Power Electronics (Ques - Ch2 - Rectifiers) PDF

Power Electronics (Rectifiers)
1. If in a 1-phase bridge network one of the thyristor is open circuited, then the average output
voltage is? (Assume resistive load)
2Vm Vm
(a) cos  (b) cos 
 2
V V
(c) m 1  cos   (d) m cos 
2 
2. In 1-phase converter, the average voltage during the commutation period will be
(a) Equal to the regular voltage of phases

(b) The average of the regular voltage of phases
(c) Half of the regular voltage of phases
(d) Zero
3. The overlap angle of a phase controlled converter would increase on increasing
1. Supply voltage
2. Supply frequency
3. Load current
4. Source inductance
(a) 1,2,3 (b) 2,3,4

(c) 1,3,4 (d) 1,2,4
4. A 230V, 50Hz source in series with an SCR is feeding a DC battery of 160V in series with
10 resistor. The thyristor is on when there is a forward voltage which is positive. Then the
supply power factor is _______ lag.
5. In single-phase full wave converter, as the load current increases
(a) The commutation interval and overlap angle decreases

(b) The commutation interval increases and overlap angle decreases
(c) The commutation interval and overlap angle increases
(d) The commutation interval decreases and overlap angle increases
6. By increasing the number of pulses in rectification, the form factor and ripple frequency
(a) Both increase

(b) Form factor decreases and ripple frequency increases
(c) From factor increases and ripple frequency decreases
(d) Both decrease
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7. The freewheeling diode
(a) Can decrease the input PF (b) Has no effect on PF

(c) Improves the input PF (d) None of these
8. The characteristic features of discontinuous conduction, compared to a continuous

conduction in a two-pulse single-phase bridge converter is
(a) Smaller average value of load voltage and larger ripple content
(b) Larger average value of load voltage and larger ripple content
(c) Smaller average value of load voltage and smaller ripple content
(d) Larger average value of load voltage and smaller ripple content
9. A 1   full bridge converter with a freewheeling diode feeds an inductive load. Load
resistance is 20  and it has a large inductance providing constant and ripple free dc current
input to converter is from ideal 230V, 50Hz single phase source. For a firing angle of 600, the
value of output current is ___________ A.
10. Due to the presence of source Inductance on the rectifier the average value of output
voltage will be
(a) remains same (b) increased

(c) decreased (d) Can't say
11. A 230V, 50Hz single phase semi converter delivers power to RLE load with R=8  ,
L=15mH, E=80v. Assuming continuous conduction and firing angle delay of 31°, the value of
average output current if main SCR T2 is damaged and open - Circuited is _________A.

12. The above three phase full bridge converter is fed from 400V, 50Hz mains. It operates with
a firing angle of 55°. If the load current is 20A and the output voltage is 240V, the source
inductance will be ________ mH.
13. A 1   , 220V, 50Hz half wave rectifier circuit has a resistive load of 15 . The power
delivered to load for a firing angle of 500 is ____________ W.
(a) 1418.05 (b) 1415.25
(c) 1458.07 (d) 1563.54
14. A single- phase one-pulse thyristor controlled rectifier is charging a battery whose emf is
constant at 8V. The supply is 40V, 50Hz. Assuming that SCR is triggered continuously and
neglecting voltage drop across SCR, the resistance to be inserted in series with the battery to
limit the charge current of 5A will be ______  .
15. In a 220V, 50Hz single-phase midpoint converter turns ratio from primary to each
secondary is 1.5. For a resistive load of 3  , determine maximum value of average output
voltage and maximum average thyristor current respectively.
(a) 132V, 22A (b) 132V, 44A
(c) 93V, 31A (d) 93V, 15A
16. A 3-phase full converter is delivering a constant load of 60A at 230V DC while its input is
3- phase, 415V, and 50Hz source. Whereas conducting each thyristor has a voltage drop of 2V.
The firing angle delay of SCR will be ______ degrees.
17. A single-phase one-pulse converter with RLE load has the following parameters:
Supply voltage = 230 V, Frequency= 50 Hz , Load resistance = 3  , E = 110V ,
Extinction angle = 210° , Firing angle = 30°
The voltage across SCR, when current decays to zero is _______ V.
(a) -253.25 (b) -272.63

(c) -269.25 (d) -325.12

18. A Separately excited DC motor fed from 3- phase semi converter develops a full load
torque at 1500 rpm when firing angle is 60°.The armature is taking 60A at 400V DC and having
resistance of 0.5  . Then the supply voltage per phase will be _____ V.
19. A 3   half wave phase controlled rectifier is fed from a 3-phase 400V, 50Hz source and
is connected to load taking a constant current of 30A. If freewheeling diode is connected
across load, then RMS value of Freewheeling diode current for firing angle of 600 is
(a) 0A (b) 15A

30
(b) 7.5A (d) A
3
20. A 3-phase full converter is delivering a constant load current of 17.32A at 200V dc. The
RMS value of source current is
(a) 10A (b) 14.14A

(c) 13.5A (d) 9A
21. In a single phase full converter, if output voltage has peak and average values of 200V and
70V respectively. (Assume I 0 =constant) then firing angle is __________ (degree).
22. A 3-phase full converter delivers power to a load R  50 . The source voltage is 400V,
50Hz. for a firing delay of 450 . The power delivered to load R is ____________ (Watt)
23. When a pure inductive load is connected across 1   full converter bridge, which of the
following firing angle will give stable operation.
(a) 900 (b) 1200

(c) 300 (d) both (a) and (b)
24. A 3   half controlled rectifier is supplying power to current stiff load. When   1000
then freewheeling duration in one cycle is
(a) 400 (b) 1200

