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3.1 INTRODUCTION
The disadvantages of the uncontrolled rectifiers discussed in the
previous chapter are overcome if the diodes are replaced by controllable
power semiconductor switch; the resulting converters are called
controlled converters. In Controlled Rectifications, the generated d.c.
power is controllable and variable. They usually use SCRs as their power
switches. For fast switching operation, MOSFETs and IGBTs are used.
The following sections deal with the basic operation of some examples of
controlled rectifiers starting with the simplest type which is the single-
phase half-wave controlled rectifier loaded with resistive load.
19
Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
(a) Circuit
(b) Waveforms.
The thyristor is fired at ωt = α, and the input voltage appears across the
load. The voltage across the thyristor collapses to almost zero and the full
supply voltage appears across the load. From this point onwards, the load
voltage follows the supply voltage. The load being purely resistive the
load current i is proportional to the load voltage.
o
At ωt = π, T1 is reverse-biased by the negative half-cycle of the supply
and during the period π < ωt ≤ 2π, the thyristor is turned off and blocks
the supply voltage and the load voltage remains zero as shown in
Fig.3.1(b). Consequently, no load current flows during this interval. Since
the output voltage and current are both positive, the converter is said to
operate in the first quadrant. This converter is not normally used in the
industrial application because of its high ripple current and low ripple
frequency. The waveforms for one total period of operation of this circuit
are shown in Fig.3.1(b).
The average value of the load voltage Vdc can be calculated as follows:
∫ ( ) ∫
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Power electronics and drives
( ) ( ) ( )
Therefore, the average output voltage can vary from 0 to Vm /π and the
average load current will vary from 0 to Vm /πR when varying α from
π to 0, respectively.
Since the load is resistive, therefore the load voltage and current are in
phase and they are related by i = v / R. Consequently, the average value of
the load current Idc is
( ) ( )
The rms value of the load voltage Vorms can be calculated as follows:
√ ∫ ( ) √ ∫ ( )
( )
√ ∫ ( )
√ ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
√ ( ) ( )
( )
( )
19
Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
To find the power factor of the circuit, the current drawn from the source
is is the same as the load current. Hence,
√ ( )
√
√ ( )
√ ( ) ( )
19
Power electronics and drives
The average value of the load voltage Vdc can be calculated as follows:
∫ ( ) ∫
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
The rms value of the load voltage Vorms can be calculated as follows:
√ ∫ ( )
( )
√ ∫ ( ) √ ∫ ( )
19
Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
√ ,( ) ( )- ( )
√ ,( ) ( )- ( )
( )
The PRV of the thyristor for this configuration is Vm . To find the power
factor of the circuit, the current drawn from the source is is the same as the
load current. Hence,
( )
√ ,( ) ( )-
⁄ √ ⁄
√ ,( ) ( )- ( )
√
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Power electronics and drives
without FWD, then the output voltage and current waveforms are as
shown in Fig.3.4(b). If S is closed, then the supply voltage is positive,
from α to π, FWD is in reverse and passes approximately no current (open
circuited), so that source and load current are equal (is = io) as shown in
Fig.3.4(d).
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
During the negative half-cycle of the supply, the load current io flows
through the low resistance path provided by FWD rather than against the
negative supply voltage, so that iFWD = io , and is = 0. Hence the thyristor T
is allowed to switch off. In this part of the half-cycle, the current is driven
by the energy stored in L; it decays according to the time constant of the
circuit (R, L, and FWD), Fig.3.5; vo is very small and negative, being
equal to the voltage drop across FWD. Therefore, the output voltage
waveform will be as depicted in Fig.3.6 which is exactly similar to the
case of resistive load.
19
Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
To derive an expression for the average value of the output voltage for
single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier with R-L load and
freewheeling diode, referring to the voltage waveform shown in Fig.3.6
one can write,
∫ ( ) ∫
( ) ( ) ( )
Example 3.1
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Power electronics and drives
Solution
(a) For single-phase half-wave controlled rectifier with resistive load; the
average value of the output voltage is calculated from Eq.(3.1) as
( )
√
( )
( )
√ ( )
√
√ ( )
√ √
()
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
Example 3.2
Fig.3.7.
