b)

Solution:
i1 ( t ) = Im sin ( t − 1 )
i2 ( t ) = Im cos ( t − 2 ) = Im sin ( t + 90 − 2 )
Currents are balanced when there is a phase shift of 90 between both currents.
Phase shift
−1 − ( 90 − 2 ) =  90
1 = 2 − 90  90
Either 1 = 2 or 1 = 2 − 180
72. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Neglecting rotor resistance, the blocked rotor current is,
Vph
I2 =
X2
At rated condition
230 / 3
50 =
2 (50 ) L 2
(i)
Under loaded conditions
236 / 3
I2 =
2 (57 ) L 2
(ii)
Divide (ii) by (i)
I2 236 50
= 
50 230 57
I2 = 45A
73. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Leakage flux in induction motor links either stator or rotor winding but not both. It passes through one of the winding and
the air gap.
74. Ans: (b)

Solution:
−Ns − Nr Ns + Nr
Slip of negative sequence current = =
Ns Ns
Negative sign indicates negative sequence mmf rotates in a direction opposite to rotor
120f 120  50
Ns = = = 1500 rpm
P 4

Electrical Machines
1500 + 1440
Slip = = 1.96
1500
Slip frequency = s  f = 1.96  50 = 98 Hz
75. Ans: 3.33

Solution:
120  f 120  50
Synchronous speed, Ns = = = 750 rpm and Rotor speed, Nr = 700 rpm
P 8
Ns − Nr 750 − 700 50 1
Slip, s = = = =
Ns 750 750 15
1
Rotor frequency = s × Stator frequency =  50 = 3.33 Hz
15
76. Ans: (c)

Solution:
The ratio of Torque at slip ‘s’ and maximum torque is given by,
T 2
=
Tmax s sm,T
+
sm,T s
R2 0.1
Slip for maximum Torque, sm,T = = = 0.1087
X 2 0.92
Hence,
TFL 2 2
= = = 0.5129
Tmax sFL sm,T 0.03 0.1087
+ +
sm,T sFL 0.1087 0.03
Tmax 1
= = 1.949
TFL 0.5129
77. Ans: (c)

Solution:
No load frequency is 50Hz
If the generator is loaded, the frequency decreases
∴ f1 ,f2  50Hz
If some load is removed, P decreases & hence machine accelerates and frequency increases
∴ f2  f1
78. Ans: (b)

Solution:
In constant V/f control the voltage is linearly reduced with frequency but at low frequency the voltage is less and so the
stator voltage drop cannot be neglected.
E V − IaR a
 =
f f
So, the flux reduces from rated value if voltage is linearly decreased with frequency. Hence, to keep constant flux we have
to apply higher voltage.

Electrical Machines
79. Ans: (a)

Solution:
When rotor windings are closed, the rotor rotates in clockwise direction, this indicates that the stator magnetic field rotates
in clockwise direction.
If rotor is rotated in anti-clockwise direction, stator magnetic field & rotor rotate in opposite direction.
Therefore, s =
Ns + Nr
NS
Frequency of slip rings, f =fs + fr = f + fr
So, frequency of voltage across slip rings is (f + fr) Hz.
Since, the commutator keeps the magnetic field stationery and hence the relative speed of stator magnetic field with
respect to commutator brushes is same as synchronous speed.
Frequency of voltage across commutator brushes is same as stator frequency =f Hz
80. Ans: (c)

Solution:
If the switch works correctly then starting capacitor would be disconnected at speed 0.7N s and the torque-speed
characteristics would look like as shown below,
If the switch does not disconnect the starting capacitor then it remains permanently connected and acts as Run Capacitor.
81. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Stability criteria for induction motor,
dTL dTe

dn dn
Here, TL is the load torque and Te is the electromagnetic torque developed by the motor.
dTL
In (a), =0
dn
dTe
At P, 0
dn
dT
Hence, dTL  e . So, P is a stable operating point.
dn dn
dTe
At Q, 0
dn
dTL dTe
Hence,  . So, Q is an unstable operating point.
dn dn
dTL dTe
At R, .  So, R is an stable operating point.
dn dn

Electrical Machines
dTL dTe
At S,  . So, S is an unstable operating point
dn dn
Note: These are speed-torque curves instead of Torque-speed curves so slope must be taken carefully.
82. Ans: 1.192