(c) 00 (d) 800

25. A single phase semi converter is operated from a 50Hz, 220V ac source. If a resistive load
of 150Ω is connected at the dc terminals of the converter and the average output voltage is
25% of the maximum possible average output voltage, rms load current is ______ A
26. A battery with a nominal voltage of 200V and internal resistance of 100mΩ and is to be
charged at a constant current of 20A from a 3 , 220V,50Hz power supply through a 3-phase
semi converter. The percentage of THD is source current will be _______.
27. A 3-phase fully controlled bridge converter is fed from a 3-phase 400V, 50Hz mains. For
angle of 600. Output current is level at 25A and output voltage is 250V for this converter angle
of overlap in degrees is ____.
28. A diode circuit feeds an ideal inductor as shown in the figure. Consider source voltage of
 100 
200V (rms) 50Hz and L    mH . The initial value of the inductor current is zero. The peak
  
value of the inductor current is observed as 20 2 A. The switch S should be closed at
t=__________
(a) 2.5ms
(b) 5ms
(c) 7.5ms
(d) 10ms
29. A 3-pulse converter supplies from an ideal transformer, a load current I 0 , which is ripple
free, to RL FD load. The trigger angle is such that the freewheeling diode FD conducts each
time for the same duration as each SCR. The rms values of load current, SCR current and FD
current, respectively, are
1 1 1 1
(a) 1 : : (b) 1 : :
6 6 3 3
1 1 1 1
(c) 1 : : (d) 1 : :
6 2 6 2

30. In the given circuit a thyristor converter is feeding a resistor R. the power consumed by R
in the absence of SCR is P. In the presence of SCR, the power consumed by R at   900 would
be reduced by a factor of
(a) 1/2
(b) 1/4
(c) 1/6
(d) 1/12
31. A single phase asymmetrical semi-converter feed an RL load with R  10 and large L so
that load current is current stiff. The source voltage to the bridge is 200V, 50Hz. for a firing
angle of 300, the RMS value of diode current will be _______A.
32. A 3   full converter feeds power to a resistive load of 10 . For a firing angle of 300 the
load takes 5kW. Find the magnitude of per phase input supply voltage
(a) 230V (b) 188V
(c) 108V (d) 265.98V
33. The centre tap-full-wave single phase rectifier circuit uses two diodes. The transformer
turns ratio from primary to each secondary is 2. In case transformer input voltage is 200 2 at
50Hz, then rms voltage across each diode is
(a) 565.6V (b) 282.5V

(c) 400.0V (d) 141.4V
34. A 3   fully controlled rectifier is operated from a 3   star connected 400V, 50Hz AC
supply and the load resistance is R  10 . A large inductance is connected in series with the
load to maintain ripple free load circuit. If it is required to obtain an average output voltage of
86.66% of the maximum possible output voltage. Find the firing angle
(a) 300 (b) 600

(c) 450 (d) 900

35. A single phase semi converter fed from 230V, 50Hz source is operating at a firing angle of
600. The load current is assumed constant at 10A. The input displacement factor (IDF) and
current distortion factor (CDF) is
(a) IDF=0.866, CDF=0.955

(b) IDF=0.866, CDF=0.9
(c) IDF=0.5, CDF=0.45
(d) IDF=0.5, CDF=0.522
36. Match List-I with List-II and select the correct answer by using the codes given below (
V0 =maximum average output voltage)
List-I (rectifier circuit) List-II (PIV of SCR in terms of V0 )


P. single phase full wave centre tapped circuit 1. PIV of SCR= V
2 0

Q. single phase semi converter 2. PIV of SCR= V0
3
R. three phase half wave converter 3. PIV of SCR= V0
2
S. three phase full converter 4. PIV of SCR= V
3 0
Codes:
P Q R S
(a) 3 4 1 2
(b) 1 3 4 2
(c) 3 1 4 2
(d) 1 3 2 4
37. The DC equivalent circuit of a single phase full converter is shown below. The net average
output voltage is available across terminals X and Y. Find the source inductance by assuming
input frequency of 50Hz and I0  1A
(a) 1H
(b) 0.2H
(c) 0.01H
(d) none

38. A single phase semi converter is operated form 230V, 50Hz AC supply and operated with

a firing angle of . The load on the converter is highly inductive with a resistance of 15.53
3
and load current is ripple free. RMS value of the fundamental source current will be.
(a) 10A (b) 9A

(c) 5A (d) 7.8A
39. A 3   full converter feed power to a resistive load of 10Ω. For a firing angle of 450, the
load takes 1kW. Find the magnitude of the line voltage
(a) 100 2 V (b) 100 3 V

(c) 200V (d) 200 3 V
40. A single phase full converter feed power to RLE load R=5Ω,L=6mH and E=35V the source
voltage is 220V, 50Hz. For continuous, the firing angle is 600. In case one of the four SCRs gets
open circuited due to a fault then the average current on the assumption of continuous
conduction is
(a) 5.61A (b) 2.89A

(c) 1.45A (d) None
41. A single phase fully controlled rectifier is supplying power to a purely resistive load of
100Ω and the bridge is triggered with   900 . The source voltage is 200V, 50Hz. the power
delivered to the load is given by
(a) 0.11kW (b) 0.2kW

(c) 0.3kW (d) 0.4kW
42. Consider the statements given below, Use of freewheeling diode
(i) Reduce the reactive power demand of the converter

(ii) Improves the fundamental power factor
(iii) Decreases the current distortion factor (CDF)
(iv) Increases (Total Harmonic Distortion) THD
Which of the above statements are not correct?
(a) (i), (iii) and (iv) (b) (i) and (iii)

(c) Only (ii) (d) (iii) and (iv)

43. A 3 - φ half wave controlled converter is fed from 3 phase, 400 V, 50 Hz source and is
connected to load taking a constant current of 36A. Thyristor have a voltage drop of 1.4 V. The
average power dissipated in each thyristor is,
(a) 15.2 W (b) 16.8 W

(c) 17.6 W (d) 18.4 W
44. A dc battery of constant emf E is being charged through a resistor as shown below. The
power delivered to battery is
(a) 720 W
(b) 782 W
(c) 745 W
(d) 812 W
45. A single phase full converter, connected to 230 V, 50 Hz source, is feeding a load R = 10
Ω in series with a large inductance that makes the load current ripple free. For a firing angle
of 45° the reactive power input is
(a) 2001 VAr (b) 2597 VAr
(c) 2316 VAr (d) 2413 VAr
46. A dc battery of constant emf E is being charged through a resistor as shown below, For
source voltage of 230 V, 50 Hz and for R = 8  , E = 150 V. The rectification efficiency of the
diode is
(a) 49.2%
(b) 50.16%
(c) 51.90%
(d) 53. 16%