Solution
(a) For R = Rmin = 1k
Center-tap voltage:
| | √ ( ) √ ( )
| |
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Power electronics and drives
| | √ ( ) √ ( )
Example 3.3
Solution
The load current waveform is shown in Fig.3.8 (a) when α = 14.3˚ =
0.249 rad.
Fig.3.8.
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
∫ ( )
( )2
Example 3.4
Solution
(a) The d.c. power absorbed by the load (Pdc) :
√
( ) ( )
( ) (√ )
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Power electronics and drives
√ ( ) √ ( )
Example 3.5
Fig.3.9.
Solution
∫ ∫
{ | } * +
919
Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
Example 3.6
Fig.3.11
919
Power electronics and drives
Solution
*∫ ∫ +
0 3 { }
* + * +
* +
(a)
(b)
919
Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
( )
∫ ( ) ( )
The rms value of the load voltage Vorms can be calculated as follows:
√ ∫ ( )
( )
√ ∫ ( ) √ ∫ ( )
√ ( ) ( )
√
√ ( ) ( )
√
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Power electronics and drives
∫ ( ) ( )
(ii) Case of R-L load with large L / R ratio: Continuous load current
Under these conditions, a thyristor is still conducting when another is
forward-biased and is turned on. The first device is instantaneously
reverse-biased by the second device which has been turned on. The first
device is commutated and load current is instantaneously transferred on
the incoming device. In this case the current is continuous as shown in
Fig.3.14.
919
Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
The average value of the load voltage Vdc can be calculated as follows:
∫ ( )
Under all delay angle condition, the average current is given by:
( )
From the above voltage equation, (3.21), it is clear that, if the firing angle
is greater than 90˚, the average voltage can be negative because cosα is
negative. Thus if the firing angle is suddenly increased to, say, 160˚, a
large negative voltage will be applied to the load and the power is fed
back to the supply. This process is known as ‘INVERSION’. The current
remains positive while the voltage is negative. Hence a negative pulse of
energy will be produced which is fed back to the supply. In this case m
the converter is said to operate in two quadrants as shown in Fig.3.15(a).
The graph shown in Fig. 3.15(b) gives the relation between the firing
angle and the output voltage in percentage for the two modes of operation
(continuous and discontinuous) for full-wave single-phase rectifier.
(a)
(b)
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Power electronics and drives
(a) Circuit
(b) Waveforms.
(c) Operating quarters
The average value of the load voltage Vdc can be calculated as follows,
∫ ( )
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
√ ∫ ( ) √ ∫ ( )
√ ∫ ( ) ( )
√
Since the load current is constant over the studied period, therefore the
rms value of the load current Iorms is : Iorms = Idc = Ia
( ) ( )
This is a first order differential equation. The solution of this equation has
three parts:
1- Steady-state solution due to source voltage:
( ) ( )
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Power electronics and drives
(a) Circuit
(b) Waveforms
| | √ ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
| |
For continuous current case, the constant A can be found from initial
conditions: i(ωt = α) = i(0),
( ) ( ) ( )
| |
,( ) ( ) - ( )
| |
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
( ) ( ) ,( )
| |
( )
( ) - ( )
| |
( ) ( )[ ] ( )
| |
Once i(0) in Eq.(3.29) is found ,the average value of i(ωt) can be found as
∫ ( )
∫ * ( )
| |
( )
[( ) ( )] + ( )
| |
For discontinuous current case, one can find the average value of the
current Iav by referring to Fig.3.17(b) for the interval α ≤ ωt ≤ β as
∫ * ( )
| |
( )
[( ) ( )] + ( )
| |
where
( )
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Power electronics and drives
∫ * ( )
( )] ( )
[ + ( )
(a) Circuit
(b) Waveforms
Fig.3.18 Single-phase, half-controlled (Semiconverter): (a) Circuit,
(b) Waveforms.
Equations (3.17) to (3.19) for the voltage and current are also applied
for the semiconverter with resistive load. However with resistive-
inductive load the converter can operates in continuous or discontinuous
modes depend on the L/R ratio as discussed in Subsection 3.3.2.