Solution:
N −N
Given, Slip = s r = 0.04
N
s
N
1 − r = 0.04
N
s
N = 0.96N
r s
Speed of 5th time harmonic = 5N
s
The magnetic field produced will rotate in a direction opposite to fundamental
5N + N 5 + 0.96
Slip = s r = = 1.192
5N 5
s
83. Ans: 401.66

Solution:
At s=0.05, the equivalent circuit looks like as shown below,
0.05
= 1
0.05
V = 210V
Vgg = 210V
Vg 210
I= = = 205.09 − 12.400 A
(1 + j0.22) (1 + j0.22)
Pg = 3  205.092  1 = 126185.72 W
Pg = 3 × 205.092 × 1 = 126185.72 W
Pg 126185.72
Torque = = = 401.66 N − m
s 2  50
84. Ans: 0.17

Solution:
T
Given, max = 2.25
TFL
Slip for Maximum Torque, sm,T = 0.15
R
sm,T = 2
X2
0.03
0.15 =
X2
X2 = 0.2
For maximum torque to occur at starting,
sm,T = 1

Electrical Machines
R 2 + R ext
=1
X2
R ext = X2 − R 2 = 0.2 − 0.03 = 0.17
85. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Slip for maximum torque is s = R 2
m,T
X2
R2
sm,T =
2fL2
sm,T  1
f
Synchronous Speed Ns =
120f
P
 Ns  f 1
 sm,T 
Ns
So, Slip for maximum torque is inversely proportional to synchronous speed.
86. Ans: (a)

Solution:
For lagging power factor, Q > 0
Since, current is delivered by generator. Hence, generator delivers lagging reactive power
In overexcited condition for motor, Ef cos   Vt
Vt
Q= ( V − Ef cos  )  0
Xs t
Since, current is absorbed by motor. Hence, motor absorbs leading reactive power or delivers lagging reactive power.
Induction generator absorbs reactive power to generator flux so it acts as sink of reactive power.
87. Ans: (c)

Solution:
By interchanging the terminals of auxiliary winding the auxiliary flux is reversed and since torque depends on product of
auxiliary and man winding flux, torque and direction of rotation will be reversed.
88. Ans: 31.80

Solution:
Starting line Current = V
Z sc
Zsc Is short circuit impedance or stand still impedance
V1
I1 =
Z sc
V2
I2 =
Z sc
I2 V2
=
I1 V1
110
I2 =  120 = 31.80A
415

Electrical Machines
89. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Slip = 5 =1
60 12
For induction generator, slip is negative
Hence, s = − 1
12
( )
Rotor speed, Nr = Ns 1 − s = Ns 1 + 1 ( 12 )
120  60
Synchronous speed, Ns = = 1800rpm
4
Nr = 1800 1 + 1 ( 12 ) = 1800  1312 = 1950rpm
90. Ans: 149.5
Solution:
The condition for maximum starting torque is,
90 − m
a =
2
 15.75 
m = tan−1   = 51.56
0
 12.50 
 X − 12.75 
a = tan−1  c 
 24.50 
X c − 12.75  90 − 51.56 
Hence, = tan   = 0.3486
24.50  2 
Xc = 21.29
1 1
C= = = 149.5F
X c 2    50  21.29
91. Ans: (c)

Solution:
120 120  50
Synchronous speed = f= = 1500 rpm
P 4
This speed is in terms of mechanical angle.
2
Speed in mechanical rad/sec = 1500  = 50 mech rad/sec
60
Since, both stator & rotor flux rotate at synchronous speed with respect to stator.
Hence, speed sensed by stationery observer = 50  rad/ sec
Speed = 50   = 157 rad/ sec
92. Ans: 70.0533

Solution:
For star connected motor,
Vph
Ist =
(R1 + R2 )2 + (X1 + X2 )2
At 20 Hz frequency, the reactance changes

Electrical Machines
Xf
f 20 x
x = x= x=
f 60 3
0.41
x1 = x2 =
3
80
Ist = 3 = 70.0533 A
2
 0.82 
0.6 + 
2

 3 
93. Ans: (0.106)

Solution:
At near synchronous speed, s= 0
Based on this, the equivalent circuit is
Z eq = (12 + j12 ) + j120 +

