Measurement (Ques - Ch2 - Electromechanical Instruments) PDF

Measurement (Electromechanical Instruments)
1. A sinusoidal voltage of 1 V rms value at 10 Hz is applied across the two terminals of a

PMMC type of voltmeter. What is the deflection of the pointer?
(a) zero volt (b) 1 volt

(b) 2 volt (d) the pointer oscillates around 0V
2. A manganian swamp resistance is connected in series with a moving coil ammeter

consisting of a milli ammeter and a suitable shunt on order to
(a) minimize the effect of temperature variation

(b) obtain large deflecting torque
(c) reduce the size of the meter
(d) minimize the effect of stray magnetic field.
3. The Ammeter shown in the figure has a PMMC instrument with a coil resistance if Rm = 99
 and full scale current of 0.1 mA, the shunt Resistor is Rsh = 1 . The total current passing
through Ammeter at 25% of full scale deflection is ________________.
(a) 0.50 mA
(b) 2.45 mA
(c) 2.5 mA
(d) 2.47 mA
4. Which of the following instruments has it reading independent of the waveform and
frequency of the ac supply
(a) moving iron (b) hot wire

(c) induction (d) electrostatic
5. In an induction type of meter, maximum torque is produced when the phase angle
between the two fluxes is?
(a) 0o (b) 45o

(c) 90o (d) 60o
6. Two wattmeter connected to measure the input to a balanced 3 phase circuit indicate
2000 W and 500 W respectively. Then the power factor of the load is _________.
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7. The current coil of a wattmeter is connected in series with an ammeter and an inductive
load the voltage coil of the wattmeter is connected across 240 V, 100 Hz ac supply. The
armature needs 4.5 A and wattmeter reading 23 watt. The voltage coil has a resistance of
2000  and inductance of 10 mH. Ignoring the voltage drops across the ammeter and the
current coil then the percentage error in wattmeter reading is
(a) 14.78% (b) 17.34%

(c) 1.41% (d) 10.28%
8. A 3 , 500 V motor load has a power factor 0.4. Two watt meters connected to measure
the input power. They show the input to be 30 kW. Then the reading of each wattmeter is
(a) P1=15 kW, P2=15 kW (b) P1=34.85 kW, P2=-4.85 kW

(c) P1=25 kW, P2=5 kW (d) P1=30 kW, P2=0 kW
9. Assertion (A): In EMMC type instruments the power consumption is high.

Reason (R) : In EMMC type instruments current is responsible for producing magnetic field
and torque.
(a) Both A and R are individually true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are individually true but R is not the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d)A is false but R is true

10. Match the following instruments with their symbols.
i ii iii iv
(a) q r s p
(b) r q p s
(c) s p q r
(d) p s r q
11. An ammeter has a current range of 0-5 A, and its internal resistance is 0.2. In order to
change the range to 0-25 A. We need to add a resistance of
(a) 0.8  in series with the meter

(b) 1.0  in series with the meter
(c) 0.04  in parallel with the meter
(d) 0.05  in parallel with the meter
12. In electrodynamometer type wattmeters, the inductance of pressure coil produces error.
The error is
(a) Constant irrespective of the power factor of the load

(b) Higher at higher power factor loads
(c) Higher at lower power factor loads
(d) Higher at unity power factor loads.

13. An energy meter is designed to make 200 revolution of the disc for 2 kWh of energy. It
is connected to a load carrying 50A at 230 V and 0.6 power factor for an hour. The no. of
revolutions made by meter will be ______________ .
14. A basic D′ Arsonval movement with a full scale deflection of 50 μA and internal resistance
of 500 Ω is used as voltmeter. The value of the multiplier resistance needed to employ this
meter to measure a voltage range of (0 - 10) V is given
(a) 100 k (b) 500 k

(c) 199.5 k (d) 2  105 k
15. Consider the following data for the circuit shown below:
Ammeter: Resistance 0.2 Ω; Reading 5 A

Voltmeter: Resistance 2 kΩ; Reading 200 V
Wattmeter: current coil resistance 0.2 Ω
Pressure coil resistance 2 kΩ, Load ; Power factor = 1
The reading of the wattmeter is

(a) 980 W (b) 1000 W
(c) 1005 W (d) 1010 W
16. Two milli ammeters with full scale currents 1 mA and 10 mA are connected in parallel
and they read 0.5 mA and 2.5 mA respectively. Their internal resistances are in the ratio
(a) 1 : 10 (b) 10 : 1
(c) 1 : 5 (d) 5 : 1
17. Average response rectifier type electronic voltmeter has a dc voltage of 10 V applied to it
_________ V is the meter reading.
18. The inductance of a moving iron ammeter with a full scale deflection of 90° at 1.5 A, is
given by the expression L=(200 + 40θ – 4θ2 – θ3) μH, where θ is the deflection in radian from
the zero position. Estimate the angular deflection of the pointer for a current of 1 A.
(a) 27.8o (b) 37.8o

(c) 47.8o (d) 57.8o

19. The power flowing a 3φ, 3 wire balanced load system is measured by two wattmeter
method. The reading of wattmeter ‘M’ is 7500 W and of wattmeter ‘N’ is –1500 W. If the
voltage of the circuit is 400 V. What is the value of capacitance which must be introduced in
each phase to cause the whole of the power measured to appear on wattmeter ‘M’. The
frequency is 50 Hz.
(a) 860 F (b) 960 F

(c) 1060 F (d) 1160 F
20. A 230V, 1-φ, watt hour meter has a constant current of 4 A passing through it for 6 hours
at unity power factor. If the meter disc makes 2208 revolutions during this period, calculate
the power factor of the load if the number of revolutions made by the meter are 1472 when
operating at 230V and 5A for 4 hours.
(a) 0.75 (b) 0.8

(c) 0.85 (d) 0.9
21. A 0-100 mA moving iron ammeter is converted to a 0-500 V, 50 Hz voltmeter by adding

a series resistance with the coil. The coil has negligible resistance and an inductance
L=(0.01+0.2θ)/4π. Henry, where θ is the deflection in radian. The total angular span of the
meter is 100°. ___________ Ω is the value of series resistance required.
22. A rectifier type of instruments uses a basic PMMC movement of 50μA and a resistance of
1000Ω. It employs a full wave rectifier circuit with forward resistance of each diode being
1000Ω. The reverse resistance of the diodes is infinite. The range of the instruments is 0-10 V
ac sinusoidal. ___________ kΩ is the series multiplier
23. An ammeter of range 0 to 1 A is used to measure current of 0 to 100 A. _________ Ω is the

value of shunt resistance if internal resistance of the ammeter is 1000 Ω.
24. An electro dynamometer wattmeter measures power in 1 - φ circuit. Load voltage 230V ,
50Hz and current 5A at lagging pf of 0.1, wattmeter potential coil circuit resistance is 10 kΩ
and inductance is 100mH then ___________% error will be the error.
25. Design a universal shunt meter with current ranges of 10 mA and 50 mA; with a d.c.
ammeter of internal resistance 100 Ω and full-scale current of 100 μA. If R1 and R2 are
resistances required then sum of R1 and R2 is
(a) 1.21 
(b) 1.31 
(c) 1.41 
(d) 1.51 

26. Which of the following devices is used at the first stage of an electronic voltmeter?
(a) BJT (b) SCR

(c) MOSFET (d) UJT
27. Two 100V F.S.D PMMC type dc volt meters having figure of merit of 10 kΩ/V and 20
kΩ/V are connected in series. The series combination can be used to measure a maximum dc
voltage of ________ V.
28. A half wave rectifier type instruments is connected to a square wave of peak to peak
amplitude 10 V. Find out the % error in the reading.
(a) 11% (b) 13%

(c) 19% (d) 22%
29. A 50A, 230V meter on full load test, makes 61 revolution in 37 sec normal disc speed is
520 rev/ kWhr. The percentage error is
(b) 0.77% (b) 0.77%

(c) 0.97% (d) 0.97%
30. A moving iron voltmeter calibrated for 50Hz supply and having an inductance of the coil
as 0.80H draw 0.1A when connected to 500V ac. What will be its reading when connected to
400 V dc?
(b) 0.06 A (b) 0.08 A
(c) 0.10 A (d) 0.12 A
31. The PMMC ammeter A in the figure below has a range of 0 to 3 mA. When switch S is
opened, the pointer of the ammeter swings to the 1 mA mark, returns and settles at 0.9 mA.
The meter is:
(a) Critically-damped and has a coil resistance of 100 Ω.

(b) Critically-damped and has a coil resistance of 200 Ω.
(c) Under-damped and has a coil resistance of 100 Ω.6.95 k
(d) Under-damped and has a coil resistance of 200 Ω.