In continuous current mode, freewheeling diode must be used to
eliminate any negative voltage occurrence at the load terminals as shown
in Fig.3.18 (a). This is because the diode FWD is always activated
(forward biased) whenever the load voltage tends to be negative. For one
total period of operation of this circuit, the corresponding waveforms are
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
shown in Fig. 3.18 (b). The average value of the load voltage Vdc in case
of R-L load can be calculated as follows,
∫ ( ) ( )
which is the same expression for the case of pure resistive load.
Therefore, the average output voltage can vary from 0 to Vm /π when
varying α from π to 0 respectively. The average value of the load current
Vdc
Idc is calculated as : I dc
R
The rms value of the load voltage Vorms can be calculated as follows:
√ ∫ ( ) √ ∫ ( )
( )
√ ∫ ( )
√ ( ) ( )
√
Fig.3.19
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Power electronics and drives
Example 3.7
Solution
For highly inductive load, referring to Fig. 3.16(b), the average output
voltage Vdc is calculated as follows,
∫ { - }
√ √
( )
√ √
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
Example 3.8
Solution:
∫ ( )
Is =I dc 0 < ωt < π
Fig.3.20 Waveforms.
∫ 2 3
∫ 2 3
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Power electronics and drives
√
√ √
(b) With freewheeling diode : In this case the output current will be
discontinuous as depicted in Fig.3.21 (b),
2 3 ( )
( )
∫ ( )
2 3
(c)
∫
2 3 ( )
√
√
√
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
Example 3.9
Solution
The power dissipated in resistive load is given by,
√ ∫ ( )
( )
. /
( )
( )
Example 3.10
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Power electronics and drives
firing angle α = 45˚ and the current extinction angle β =230˚. It is required
to:
(a) Sketch the appropriate load voltage and load current waveforms.
(b) Determine whether the current is continuous or discontinuous.
(d) Determine the average load voltage and current.
(e) Determine the rms load voltage and current.
(f) Determine the a.c. and d.c powers absorbed by the load.
(g) Determine the efficiency of the converter.
Solution
Fig.3.22.
( ) ∫
(d) The rms values of the output voltage and current: Using Eq.(3.24),
√
√ √
√ ( ) √ ( )
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
Example 3.11
Fig. 3.23.
Solution
( )
∫ ∫
0 1
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Power electronics and drives
Example 3.12
Fig.3.25.
Solution
999
Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
Since 180˚ + 45˚ = 225, which is < β (=235⁰). Hence , the current is
continuous.
(b) The average load voltage Vdc and current Idc for continuous current
operation are
(c) When the freewheeling diode DFW is used across the load, and the load
resistance remains the same; the waveform of the voltage will be as
depicted in Fig.3.26.
The voltage Vdc and current Idc are
2 - 3
( )
( )
(d) If T3 is open circuited, the circuit and the output voltage will be as in
Fig.3.27.
∫ 2 - 3 ( )
( )
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Power electronics and drives
(a) (b)
Fig.3.27.
Example 3.13
Solution
(a) For highly inductive load the d.c. voltage is given by Eq.(3.31) as
√ √
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
(b) When a freewheel diode is connected across the load, the output
voltage waveform will be as depicted in Fig.3.28 and its average value is
given by
2 3
Fig.3.28.
( ) ( )
2 3 ( ) ( )
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Power electronics and drives
∫ ( )
√ ∫
√ √
( )
√ √
( )
Example 3.14
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
Solution
( ) ( )[ ]
√ ( ) √( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )[ ]
( ) ( ) ,
( )
( ) -
( ) ( )
∫ ( )
∫ * ( ) +
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Power electronics and drives
(a) Circuit.
(b) Waveforms.
Fig.3.30 Three-phase half-wave controlled rectifier. Case of resistive
load.
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
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Power electronics and drives
∫ , -
, ( ( ) ( )-
, ( )- ( )
, ( )- ( )
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
(a) Circuit.
(b) Waveforms
, ( ( ) ( ))-
√
( )
√
( )
The operation of the three- phase, half-wave rectifier with different values
of α is illustrated in Fig.3.32. It can be seen that this converter can operate
either as a rectifier or as an inverter as
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Power electronics and drives
999
Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
Notes:
1. The mean output voltage is zero for α = π/2. The converter is idle
(no output).
