Science Reviewer

Newtons First Law of Motion

 Inertia – From Galileo’s initial idea, Isaac Newton developed the concept of Inertia which states:
“An object at rest remains at rest and that an object in constant motion remains to be in that
state of motion unless acted upon by an external force.”
- Objects do not accelerate on their own; instead, a net external force acts on them to oppose the
tendency of resistance to that the objects with accelerate.
- Inertia is a property that is possessed by any material that has mass. The more massive an object
is, the more inertia it has.
- Mass is commonly interchanged with weight but they are two different quantities
 Mass: Amount of matter an object contains.
a. Scalar and constant
b. Uses kilograms (kg) as a unit of measurement
 Weight: Amount of gravitational force than an object experiences.
a. Vector and non-constant
b. Uses newton (N) as a unit of measurement
- On Earth, mass and weight are directly proportional to each other. If the mass of an object is
doubled, it’s weight will also be doubled. If its mass is halved, it’s weight will also be halved. But
does not mean they are the same.
Equation: Other Information:
weight (mg)=mass ×accelaration due ¿ Gravity - If the pull of gravity changes, its mass
does not.
Equation Simplified: Equation Example:
w=m × g 2
(40 kg)(9.8 m/ s )=392 kg . m/s
2

- Mass remains to be constant for any object regardless of location, but weight changes
depending on gravity.
Newtons First Law (ADHD Version):
- Newton's first law, the law of inertia, states that a stationary object remains to be at rest or an
object moving at constant velocity continues to be moving at constant speed and direction
unless imposed by an external force that gives a net unbalanced force.
- Mass is a measure of inertia. The greater the mass of an object, the greater it resists changes in
its state of motion.
- Weight is the product of mass and acceleration due to gravity.

Newtons Second Law of Motion

 Acceleration - Acceleration is directly proportional to net force, and both should have the same
direction; and is inversely proportional to inertia or the mass.
 Net Force: The sum of all forces acting on an object.
- When a net force acts on an object, the object Newtons Second Law, or the law of acceleration,
investigates the relationship between force and mass in the object’s acceleration.
Equation:
net force
accelaration=
mass
Equation Simplified:
F net
a=
m
The Following Concepts are Derived from Equation Simplified:
- When the forces are balanced, the net force is zero; hence, acceleration is also zero. On the
other hand, a nonzero net force causes acceleration.
- The direction of the net force is the same as the direction of the acceleration. Since the net force
causes the acceleration, wherever the net force points, that is where the change in velocity
follows. If the direction of the net force is in the same direction as motion, then the object
accelerates. The acceleration decreases if the net force is opposite the direction of motion.
- The amount of net force is directly proportional to the acceleration. This means that the higher
the net force acting on an object, the more it accelerates. Acceleration is the effect of the net
force.
- The more massive an object is, the more it resists changes in motion. Thus, more mass means
lower acceleration. The amount of matter an object contains can significantly influence the
tendency of that object to change its course of motion.
- Rearranging the variables, you get: ΣF=F net =m× a
- The units used are as follows:
Net Force: Mass: Acceleration:
- Kilogram meter per - Kilogram (kg) - Meter per second
second squared (kg squared (m/s2)
2
m/s )
- Newton (N)

Newtons Second Law of Motion: (ADHD Version):

- The second law, the law of acceleration, describes the result of the presence of net force on an
object, which is acceleration. The direction of the net force and acceleration are the same, and
F net
both are directly proportional. The second law is mathematically expressed as a=
m
- A free-body diagram (FBD) is used to draw, using accurate scaling, all the forces acting on the
object.
- Forces in an FBD include weight, normal force, tension force, applied force, and frictional force.
For a constant acceleration system, the second law expression is used to expand the equation,
which is used inw the analysis.

Free Body Diagram:

- Used to visualize force and its magnitude and direction.

 Frictional Force ( F f ) – Force that arcs when surfaces slide or tend to slide over one another.
 Static Friction – When force is applied and the object gets disturbed even if it does move.
 Kinetic Friction – Type of friction that opposes motion.
 - To determine friction, the following formula is used:
Formula: Symbols Definition:
F f =μF N  μ :coefficient of friction
 μk :coefficient of kinetic friction
 μs :coefficient of static friction

 Balanced Forces – Equal forces acting that act on the object in opposite directions.
 Tension (T) – Force transmitted through cables, strings, and ropes.

Newtons Third Law of Motion

 Interaction or Action - “For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.”
 Action Force: A pair of forces.
 Reaction Force: Is present in interacting objects.
- When two objects interact, the first object exerts a force (action force) on the second object.
Similarly, the second object also applies a force that is equal in magnitude but in the opposite
direction (reaction force).

Examples of Action-Reaction Pairs:

- A rocket pushing on the gas: gas pushing on the rocket.
- Tires pushing on the ground, ground pushing on the tires.
- Gloves pushing on the face, face pushing on the gloves.
- A bird hitting the windshield of a car, windshield hitting the bird.