( j120 )(3 + j6 )
3 + j126
Z eq = 12 + j132 +
( −720 + j360 )(3 − j126 )
15885
Z eq = 12 + j132 +
( 43200 + j91800 )
(15885)
Zeq = 12 + j132 + 2.7195 + j5.779
Zeq = 14.7195 + j137.779
 137.779 
 = tan−1   = 83.9

 14.7195 
pf = cos  = 0.1062
94. Ans: (b)

Solution:
By reducing the voltage with frequency constant the flux changes and hence the operating point on the magnetiziation
curve also changes and since the magnetization curve is non-linear the slope of curve which represents inductance or
reactance will change.
95. Ans: 14 to 16
Solution:
R2
At starting s = 1, = R2
s
At 10Hz
10 X
X = X =
50 5
Since motor is delta connected V = 100V
100
Ist =
 16.44 
(
5.39 + 5.72 + j  ) 
 5 

Electrical Machines
100 100
Ist = = A
270.2736 11.586
123.43 +
25
100
Line current = 3  = 14.95A
11.586
96. Ans:
Solution:
4 pole, 50 Hz. . has no load slip 1 %
4 pole, 50 Hz I.M has full load slip 5 %
NS=1500 rpm
N0=Ns(1-s)=1500(1-0.01)=1485
N=Ns(1-s)=1500(1-0.01)=1425
Speed regulation is
N0 − N
% S.R. =  100
N
1485 − 1425
=  100 = 4.21%
1425
97. Ans: B
Solution:
(1) Damper Bars are used in Synchronous Machines to prevent Hunting.
(2) Skewed rotor slots are used in Induction Machines to prevent Magnetic Locking.
(3) Compensating winding is used in DC Machines to reduce the effect of armature reaction.
98. Ans: 90
Solution:
Pi/p = 40 kW, stator loss = 1 kW, F and W = 2.025 kW
Stator O/P = 40 – 1= 39 kW
1000 − 975
Slip = = 0.025
1000
Rotor o/p= Rotor i/p × (1-s)
=39(1-0.025)=38.025 kW
Motor o/p=38.025-2.025=36 kW
Motor output
=
Motor input
36
=  100 = 90%
40
99. Ans: 0.52

Solution:
Nmax = 650rpm,P = 8.50Hz
750 − 650
sm = = 0.1333
750
R
sm = 2
X2

Electrical Machines
R2 0.08
 x2 = = = 0.601
sm 0.133
R2 = 0.08, X2 = 0.601
Condition for maximum Tst
 R2 = X2
 R2 + Rext = X2
 Rext = 0.601 − 0.08 = 0.521
100. Ans: (d)
101. Ans: 0.52

Solution:
Stator frequency =40 Hz,
Rotor frequency =1 Hz
Poles =8, N= ?
s t =1
1
s= = 0.025
40
120  40
Ns = = 600
8
N=Ns (1-s)
∴ N = 600 (1 – 0.025)
= 585 rpm
102. Ans: 1733

Solution:
Equation of speed vs. time from 4 sec to 8 sec.
N=125 t + 500
 4sec  t  8sec
d
J = Te − TL
Now, dt
d
Te = J + TL
Or dt
d
Te = J + TL
Or dt
d
Pe = J + TL
Or dt
dE d
= J + Tl
Or dt dl
Or dE = Jd + TL dt
Or E = J d + TL  dt
21500
 2  2 8
E = J 
 60 
 NdN + TL
60 4
Ndt
Or
1000

Electrical Machines
2 1500
 2   N2  2 8
60 4
= J    + 2 (125t + 500)dt
 60   2 1000
2 8
 2   15002 − 10002  2  125x2 
= 0.1      + 2  + 500t 
 60   2  60  2 4
=685.389+1047.197
= 1732.5865 J
103. Ans: 0.63

Solution:
Given : Isc = 5Irated  ISC = 5If

It is required to make starting current to ‘2IL’ using auto transformer using auto transformer.
Line current with auto transformer
IL = x2ISC
Given : IL = 2If  2If = x Isc

2
2If
= x2
ISC
 1 2
 x2 = 2     x = = 0.63
5 5
104. Ans. (a)

Solution:
Torque-slip characteristics of Induction machine are shown below.
Torque
Braking Generating
mode mode
S>1 S<1
Motoring Speed
mode
0<S<1
105. Ans. (b)

Solution:
120f 120  50
Synchronous speed, Ns = = = 600rpm
P 10
Since, rotor rotates opposite to backward field
Ns + Nr 600 + 540
Sup, S = = = 1.9
Ns 600
Rotor induced frequency due to backward field
= sf = 1.9 × 50 = 95 Hz