47. A 3-φ full converter bridge is connected to supply voltage of 230 V per phase and a
frequency of 50 Hz. The source inductance is 4mH. The load current on dc side is constant at
20A. If the load consists of a dc source of internal emf 400 V with internal resistance of 1 Ω
then firing angle delay is
(a) 34.38° (b) 36.12°
(c) 39.26° (d) 40.12°
48. A 3-phase diode bridge rectifier charges a 240 V battery. Input voltage to rectifier is 3-
phase, 230 V, 50 Hz. Current limiting resistance in series with battery is 8 Ω and an inductor
makes the load current almost ripple free. THD is _____.
(a) 0.25 (b) 0.31
(c) 0.54 (d) 0.64
49. In a single phase full wave diode bridge rectifier, the diodes have a reverse recovery time
of 40μs. For an ac input voltage of 230 V and f =2500 Hz, the percentage reduction in average
output voltage due to the effect of reverse recovery time is _____%.
50. Analysis of voltage waveform of a single-phase bridge converter shows that it contains x%
of 6th harmonic. The 6th harmonic content of the voltage waveform of a 3-phase bridge
converter would be
(a) Difficult to predict as the analysis of converters is not governed by any generalized theory.
(b) Less than x% due to an increase in the number of the single phase converter.
(c) Equal to x%, the same as that of the single-phase converter.
(d) Greater than x% due to changes in the input and output voltages of the converter.
51. In a 3-phase bridge rectifier fed from the star-connected secondary of a transformer, let
the voltage to the neutral of the A-phase (phase sequence A, B, C) be Vm sin t . At the instant
when the voltage of A-phase is maximum, the output voltage at the rectifier terminals will be
(a) 1.5 Vm (b) 3Vm

Vm
(c) (d) Vm
2
52. A voltage source of 200sin (314t) is supplied to a load of 50Ω through a controlled half
wave rectifier. If the firing angle is 30° then the average power in the load is ________ W.
(a) 198.45 (b) 125.54

(c) 194.23 (d) 136.25

53. A three-phase fully controlled bridge converter is fed through star-delta transformer as
shown in the figure.
The converter is operated at a firing angle of 30°. Assuming the load current ( I 0 ) to be virtually
constant at 1pu and transformer to be an ideal one, the input line current to the rectifier IBY
is
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
54. A battery is being charged through a half-wave rectifier as shown in figure. If the average
charging current is assumed to be constant at 5 A then the value of current limiting resistance
R is ________ Ω.

55. A three-phase half-wave controlled rectifier circuit is shown in the figure. It is operated
from 3-φ star-connected, supply transformer with a line to line ac supply voltage of 440 volts
rms, at 50 Hz. The thyristors are triggered at a delay angle of α = 30°. Assume continuous
ripple free current. The average output current is _______ A
56. A 3-φ, 50 Hz fully controlled bridge converter is fed with 500sinωt ac source has inductance
of 20mH/phase. If the thyristor firing angle is 30° and the overlap angle is 10°, then the
constant dc load current is ________ A
57. A 3   full bridge converter is connected to a supply of voltage 230 V per phase and a
frequency of 50 Hz. The Source inductance is 4 mH. The load current on de side is constant at
20 A. If the load consists of a dc source of internal emf 400 V with internal resistance of 1  ,
then the overlap angle is
(a) 7.12° (b) 4.17°

(c) 8.22° (d) 10.10°
58. For the same triggering angle, a single - phase semi converter as compared to single phase
full converter operates
(i) At higher value of dc output voltage.
(ii) With reduced THU.
(iii) With reduced rectification efficiency.
(iv) At a better input power factor.
(a) (i), (ii) (b) (i), (ii), and (iv)

(c) (ii), (iii) (d) All of the above

59. A single-phase fully controlled thyristor bridge ac-dc converter is operating at 50 Hz

frequency, firing angle of 250 and an overlap angle of 100 with constant dc output current of
20A. The fundamental power factor (displacement factor) at input ac mains is
(a) 0.775 (b) 0.827

(c) 0.866 (d) 0.9
60. If the Converter shown in figure has a purely resistive load of R and the delay angle is

  . The rectification efficiency is _________
2
(a) 18.12 %
(b) 20.23 %
(c) 22.04 %
(d) 30.14 %
61. If the Converter shown in figure has a purely resistive load of R and the delay angle is

  . The form factor (F.F) is __________
2
(a) 1.50
(b) 1.22
(c) 2.22
(d) 4.11
62. In a single phase semi converter with RLE load, when    , [  is extinction angle]
(i) Power factor is better than single phase full converter.
(ii) Power factor is same as the single phase full converter.
(iii) Average output voltage is higher than single phase full converter.
(iv) Average output voltage is same as that of single phase full converter.
(v) Average output voltage is lesser than single phase full converter.
Which of the above statements are correct.
(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (i) and (v)

(c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (ii) and (v)

63. A 240 V battery is being charged through a three-phase diode bridge rectifier. The rectifier
is fed by a three-phase, 230 V, 50 Hz source. Current limiting resistance in series with battery
is 8  and load current is assumed to be ripple free. What is the value of average battery
charging current?
(a) 4. 11 A (b) 38.82 A

(c) 8.82 A (d) 17.05 A
64. For the circuit shown in the figure switch S closes at t = 0 and opens after 10 ms. The diode
has a forward voltage drop of 0.7 V. What will be the current in inductor at t = 18
msec?
(a) 1.574 A
(b) 2.4205 A
(c) 1.5684 A
(d) 2.4261 A
65. A half-controlled bridge converter is operating from an r.m.s input voltage of 120 V.
Neglecting the voltage drops, what are the mean load voltage at a firing delay angle of 0° and
180°, respectively?
120  2 2 120  2 2
(a) V and 0 (b) 0 and V
 
120  2 120  2
(c) V and 0 (d) 0 and V
 
66. In a 6 pulse converter with high inductive load, which of the following are correct.
(i) Voltage ripple factor is minimum at  = 0°

(ii) Power factor is minimum at  = 0°
(iii) Power factor is maximum at α= 0°
(iv) Voltage ripple factor is minimum at α = 90°
(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iii)

(c) (ii) and (iv) (d) (iii) and (iv)

67. A diode whose internal resistance is 20  is to supply power to a 1000  load from a 230
V (rms) source of supply. The peak load current and the dc diode voltage respectively are
(a) 0.31 A and -101.5 V (b) 0.41 A and -101.5 V

(c) 0.31 A and -105.5 V (d) 0.41 A and -105.5 V
68. A load of R = 60  is fed from 1-phase, 230 V, 50 Hz supply through a step-up transformer
N
and then one diode. The transformer turns ratio is s  2 . The VA rating of transformer will
Np
be? [ TUF(Transformer utilization factor) for 1   half wave diode rectifier is 0 2865]
(a) 2.1 KVA (b) 2.5 KVA

(c) 2.9 KVA (d) 3.2 KVA
69. A semiconductor switch is used to connect a load of 5  , 0.05 H to a 240 V, 50 Hz supply.