32. An Electrodynamic wattmeter is employed to measure power in a single phase circuit the
load voltage is 220 V and the load current is 4A, at a lagging power factor of 0.1. The
wattmeter potential coil has a resistance of 10,000Ω and an inductive reactance negligible
compared to resistance. _________. Percentage error will be in the wattmeter reading. When
inductance of coil is 100 mH and pressure coil is connected on load side.
33. An electrostatic voltmeter reading upto 2000 V is controlled by a spring with a torsion
constant of 510–6 Nm/rad has a full scale deflection of 90°. The capacitance at zero voltage
is 15 pF. The capacitance when the pointer indicates 2000 V is ________ pF.
34. Consider the circuit shown below with the following data:
The reading of watt-meter compared to load power will be

(a) 0.2% more (b) 0.2% less
(c) 2% more (d) 2% less
35. Calculate the value of the multiplier resistor for a 10Vrms range on the voltmeter as shown
in the figure given below.
(a) 2.3 k
(b) 3.3 k
(c) 4.3 k
(d) 5.3 k
36. A voltmeter, having a sensitivity of 2k/V, connected across an unknown resistance in

series with a milliammeter, read 100V on 150 V scale. If the milliammeter read 10mA, the
error due to loading effect of voltmeter would be –y% then the value of y is ________.
37. Calculate the constants of a shunt to extend the range of 0-5A moving iron ammeter to
0-50 A. The instrument constants are R = 0.09 and L = 90H. If the shunt is made non-
inductive and the combination is correct on d.c. find the full scale error at 50 Hz.
(b) 3.8% high (b) 2.8% low

(c) 2.8% high (d) 3.8% low

38. The coil of a 300V moving iron voltmeter has an inductance of 0.8H. The instrument
reads correctly at 50 Hz a.c. supply and takes 100 mA at full scale deflection. What is the
percentage error in the instrument reading, when it is connected to 200 V d.c. supply.
(a) 200.6 V (b) 205.6 V

(c) 210 V (d) 212.2 V
39. A single-phase load is connected between R and Y terminals of a 415 V, symmetrical 3-

phase, 4-wire system with phase sequence RYB. A wattmeter is connected in the system as
shown in figure below. The power factor of the load is 0.8 lagging. The wattmeter will read
(c) 197.23 watt
(d) 248.58 watt
(e) 295.29 watt
(f) 298.23 watt
40. An energy meter rated as 5A, 230 V makes 500 revolutions per kWh. If in a test at full
load unity power factor, it makes 5 revolutions in 30 seconds. Then which of the following
statement is true
(a) The meter runs faster and error is 4.16%

(b) The meter runs faster and error is 4.35%
(c) The meter runs slower and error is 4.16%
(d) The meter runs slower and error is 4.35%
41. A conventional rectifier type ac voltmeter (generally has a full-wave bridge circuit with a
PMMC meter calibrated in rms values) is used to measure a voltage given by
v(t)  V0  10 sin314t volts
Calculate the readings of the meter for V0 = 10 volts (assume no diode and neglecting cut-in
voltage)
(a) 6.366 V (b) 7 V

(c) 16.366 V (d) 17 V

42. For an electrodynamometer ammeter. The mutual inductance M varies with deflection 
( is in degree) as M = 6 cos( + 45o) mH. For a direct current of 50 mA corresponding to a
deflection of 60o, the deflecting torque will be ________ Nm.
43. In a moving coil instrument, the moving coil consists of 100 turns wound on a square
former of length 3 cm. The flux density in the air gap is 0.06 T. __________  10-7 N-m is the
turning moment acting on the coil when carrying a current of 12 mA.
44. A current of i  0.5  0.3sin t  0.2 sin t A is passed through the circuit shown in figure

given below, _____________ ampere is the sum of reading of each instrument.   106 rad / s 
45. The power flowing in a 3-, 3 wire balanced load system is measured by the two
wattmeter method. The reading of wattmeter A is 500 watts and wattmeter B is 100 watts.
The power factor of the system is
(a) 0.86 (b) 0.707

(c) 0.56 (d) 0.359
46. The power flowing in a 3-, 3 wire balanced load system is measured by the two
wattmeter method. The reading of wattmeter A is 500 watts and wattmeter B is 100 watts.
If the voltage of the circuit is 440 volts. The value of capacitive reactance which must be
introduced into each phase to cause the whole of the power measured to appear on
wattmeter A is
(a) 44.13  (b) 48.13 

(c) 54.13  (d) 60.13 
47. Design a multirange ammeter with range of 0-1 A, 5A and 10A employing individual
shunt in each A D’Arsonval movement with an internal resistance of 500 and a full scale
deflection of 10mA is available. The value of shunt resistance
(b) 3.05, 0.002, 0.3 (b) 4.05, 1.002, 0.4

(c) 5.05, 1.002, 0.5 (d) 6.05, 2.002, 0.6

 
48. The reading of an electrodynamometer ammeter when a current 8  6 sin  t   A is
 2
passed through it, will be
(c) 6 A (b) 8 A
(c) 10 A (d) 9.06 A
49. A half wave rectifier type instrument 0-1 volt is to be used for the voltage range 0 to 10
volt. __________ k is the value of multiplier resistance, if full-scale deflection 1mA.
Neglecting diode resistance i.e. (rd = 0).
50. A 10A range Electrodynamic ammeter is controlled by a spring having torsion constant
of 10-7 N-m per degree. The full scale deflection is 110o. _________ H is the inductance of
the instrument when measuring a current of 10A. The initial inductance is 2H and the
change of inductance is linear with deflection of the moving coil.
51. The current passing through a 10 ohm resistor in figure-1, has the waveform shown in
figure-2. The reading of the MI voltmeter connected across the resistor is
(b) 0 V
(c) 75 V
(d) 85 V
(e) 92 V
52. The coil of a moving iron voltmeter has a resistance of 20 ohms and an inductance of
0.3H. It is connected in series with a swamping resistance of 2000 ohms. The capacitor
connected in shunt with the swamping resistance for making the meter read correctly at dc
as well as 50 Hz ac will have a value of
(e) 0.125 F
(f) 0.330 F
(g) 0.521 F
(h) 0.622 F

53. A Thermocouple instrument reads 10 A at full scale. The current at which it reads 1/3rd of
its full scale is
(b) 3.33 A (b) 5 A

(c) 6.66 A (d) 5.78 A
54. The coil of a 250 V MI voltmeter has a resistance of 600  and an inductance of 0.9 H.
The instrument reads correctly at 50 Hz ac supply and takes a current of 150 mA at its full
scale deflection. What is the percentage error in the instrument reading, when it is
connected to 200 V dc supply?
(b) 1.5 % (b) 2.5%
(c) 3.5 % (d) 4.5 %
 
55. The inductance of a moving iron instrument is given by: L  10  5  2 H . Where  is
6
the deflection in radian from zero position. The spring constant is 1210 Nm/rad. Estimate
the deflection for a current of 5A.
(a) 93.8 o (b) 94.8 o

(c) 95.8 o (d) 96.8 o
56. The network shown below in figure, is connected to a 400 V, 3-phase supply having
phase sequence abc. A wattmeter W is connected with the current coil (M  L) in phase ‘a’
and potential across phase ‘b’ and ‘c’ as shown below in the circuit. _________ watts is the
reading of the wattmeter. Take Vab as reference.
   
57. A voltage: 100sin t  60cos 3t  30o  40sin 5t  45o V is applied to the pressure

coil circuit of a wattmeter and through the current coil of 8sin t  6cos 5t  120o A is 
passed. The reading of watt-meter will be
(b) 439 W (b) 497 W
(c) 431 W (d) 423 W
58. The range of 2 kV electrostatic voltmeter is need to be extended to 20 kV. The voltmeter
capacitance is 0.5pF. The traditional capacitor is connected for this purpose is ____________ pF
with series to meter.

   
59. A voltage: 100sin t  60cos 3t  30o  40sin 5t  45o V is applied to the pressure
 
coil circuit of a wattmeter and through the current coil of 8sin t  6cos 5t  120o A is
passed. What percentage of this power is due to fundamental component?
(b) 92.8% (b) 88.2%

(c) 93.5% (d) 90.3%
60. In which type of instrument, calibration is the same for AC and DC supply
(c) Electro dynamometer (b) Moving iron

(c) PMMC (d) None of these
61. In a basic DC ammeter, multiplying power of the shunt is defined
I Rm
(a) m  (b) m  1
Im R sh
R sh
(c) m  1 (d) Both (a) & (b)
Rm
62. Match the following
Type of Instrument Type of damping

1. Moving Iron (a) Air friction
2. PMMC (b) Eddy current
3. Dynamometer
(a) 1-a, 2-a, 3-b (b) 1-b, 2-b, 3-a

(c) 1-a, 2-b, 3-a (d) 1-b, 2-a, 3-b
63. Match the following
Instruments Used in
1. Moving iron (a) AC & DC
2. PMMC (b) AC only
3. Dynamometers (c) DC only
(a) 1-a, 2-c, 3-a (b) 1-a, 2-c, 3-b

(c) 1-b, 2-b, 3-a (d) 1-b, 2-a, 3-c

64. 12V electro dynamometer is controlled by a spring having a torsion constant of 0.210-6
N-m/degree, the full scale deflection is 120o. Determine the full scale deflecting torque.
(a) 24  106 Nm (b) 24  103 Nm

(c) 24  106 Nm (d) 24  103 Nm
65. A PMMC instruments has a coil of dimensions 12 mm  10 mm. The flux density in the
air gap is 0.20 wb/m2. If the coil is wound for 150 turns, carrying a current of 6 mA, then
calculate the deflecting torque.
(a) 21.6  103 N.m (b) 21.6  109 N.m

(c) 21.6  1012 N.m (d) 21.6  106 N.m
66. In the figure shown below, the voltage across the resistance 50k is to be measured by a
voltmeter of sensitivity 25k/V in 50V range. The reading of the voltmeter is ______________ V.
67. While performing load test on a 3-phase wound-rotor induction motor by two wattmeter
method, the readings obtained by two watt meters are +15kW and 5kW and the line
voltage is 440V. The line current is ______________ A.
(a) 47.2 A (b) 48.5 A

(c) 50.4 A (d) none
68. A DC voltmeter uses 200A meter movement having an internal resistance of 500. The
value of multiplier on the 20V range is _______________ k.
69. A moving iron ammeter has the following data Control spring constant
N.m / rad . Current, I  5A, L  7  4  0.8  H . The deflection is _______ degrees.
2
 7  10 6
(a) 107.210 (b) 106.170

(c) 106.960 (d) None
70. The energy consumed by a 210V, 1- circuit within 720 seconds, if the current taken by
the circuit is 5A at unity power factor is _____________________ Wh.
71. A 12A electro dynamometer is controlled by a spring having a torsion constant of

0.210-6 N-m/degree, the full scale deflection torque is 120o. When measuring a current of
12A, if the mutual inductance at 0o deflection is 3H and the change in mutual inductance is
linear with the deflection, the inductance of the instrument is ______________ H.