Newtons Third Law of Motion (ADHD Version):

- The law of interaction stats that for every action force, there is an equal and opposite reaction
force.
- The action-reaction forces are parts of a single interaction.

Aristotle and Galileo

- Aristotle and Galileo were the most important people in the history of physics.
 Motion – Movement of change of location over time described in direction, location, and speed.

Aristotle (385 – 322 BC):

- Tutor of Alexander the Great.
- His systematic approach became the method in western science.

Galileo (1564 – 1642 AD):

- Proved the sun is the center and not the earth.
- Born the same year as Shakespeare.
- Invented the telescope and made different discoveries on nature, positions, and motions on
celestial bodies.
- Believed every object has a proper place in the universe.
 Celestial Motion – Orbiting sun, moon, starts formed of perfect incorruptible substance called
“ether.”
  Natural Motion – Elements fall to their resting place and objects like smoke and fire seeks to rise
instead of falling.
 Violent Motion – Imposed motion, horizontal motion that is not natural being affected of
interacted by an external force.
- Commonly thought for nearly 2000 years, based on Aristotle's research, that a force was
necessary to keep an object in motion.
- Galileo argued an object can move freely in the absence of friction.
- Galileo was outspoken in his support of Copernicus.
- Galileo notioned that a force is not required to keep an object in motion, but rather that an
object will continue to move in a straight line at a constant speed unless acted upon by an
external force.
 Friction – Force acting upon between materials that touch as they move.
a. Galileo tested his idea by rolling balls in place surfaces.
b. Down: Slope Downward – Speed increases.
c. Up: Slope Upward – Speed decreases.
d. Horizontal: No Slope – Speed does not increase and decrease.
e. According to Galileo, if friction was absent, the ball would roll indefinitely.

Aristotle and Galileo (ADHD Version):

 Aristotle – States that the ball stops because it seeks its natural state.
 Galileo – States that the ball stops due to external forces such as friction.

Forces of Nature
 Force – Push or pull motion acting upon an object. Can be viewed by any influence capable of
producing a change in the state of motion
- Objects move starting from a rest position.

Physics Terms:
 Motion – Continuous change in place or position.
 Velocity – Speed at which something moves in one direction.
 Acceleration – Rate of change in velocity per unit and time.
 Scalar – Quantities that are fully described by both magnitude or a numerical value.
 Vector – Quantities that are fully described by both magnitude and a direction.
 Newton – Standard metric unit.
a. Formula Meaning:
2
1 n=amount of force required ¿ give a 1 kg mass an accelaration of 1 m/s
b. Formula Abbreviation: 1 N=1 kg 1 m/s 2
 Net Force – Single force that acts and causes a change in the state of motion of an object.
resultant force, vector of the sum of all forces acting on an object
 Symbols and Meanings:
a. Vector: ⃗ 2
V ( Example : 5 m/ s , North East )
b. : a⃗ (Example :5 m/s 2)

Take Note That:

- A change in the state of motion means a change in velocity.
- Whenever velocity changes with respect to time and acceleration is produced.
 - Since velocity and acceleration are vector quantities, force is also a vector quantity.

Situations of Equations:
F 1=5 n
 Situation A : F 1+ F 2=(−5)+ 5=0
F 2=5 n
F 1=8 n
 Situation B : F 1+ F 2=(−8)+5=−3
F2=5 n

Situations of Equations Explanations:

- F1 signifies motion to the left side,
and F2 signifies motion to the right
side.
- F1 or motion to the left will always be
negative

Types of Forces
 Contact Force – Forces requiring physical contact.
 Non-Contance Force (Action-at-a-distance Forces) – Forces not requiring physical contact.
Contact Force: Distance Force:
- Applied Force - Gravitational Force
- Normal Force - Magnetic Force
- Friction Force - Electrical Force
- Air Resistance Force
- Tension Force
- Spring Force

 Applied Force – Applied by an object to another

 Normal Force – Exerted by an object which is in contact with another stable object “pressing
force”. Always going up.
 Friction Force – Exerted by a surface as an object moves across. Always opposes the motion of
the object. Acts parallel on the surface.
 Air Resistance Force – Acts upon an object as they move through air. Is a special type of friction.
 Tension Force – Transmitted to a string, rope, or wire when it is pulled tight by forces at each
end. Away from the wire.
 Spring Force – Exerted by a compressed or stretched spring upon any object that is attached to
it. Magnitude of the force is directly proportional to the stretch or compression according to
Hooke’s Law.
 Gravitational Force – Force with which the Earth, moon, etc. Attracts an object towards itself
 Magnetic Force – The force exerted by magnets or moving electric charges (Attraction and
Repulsions), responsible for the attraction or repulsion between magnetic materials.’
a. Positive to Positive – Repulsion
b. Negative to Negative – Repulsion
c. Positive to Negative or Negative to Positive – Attraction.
 Electrical Force – Exists between charges. Either attractive or repulsive similarly in magnetic
force.
 Situation 1 – A book at rest on a table top.
(Normal force)

Situation 2 – Two people pulling a rope

(Tension Force)

Situation 3 – An apple falling from a tree.