The initial triggering angle for the worst transient will be
(a) 90.21° (b) 125.61°

(c) 142.14° (d) 162.34°
70. The time required to deliver a charge of 200 Ah through a single-phase half-wave diode
rectifier with an output current of 100 A rms and with sinusoidal input voltage is. (Assume
diode conduction over a half-cycle).
(a) 2.12 hrs (b) 3.14 hrs

(c) 3.18 hrs (d) 4.12 hrs

Solutions
1. Ans: (c)
Solution: If one of the thyristor is open circuited then only one arm of the bridge is conducted
1
180
Vm
Vo  V m
sin  t  dt  1  cos  
2 
2
2. Ans: (d)
Solution: During commutation period, both leg will conduct and output will be short circuited.
Hence the output voltage will be zero.
3. Ans: (b)
Ls
Solution: For 1-phase convertor => cos       cos   I
Vm o
If we increase the supply frequency, load current and source inductance then overlap angle
will also increase.
4. Ans: 0.6 to 0.7

 160 
Solution: Thyristor is on at 1  sin1    29.47
0
 230  2 
1   1
1
VR     Vm sin()  E  .d   2Vm cos 1  E    21  

 
2  1  2
1   29.47 
I0  2  230  2  cos(29.47 )  160    2 
0
     3.632A
2  10   180 
1  1  Vm sin   E  
 2
1  2
I rms 
2
  
2  1  R
 .d 
 2R 2   
Vs  E2    21   Vs2 sin  21   4VmEcos 1 

  
I2rms 
1
2 10  
    
 230 2  160 2 2.113  230 2  sin 2  29.470  4 2  230  160  cos 29.480 
2          
1
I2rms  29948.5  Irms  6.903A
2 10 
2
EI0  I20R
Power factor=
Vrms  Irms
160  3.632   6.91   10

2
Power factor=  0.66614 lag

230  6.903

5. Ans: (c)
Ls
Solution: cos       cos   I
Vm 0
In commutation interval all the four thyristors are on. Therefore when load current increases,
overlap angle and commutation interval also increases
6. Ans: (d)
Vor
Solution: FF  , As number of pulses increases in rectification ripple frequency and form
Vo
factor both decrease.
7. Ans: (c)
Solution: Freewheeling diode improve the load current profile.
Power delivered to the load
PF 
Source VA
As load current increases, then P0 increases hence Pf increases.
8. Ans: (b)
Solution: The average voltage is higher as in discontinuous conduction negative excursion of
load voltage is less. In discontinuous conduction, ripple current is more.
9. Ans: 7.5 to 8.0

Solution: Average output voltage for single phase with freewheeling diode
V 2  230
V0  m 1  cos    1  cos60  155.3
 3.14
V0
I0   7.76A
R
10. Ans: (c)

Solution: For a single phase rectifier the average value of output Voltage,
2V L s
V0  m cos   I
  0
Hence output voltage will be decreased

Due to presence of source inductance.

11. Ans: 1.8 to 2.2

Solution: For 1   semi-converter with REL load,
R  80, L  15mH, E  80V, Vs  230V or Vm  230 2V,   310
Vm
 Output voltage, V0  1  cos  
 
 One main SCR T2 is damaged and open circuited,
Vm 230 2
V0  1  cos    1  cos310   96.142V
2 2  
Average output current,
V0  E 96.14  80
I0   2.0175A
R 8
12. Ans: 11 to 12
400
Solution: Given data, Vline  400V =>Vph  V
3
 Vml  400 2V
I0  20A; V0  240V
3Vm1 3L s
V0  cos   I
  0
3 3  2  50L
240  400 2 cos550   20  L s  11.64mH
 
13. Ans: (a)

Solution: Given Data, R load  15; Vs  220V; f  50Hz;   500
2 2
 1
  1

 Vm  1 2   220 2     1 2 
      sin2        50    sin  2  50   
 2   2    2    180  2  
Vor 
2
     1418.05W
P 
RL RL 15

14. Ans: 2.5 to 3.0

Solution: 1   Half wave thyristor controlled rectifier
  1 ;   2
 E  1  8 
1  sin1    sin    8.13
0
V
 m  40 2 
2  180 0  1  1800  8.130  171.860
1 Vm sin t  E

1 
Vm   cos t 8.13  E  t 8.13 
171.86 171.86
I0  
2  R
d( t)  5 
2R  
1    
R  40 2  cos 8.13  cos171.86   8 171.86  8.13       2.837 
10   180  
15. Ans: (a)

Np
Solution:  1.5; Vs  220V; f  50Hz; RL  3
Ns
1
Np Vp 220
  Vs   146.667V  Vs  146.667  2  207.41V
Ns Vs 1
1.5 1m
1 1
2Vm
V0  cos 

2Vm
For maximum voltage   0 => V0  V0 
m

2  207.41
V0   132.04V
m

V0 132.04
I0  m   44.01A
m
R 3
I0 44.01
IT (max)  m   22A
A
2 2

16. Ans: 65 to 66
Solution: 3   full wave converter
I0  60A; V0  230V; Vs  415V  V1 ; VT  2V
Input is 3  
Full wave  2 thyristor are conducting
V0  230  2(2)  234 V
3 6 3 6 415
V0  Vph cos   234  cos     65.320
  3
17. Ans: (b)

Solution: Given data,
Vs  230V; f  50Hz, RL  3;L  1mH, E  110V,   2100 ;   30 0
Voltage across SCR when current decays to zero,
VT  Vm sin  E  230 2 sin2100  110  272.63V
18. Ans: 228

Solution: 3   semi converter
Given, N=1500rpm;   600 ; Ia  60A , Vdc  400V  Vt ;R a  0.5
3 6 3 6
We know, V0  Vt 
2
Vph 1  cos    400 
2
 
Vph 1  cos600  Vph  228V
19. Ans: (a)