72. If a moving coil instrument is used as an series ohm-meter, then the indicating scale of
the meter will be
(d) Hyperbolic (b) Logarithmic
(d) Linear (d) Inverse Linear
73. Two voltmeters one with a full scale reading of 200V and another with a full scale reading
of 400V are connected in series across a 200V supply. If the internal resistances of both
meters are same, then their reading could be
(b) 200V, 0V (b) 50V, 150V

(d) 100V, 100V (d) 75V, 125V
74. If a meter having sensitivity of 1k/V is used for the measurement of voltage across a
circuit having an output resistance of 1k and an open circuit voltage of 10V then the
reading of the meter on it’s 10V scale is _______________ V.
75. If the power in a 3- four wire circuit having balanced load, then the power can be
measured by using
(a) 2-Wattmeter method (b) 1-Wattmeter method
(c) 4-Watt meter method (d) None of these
76. The Induction type energy meter can run fast by

(a) Changing the load lagging to leading
(b) Changing the load from leading to lagging
(c) Placing the breaking magnet away from the center of the disc
(d) Placing the breaking magnet closer to the center of the disc
77. The following figure shown in 0-1 mA, 100 DC-Ammeter is required to measure 1V.
Then the series Resistance required is _______________.
78. A 0-10V PMMC meter reads 4V reading. Suddenly spring snaps at one place, then the
meter reading will be ______________.

79. A 3-phase 600V motor load has a power factor of 0.5. Two wattmeters connected to
measure the input are to be 40W. Find the reading of each instrument.
(a) P1 = 20, P2 = 20W (b) P1 = 30, P2 = 10W

(c) P1 = 10, P2 = 30W (d) P1 = 40, P2 = 0W
80. A meter constant of a energy meter is 2000 revolutions per kWh. The meter is found to
make 500 revolutions in 300 sec. The energy recorded in meter is ____________ kWh.
81. A PMMC ammeter indicates 20mA where connected across two opposite corners of a
bridge rectifier and the other two corners which are connected in series with the capacitor to
a 100V, 50Hz supply. The value of capacitance is ______________ nF.
82. If a moving iron ammeter produces a full scale torque of 300 N-M with a deflection of
120o at a current 20A, then the rate of change of self inductance at a full scale is (in H/rad)
is _________________.
83. A moving coil instrument whose resistance is 30 gives a full-scale deflection with a
current of 1mA. This instrument is connected to manganin shunt to extend its range to
10mA. Determine the error caused by 10o rise temperature when copper moving coil
connected directly across the manganin shunt. The temperature co-efficient of copper is
0.004/oC and that of manganin is 0.00015/oC.
(a) 2.8% (b) 3.4%

(b) 5.2% (d) 6.8%
84. A 230V, 1- Watt hour meter has a constant load 4A passing through it for 6 hours at
UPF and the meter disc makes 2208 revolutions during this period. The meter constant M is
_____ rev/kWh
85. A 10V full scale voltmeter having 100k/V sensitivity is used to measure the output of a
photo voltaic cell having an internal resistance 2M. If the voltmeter reads 5V, then the
voltage generated by the photovoltaic cell is
(a) 5V (b) 10V

(c) Greater than 5V but less than 10V (d) Greater than 10V
86. In electro dynamic instruments, deflection is proportional to ______________ and deflecting

torque is proportional to ________________.
(e) I, I (b) I, I2
(e) I2, I (d) I2, I2

87. Which of the following is s repulsion type of instrument
(b) PMMC (b) Moving iron

(d) Electrodynamometer (d) Electrostatic
88. A PMMC instrument with FSD=100 A and Rm=1200 is to be employed as a voltmeter

with range of 50V. The required value of multiplier of resistors for below circuit is _______ k
89. If 0mA-3mA meter movement with an internal resistance of 100 is to be converted to

0mA-30mA ammeter, the value of shunt resistance is _____________ .
(a) 1.23 (b) 2.13

(c) 1.02 (d) 1.11
90. A PMMC instrument with a full scale deflection current of 50A and meter resistance
Rm=1700 is to be converted as a voltmeter with ranges of 10V, 50V and 100V when the
switch is connected to A, B and C respectively as shown in the figure. What are the value of
multiplier resistance R1, R2 and R3 ?
(a) R1= 198.3 k, R2 = 998.3 k, R3 = 1998.3 k

(b) R1= 198.3 k, R2 = 800 k, R3 = 1 M
(c) R1= 201.7 k, R2 = 1200 k, R3 = 1 M
(d) R1= 200 k, R2 = 800 k, R3 = 1000 M
91. A galvanometer is tested in the circuit where E=1.5V, R1=1.0, R2=2500 and R3 is
variable, with R3 set at 450, the galvanometer deflection is 140 mm and with R3 set at 950,
the galvanometer deflection is 70 mm. The resistance of the galvanometer is ______________ 

92. In the circuit shown in the figure, the wattmeter reading will be ___________ W.
93. The dc current flowing in a circuit is measured by two ammeters, one PMMC and another
electrodynamometer type, connected in series. The PMMC meter contains 100 turns in the
coil, the flux density in the air gap is 0.2 Wb/m2, and the area of the coil is 80 mm2. The
electrodynamometer ammeter has a change in self inductance with respect to deflection of
0.5 mH/deg. The spring constant of both meters are equal. The value of current, it which
the deflection of the two meters are same, is _____________ A.
94. A correctly adjusted, 1, 240 V Induction Watt Hour meter has a meter constant of 600
revolutions per kWh; at a load current of 10 A with 0.8 pf lagging. If the lag adjustments is
altered so that the phase angle between voltage flux and applied voltage is 86o. Then the
error introduced in meter is ________ %
95. The coil of a 300 V M.I. voltmeter has a resistance of 500  and an inductance of 0.8 H.
The instrument read correctly at 50 Hz ac supply and taken 100 mA at full scale deflection.
What will be the instrument reading when it is connected to 200 V dc supply is?
(a) 190.73 V (b) 200.73 V

(c) 210.73 V (d) 195.73 V
96. A three phase, 400 V load has power factor of 0.6 lagging. The two wattmeters read a
total input power of 20 kW. Then the reading of each wattmeter
(a) W1=2.302 kW (b) W1=14.698 kW

W2=17.698 kW W2=5.302 kW
(c) W1=17.698 kW (d) W1=5.302 kW

W2=2.302 kW W2=14.698 kW

97. A 500 V, 25 A dynamometer instrument is used as a wattmeter. Its current coil has 0.1 
resistance and pressure coil has 25 k resistance with negligible inductance. What is the
error in the instrument if is used to measure the power in a circuit with supply voltage of 500
V, load current of 24A at 0.2 p.f. Assume that the pressure coil is connected across load side.
(a) 2.4% (b) 0.41%

(c) 0.38% (d) 0.2%
98. The meter A has a range of (0 – 100) V and multiplier resistance of 25 k. The meter B
has a range (0-1000) V and a multiplier resistance of 150 k. Both meters have basic meter
resistance of 1 k. Which meter is more sensitive?
(a) B is more sensitive than A (b) A & B having same sensitivity

(c) A is more sensitive than B (d) None
99. In a particular test the two wattmeters are 4 kW and 1 kW, then the total power and pf, if
second meter connections reversed.
(a) 5 kW, 0.6933 lag (b) 3 kW, 0.6933 lag

(c) 3 kW, 0.327 lag (d) 5 kW, 0.327 lag
100. A single phase energy meter having a constant of 100 revolutions per kWh makes 360
revolutions, when the connected load draws a current of 42 A at 230 V and 0.4 power factor
lagging for an hour. The percentage error in the meter
(a) 6.83% fast (b) 6.83% slow

(c) 7.33% slow (d) 7.33% fast
101. An instrument gives maximum deflection for any amount of quantity passed through it.
Which of following pair is present?
(a) Deflecting and controlling force

(b) Deflecting and damping force
(c) Damping and controlling force
(d) Damping, controlling and deflecting force
102. The instrument which is cheapest for dc measurement
(a) Moving iron (b) PMMC