Electrical Machines
106. Ans. (760)

Solution:
v
If both voltage & frequency are reduced by 20% then = const
f
Motor drives a constant Torque Load, Ns – Nr = constant f1 = 50 Hz
20
f2 = 50 −  50 = 40 Hz
100
120  50 120  40
Ns1 = = 1000rpm Ns2 = = 800rpm
6 6
Ns1 – Nr1 = Ns2 – Nr2
1000 – 960 = 800 – Nr2
Nr2 = 760 rpm

Electrical Machines
Chapter 5 – Special Machines
01. The torque speed characteristic of a repulsion motor 07. For a 1.8°, 2-phase bipolar stepper motor, the stepping
resembles which of the following dc motor characteristic? rate is 100steps/second. The rotational speed of the motor
[1996] in rpm is [2004]
(a) Separately excited (b) Shunt (a) 15 (b) 30
(c) Series (d) Compound (c) 60 (d) 90
02. Which type of motor is most suitable for computer 08. A three-phase, three-stack, variable reluctance step
printer drive? [1996] motor has 20 poles on each rotor and stator stack. The step
(a) Reluctance motor (b) Hysteresis motor angle of this step motor is [2007]
(c) Shaded pole motor (d) Stepper motor (a) 3o (b) 6 o
(c) 9 o (d) 18 o
03. A 1.8° step, 4-pole stepper motor has a total of 40
teeth on 8 poles of stator. The number of rotor teeth for 09. In a stepper motor, the detent torque means [2008]
this motor will be [2000] (a) Minimum of the static torque with the phase winding
(a) 40 (b) 50 excited.
(c) 100 (d) 80 (b) Maximum of the static torque with the phase winding
excited.
04. Group I lists different applications and Group II lists the (c) Minimum of the static torque with the phase winding
motors for these applications. Match the application with unexcited.
the most suitable motor and choose the right combination (d) Maximum of the static torque with the phase winding
among the choices given thereafter [2003] unexcited.
Group I Group II
P Food mixer 1 Permanent magnet dc
motor
Q Cassette tape 2 Single phase induction
recorder motor
R Domestic water 3 Universal motor
pump
S Escalator 4 Three phase induction
motor
5 DC series motor
6 Stepper motor
(a) P – 3 Q – 6 R – 4 S – 5
(b) P – 1 Q – 3 R – 2 S – 4
(c) P – 3 Q – 1 R – 2 S – 4
(d) P – 3 Q – 2 R – 1 S – 4
05. For a given stepper motor, the following torque has the
highest numerical value. [2004]
(a) Detent torque (b) Pull-in torque
(c) Pull-out torque (d) Holding torque
06. A rotating electrical machine having its self-inductances

of both the stator and the rotor windings, independent of
the rotor position will be definitely not develop [2004]
(a) Starting torque (b) Synchronizing torque
(c) Hysteresis torque (d) Reluctance torque

Electrical Machines
Solutions
01. Ans: (c)
Solution:
Speed-torque characteristics of a repulsion motor is similar to the the speed torque characteristics of a DC-series motor.
02. Ans: (d)

Solution:
In a computer printer drive, the motion required is in steps for printing. So best motor that can be used is stepper motor.
03. Ans: (a)

Solution:
3600
Step angle =
Number of phases  Number of rotor teeth
3600
Number or rotor teeth = = 50
4  1.80
04. Ans: (c)

Solution:
Universal motor are used where light weight is important like vacuum cleaners and portable tools. Example:- Food mixer
which usually operate at high speed.
Domestic water pumps are usually of low rating. So, 1 −  IM can be used for such application
3 −  IM is suitable for escalators due to high starting torque requirement.
Cassette Tape Recorders use Permanent Magnet DC Motor.
P → 3,Q → 1,R → 2,S → 4
05. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Detent Torque:
It is the amount of torque that stepper motor develops, when its windings are not energized. No current flows through
winding in this case.
Holding Torque:
When the motor is at rest, the amount of torque produced by rated current flowing through winding.
Pull-in-Torque:
It the maximum torque value by virtue of which stepper motor can do start, stop or reverse operation with input current at
given speeds
Pull-out-Torque:
It is the maximum torque that the motor can generate while running, beyond which the motor will fall back. Hence highest
value is that of pull-out torque.
06. Ans: (d)