Solution:   600 the load voltage does not become negative and remains positive and hence
freewheeling diode will not conduct.
20. Ans: (b)

Solution: I0  10 3A
2 2
Is1  I0  10 3   10 2  14.14A
3 3
21. Ans: 59.0 to 60.5

Solution: Vm  220V and V0  70V
2Vm 2  220
V0  cos    cos   70
 
  600

22. Ans: 3200

Solution: Given data ; Vml  400 2V,R  50
for   600
1/2
1 3 3 
Vor  Vml   cos 2 
 2 4  
As   45 in the given problem,
0
1/2
1 3 3  1
Vor  Vml    0   400 2   400V
 2 2  2
Vor2 400  400
P0    3200W
R 50
23. Ans: (d)
24. Ans: (b)

Solution: FD will conduct for 3  400  1200 in one cycle when   1000
25. Ans: 0.5 to 0.7

V
Solution: V0  m 1  cos  

Maximum value of average output voltage possible when   00
2V
V0  m

According to the question
2Vm 1 Vm

 
4 
1  cos  
1
 1  cos  =>   1200
2
1 1
V  1  2 220 2   1 2
Vo,rms  m       sin2    180  120    sin2 120   97.27V
2  2  2  180 2 
V
Io,rms  o,rms  0.648A
R

26. Ans: 70 to 71
Solution: V0  E0  IR  202V
3 6
For 3-phase semi converter V0  V 1  cos  
2 ph
3 6 220
202 
2
 1  cos   => 68.910
3
 1800  68.910
And Is  I0  20  15.71A
 1800
6 
And Fundamental component of source current Is1  I0 cos  
 2
6 68.91
Is1   20  cos  12.85A
 2
I2s  Is1
2
 100  70.24%
Is1
27. Ans: 4.6 to 4.9

Solution: For 3   full converter with source inductance
2Ls
cos       cos   I ; where L s =Source inductance
Vml 0
To get L s :
3Vml 3L s
V0  cos   I
  0
3L s 3V
I0  ml cos   V0
 
 L s  2.68mH
2  314.15  2.68  10 3
 
cos 600    cos 600 
400  2
 25
cos 60    0.4256

  4.810

28. Ans: (b)

Solution: Let us assume the switch is closed at t  
V
Current flowing through diode is given by i0  m cos   cos t 
L
i0 is peak at t  
200 2
Iomax 
100
 cos   1  20 2
100   10 3

20 2 1  cos    20 2 =>   900

t  900  t   5ms
2  2  50
29. Ans: (c)

Solution: In 3 pulse converter each Thyristor usually conducts for 1200 but in this case firing
angle is such that each SCR has to conduct for 600 and thus 3 thyristors conduct for a total of
1800. Hence FD conducts 1800.
60 I
IT(rms)  I0  0
360 6
180 I
IFD(rms)  I0  0
360 2
30. Ans: (b)

V2
Solution: Power consumed with R=
R
When SCR is present in the circuit
V V
VR  m =
2 2 2
V2
Power consumed =
4R
Hence (b) is correct option.

31. Ans:12.5 to 13.0

Solution: o/p voltage of asymmetrical semi converter
Vm 2  200
V0 

1  cos   

 
1  cos300  168V
168
I0   16.8amp
10
1 1
    2  1800  300  2
Rms current through diode  I0    16.8  
 2   360
0

IDrms  12.83amp
32. Ans: (c)

Solution: R  10,   300
Vor2 V2
P => 5  103  or =>Vor =223.60V
R R
1
1 3 3 2
Vor  Vml  
 2 4 
 
cos 2 300 

Vml  265.98
Vml
Vph   108.58V
6
33. Ans: (b)

Solution: As we know in centre tap full-wave 1   rectifier circuit PIV of each diodes 2Vm
PIV= 2  200  400V
400
PIV in rms=  282.84V
2

34. Ans: (a)

3Vml
Solution: V0  cos 

Maximum possible voltage is obtained, when   00
3V
V0  ml

For 86.66% of Vmax ,   ?
3 3Vml 3Vml
  cos 
2  
3
cos  
2
  300
35. Ans: (a)

Solution: For 1 semi converter

Input displacement factor cos  cos300  0.866
2
2 2  2 2 3 3
Current distortion factor= cos =    0.955
(   ) 2 2 2 

3
36. Ans: (c)

2Vm
Solution: (P) For 1   FWCT rectifier, V0    0 
 

Vm  V
2 0
 PIV  2Vm  V0
2Vm
(Q) 1   semi converter, V0    0 
 

Vm  V
2 0

 PIV  Vm  V
2 0
3Vml
(R) 3   half wave converter, V0    0 
2 

2
Vml  V
3 0
2
PIV  Vml  V
3 0
3Vml
(S) 3   full converter, V0    0 
 

Vml  V
3 0

PIV  Vml  V
3 0
37. Ans: (b)

Solution: Voltage drop due to source in inductance  220  200  20V
L 100  Ls
 s I0  20V   20
 
Ls  0.2H
38. Ans: (d)

V0 V 230  2
Solution: I0   m 1  cos   
R R 15.53  

1  cos600  10A 
2 2  3
Is1  I0 cos    0.9  10   7.8A
 2 2
39. Ans: (a)

1/2
 2
  1/2
 1 3  3  3 
Solution: Vor    Vml sin tdt   Vml cos 2 
2 2
 
/3  2  3 2 
  
 3 
3  Vml
If   450  Vor  Vml   V
2 3 2
Vor2 Vml2
P0  1000W    1000
R 2R
Vml2  1000  2  10
Vml  100 2V

40. Ans: (b)

Solution: If one of the thyristor is open circuited then only one arm of the bridge is conducted
1
180 
V
Vo   Vm sin  t  dt  m cos 
2  
220 2 1
V0    35 2V
 22  2
 
 7 
I0 
V0  E 35 2  35 35 2  1
 
 
 7  0.414  2.89A
R 5 5
41. Ans: (b)

1/2 1/2
1  2 2  V  1 
Solution: or   Vm sin tdt 
V   m       sin2 
    2  2 
1/2
 200 2   
If    Vor     100 2V
2 2   2
 
2
V2 100 2
P0  or   0.2kW
R 100
42. Ans: (d)

Solution: For single phase full converter without freewheeling diode
Is
CDF  cos    and THD   1  48.43%
Is1
For single phase full converter without freewheeling diode
 Is
CDF  cos   and THD   1  f 
2 Is1
Hence Freewheeling diode improves the current distortion factor (CDF) and reduces the Total
Harmonic Distortion (THD)
43. Ans: (b)