(c) Hot wire (d) electro dynamic

103. A PMMC instrument with FSD = 100 A and Rm = 1 k is to be employed as an AC

voltmeter with FSD = 100v (rms) silicon diodes are used in the bridge rectifier circuit shown
in figure. Calculate the multiplier resistance value required.
(a) 960 k
(b) 890.7 k
(c) 870.3 k
(d) 970.5 k
104. An AC energy meter is tested for half hour run at a supply voltage of 230 with current
of 15A at 0.8 pf lag. The dial reading at the beginning of test was 60.5 and at the end was
62.5. The meter constant is 1500 rev/kWh the meter revolutions registered during the test
were 1200. Find error in registration.
(a) 32% (b) 42%

(c) 52% (d) 62%
   
105. A voltage 100sin t  40cos 3t  30o  50sin 5t  45o V is applied to the pressure
coil circuit of a wattmeter and through the current coil is passed a current of
 
8sin t  6cos 5t  120o A . What percentage of reading on the wattmeter is due to
fundamental?
(a) 31.9% (b) 50%

(c) 91.2% (d) 156.7%
106. A 5A, 230V electrodynamics type wattmeter scale having 100 divisions. The current coil
carries a current of 2 cos(314 t)A . The voltage across the pressure coil is 2 sin(314 t)V .
The needle of the wattmeter will move
(a) 18 divisions (b) 25 divisions

35 divisions (d) Not moving

107. A PMMC instrument with a FSD current of 70A and meter resistance Rm=1500  is to
be converted as a voltmeter with ranges of 20V, 60V, 120V. When the switch is connected to
A, B and C respectively as shown in figure. What are the values of multiplier resistance R 1, R2
& R3
(a) 180.2 k, 300.5 k, 450.7 k

(b) 200.2 k, 400.5 k, 600.5 k
(c) 350.2 k, 610.5 k, 920.4 k
(d) 284.2 k, 571.5 k, 857.2 k
108. A single-phase load is connected between R and Y terminals of a 415V, symmetrical, 3-

phase, 4-wire system with phase sequence RYB. A wattmeter is connected in the system as
shown in figure. The power factor of the load is 0.8 lagging. The wattmeter will read
_____________ W
(a) 256.47
(b) -256.47
(c) -396.78
(d) 396.78
109. For the Network shown in the figure the voltage across terminal AB is measured by two
different voltmeters P & Q. The sensitivities of voltmeter P and Q are 2k/volt and 30
k/volt respectively. Which of the following statement is true regarding the measurement?
(a) Voltmeter P has 35% error while Q has 3%

(b) Voltmeter P has 27.27% error while Q has 2.44%
(c) Voltmeter P has 30% error while Q has 5%
(d) Voltmeter P has 24% error while Q has 2%
110. In the circuit shown below, the voltmeter is ideal and displays the rms voltage across it.
The interval between two successive zero readings of the volt meter is __________ sec.

Solutions
1. Ans: (d)
Solution: PMMC Instruments are used for dc measurements only because permanent
magnet is employed in these instruments. So when as signal is applied, the pointer cannot
follow the rapid reversal of ac signal and the deflection corresponds to mean torque, which
is zero
2. Ans: (a)
Solution: In PMCC instruments, as temperature increases the coil resistance increases.
Swamp resistors are connected in series with the moving coil to provide temperature
compensation. Swamping resistors is made of manganian, which has a zero temperature
coefficient.
3. Ans: (c)
Solution: At 0.25 FSD, current through meter

Im = 0.25 IFSD = 0.25  0.1 mA ( IFSD = 0.1 mA)
Voltage across meter

Ish RS = Im Rm => Ish =0.025 mA  99  = 2.475 mA
Total current I = Ish + Im= 2.475 mA + 0.025 mA = 2.5 mA
4. Ans: (b)
Solution: Hot wire instruments have square law type scale. They read rms value of current
and the readings are independent of frequency and waveform.
5. Ans: (c)
 
Solution: Td  VI sin    where ∆ is the angle between two fluxes
For maximum torque ∆ should be 900
6. Ans: 0.6 to 0.7

  3 w  w     3  2000  500   

Solution: cos   cos tan1  1 2
  
 cos tan1     0.693
  w1  w2     2500 
     

7. Ans: (b)
 L 
Solution:   tan1    0.18
0
 R 

Pm  VI  cos  cos  -=> 23=240  4.5  cos 0.180 cos  - 
  88.96 o
Pt  VL IL cos   19.6watts
Pm  Pt 23  19.6
% error   100   100  17.34 %
Pt 19.6
8. Ans: (b)
Solution: P1  P2  30 kW
3 P1  P2  3 P1  P2 
tan= => 2.291  => P1  P2  39.68 kW
P1  P2 30
P1  34.85 kW
P2  4.85 kW
9. Ans: (a)
Solution: Both A & R are true and ‘R’ is correct explanation of ‘A’
10. Ans: (a)
11. Ans: (d)

Solution: we add resistance in parallel to increase the range of the ammeter
Given that full scale current is 5 A
Current in shunt I  IR  Im  25  5  20 A
1
20  R sh  5  0.2 => R sh   0.05 
20

12. Ans: (c)

Solution: In an ideal wattmeter, the current in the pressure coil is in phase with the applied
voltage. If the pressure coil of wattmeter has an inductance, then the current in it will lag.
The voltage by an angle  as shown in the phasor diagram.
Error  VI sin  tan , higher for low power factor loads.
13. Ans: 690

1
Solution: Energy consumed in one hour  230  50  0.6   6.9 kWh
1000
6.9  200
No. of revolutions made by the meter   690 revolutions
2
14. Ans: (c)

Solution: Im  50A, R m  500, Vm  50 x10 6 x500  0.025 V
V  10V
V 10
m   400
Vm 0.025
R s  Rm (m  1)  199.5k
15. Ans: (d)

   
Solution: V  VV  I Rw  Ra  200  0.2  0.2  5  202V
I  5A
P  VI cos   202  5  1  1010 Watt
16. Ans: (d)

Solution: In parallel voltage is same.
If R1 is resistance of 1st ammeter and R2 is resistance of 2nd ammeter
V V V V
Hence, R1   , R2  
I1 0.5 mA I2 2.5 mA
R1 2.5
 5
R 2 0.5

17. Ans: 6.60 to 6.65

Solution: Rectifier type electronic voltmeter reads average value.
2Vm
Vdc 

2 x10
Vdc   6.63V

18. Ans: (d)


Solution: Inductance L= 200  40  42  3 H 
dL
 Rate of change of inductance,
d

 40  8  32 H / rad
2
 dL   
For,   ;  40  8   3.    20H / rad
2 d 2 2
1 I2 dL  dL
and deflection, = . . , with I  1.5 A, we have   and  20  10 6 H / rad
2 K d 2 d
 1 1.5 
2
   20  10 6 => K  14.32  10-6 Nm/rad

2 2 K
 spring constant, K  14.32  10-6 Nm/rad
For a current of 1A,
1 I2
Deflection, = 
2 14.32  10 6  
40  8  32  10 6 => 32  36.64  40  0
  1.008 radian  57.8o
19. Ans: (c)

Solution: By two wattmeter method,
3  W1  W2  3  7500  1500 
tan     2.598 =>   68.94 0
 W1  W2   7500  1500 
Power Factor = cos   0.359
Power consumed by each phase,
6000
P  2000 watt
3
400
Voltage of each phase =  231 V
3
2000
current in each phase =  24.1 A
231 0.358
231
impedance of each phase =  9.55 
24.1

2000
Resistance of each phase =  3.44 
 24.1
2
9.55   3.44 
2 2
Reactance of each phase =  8.9 
In order that one of the wattmeter should read zero, the power factor should be 0.5
 cos   0.5 and tan   1.73
X
Now. tan  
R
 Reactance of circuit, X  R tan   3.44  1.73  5.9 
Capacitive reactance required  8.9  5.9  3
1
and capacitance, C  F  1060F
2  50  3
20. Ans: (b)

Solution: Energy supplied  VI cos   t  103  230  4  1  6  103  5.52 kwh
2208 rev
meter constant =  400
5.52 kwh
1472
Energy consumed when the meter makes 1472 revolutions   3.68kwh
400
Now, Energy consumed  VI cos   t  103
3.68 =230  5  cos  4  103
cos   0.8
21. Ans: 5000

Solution: Impedance required to convert the meter to 500V voltmeter
500
Z  5000
100  10 3

0.01  0.2  100 
0.01  0.2 180o  0.0286
Inductance of meter coil full scale deflection L= 
4 4
Reactance of meter coil at 50 Hz  2   50  0.0286  8.98 
 series resistance required
5000    8.98 
2 2
Rs   5000

22. Ans: 177

Solution: rd  1000 , IFs  50  10 6 A
1
The dc sensititity,S dc   20000  / V  20 k / V
50  10 6
For a full wave rectifier circuit, ac sensitivity,
Sac  20000  0.9  18000  / V  18 k / V
 Resistance of multiplier = RS  Sac  Vrms  Rm  2rd
RS  Sac  10  Rm  2rd  180000  1000  2000  177000   177 k
23. Ans: 10.0 to 10.2

Solution: For full scale reading
Im  1 A, Rm  1000 , I  100 A
Rm I 100
R sh  and m  
m1 Im 1
1000
R sh   10.1 
100
1
1
24. Ans: 3.1 to 3.2