2. Negative average output voltage occurs when α ˃ π/2.
3. Power inversion is possible, if a load with an emf to assist the
current flow.
Example 3.15
Solution
(a) The waveforms of Vo and Io are as shown in Fig.3.31(b),
(b) The average value of the output voltage is given in Eq.(3.37) as,
√ √
(c) If a freewheel diode is connected across the load, the circuit and
output voltage waveform will be as shown in Fig.3.33.
The average voltage of the waveform of Fig.3.33 (b) can be evaluated as
∫ , -
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Power electronics and drives
( ( ))
√
( ( ))
.
(a) Circuit
(b) Waveform
Fig.3.33.
For p-pulse (or p-phase, i.e.: 3-phase, 6-phase, 12-phase …. etc) half-
wave rectifier circuit, a general formula can be obtained as follows:
The output voltage vo waveform of a p-pulse, fully controlled converter
with continuous current operating mode would be as shown in Fig.3.35.
Fig.3.34.
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
It has been found useful for calculation to express the a.c. voltages on the
thyristor side by cosine functions to avoid the mistake in the polarity sign.
Hence:
van = Vm cos ( t + 120)
vbn = Vm cos t
vcn = Vm cos ( t – 120)
( )
∫
( )
. / , ( ) ( )-
( ) , ( ) ( ) -
, -
( )
Notes :
-The diode conduction angle
is 120˚ + α .
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Power electronics and drives
(a)
(b)
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
∫ ( )
( ) √ ( )
∫ √ ( )
√
( ) ( )
The rms value of the output voltage waveform is
( ) , ∫ ( ) -
( ) , ∫ ( ) -
√
( ) √ , ( )- ( )
√ √
( )
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Power electronics and drives
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
( ) √ ( )
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Power electronics and drives
∫ ( )
∫ √ ( )
√
( ) ( )
Example 3.16
Solution
(a) For α = 45 °
√
√
√ √
(b) The power drawn from the source = the power dissipated at the
resistance of the load
√ √
991
Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
Ps = Vdc . Idc =
Example 3.17
Solution
(a) For a three-phase semiconverter , the average d.c. voltage is
√
( )
For α = 45°:
√
( )
√
( )
√
( )
√
( )
(e)
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Power electronics and drives
or Vdc = 15 R = 15 10 = 150 V
√
( )
Example 3.18
Solution
Maximum Vdc is obtained when α = 0˚, hence for the three-phase half-
controlled bridge
√ √
( )
( )
( )
From which
Example 3.19
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
(c) Determine the average value of the output voltage and current if the
phase voltage peak is Vmax = 450 V and R =100 when = 0,
= 60, and = 120.
(d) How is the average load voltage affected if thyristor T2, failed to
open circuit?
Fig.3.41
Solution
(a) Waveforms as
shown in Fig.3.42.
∫ ( )
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Power electronics and drives
√
, ( ) ( )-
(c) For = 0
√
For = 120
√
( )
(d) If T2 failed to open circuit, phase-b will be eliminated and the voltage
and current waveforms will appear as depicted in Fig.3.43 ,
999
Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
∫ ∫
Example 3.20
Sketch the waveform across an R-L load (L ) for a 3-phase, half-
wave converter with delay angle = 60 (a) without, (b) with freewh-
eeling diode. Drive, in each case, expressions for the average output d.c.
voltage and deduce waveforms of transformer secondary current.
Solution
Fig.3.44
∫√ [√ ]
√
0 . / . /1
√
,
. / . / -
√
√ ( )
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Power electronics and drives
∫ √ [√ ]
√ 0 . /1
√ 0 1
√ 0 . /1
Example 3.21
Show that for a p-pulse converter with purely resistive load, where the
delay angle is restricted so that the load current is continuous, the rms
value of d.c. voltage is given by:
√
√
Solution
∫ ( )
∫ ( )
999
Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
[ ]{
[ ]
{ }
[ ]
[ ]
√ ( )
√
Example 3.22
Show that for a P-pulse converter with a purely resistive load, where the
delay angle is such that the load current is discontinuous, the rms value
of the output voltage is given by
√ . /
where Vs is the rms value of the transformer secondary voltage per phase.
