WAVE – disturbance that carry energy
PULSE – single, unrepeated wave
WAVE TRAIN – succession of periodic disturbances
TRANSVERSE WAVE – perpendicular vibration
LONGITUDINAL WAVE – parallel vibration
MECHANICAL WAVE – requires a medium to transfer energy (ocean, stadium, sound, seismic wave)
EM WAVE- doesn’t require medium, vibrations between electric and magnetic fields
PROPERTIES OF EM WAVE
Transverse wave
Created by oscillating electric n magnetic field
Can travel in vacuum at speed of light - 3 × 10^8 meters per second
Fastest through gases, Slowest through solid
Scientist who contributed in EM
James Clerk Maxwell- developed equation showing relationship of electricity and magnetism
Michael Faraday – Formulated the principle behind EM induction, dynamo
Hans Christian Oersted – current-carrying waves act like magnet, electric current make magnet field
Andre Marie Ampere – demonstrated magnetic effect on direct. Of current magnetisism produced w/o
magnet
Heinrich Hertz – discovered radio waves, proved maxwell theory
TYPES OF EM RADIATION
RADIO WAVES – longest waves, lowest frequency ( sound waves, MRI, GPS, cp,) 2 types (amplitude
modulation, frequency modulation )
MICROWAVES- RADAR, terrestrial communication, wireless access, cooking, Bluetooth, cellular data
INFRARED- below red, thermal imaging, remote control
VISIBLE LIGHT- visible to human eye, photosynthesis (Longest wavelength- red, Shortest – violet)
ULTRAVIOLET- main source is sun, kills bacteria,
XRAY- Computed Tomography Scan (CT), can cause cancer, absorbed by bones
GAMMA RAYS- Carry greatest energy, shortest W.L (sterilization, nuclear weapons, cancer treatment)
!! RMIVUXG
Light – form of energy or EMR, both wave n particle
How light move? – travels away from source, straight line
When light strikes an object it can:
REFLECTED – bounces back
REFRACTED – bent
ABSORBED
TRANSMITTED
OPAQUE- can absorb/deflect lights, blocks passage of light
SPECULAR REFLECTION – light gets reflected from smooth surface, definite angle
DIFFUSE REFLECTION – light reflected in all direction due to rough surface
2 KIND OF RAY
INCIDENT RAY- light approaching the mirror
REFLECTED RAY – light leaving the mirror
NORMAL LINE- separates 2 ray
PLANE MIRROR – always produces virtual images, same size, mirror with flat surface
LAWS OF REFLECTION
1 Angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection
2 The normal line, incident ray, reflected ray lie in same place
3 Reflection are irreversible
SPHERICAL MIRROR – curved mirrors
CONCAVE/CONVERGING mirror – reflective surface bulges away from light source
CONVEX/DIVERGING – bulges toward the light source
REFRACTION – bending of light rays , occur with lenses
Lenses are made up of either plastic or glass
SPHERICAL LENSES – transparent material bound by 2 surface:
CONVERGING/CONXEX LENS – thicked at the middle than edges
DIVERGING/ CONCAVE LENS – thicker @ edges than mid ( smaller image)
OPTICAL DEVICES
Periscope – observation around, over, or through an object ( submarines)
Kaleidoscope- toy that uses light and mirrors to create pattern ( side mirror, dental mirror, solar cookers)
absorbs sun’s thermal, UV energy gets converted into low- fre. Infra. Radiation