Solution: V  230 Volt, I  5 A, cos   pf  0.1
Rp  10 k, Lp  100 mH  0.1H
 Lp 
 =tan1    0.18o
 Rp 
 
  cos (0.1)  84.26o
1
Method I
True power =PT  VI cos   115 Watt
Reading for lagging pf
Pread  VI cos(  )cos   118.6 watt

118.6  115.0
% error   100  3.14%
115.0
Method II
   
% error  tan . tan  100  tan 84.26o  tan 0.18o  100  3.14%

25. Ans: (a)

Solution: Given,
Rm = 100 , Im = 100 A, I2 = 10 mA, I3 = 50 mA for, 10 mA and 50 mA universal shunt meter
is applied.
I 10  103
m1  1   100
Im 100  106
Rm 100
 R1    1.01 
m1  1 100  1
I2 50  103
m2    500
Im 100  106
R 100
R2  m  0.20 
m2 500
R1  R 2  1.21 
26. Ans: (c)

Solution: MOSFET has very high input impedance 104 to 109 Mega ohms.
 FET is an ideal device for use as input amplifiers in oscilloscope, electronic voltmeters and
other measuring and testing equipment’s because of their high input impedance.
27. Ans: 150

10k
Solution: Resistance of first PMMC  R 1   100V  1 M
V
20k
Resistance of second PMMC  R 2   100V  2 M
V
R eq  R1  R 2  (1  2)M  3 M
1
Current of first PMMC   0.1 mA
10k
V
1
Current of first PMMC   0.05 mA
20k
V
Maximum Current = 0.05 mA
Maximum Voltage  0.05mA x 3 x106  150V

28. Ans: (a)

T /2
1 5 T
Solution: Vav 
T  5 dt  T  2   2.5 V
0
True value Vrms  5V,
The meter is calibrated for sine wave.

Vrms 
For half wave rectifier meter for sine wave,   2.22
Vav 2
measured voltage=2.22  2.5
2.22  2.5  5
% Error   100  11%
5
29. Ans: (a)

230  50 37
Solution: kWhr    0.118
1000 3600
61
Measured value   516
0.118
True value = 520
Measured value  True value 516  520
% error =   0.769%
True value 520
30. Ans: (b)

Solution: L  0.8 H, I  0.1 A , V  500 V, f  50 Hz
V
Z
I
500
Z  5000 
0.1
L  2  50  0.8  251.327 
R  Z2   L   4993.68 
2
When we are connecting 400 V DC supply at that time

f  0; L  0
Z  R 2   L   R
2
400
I  0.08 A
4993.68

31. Ans: (d)

1.8
Solution: Current through PMMC ammeter I=0.9  103 
1.8  103  R a
Where, R a is the ammeter reistance
R a  1.8  103  2  103 =>R a  200 
Since, the pointer swings to 1 mA mark, it is under-damped
So, from the above, the system has shown a value higher than the steady state value. That is
it exhibits overshoot. Hence it is underdamped system.
32. Ans: 3.1 to 3.2

Solution: Error due to pressure coil inductance of 100 mH ; L  100 mH
Xp  L  2fL (Assume f=50 Hz) = 2 50  100  103
Xp  31.415  , R p  10,000 
From impedance triangle of potential coil Zp  Xp2  Rp2

Xp
 tan 
Rp
 Xp   31.415 
  tan1    tan1  
 Rp   10000 
 
% error  tan  . tan   100  tan  0.18  . tan cos1 0.1   100
% error  3.141  103  9.949  100  3.125
33. Ans: 21 to 22
1 V 2 dc 
Solution: Steady deflection,  = . , When   rad,
2 K d 2
 
2 2   5  10 6
dc 2K 2  2
   3.93  10 12 F/rad
d V 2 V2
 
2
2  10 3
Change in capacitance when reading from 0 to 2000 V


C  3.93 x  6.17pF
2
C  15  6.17  21.17 pF

34. Ans: (a)

Solution: The watt-meter measures the load power plus the loss in current coil as current
coil is connected to load side.
So, loss in current coil = I2ra = 202  0.01 = 4 Watt

Load power = VI cos = 250  20  0.4 = 2000 watt
4
So, Error   100  0.2%
2000
i.e. watt-meter reads 0.2% more than load power.
35. Ans: (c)

Solution: Method-1
Sensitivity of the meter movement is
1 1
Sdc    1k / V
Ifsd 1mA
R s  Sdc  range  Rm  1k / V  0.45Erms  Rm
R s  1k / V  0.45  10 V  200   (4500  200)   4.3 k
Method  2
0.45  Erms 0.45  10V
Rs   Rm   200  4.3 k
1mA 1mA
36. Ans: 3.33 to 3.35

Solution: The measured value of unknown resistance
100
R measured   10 k
10 mA
Resistance of the voltmeter
R v  2 k  150 V  300 k
R uR v
R measured 
Ru  R v
R u (300)
10 
R u  (300)
Ru  10.345 k
10  10.345
Percentage error due to loading effect =  100  3.34%
10.345

37. Ans: (d)

Solution: Multiplying factor of shunt
I 50
m   10
Im 5
Since, meter reads correctly at DC, so we neglect instrument reactance at DC
R 0.09
 Resistance of shunt, R sh    0.01
m  1 10  1
With d.c., the current through the meter for a total current of 50 A is,
R sh 0.01
Im  I   50  5A
R  R sh 0.09  0.01
With 50 Hz the current through the meter for a total current of 50 A is
R sh 0.01
Im  I   50  4.81 A
 sh  
0.09  0.01  2  50  90  10 
2 2 2
R  R   L
2 2 6
Since, the meter reading is proportional to the current,

4.81  5
Error =  100  3.8% i.e. the meter reads 3.8% lower value
5
38. Ans: (a)

Solution: Reactance of coil at 50 Hz, X  2 50  0.8  251.3
Current drawn by the meter at 50Hz and 300 V
Im  100mA  0.1A
Impedance of meter at 50 Hz
300
Z=  3000
0.1
3000  251.3
2 2
 Resistance of meter circuit= Z2  X2   2989.45 
200
Current taken by meter at 200 V, 50 Hz supply=  0.0667A
3000
200
Current taken by meter at 200 V, DC supply=  0.0669A
2989.45
Since, the deflection is proportional to the operating current and also the instrument reads
correctly with 50 Hz a.c.
Hence reading of instrument with 200 V dc
Current with 200 volt d.c.  reading with 200 volt 50 Hz a.c 0.0669
 =  200  200.6V
Current with 200 volt 50 Hz a.c. 0.0667

39. Ans: (d)

415
Solution: VRY  41530o V, VBN  120o V
3
Current in current coil
VRY 41530o
IZ    2.075  6.87o A
Z 20036.87 o
415
Apparent power = VI*  120o  2.0756.87o  497.17126.86o
3
Reading of wattmeter = VI cos=497.17 cos 126.86o  298.23 watt ...... (Active power)
40. Ans: (b)

Solution: Energy consumed in 30 seconds
230  5  30
E  0.00958 kWh
3600  1000
The meter constant is 500 rev/kWh, so number of revolution it should make is
N1  500  0.00958  4.7916
But it is making 5 revolutions
So, N2  5
N2  N1  meter is running fast
N2  N1 5  4.7916
% error =  100   100  4.35% (fast)
N1 4.7916
41. Ans: (D)

Solution: V(t)  V0  10 sin314t volts
For dc output voltage = 10 volts
2Vm 2  10
For 10 sin314t, Vavg    6.366 volts
 
Vrms  1.11 Vavg  6.366  1.11  7V
Hence, meter reading = 10 + 7 = 17 Volts
42. Ans: 14.4 to 14.5

dM d 
Solution: Here, 
d d      
6 cos   45o   6 sin   45o mH / degree
 dM 
 
 d at =60o
 
 6 sin 60o  45o mH / degree  5.795 mH / degree
dM
 
2
Now, deflecting torque Td  I2  50  10 3  5.795  10 3  14.49Nm
d

43. Ans: 648

Solution: Number of turns on the coil, N = 100
Mean length of the coil, l = 3 cm = 0.03 m
Flux density in the air gap, B = 0.06 T
Current flowing through the coil, I = 0.012 A
The deflecting force, T = NiAB = 100  0.012  (0.03  0.03) x 0.06= 648  10-7 N-m
44. Ans: 1.05 to 1.07

Solution: The moving coil ammeter reads average value of current while hot wire ammeter
reads rms value of current. The electrostatic voltmeters takes negligible current for their
operation and they read the rms value of voltage.
Let i be the instantaneous value of current
i  I0  I1m sin t  I2m sin2t  0.5  0.3sin t  0.2sin2t
Average value of sinusoidal quantity over a full number of cycles is equal to zero
Iav = i = 0.5 A
Hence reading of moving coil instrument = 0.5 A.
Rms value of current
2 2
I  I  0.09 0.04
I  I   1m    2m    0.5  
2
2
0
  0.56A
 2  2 2 2
Hence reading of Hot-wire instrument = 0.56 A
So, sum of readings = (0.5 + 0.56) A = 1.06 A
45. Ans: (d)

Solution: Total power in the circuit
power factor of the circuit
  0.5   0.1   

  W
cos   cos tan1   1
 W 2

 3



 cos tan1 

  0.5     
0.1
 
 3   cos tan1 1.5  3  0.359
  W1  W  
 
46. Ans: (c)
Solution: Total power in the circuit
P  W1  W2  500 W  ( 100) W  400 W
power factor of the circuit
  W  W2     0.5   0.1   
cos   cos tan1   1
W
  1  W  
1 
 3   cos tan  