Solution:
The rms value of the output voltage waveform for a p-pulse converter is
∫ (√ )
[ ]
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Power electronics and drives
[ ( )]
√ . /
i i1=I i2=I
i1+i2=I
0 μ ωt
Angle of overlap
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
( )
Equation (3.43) above will be used as basic relation for the following
analysis for the overlap effect in rectifier circuit.
Fig.3.48.
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Power electronics and drives
∫ ∫
( )|
⁄
( )
Fig.3.49 Waveforms.
( )
Therefore,
( ) ( )
[∫ ( ) ∫ ]
[ ∫ ]
( ( ))
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
( ) ( )
This is the output d.c. voltage of the converter considering the effect of
the source inductance L which causes overlap. The effect of overlap is,
then equivalent to voltage loss of (ωLI /π) . This lost voltage can also be
determined by calculating the area A which occurs every half cycle or
every second. Thus referring to Fig.3.50, A can be determined as:
( )
∫ ( )
( )
∫ . /
( )
∫ ( )
( ) ( )
The net output d.c. voltage for the bi-phase converter will be:
( ) ( ) ( )
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Power electronics and drives
( )
( )
∫ ∫ ( )
( ( ))
( ) ( )
Therefore, the net output d.c. voltage for the single-phase converter will
be:
( ) ( ) ( )
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
(a) (b)
√
( )
√
∫ ∫
√
( ) ( )
Now, at ( ) and
( ) ( )
√
∫ [ ∫ ( ) ∫ ]
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Power electronics and drives
Using gives,
[∫ ∫ ]
√
( ( ))
√
( ) ( )
(D ) P-pulse converter
For p-pulse converter the voltage waveforms and the overlap angles are
depicted in Fig.3.53. Let the voltage at the anode of the incoming thyristor
be . Since the phase voltages are displaced by radians,
then, the voltage at the anod of the outgoing thyristor v1 is given by:
( )
, - ( )
Fig.3.53
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
Using ;
From Eq.(3.43) :
∫ ∫
, 2 -
( ) ( )
∫ . / ∫
[ ]
∫ ∫
[ ]
, ( )-
( )
( ) ( )
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Power electronics and drives
Alternatively, one can use the lost voltage due to commutation to derive
Vdc . A=LI (as derived before) and its average value Vdc(lost) for p-pulse
converter is thus,
( )
( )
Therefore the net output d.c. voltage for the p-pulse converter will be:
( ) ( )
( )
Notes:
1. is the supply reactance per phase (up to the anode of the
thyristor ) and where f is the frequency of the supply.
999
Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
( )
( )
√
( )
√
( )
Example 3.23
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Power electronics and drives
Solution
For bi-phase or mid-point rectifier
, -
, -
( )
( )
( )
Example 3.24
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
Fig.3.54.
Solution
At all time there is a voltage drop across the thyristor which is 1.5 V, also
there is a constant voltage drop across the source resistance which is equal
to: 30 0.07 = 2.1 V.
√ √ √
at
Example 3.25
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Power electronics and drives
Solution
√ √ √
√
√
√
√
( ( ))
√ ( ( ))
( ( ))
( )
( )
991
Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
( ) ∑ ( ) ∑ ( )
( )
∫
( )
( )
The Fourier coefficients of the nth order harmonics are (for n ≠ 1):
( )
∫
( )
( )
∫
( )
, - ( )
( )
, - ( )
( )
where :
= d.c. output value for uncontrolled case
n= cp with c any integer
= the maximum value of converter secondary voltage /phase
= the triggering (delay) angle
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Power electronics and drives
∫ ( ) ( )
∫ ( )
, ( )-
, ( ) ( ( ))-
,( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ))
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )-
[ ( ) ( )] ( )
∫ ( ) ( )
∫ ( ) ∫ , ( )-
, ( )-
. / . /
,
, ( ( ) ( ))
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
, ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ))
[ ( ) ( )] ( )
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Power electronics and drives
Table 3.1 Harmonic amplitudes for the output voltage waveform of single -
phase full-wave rectifier ( p = 2) for triggering angle α = 30˚.