Solution: Average current rating of SCR,
I 36
I TA  0   12A
3 3
Average power dissipated in each SCR  I TA  VT  12  1.4  16.8W

44. Ans: (c)

Solution: The diode will start conducting at an angle 1 , where
150
1  sin1  27.460
2  230
Average value of charging current,
1  1 

1   2  27.46    
I0     Vm sin t  E  d  t    2 2  230 cos 27.46  150   
0

2R  1  2  8   180 
I0  4.97A
Power delivered to battery is,
P  E  I0  150  4.97  745.5 W
45. Ans: (b)

Solution: For a single phase converter average output voltage
2Vm 2 2  230
V0  cos   cos 450  146.42V
 
V0 146.42
I0    14.642A
R 10
Input power factor of the converter is
2 2 2 2
pf  cos    cos 450  0.6366
 
  cos1 pf  50.460
Q i  VrmsIrms sin   230  14.642  sin50.460  2597.07 VAR
46. Ans: (c)

150
1  sin1  27.460
2  230
1  1 

I0   
  Vm sin t  E d(t)
2R  1 
1   2  27.46    
I0  2 2  230 cos 27.46  150   
0
   4.969A
2  8   180 
Power delivered to battery = EI0  150  4.9457  745.39W
Rms value of charging current,

1/2
1  1  Vm sin t  E  
 2
I0r      d t 
2  1  R  
 
1
 1   2     2
0
I0r  
 2  64 
2

 230  150    2  27.46  
180 
 230 2
sin2  27.46 0
 4 2  230  150 cos 27.46 

  
I0r  9.29A
Power dissipated in resistor = I2orR  (9.29)2  8  690.43W
Power delivered to battery 745.39
Rectifier efficiency= =  100  51.9%
Total input power 745.39  690.43
47. Ans: (a)

Solution: V0  E  I0R  400  20  1  420V
3Vml 3L s
V0  cos   I
  0
3 6  230 3  2  50  4  103
420  cos    20
 
 444 
  cos1    34.38
0
 537.99 
48. Ans: (b)

Solution: Here, Vml  2  Vt  2  230  325.27V
Average output voltage of 3   diode bridge rectifier is
3Vml 3  325.27
V0    310.61V
 
Then V0  E  I0R
Average value of battery charging current,
V  E 310.61  240
I0  0   8.82A
R 8
2 3
Fundamental component of source current, iS1  i sin t
 0
 RMS value of fundamental component of source current,
2 3 I0
iS1  
 2
RMS value of source current is,
1/2
 I 2  2  2
IS   0   I
   3  30

1/2
1/2
 2   1 2 
I
Input HF to THD   s   1     1  0.31
 I    0.955  
  s1 

49. Ans: 9 to 10
Solution: If recovery time is taken into consideration, the diodes D1 and D2 will not be off at
t   , but will continue to conduct until

t   trr

The reduction in output voltage is given by cross hatched area.

Average value of this reduction is output voltage is given by
trr
1 Vm
Vr  V m
sin td  t   1  cos trr 
 0

With zero reserve recovery time, average output voltage,
2V 2 2  230
V0  m   207.07V
 
For f=2500Hz, the reduction in the average output voltage,
V 2  230  180 
Vr  m 1  cos trr    1  cos 2  2500  40  10 
6
  19.77V
    
19.77
Percentage reduction in average output voltage=  100 =9.55%
207.07
50. Ans: (b)
Solution: If number of pulse increases, output waveform becomes more dc. The harmonic
content will be decreased.
51. Ans: (a)

Solution:

VA  Vm sin t
Phase A will get maximum voltage at t  900 . At this instant
V0  VA  VB

V0  Vm sin t  Vm sin t  1200 
V0  Vm  0.5Vm  1.5Vm
52. Ans: (c)

1/2
1  2 2  Vm 

1 
Solution: V0,rms    Vm sin td  t          sin2 
2    2   2 
1/2
200   0   
V0,rms      30     0.5sin60   98.547V
2     1800  
 98.547 
2
V0,rms
2
Average power consumed by the load =   194.23 W

R 50
53. Ans: (d)

Solution:
Each line conducts for 2400 in a three phase full controlled converter. It supplies current for
1200 and absorbs for another 1200.
  
IY  IR  300    1500    I0 
Since, the firing angle is 30 0
IY  IR  600  1800  I0 and 2400  3600  I0

IB  IY  1800  3000  I0 and 00  1200  I0

54. Ans: 4.0 to 4.5

1 120
Solution: Vs  VP ;Vs,rms   60 ; Vmax  60  2  84.85V
2 2
The angle 1 when diode starts conducting is
 E   12 
1  sin1    sin1    8.13
0
 Vm   84.45 
Averaging value of charging current,

1
1
I0 
2R  V
1
m
sin t  E d  t 
1
I0  2V cos 1  E    21  
2R  m 
1      
R 2  84.85  cos  8.13  12    2  8.13   
2  5    180   
R  4.25
55. Ans: 12 to 13
Solution: The average output voltage for continuous ripple free output current is,
3 3Vm
V0av   cos 
2
Here Vm is peak value of supply phase voltage. We have
Vline 440
Vline(rms)  440V ;  Vph(rms)    254.03V
3 3
 Vm  2Vph(rms)  2  254  359.25V
3 3  359.21
 V0(av)  cos300  257.29V
2

Average output current,

V 257.26
I0(av)  0(av)   12.86A
R 20
56. Ans: 3.5 to 4.5

3 2VLL 3  500
Solution: V0  cos   cos       cos300  cos 400   389.63V
2   2  
3Vml I 3L s
V0  cos   0
 
3  500 I  3  314  20  10 3
389.63  cos300  0
 
413.4966  389.63
I0   3.98A
5.9969
57. Ans: (c)

Solution: Converter output voltage V0  E  I0R  400  20  1  420V
3Vml 3L s
Output voltage with overlap= V0  cos   I
  0
3 6  230 3  2  50  4
420  cos    20
 1000  
  34.3820
2L s .I0 2  2  50  4  20
cos         cos     cos34.3820
Vml 1000  6  230
    42.6020
  42.6020  34.3820  8.220