  0.5   0.1   
 
 3   cos tan1 1.5  3  0.359
Load current per phase

P 400
Ip    1.462 A
3VL cos  3  400  0.359

Vp 440 / 3
Load impedance per phase, Zp    173.76
Ip 1.462
Load resistance per phase, Rp  Zp cos   62.38 
Load reactance per phase, Xp  Zp sin   162.18 

Reading of wattmeter B will be zero when p.f. = cos'  0.5 or '=60o
Since there is no change in resistance,
Reactance in the circuit per phase,
X'p  R p tan  '
X'p  62.38  3  108.045 
Value of capacitive reactance to be introduced in each phase = Xp  Xp '
 162.18   108.045   54.135 
47. Ans: (c)

Solution: Method-1
Given Im = 10 mA and Rm = 500
Case 1: For the range 0-1 A, i.e., 1000 mA

I R 10  500 5000
R sh  m m    5.05
1
I  Im 1000  10 990

I R 10  500 5000
R sh  m m    1.002
2
I  Im 5000  10 4990

I R 10  500 5000
R sh  m m    0.5
3
I  Im 10000  10 9990
Hence the values of shunt resistances are 5.05, 1.002  and 0.5
Method-2
R
R sh  m
m 1
I
m
Im
m 1 
I = maximum value of current measured.

48. Ans: (d)

Solution: Electrodynamometer measures RMS Values
2
 I  62
Irms  I 
2
0   8 2
  9.06A
 2 2
49. Ans: 3.5

1 1
Solution: Sdc    1000  / v
Ifs 1  103
Rm  Sdc v  1000  1  1000
R s  0.45  1000  10  1000
R s  3.5 k
50. Ans: 2.22 to 2.24

Solution: Spring torsion constant, C = 10-7 N-m/degree
Full scale deflecting current, I = 10 A
Full scale deflection,  = 110o
Full scale deflecting torque, Td = C   = 10-7  110= 11  10-6 N-m
dM
Since Td  I2 .
d
dM Td 11 106
    0.11H / radian
d I2 102

Change in inductance, dM  0.11 10 6  110   0.211 H
180
Total inductance =2+0.211=2.211H
51. Ans: (d)

1  2
Solution: RMS value of rectangular wave 
2T     
12  T  52  T   9.2
RMS volts  9.2  10  92V

The MI meter will read 92 V.
52. Ans: (b)

Solution: Where RS = Swamping resistance = 2000 , L = Inductance of coil = 0.3 H and
RSe = Series resistance = 20 
When the applied voltage is dc then,
V V V
Current =   ..........(i)
RL R Se  R S 2000  20
When 50 Hz is applied then current,

V V V
  ........(2)
Z 1 1
Rs  2000 
jC j2fC
jL  R Se  j2f  0.3  20 
1 1
Rs  2000 
jC j2fC
Equating (i) and (ii)

1 1
Rs  2000 
jC j2fC
jL  R Se   j2f  0.3  20 
1 1
Rs  2000 
jC j2fC
2000
j30   2000
1  j200000 C
2000 j4  108 C
j30    2000
1  4  1010 2C2 1  4  1010 2C2
Equating imaginary part to zero
4  108 C
30  - 0
1  4  1010 2C2
4  108 C  30  120  1010 2C2
C  0.33  106 F  0.33 F
53. Ans: (d)

Solution: The deflection of thermocouple instruments follows square law response.
2
Q full scale  I 
So   fsd 
Q one third of full scale  Irequired 
 
2
1  10 
    Ir  5.78 A
1 / 3  Ir 
54. Ans: (d)

Solution: Reactance of meter coil = 2fL = 314  0.9 = 282.6 
250
Total impedance of meter circuit =  1666.67  1667
150  103
Resis tance of meter circuit = 16672   282.6   1642.87   1643 
2
200
Current taken by meter at 200 V ac =  0.12 A
1667 ’
200
Current taken by meter at 200 V dc =  0.122 A
1643

0.122
As the meter reads correctly for ac, dc voltage =  200  203V
0.12
203  200
Percentage error =  0.015  1.5%
200
55. Ans: (d)

Solution: Rate of change of inductance with deflection is,
dL d

d d
 
 10  5  2  5  2  H / rad
1 I2 dL
The deflection is, 
2 K d
5  5  2  106
2
1
or θ= 
2 12  10 6
 
On solving, we get
=1.69 rad = 1.69  180/ degree  96.8o
56. Ans: 287 to 288

Solution: Given, Applied voltage = 400 V line to line.
Phase sequence is abc.
Wattmeter is connected with the current coil (M – L) in phase ‘a’, the political coil across
phase ‘b’ and ‘c’.
 The reading of wattmeter = current in current coil  voltage across voltage coil  cosine of
angle between current and voltage vector phasors.
(Assuming, voltage drop across current coil = 0 V and current through the potential coil =
0A)

From the diagram,

 Ia  Vbc cos  angle between Ia and Vbc 
Ia   Ib  Ic 
Vab 400
Ib    j10  1090o A
 j40  j40
Vac 400  60
Ic    8  113.13o A
30  j40 5053.13 o
With reference to Vab


Ia   Ib  Ic    8  113.13o  1090o 
   3.142  j7.36  j10    3.142  j2.64   4.1  40.1o A
Vbc  400  120
W  Vbc . Ia cos(angle between Ia and Vbc  400  4.1  cos  120  40.1  287.6 watts
57. Ans: (a)


Solution: V  V1 sin t  V2 sin(2t  1 )  V3 sin 3t  2  .... 
i  I1 sin t  I2 sin2t  I3 sin3t  ....
1 1 1
So, P  v. i  VI1 1  V2I2 cos 1  V3I3 cos 2
2 2 2
  
So, Here v  100 sin t  60 cos 3t  60 o  40 sin 5t  45o V 

i  8 sin t  6 cos 5t  120o A 
1 1 1
So, power PT 
2
 
 100  8   60  0   40  6 cos 120o  45o W  431 Watt
2 2
58. Ans: 0.04 to 0.06

Solution: From the range extension of electrostatic voltmeter the capacitor is connected in
series with meter and its value is given by
Cv
Cs 
m 1
V 20kV
Where m    10
v 2kV
0.5
So, Cs   0.05pF
10  1

59. Ans: (c)

1 1 1
Solution: So, P  v. i  V1 I1  V2I2 cos 1  V3I3 cos 2
2 2 2
  
So, Here v  100sin t  60cos 3t  60o  40sin 5t  45o V 

i  8 sin t  6 cos 5t  120 o
A
1 1 1
So, power PT 
2
 
 100  8   60  0   40  6 cos 120o  45o W  431 Watt
2 2
Power due to fundamental component alone
1 1
P1  VI1 1   100  8  400 W
2 2
Now let fundamental power P1 is n% of total power PT
n P 400
So, PT   P1 => n  1  100   100  92.8%
100 PT 431
60. Ans: (a)
61. Ans: (d)
I Rm
Solution: m  and R sh 
Im m1
Rm
m  1
R sh
62. Ans: (c)
63. Ans: (a)
64. Ans: (c)

Solution: Td  Tc  C  0.2  10 6  120  24  10 6 N.m
65. Ans: (d)

Solution: The deflecting torque is given by Td  NBAI
A  12  10  120mm2  120  106 m2
 Td  150  0.20  120  10 6  6  10 3  21600  10 9  21.6  10 6 N.m
66. Ans: 49 to 50
Solution: Voltmeter reisitance in 50V = 50  25 =1250k
By potential divider rule
50 || 1250 48.07
Voltage measured by voltmeter   100   100  49.01V
50  (50 || 1250) 98.07
67. Ans: (a)

Solution: P  W1  W2  15  5  10kW
3  W1  W2  3(20)
tan    2 3
W1  W2 10 
 
  tan1 2 3  73.89o
cos   cos 73.89  0.2775
P 10  103
P  3E L IL cos   IL    47.285 A
3EL cos  3  440  0.2775
68. Ans: 99-100

Solution: Vm  ImR m  200  500  10 6  0.1V
V 20
R se  R m (m  1)  m    200
Vm 0.1
R se  500 199   99.5 k
69. Ans: (b)
1 I2 dL
Solution:     4  1.6   10 6 H/rad
2 K d
5
2
1
  
2 7  106
 4  1.6  10 6
 1.79(4  1.6)  1.853 rad (or) 106.17o
70. Ans: 210

VI cos   t 210  5  1  720
Solution: Energy consumed = kWh   0.21 kWh  210 Wh
3600  1000 3600  1000
71. Ans: 3.3 to 3.6

Solution: Td  Tc  C  0.2  10 6  120  24  10 6 N.m
dM dM Td 24  106
Td  I2   
d d I2 12
2
dM
  0.167H / rad
d

 dM  0.167d  0.167  120   0.350H
180
 Total inductance  3  0.35  3.35H

72. Ans: (a)

Solution: In series ohm meter deflection is inversely proportional to test resistance. So
scale will be hyperbolic in nature.
If it is shunt, deflection is directly proportional to test resistance. So scale will be linear in
nature.
73. Ans: (c)