Solution:
 N2 A
Ls = 0 S S
lS
AS → Cross-sectional area of stator winding
lS → Length of the winding
NS → Number of stator winding turns

Electrical Machines
So, if inductance is independent of rotor position, that means; reluctance is also not varying with rotor position. So that
means the machine is a cylindrical rotor synchronous machine which has uniform reluctance and air-gap. Hence the
reluctance torque should be zero.
Reluctance torque is produced in non-uniform air gap when the rotor mmf tries to align itself along the path of minimum
reluctance.
07. Ans: (b)

Solution:
Stepping rate is 100 steps/sec
3600
Step required for one revolution = = 200steps
1.8
2000
Time required for one revolution= = 2sec
100
Number of revolution per sec = 0.5 rps
Number of revolution per min = 0.5 x 60 = 30rpm
08. Ans: (d)

Solution:
3600 360
Step angle = = = 180
Number of poles on stator & rotor stack 20
09. Ans: (a)

Solution:
Minimum of static torque required to overcome equilibrium in an unexcited motor.
120f 120  50
Synchronous speed = = = 1500rpm
P 4
Rotor speed = 1425 rpm
N − Nr 1500 − 1425 1
Slip = s = =
Ns 1500 20
Rotor Resistance as Standstill = R 2
R2
Resistance in backward branch =
2
(2 − s)
7.8 / 2 7.8 20
Rb = =  = 2
( 2 − 1 20 ) 2 39

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Singnal and System

Chapter–2 DC Machine ......................................................................................................................................................52

Chapter – 3 Synchronous Machines ..............................................................................................................................92

Solutions ............................................................................................................................................................................... 100

Chapter – 4 Induction Machines .................................................................................................................................. 129

Solutions ............................................................................................................................................................................... 140

Chapter – 5 Special Machines ....................................................................................................................................... 173

Solutions ............................................................................................................................................................................... 174

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06. A 220/440 V, 50 Hz, 5 kVA single phase transformer

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12. A 4 kVA, 50 Hz, single-phase transformer has a ratio

13. The function of oil in a transformer is [1996]

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V1 31. In a constant voltage transformer (CVT), the output

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40. A 400V/200V/200V, 50 Hz three winding transformer is

(a) 0 V (b) 400 V

41. A single phase 6300kVA, 50 Hz, 3300V/400V

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44. Figure shows a -Y connected 3-phase distribution

48. The resistance and reactance of a 100 kVA 11000 |

(c) X1 = X'2 > XM (d) X1 = X'2 < XM

51. In transformers, which of the following statements is

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Statement for Linked Answer Questions 53 and 54:

55. In a transformer zero voltage regulation at full load is

56. A single-phase 50kVA, 250V/500V two winding

58. Three single-phase transformers are connected to form

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60. It is desired to measure parameters of 230V / 115V,

Statement for Linked Answer Questions 66 and 67:

67. In the autotransformer obtained in Question 57, the

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68. A single-phase transformer has a turns ratio of 1:2 and

69. A balanced star-connected and purely resistive load is

72. A single-phase transformer has no-load loss of 64W, as

73. The following arrangement consists of an ideal

voltage Vyz2 = 100V is applied across YZ to get an open

circuit voltage Vwx2 across WX. Then Vyz1 / Vwx1 ,

(b) Vwx2 / Vyz2 are respectively, [2013]

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77. A single phase, 50kVA, 1000V/100V two winding

(a) 125/100 and 80/100

76. Assuming an ideal transformer, the Thevenin’s

(a) 250W and 2.5W (b) 250W and 62.5W

80. The load shown in the figure absorbs 4kW at a power

(b) 1sin ( t ) ,1

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magnetizing L ( m ) inductance as referred to primary side

83. The primary mmf is least affected by the secondary

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93. A single-phase, 22KVA, 2200V/220V, 50Hz, distribution

94. The following figure shows the connections of an ideal

90. If an ideal transformer has an inductive load element at

(a) nL 95. A single-phase, 2kVA, 100/200 V transformer is

97. A three-phase, three winding  /  / Y (1.1 kV/6.6

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102. A single-phase transformer of rating 25 kVA, supplies

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108. When the winding c-d of the single-phase, 50 Hz, two

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As we can see, in a) & b), the fluxes oppose each other.