Overlap angle= 8.220
58. Ans: (b)

59. Ans: (a)

Solution: Firing angle   250 , overlap angle   100
Vm
So, l0  cos   cos      
Ls  
230 2 
 20 
2  50  L s  
cos 250  cos 250  10 0 
 
 L s  0.0045H
2Vm cos  Lsl0 2  230 2 cos250 2    50  4.5  103  20
V0      178.67V
   
Vl 178.25  20
Displacement factor= 0 0   0.775
Vsls 230  20
60. Ans: (b)


Solution Given  
2
Vm V
V0 
2
  
1  cos    m 1  cos 900  0.1591Vm
2
1/2
Vm  1 0
V0,rms     0.5  2 sin180   0.3535Vm
2  
0.3535Vm
lrms 
R
 0.159V   0.3535V 
2 2
m m
Pdc  V0l0  and Pac  Vrms  lrms  lrms 
R R
Pdc
Rectification efficiency=  20.23%
Pac
61. Ans: (c)

Solution: Given  
2
V V
2
 2
 
V0  m 1  cos   m 1  cos 900  0.1591Vm 
1/2
V  1 
V0,rms  m    0.5  sin1800   0.3535Vm
2  2 
Vrms
Form factor=  2.22
Vdc

62. Ans: (c)

Solution: In a Full Converter the output voltage will be negative from  to  in case if    .
But in case of semi-converters the output voltage becomes zero from  to  in case if    .
So their performance differs in that case. But if    then both will exhibit same performance.
63. Ans: (c)

Solution: Here Vm  2  230 V
Average output voltage
3V 3 2  230
V0  m   310.60 V
 
Let the battery emf is E and average changing current is i0 then,
V0  E 310.60  240
V0  E  i0R => I 0    8.82A
R 8
64. Ans: (c)

Solution: When switch S is closed (diode is) current in the circuit is written as
V L
i(t)  s 1  e t/.02      .02 sec
R R
i(t)  4 1  e t/.02 
When switch S opens after 10 ms, current at t=0.01 sec
i(t  0.01sec)  4 1  e1/2   1.574A
When switch S opens after 10 ms, the circuit looks like as following
Let current flowing through circuit is i1 (t) , then
di1
L  0.7  0
dt
i1 (t)  i1 (0)  0.7t
i1 (t)  i1 (t)  0.7t

t  0.01sec
At t=0.008s, current in L
i1 (t  0.008 sec)  1.574  0.7  0.008  1.5684A

65. Ans: (a)

Solution: For half-controlled bridge rectifier, average output voltage
V
V0  m 1  cos  

120 2 120  2 2
For   00 V0  1  cos00  
   
120 2
For   1800 V0  1  cos1800   0
  
66. Ans: (b)

3
Solution: IPF= cos  , Maximum for α=00

1 3 3 
Vm   cos  2  
VRMS  2 4 
 
Ripple factor=  , Minimum for α=00
Vavg 3Vml
cos 

67. Ans: (a)
Solution: A voltage of 230 V supplying power to 1000  , through a single diode, as shown
below.
Form the waveform of i0 the peak load current is given by

Vm 2  230
Iom    0.3189A
R  RD 1020

Here R=load resistance and R D = internal resistance of diode

When Diode Conducts the voltage across diode is I0RD and when it stops conducting entire
source voltage appears across diode as shown in wave form above.
1

Iom
 0.10151A
2 0
DC load current, I0  I om
sin td( t) 

2
1
2 
DC diode voltage, VD  I0RD  230 2 sin td(t)
Vm 230 2
VD  I0RD   0.10151  20   101.5V
 
68. Ans: (b)

Solution: The half-wave diode rectifier uses a step-up transformer therefore, ac voltage
applied to rectifier
Average value of load voltage,
Vm 2  460
V0    207.07V
 
V2 207.042
Output dc power, Pdc  0   714.63W
R 60
DC power deliverd to the load P P
TUF   DC  DC
AC rating of transformer secondary PAC rated Pin rated
Pdc 714.63
VA rating of transformer   2494.34VA
TUF 0.2865
So choose a transformer with 2.5 kVA rating.
69. Ans: (d)

Solution: A semiconductor switch connecting a load RL to ac supply is shown below.
The solution for the load current i0 for this converter,

Vm V  R 
i0  sin( t  )  m sin(  )exp  ( t  )  is  i1
Z Z  L 

Here magnitude of transient component of load current i0 is

Vm  R 
it  sin(  )exp  (t   )
Z  L 
In order that no current transients occur, when SCR is turned on at a triggering angle 1 0it must
be zero. This is possible only if sin (  ) = 0 = sin 0° or sin 180°.
2  50  0.05
Triggering angle=     tan1  72.340
5
Therefore, when triggering angle     72.340 , no current transients would occur. For worst
transient current, sin (  ) = 1 = sin 90°
Triggering angle=   90    90  72.340  162.340
Therefore, when triggering angle  = 162.34°, worst current transients would occur in the
circuit.
70. Ans: (b)

Solution: For 1-phase half-wave diode rectifier, RMS value of load current, is
V V
Ior  or  m  100A
R 2R
Vm  200R
The charge is delivered by direct current i0 ,
Vm 200R 200
 I0    A
R R 
Also I0  time in hours=200 Ah
200  
 Time required to deliver this charge = hrs    3.14 hrs
200

We recommend you to take the Chapter Test first and then check
the Solutions.