Solution: The internal resistance of both meters are same, so voltage will be equally divided
among the two meters therefore the meter readings will be also same.
74. Ans: 9-10

Solution: Since the scale of meter is 10V so the resistance of meter = R 1x10  10k
R  10  100
The output voltage across the meter is = V  10    9.09 V
R  Rs  10  1  11
75. Ans: (b)

Solution: Power in three phase is thrice the power in single phase so by one wattmeter
connected phase and neutral we can measure single phase power. So, one wattmeter is
sufficient to measure three phase power for balanced 4 wire load.
76. Ans: (d)

Solution: Speed of disc in energy meter is inversely proportion to the distance of braking
magnet from the center of disc.
77. Ans: 900

Solution: Vm  Rm Im  100 x 0.001  0.1V
V 1
m   10
Vm 0.1
Rse  Rm m  1  100(10  1)  900
78. Ans: 0
Solution: The spring gives the controlling torque and is connected in series with the coil, if
the spring is snapped then there will be no current into the coil and hence no deflecting
torque and no deflection and it comes to zero.
79. Ans: (d)

Solution: cos   0.5    60o
tan   tan60  3

3 P1  P2  3 P1  P2 
tan   => 3 
P1  P2 40
P1  P2  40 ..............(1)
P1  P2  40 ..............(2)
P1  40, P2  0W
80. Ans: 0.25
Number of revolutions made 500

Solution: Energy recorded    0.25 kWh
revolutions / kwh 2000
81. Ans: 0.7 to 0.8
2Vn 2 2Vrms 2 2
Solution: Vavg     100V  90V
  
Vavg 90 9
Iavg   XC   K
XC 20mA 2
1 9
 K
2fc 2
1 2
C   103  0.707F
2    50 9
82. Ans: 1.5
1 2 dL 1 dL
Solution: T  I   400
2 d 2 d
dL 6
  1.5H / rad
d 4
83. Ans: (b)
I 10mA
Solution: m    10;
Im 1mA
Rm 30
R sh    3.33
m1 9
Increment resis tance for 10oC, Rmt  Rm (1  T)  30 1  10  0.004   31.2
R sht  3.33 1  10  0.00015  3.335

3.335
Imt  10mA   0.9656mA;
31.2  3.335
Im  1mA
 Error due to rise in temperature = 0.9656  1  100  3.44%
84. Ans: 400

6
Solution: Energy = 230  4  1  =5.52 kWh
1000
Number of revolution 2208
Meter constant    400
Energy 5.52
85. Ans: (d)

Solution: Voltmeter Resistance = 100  10=1M
Photo voltaic cell internal resistance = 2M
The voltmeter reads 5V
Rv
V0  Vs x
R v  Rs
Vs  15 V
86. Ans: (d)
87. Ans: (b)

Solution: Moving Iron Instruments have two constructions Attractive Type and Repulsion
Type.
88. Ans: 498 to 499
Solution: Vm  ImRm  100  10 6  1200  0.12 V

V 50
m   416.67
Vm 0.12
R1  Rm m  1  1200  416.67  1  498.8k
89. Ans: (d)
I 30mA
Solution: m    10
Im 3mA

Rm 10
R sh    1.11 
m1 9
90. Ans: (b)

Solution: When connected to 'A' the instrument converted into 10 V range
V1
R m  R1 
Im
V1 10V
R1   Rm   1700  198.3 k
Im 50A
When connected to 'B' then range is 10V
V2
R m  R1  R 2 
Im
V2 50V
R2   R1  R m   198.3k  1700  800k
Im 50A
When connected to 'C' the range is 100V
V2
R m  R1  R 2  R 3 
Im
V2 100V
R3   R 2  R1  R m   800k  198.3k  1700  1 M
Im 50A
91. Ans: 49
Solution: The variation of R3 has no effect on the total current It
R1
 Galvanometer current Ig  I t 
R1  R 3  R G
1
So, Ig1  I1  .............(1)
1  450  R G
1
Ig2  I1  .............(2)
1  950  R o
From given data, the deflection of galvanometer with Ig1 is 140 mm and that Ig2 is 70mm
Ig1 140
  2
Ig2 70

1  2  1  950  R o
 2 1  450  R o
2R G  902  951  R G
R G  49

92. Ans: 530 to 531

Solution: Load current
200 200
IL    29.81A
6  j3 45
R 6
Power factor =   0.894
Z 3 5
5 5
ICC  IL   29.81  2.98 A
50 50
Wattmeter reading W=200  2.98  0.89=530.618 W
93. Ans: 3.2

Solution: Deflection of two meters are same
PMMC  EMMC
Spring constants of two meters are same
TC  TC
PMMC EMMC
Now, PMMC  EMMC

BINA I2 dM

KC K C d
BNA 0.2  100  80  106
I   3.2 A
 dL  0.5  103
 
 d 
94. Ans: -5.4 to -5.6


Solution: Pt  VL I L sin 90o    and P  V I sin 86  
m L L
o
P Pt  sin  86     sin  90    

o
% error  m  100     100

Pt  sin  90    
 
 
 sin 86o  36.86o  sin 90  36.86o
% error  
    100   0.756  0.80   100  5.5%
 

 
sin 90  36.86o  
  0.80 
95. Ans: (b)

Solution: Xm  2fLm  251.32, Im  0.1A
300
Z  3000
0.1
3000   251.32
2 2
Rm   2989.45

V 200
Idc    0.06690
R 2989.45
0.1  300V
0.06691  200.73V
96. Ans: (c)
Solution: W1  W2  20kW and   cos1 0.6
 3 W  W    3 W  W  
  tan1 
1 2
 => 53.13  tan1  1 2

 W1  W2   20kW 
   
3  W1  W2 
1.333  tan1 => W1  W2  15.396 kW
20kW
W1  W2  20 kW and W1  W2  15.39 kW
W1  17.698 kW
W2  2.302 kW
97. Ans: (b)

Solution: P1  VL IL cos   500  24  0.2  2400 W
L  C short connection:
500   2410 W
2
VL2
Pm  Pt   2400 
RPC 25k
Pm  Pt 2410  2400
% error   100   100  0.41%
4 2400
98. Ans: (c)

Solution: A meter : R  S  V  Rm
25 k  S  100  1 k
S  100  26 k
S  260  / V
B meter
R  S  V  Rm
150 k  S  1000  1 k
S  1000  151 k
S  151  / V

99. Ans: (c)

Solution: W1  4kW and W2  1kW
Pt  4  1  3kW
  3  W  W     
p.f.  cos   cos tan1 
1 2
   cos tan1  3(5)    0.327
   W1  W2      3 
 
  
100. Ans: (b)
V I cos  230  42  0.4
Solution: E,C t  c c h   1  3.864 kWh
1000 1000
rev 360
E,C m  M.C 
100
 3.6 kWh
E  Et 3.6  3.864
% error  m  100   100  6.83%
Et 3.864
Since error is negative so meter is running slower.
101. Ans: (b)

Solution: If it always gives maximum deflection then there is no Controlling Torque Present
in the instrument.
102. Ans: (a)

Solution: PMMC instrument is used for dc measurement except where cheapness is in
moving iron instrument.
103. Ans: (b)

Solution: As FSD, the average current flowing through the PMMC instrument is
Iav  100A
2Ipeak
Iav 

Iav 100A
Peak current Ipeak    157A
2 0.637
 

Ipeak 
applied Peak voltage  rectifier voltage drop
total circuit resistance
Rectiifer volt drops  2Vdrop  fro D1 and D4 (or) D2 and D3 
Applied peak voltage  2 Vrms
Total circuit resistance  Rs  Rm

2 Vrms  2Vdrop
Ipeak   Rm
Ipeak
Rs 
2 Vrms  2Vdrop
 Rm 
 
2  100V   2  0.7V 
 1k
Ipeak 157A
R s  890.7k
104. Ans: (b)

Solution: V  230V, I  15A, cos   0.8 lag, K=1500 rev/kWh, N1  1200 revolutions
1
Actual kWh consumed=230  15  0.8   10 3  1.38kWh
2
Actual revolutions registered
N2  K  kWh  1500  1.38  2070 revolutions
N2  N1 2070  1200
Error registration=  100   100  42%
N2 2070
105. Ans: (c)

  
Solution: V  100sin t  40cos 3t  30o  50sin 5t  45o V 
V  100sin t  40sin 3t  60   50sin 5t  45  V
o o
I  8sin t  6cos 5t  120  A  8sin t  6sin 5t  30  A

o o
Wattmeter reading is
1
W  100  8 Cos 0   6  50  cos  30  45    438.8
2
1
The fundamental power is =  100  8  400W
2
400
The wattmeter reading w.r.t fundamental power =  100  91.2%
438.8
106. Ans: (d)

Solution: V  2  200sin 314t 
I  2  cos(314t)  2  sin 314t  900  
1
P
2
 
 2  2  200  cos 900  0 watt
Hence, needle does not move and stays at zero deflection.