(Gravitational Force)

Calculating Weight, Mass, and Gravity:

Free Body Diagram (FBD):

Weight, Mass, and Gravity Problems:

1. How much force is needed to accelerate a 66 kg skier at 2 m/sec²?
2. What is the force on a 1000 kg elevator that is falling freely at 9.8 m/sec²?
3. What is the acceleration of a 50 kg object pushed with a force of 500 Newtons?
4. The mass of a large car is 1000 kg. How much force would be required to accelerate the car at a
rate of 3 m/sec²?
5. A 50 kg skater pushed by a friend accelerates 5 m/sec². How much force did the friend apply?
6. A force of 250 N is applied to an object that accelerates at a rate of 5 m/sec². What is the mass of
the object?
7. A bowling ball rolled with a force of 15 N accelerates at a rate of 3 m/sec²; a second ball rolled
with the same force accelerates 4 m/sec². What are the masses of the two balls?
8. If a 60 kg person on a 15 kg sled is pushed with a force of 300 N, what will be the person’s
acceleration?
9. A force of 20 N acts upon a 5 kg block. Calculate the acceleration of the object.
10. An object of mass 300 kg is observed to accelerate at the rate of 4 m/sec². Calculate the force
required to produce this acceleration.
11. A 5 kg block is pulled across a table by a horizontal force of 40 N with a frictional force of 8 N
opposing the motion. Calculate the acceleration of the object.
12. An object of mass 30 kg is in free fall in a vacuum where there is no air resistance. Determine the
acceleration of the object.
13. An object of mass 30 kg is falling in air and experiences a force due to air resistance of 50
Newtons. Determine the net force acting on the object and calculate the acceleration of the
object
 Uniform Circular Motion

- An object that moves in a circular path at constant speed exhibits a uniform circular motion. In a
uniform circular motion, the magnitude of velocity or speed remains the same, while the
direction keeps on changing as the object moves around the circle.
- An object that is moving in a circular path that has a certain radius (r) with a constant speed (v)
has an acceleration that is directed to the center of the circle (ac).
- The acceleration directed toward the center is specifically named centripetal acceleration (a). In
order to determine a, which is expressed in m/s, the following equation is used:
Equation: Symbols Definition:
v
2
2  Angle Theta: θ
a c = =rω  Pi: π
r
 Centripetal Acceleration: a 2
 Velocity Squared: v 2
 Radius: r
 Angular Speed: ω
 Summation of All Forces: Σf
 Centripetal Force: F c

Uniform Circular Motion and the Second Law of Motion:

 Speed (Linear Speed) – Speed of an object moving in linear motion.
 Tangential Speed – In the case of a circular path, the distance traveled per unit of time.
 Rotational Speed (Angular Speed) – Number of times an object rotates or revolved per unit of
time. The standard unit of rotational rate is “revolutions per minutes.” (RPM).
- The tangential speed and rotational speed are directly proportional. Increasing one will lead to a
proportionate increase in the other.
- Rotational speed or angular speed measures the change in the angle per unit time of a rotating
object.

Energy
Mechanical Energy:
 Energy – Enables an object to perform work. Energy can be converted and transformed to work.
Energy is measured in joules (J), the same unit for expressing work. Mechanical energy can be
either potential energy or kinetic energy. This is measured by Newton-meters (NM).

Potential Energy:
- Objects at rest also possess energy called potential energy (PE). This type of energy is due to the
object's position relative to the position of the other object. An object that possesses PE has the
potential to perform work.
 Elastic Potential Energy – This form of PE that is present in the bow is called elastic PE.
  Chemical Potential Energy – Fuel, when added to the car's engine. can do work once it
undergoes combustion or burning. This form of PE is called chemical energy
 Gravitational Potential Energy – PE possessed by an object due to its position above the ground
is called gravitational PE. To get PE, use the following formula:
Formula: Symbols Definition:
PEgrav =mgh  PEgrav :amount of gravitational pull
 g :acceleration due ¿ gravity
 m :mass∈kilograms .
 h :height relative ¿ reference point∈ meters

Kinetic Energy:
- An object in motion can do work. A moving tow truck can do work on the vehicle it tows.
 Kinetic Energy – Energy in motion.

Energy (ADHD Version):

- Energy is the capacity to do work.
- Kinetic energy (KE) is the energy in motion. It is the product of mass and the square of the
velocity of the moving object.
- Potential energy (PE) is the energy dependent on position. It is the product of mass, acceleration
due to gravity, and the height of the object in reference to the ground.
- Work-energy theorem relates net work done by an external force to the change in the KE of the
object. The network is equal to the change in KE.