Chapter Test Solutions

1. Ans: (d)
Solution: We can’t switch on the thyristor in the overlap region. So the range of firing angle
should be     180  
2. Ans: 45 to 46
2Vm
Solution: For single phase full converter output voltage V0  cos   E  I0R

2  2  230
cos   70  5  15

   45.550
3. Ans: (d)
Solution: 3   full converter,
I0  60A, V0  230V
1
Average current of SCR’S, I TA  I0   20A
3
2 2
R.M.S current of source, Isr  I0  60  48.98A
3 3
4. Ans: (d)
Solution: Given data, Vs  230V; f  50Hz; RL  3; L  1mH
E  110V;   2100 ;   300
  
PIV= Vm  E  230 2  110  435.26V 
5. Ans: (b)
150
1  sin1  27.460
2  230
1  1 

I0  
  Vm sin t  E d(t)
2R  1


1   2  27.46    
I0  2 2  230 cos 27.46  150   
0
   4.969A
2  8   180 

Power delivered to battery = EI0  150  4.9457  745.39W

(Power delivered to battery)(Charging time in hours) = battery capacity in Wh
1000
 Charging time =  1.347h
741.85
6. Ans: 0.75 to 0.80

Solution: 1   full converter feeding RLE load,
Vs  230V;R  4;E  120V;   300
2Vm 2  230 2
V0  cos   cos300  179.33V
 
V0  E 179.33  120
I0    14.8325A
R 4
EI  I2 R
p.f  0 or  I0  cons tant  I 0  I or  I sr 
Vs Isr
E  I0R 120  14.8325  4

p.f    0.779lag
Vs 230
7. Ans: (d)
Solution: Initially, E0  100V;Rint  0.25; I0  12A; V1  220V
V0  E0  I0R  100  12  0.25  103V
3 6 3 6 220
V0  V cos   103  cos     69.710
 ph  3
Now  is increased to 160 0
V0  E0  I0R  100  12  0.25  97V  dc  3   system
3 6 3 6
V0  Vph cos   97  V cos1600  Vph  44.13V
  ph
 VLine  44.13  3  76.436V

8. Ans: (b)
6  
Solution: Is1  I0 cos and DPF= cos
 2 2
 2
I 0
 3
 when   60 
0
Is  
 
I 0
 
 when   60 
0
6 
I I0 cos
As   450 ,DF  s1   2  3 cos 
Is 2  2
I0
3
3  3
 IPF  DF  DPF  cos2  cos2 22.50
 2 
9. Ans: (c)
Solution: 1 full converter
2 2 I0
Vs  230V, I0  10A,   600 , IS1 

2 2  1
P  Vs1Is1 cos 1  230    10   cos 600  230  9   115  9  1035.36W
   2
2 2  3
Q  Vs1Is1 sin 1  230    10   sin600  230  9   1793.30VAR
   2
10. Ans: 1
Solution: For a Purely resistive load
di
Vm sin  t   L ;
dt
Peak current
1

V 200 2  1  2
IP   Vm sin  t  dt  m  cos   1     1    1A
L L 2  2  2
100 


11. Ans: (a)

Solution: when converter receives the power from load or work as inverter
5k
V0  E0  IR and I   20.08A
12.4
3Vml
cos   12.4  20.08  500  251.008V

cos   0.422 =>   114.980
12. Ans: (a)

1/2 1/2
3  3  3  3 
Solution: For R load, Vor  Vml   cos 2   440 2     0  440V
2  3 2  2  3 2 
Vor2 440  440
P0    3872W
R 50
13. Ans: (b)

Solution: For R load   300 , discontinuous conduction mode, given   450 hence, power
Vor2
delivered to the load is P0 
R
1
  
2
2
3 2  440 
1

 3Vmp
2
 5  1    
2   3   5   1       
Vor      sin  2         sin     
      
 4   6  2 3     4   6 4  2   3 2   
 
 
1
Vor  30812.4 1.8326    0.25  2  64169.99  237.6
253.32
P0   2823.33W
20
14. Ans: (c)

Solution: The peak value of circulating current, for finding angle 1  600 is given by
3Vml 3  6  230
iC 
p
L
1  sin 1  
2  50  15  10

3
1  sin600 
iC  27.74Amps
p

15. Ans: 28 to 29
Solution: Vs  230, f  50Hz,R  10,   600
Vm 2  230  1
V0 
2
 1  cos   
2
 1    77.65V
2

77.65
I0   7.765A
10
1/2 1/2
Vm  1  2  230   1 
V0,rms        2 sin2        sin120   145.873V
0
2   2   3 2 
145.873
I0,rms   14.58A
10
Output dc power= Pdc  I0 V0  77.65  7.765  602.95W
Output ac power= Pac  I0,rms V0,rms  145.873  14.58  2126.82W
Pdc 602.95
Rectification efficiency=   0.2834 or 28.34%
Pac 2126.82

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Power Electronics (Rectifiers)

(a) Equal to the regular voltage of phases

3. The overlap angle of a phase controlled converter would increase on increasing

(a) 1,2,3 (b) 2,3,4

5. In single-phase full wave converter, as the load current increases

(a) The commutation interval and overlap angle decreases

(a) Both increase

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7. The freewheeling diode

(a) Can decrease the input PF (b) Has no effect on PF

8. The characteristic features of discontinuous conduction, compared to a continuous

(a) remains same (b) increased

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(a) -253.25 (b) -272.63

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(a) 0A (b) 15A

(a) 10A (b) 14.14A

(a) 900 (b) 1200

(a) 400 (b) 1200

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(a) 565.6V (b) 282.5V

(a) 300 (b) 600

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(a) IDF=0.866, CDF=0.955

List-I (rectifier circuit) List-II (PIV of SCR in terms of V0 )

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(a) 10A (b) 9A

(a) 100 2 V (b) 100 3 V

(a) 5.61A (b) 2.89A

(a) 0.11kW (b) 0.2kW

42. Consider the statements given below, Use of freewheeling diode

(i) Reduce the reactive power demand of the converter

(a) (i), (iii) and (iv) (b) (i) and (iii)

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(a) 15.2 W (b) 16.8 W

(d) 53. 16%

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(a) 1.5 Vm (b) 3Vm

(a) 198.45 (b) 125.54

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(a) 7.12° (b) 4.17°

(a) (i), (ii) (b) (i), (ii), and (iv)

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59. A single-phase fully controlled thyristor bridge ac-dc converter is operating at 50 Hz

(a) 0.775 (b) 0.827

(a) (i) and (iii) (b) (i) and (v)

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(a) 4. 11 A (b) 38.82 A

(i) Voltage ripple factor is minimum at  = 0°

(a) (i) and (ii) (b) (i) and (iii)

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(a) 0.31 A and -101.5 V (b) 0.41 A and -101.5 V

(a) 2.1 KVA (b) 2.5 KVA

69. A semiconductor switch is used to connect a load of 5  , 0.05 H to a 240 V, 50 Hz supply.

(a) 90.21° (b) 125.61°

(a) 2.12 hrs (b) 3.14 hrs

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4. Ans: 0.6 to 0.7

VR     Vm sin()  E  .d   2Vm cos 1  E    21  

160  3.632   6.91   10

Power factor=  0.66614 lag