Table 3.2 Harmonic amplitudes for the output voltage waveform three -
phase half - wave rectifier ( p = 3) for triggering angle α = 30˚.
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
Table 3.3 Harmonic amplitudes for the output voltage waveform three-
phase full-wave rectifier ( p = 6) for triggering angle α = 30˚.
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Power electronics and drives
Fig. 3.58 Harmonic amplitude spectra for poly-phase 12- pulse rectifier for
triggering angle α = 30˚.
Table 3.4 Harmonic amplitudes for the output voltage waveform poly-
phase rectifier ( p = 12) for triggering angle α = 30˚.
From the above results, it is evident that as the number of pulse (p) in an
a.c. to d.c. converter increases, the d.c. output voltage is increases. The
most significant harmonic is the second harmonic of the supply frequency
which, for the same delay angle α, increases as the number of pulse p
increases. On contrast, the first order harmonic is decreases as the number
of pulse p increases. The variation of the d.c. component (Vdc) with the
delay angle α is given in Table 3.5 for clarity.
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
Table 3.5
P 2
0 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚ 180˚
P 3
0 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚ 180˚
P 6
0 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚ 180˚
(V) 95.5 82.6 47.7 0 -47.7 -82.6 -95.5
P 12
0 30˚ 60˚ 90˚ 120˚ 150˚ 180˚
(V) 98.9 85.6 49.4 0 -49.5 -85.7 -98.9
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Power electronics and drives
Fig.3.59 Harmonic frequency spectra for p =2 rectifier with different firing angles:
(a) α = 0˚, (b) α = 60˚, (c) α = 90˚, and (d) α = 180˚.
999
Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
Fig.3.60 Harmonic frequency spectra for p =3 rectifier with different firing angles:
(a) α = 0˚, (b) α = 60˚, (c) α = 90˚, and (d) α = 180˚.
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Power electronics and drives
Fig.3.61 Harmonic frequency spectra for p = 6 rectifier with different firing angles:
(a) α = 0˚, (b) α = 60˚, (c) α = 90˚, and (d) α = 180˚.
991
Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
Fig.3.62 Harmonic frequency spectra for p=12 rectifier with different firing
angles: (a) α = 0˚, (b) α = 60˚, (c) α = 90˚, and (d) α = 180˚.
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Power electronics and drives
PROBLEMS
3.1 A single- phase half - wave controlled rectifier shown in Fig.3.63, operates
from an ideal sinusoidal source with vs = 325 sinωt, at 50Hz. If the load is
purely resistive, and at a certain triggering α , the output d.c. voltage is
Vdc = 95 V, and the average value of the load current is 2.2 A. It is required
to calculate the following:
[Ans : (a) 33.31˚, (b) 43.18 , (c) 159.34 V , (d) 3.63 A, (e) 209 W,
(f) 4 A, 400 V]
[Ans : (a) Pdc =178.6, Pac = 880.74 W , η = 0.202 , (b) FF= 2.22,
RF =1.98 , (c) VA rating of the transformer =1761.78, TUF = 0.10,
(d) PF = 0.1013]
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
3.4 What are the required delay angles of a bi-phase controlled rectifier to
obtain 60% and 25 % of its maximum output voltage? Assuming :
(a) A highly inductive load.
(b) A pure resistive load.
3.7 If the line side of the transformer in the above example has an inductance
of 5 mH, determine the output voltage, current and the angle of overlap.
3.8 Fig. 3.64 shows an SCR – Diode converter fed from 230V rms a.c. supply.
The converter consists of one SCR and three diodes. Assume that load
current is continuous and load resistance is 15 .
(a) Prove that the average d.c. output voltage is given by
( )
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Power electronics and drives
Fig.3.65.
3.10 A single -phase full-converter bridge circuit is feeding an RLE load and is
fed from single-phase sinusoidal a.c. supply vs = 300 sinωt , 50Hz. The
load current is constant at 20 A. R = 0.25 , L = 0.2 H. Find (a) firing
angle if E = 75 V, (b) firing angle if E = -75 V, (c) input power factor in
bath cases, and (d) draw output voltage waveform.