107. Ans: (d)

Solution: When connected to ‘A’, the instrument converted into 20V range.
V
Rm  R1  1 V1  20V
Im
V1 20V
R1   Rm   1500  284.2k
Im 70A
When connected to ‘B’, the instrument converted into 60V range.
V
Rm  R1  R 2  2
Im
V2 60
R2   R1  Rm   284.2k  1500  571.442k
Im 70  106
When connected to ‘C’, the instrument converted into 120V range.
V
Rm  R1  R 2  R 3  3
Im
V3 120
R3   R 2  R1  Rm   571.44k  284.2k  1500  857.14 k
Im 70  106
108. Ans: (c)

Solution: In the figure
VRY  41530o
415
VBN  120o
3
Current in current coil
VRY 41530o
IC    2.76  6.87o
Z 15036.37o
415120o
Power VI*   2.766.87o  662.8126.87o
3
Reading of wattmeter
 
P  662.8 cos126.87o  662.8( 0.6)  397.73 W
109. Ans: (b)

Solution: True value of voltage across AB terminal
100
VAB  200   80V
100  150
Re sis tance offered by voltmeter P is
R p  80 V  2 k / V  160 k
So, equipment resistance across AB

R AB  100 k ||160 k  61.54 k

200
Voltage measured VAB  61.54   58.2V
150  61.54
58.2  80
So, % error   100  27.27%
80
Now, the resistance offered by voltmeter Q is
R Q  80 V  30 k  2400 k
Equipment resistance across AB
R'AB  100 k / 2400 k  96 k
200
Voltage measured VAB
'
 96   78.05V
150  96
78.05  80
% error   100  2.44%
80
110. Ans: 2
Solution: In figure, V(t) by KVL = 200sin(100t) – 200sin(101t)
= 400 cos 100.5t sin 0.5t= [400 sin 0.5t] cos100.5t
The amplitude of the 50. 25 Hz voltage is 400 sin 0.5t and is slowly changing with time. The
rms voltage across the voltmeter is also slowly changing with time. At t=0, the rms value is
0. Again at t=2 sec, the rms value is zero. So the time period between two successive zero
readings of voltmeter is 2 sec.

We recommend you to take the Chapter Test first and then check
the Solutions.

Chapter Test Solutions

1. Ans: (d)
Solution: Moving Iron Ammeter reads the RMS value of the alternating current
For Rectangular wave form
RMS value = peak value = 500 A
For sinusoidal wave form

peakvalue 200
RMS value   353.55A
2 2
2. Ans: (b)
Solution: T  BINA, ( A  L  D)
T  1.2  2  103  200  2.5  102  2  102  240  106 Nm
3. Ans: (c)
Solution: Let the actual voltage and current are I1 and V1, respectively, then
Current in Current coil is 20A
 1000 
20  I1    I1  20A
 1000  0.2 
Apply KVL
200  V1  0.02  20  V1  200.40V
Power measured = Pm  V1I1 cos   200.40  20  1  4.008 kW
Load power PL  200  20 cos   4 kW
(For UPF cosФ=1)
P -P 4008  4000
% change = m L   100  0.2%
PL 4000
Hence measured power is 0.2% more as compared to load power.

4. Ans: (b)
Solution: During 313 revolutions the meter would record 313  60 A-S or Coulombs. The
time taken is 13 minutes or 780 seconds. So it corresponds to a current of
60  313
Ir   24.07A
 60  13
Energy recorded by the meter
VIr t 235  24.07 13
Wr  kWh    1.22 KWh
1000 1000 60
Actual energy consumed
235  16  13
W  0.814 KWh
1000  60
W W 1.222  0.814
Percentage error  r  100   100  50.12%
W 0.814
5. Ans: (a)
VL IL cos  230  42  0.4
Solution: ET  h   1  3.864 kWh
1000 1000
rev 360
Em    3.6 kWh
k 100
3.6  3.864
So, %error   100  6.83%
3.864
6. Ans: (d)
Solution: when voltage coil is connected between neutral and red phase
400
VphIph cos   5.54  103 =>  30  cos   5.54  103
3
cos   0.8 and sin   0.6
When voltage coil is connected between blue and yellow phase
400
W  3 VphIph sin   3   30  0.6  7.2 kVAR
3
7. Ans: (c)
Solution: In steady state condition Tc  Td
1 2 dL 1
Kc  I => 12  10 6      25   5  2   10 6
2 d 2
24  125  50

125 180
  1.68 rad =1.68   96.25o
74 

8. Ans: (c)
Solution: PMMC instrument only dc value so
IPMMC  8 A
rms meter reads rms value so
 
2
6 2
 8 
2
Irms    64  36  10 A
2
Moving iron instrument also reads rms value of current. So
IMI  10 A
 
Readings are IPMMC ,Irms ,IMI =  8 A,10 A,10 A 
9. Ans: (a)
Solution:   I2
Since, reading is proportional to deflection. Hence,
Reading  I2
2
100  1 
  =>   25V
  0.5 
10. Ans: (c)

Solution: Current through the circuit i(t)  10  10 2 sin314t
PMMC reads average value, average value of sinusoidal component is zero
Hence, Reading  10 A
11. Ans: (b)

Solution: Instantaneous value of voltage across 1 mH inductor is
dI d
VL  L  1  10 3  0.5  0.3sin t  0.2sin2t   1  10 3    0.3cos t  0.4 cos 2t 
dt dt
Put,   10 rad / sec then,
6
VL  300 cos t  400 cos 2t

Hence reading of electrostatic voltmeter = RMS Voltage
2 2
 300   400 
VL       354 V
 2   2 

12. Ans: (c)

V2
Solution: For type-1: error = I2R C and For type-2: error =
RP
 200  200 
2 2
so, I R C
2
 => R C   0.01 
10000 10000   20 
2
13. Ans: (b)

VT 80 V
Solution: The total circuit resistance R T    8 k
I T 10 mA
The voltmeter resistance equals, R v  1000  / V  150  150 k
 actual value of unknown resistance
1 1 1
 
RT RX RV
R T  R V 8k  150k 1200k 2
RX     8.45k
R V  R T 150k  8k 142k
Apparent value  Actual value 8k  8.45k
% of error    100  0.053  100  5.3%
Actutal value 8.45k
14. Ans: (a)

Solution: During negative half-cycle circuit can be redrawn as shown below
From above circuit it is clear that during negative half-cycle meter is open circuited due to
diode D2. Reverse saturation current is the current that flows in diode when reverse voltage
is applied without D2, even though diode is open circuited, voltage across D1 is AC voltage.
With diode D2 ON, the voltage across diode D1 is zero.

15. Ans: (c)

Solution: Reading of the true rms meter
T0
1  
2
1
Vrms   V (t) dt    V (t) dt 
2 2
T0 0
2  0 
 /2 2
1 1 9 1 9  1 3 9 3
  3  1  dt    t 0   t  /2 V 
2 2  /2 2
Vrms =
2 0
dt  
2  /2 2 2
   V
2 2 2 2

4 4
12
Vrms  V 3 V
4

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Measurement (Electromechanical Instruments)

1. A sinusoidal voltage of 1 V rms value at 10 Hz is applied across the two terminals of a

(a) zero volt (b) 1 volt

2. A manganian swamp resistance is connected in series with a moving coil ammeter

(a) minimize the effect of temperature variation

(a) moving iron (b) hot wire

(a) 0o (b) 45o

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(a) 14.78% (b) 17.34%

(a) P1=15 kW, P2=15 kW (b) P1=34.85 kW, P2=-4.85 kW

9. Assertion (A): In EMMC type instruments the power consumption is high.

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10. Match the following instruments with their symbols.

(a) 0.8  in series with the meter

(a) Constant irrespective of the power factor of the load

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(a) 100 k (b) 500 k

Ammeter: Resistance 0.2 Ω; Reading 5 A

The reading of the wattmeter is

(a) 27.8o (b) 37.8o

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(a) 860 F (b) 960 F

(a) 0.75 (b) 0.8

21. A 0-100 mA moving iron ammeter is converted to a 0-500 V, 50 Hz voltmeter by adding

23. An ammeter of range 0 to 1 A is used to measure current of 0 to 100 A. _________ Ω is the

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(a) BJT (b) SCR

(a) 11% (b) 13%

(b) 0.77% (b) 0.77%

(a) Critically-damped and has a coil resistance of 100 Ω.

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The reading of watt-meter compared to load power will be

36. A voltmeter, having a sensitivity of 2k/V, connected across an unknown resistance in

(b) 3.8% high (b) 2.8% low

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(a) 200.6 V (b) 205.6 V

39. A single-phase load is connected between R and Y terminals of a 415 V, symmetrical 3-

(c) 197.23 watt

(d) 248.58 watt

(e) 295.29 watt

(f) 298.23 watt

(a) The meter runs faster and error is 4.16%

(a) 6.366 V (b) 7 V

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(a) 0.86 (b) 0.707

(a) 44.13  (b) 48.13 

(b) 3.05, 0.002, 0.3 (b) 4.05, 1.002, 0.4

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(b) 3.33 A (b) 5 A

(a) 93.8 o (b) 94.8 o

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(b) 92.8% (b) 88.2%

(c) Electro dynamometer (b) Moving iron

61. In a basic DC ammeter, multiplying power of the shunt is defined

62. Match the following

Type of Instrument Type of damping

(a) 1-a, 2-a, 3-b (b) 1-b, 2-b, 3-a

63. Match the following

(a) 1-a, 2-c, 3-a (b) 1-a, 2-c, 3-b

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(a) 24  106 Nm (b) 24  103 Nm

(a) 21.6  103 N.m (b) 21.6  109 N.m