[ Ans : 65.25 ˚, 111.49˚, 0.377, 0.33]
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
3.12 Show from first principle that the rms value of primary line current for a
three-phase converter transformer is given by
3.13 Show that the line current supplying the primary winding of a 3-pulse
converter with delta-connected primary, having equal primary and secon-
dary turns and well-smoothed dc current Id , ip given by:
3.14 Show that the ‘short- circuit ‘current flowing in the lagging phase of two
involved in commutation of d.c. load current is given by
(b) Prove that the power factor of the fundamental component of the
input current is
(√ ⁄ ) ( )⁄√
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Power electronics and drives
(d) Use the results obtained above to prove that the distortion factor
of the input current can be expressed as
[Ans : (a) 4.5 V, (b) 450 V, (c) 1.06˚, (d) 67.14˚, (e) 111.8˚]
3.17 In problem 3.16, if the converter (and the input transformer) is replaced
by a three-phase full-wave fully-controlled one to deliver the same
output power (voltage and current) when operating at the same firing
angle α of that problem in rectification mode. It is required to:
(a) Obtain the drop in the d.c. voltage due to a.c. source internal
reactance.
(b) Calculate the overlap angle.
(c) Calculate the extinction angle when the circuit is to function as
inverter with 15 A and 200 V power.
(d) Obtain the firing angle for the case stated in (c).
3.18 In a single-phase half-wave ac-dc converter, the average value of the load
current is 1.78 A. If the converter is operated from a 240 V, 50 Hz supply
and if the average value of the output voltage is 27% of the maximum
possible value, calculate the following, assume the load to be resistive.
(a) Load resistance
(b) Firing angle
(c) Average output voltage
(d) The rms load voltage
(e) The rms load current
(f) DC power
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(g) AC power
(h) Rectifier efficiency
(i) Form factor
(j) Ripple factor
[Ans: (a) 51.4 , (b) 45 ᵒ, (c) 91 V , (d) 134 V, (e) 2.6 A , (f) 162
W, (g) 349 W, (h) 46.4% , (i) 1.362 , (j) 1.08]
3.19 For the circuit arrangement shown in Fig.3.66 and for a pure resistive
load, sketch a set of waveforms for thyristor triggering α = 90ᵒ showing
the supply current,load current and thyristors voltage .
Derive an expression for the average value of the load current Idc and
calculate its values for α = 0ᵒ , 60ᵒ , and 120ᵒ if the the supply voltage is
ideal sinusoid with Vm = 400 V, 50 Hz and the load resisror R =10 .
How is the average load current affected if diode D2 fails to open circuit?
Fig.3.66.
[Ans : 12.7 A, 9.5 A, 3.17 A .When diode D2 failed to open circuit, the
circuit will act as a half-wave rectifier ]
3.20 For the three-phase half-wave fully controlled rectifier shown in Fig.3.67,
the load consists of a resistance and a very large inductance. The
inductance is so large that the output current io can be assumed to be
continuous and ripple-free. For triggering angle α = 30°.
Fig.3.67.
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Power electronics and drives
(c) Determine the mean value of the output voltage, current and d.c.
power if phase voltage is Van = 220 V (rms), α = 30° and R = 50
ohms.
Fig.3.68.
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Chapter 3 : Controlled Rectification
3.23 For a p-pulse convertor, show that the average voltage Vdc considering
the overlap period is given by:
( ( ))
( )
3.24 When a controlled rectifier circuit operates with pure inductive load, the
average output voltage across the load is zero but unidirectional current
flows in the load. If the delay angle exceeds a certain value, dependent of
the pulse number, this load current becomes discontinuous. Determine the
relationship between pulse number and the minimum value of α at which
load current becomes discontinuous and show that, with discontinuous
current flow, the average value of the d.c. load current in p.u. of its peak
value is given by :
,( ) -
Where α’ and β’ are respectively the delay angle and current extinction
angle measured from the instant of zero transit into the positive half cycle
for a phase about to conduct.
3.25 (a) Show that for a 6-pulse converter with a purely resistive load, where
the triggering angle α is such that load current is discontinuous, the rms
value of d.c. voltage is given by :
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