Cac loai acid amin thc pham

I/ GII THIEU VE AXIT AMIN

1/ nh Ngha: Axit amin la dan xuat cacboxyl trong o hydro c thay the bang nhom amin v tr hay 2/ Cong thc : R CH COOH
NH2

3/ Tnh chat vat ly: - Axit amin co dang tinh the mau trang, ben nhiet o 200 C- 250 C , nhiet o 1000C 2000C ch co mot so axit amin khep vong nh axit glutamic, glutamin - a so axit amin eu co v ngot - o hoa tan : tan kha tot trong nc , mc o tan co khac nhau - Tnh quang hoat: tr Glycin, cac axit amin eu co tnh chat quang hoat . Co 2 dang ong phan quang hoc la D va L.
COOH H2N C* R H

COOH H C* NH2

R (L.a.acid) (D.a.acid) - Axit amin dang L c hap thu bi thc vat, dang D anh hng xau en qua trnh trao oi chat - Tnh axit baz cua axit amin : nhom -COOH va -NH2 trong axit amin co kha nang ion hoa. Nh vay sau khi ion hoa th phan ng can bang ion co kha nang c viet nh sau: R-COOH <--------> R-COO- + H+ R-NH3+ <---------> R-NH2 + H+ Nh cac loai axit hu c, cng o axit cua nhom cacboxyl, amin va goc R b ion hoa trong axit amin co the c nh ngha bi hang so ket hp Ka, hoac thng lay am log cua Ka, la pKa.Tong ai so ve ien tch cua nhom hien dien cua bat ky axit amin, peptid hoac protein se phu thuoc vao o pH cua moi trng nc xung quanh. V vay pH cua dung dch cua axit amin hoac protein thay oi, th tong ien tch cung thay oi. Hien tng nay co the c theo doi suot s chuan o cua bat ky axit amin hay protein . Khi ien tch tong cong cua axit amin hay protein la khong th pH se tng ng vi iem ang ien: pI. Hnh 1.1 : o th ve pH cua cac loai ion Alanin

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Cac loai acid amin thc pham

4/ S phan loai axit amin : Bang 1.1 : Cac axit amin thng gap trong phan t protein
Ky hieu pK nhom R

Axit amin

Cau truc Axit amin co goc R beo

pK1 (COOH)

pK2 (NH2)

Glycine

Gly G Ala A

2.4

9.8

Alanine

2.4

9.9

Valine

Val V

2.2

9.7

Leucine

Leu -L

2.3

9.7

Isoleucine

Ile I Axit amin vi goc R co nhom Hydroxyl

2.3

9.8

Serine

Ser S

2.2

9.2

~13

Threonine

Thr T Axit amin co goc R co cha lu huynh

2.1

9.1

~13

Cysteine

Cys -C MetM

1.9

10.8

8.3

Methionine

2.1

9.3

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Cac loai acid amin thc pham

Axit amin co tnh axit va amit cua no Asp -D Asn -N Glu E Gln Q Axit amin co tnh baz Arg R

Aspartic Acid

2.0

9.9

3.9

Asparagine

2.1

8.8

Glutamic Acid

2.1

9.5

4.1

Glutamine

2.2

9.1

Arginine

1.8

9.0

12.5

Lysine

Lys K

2.2

9.2

10.8

Histidine

His H Axit amin co vong thm Phe -F

1.8

9.2

6.0

Phenylalanine

2.2

9.2

Tyrosine

Tyr Y

2.2

9.1

10.1

Tryptophan

TrpW

2.4

9.4

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Cac loai acid amin thc pham

Axit imino

Proline

Pro P

2.0

10.6

Chu thch : axit imino la axit hu c trong o nhom =NH gan vao mot hay hai carbon 5/ Trnh bay ve tng loai axit amin: a) Aspartic :

- Ma di truyen: GAU, GAC - Khoi lng phan t: 114.08 Dalton - No cha nhieu trong mang tay b) Glutamat :

- Ma di truyen: GAA, GAC - Khoi lng phan t: 128.11Dalton - No cha nhieu trong lua m va au nanh - ng dung trong viec san xuat bot ngot c) Lysine :

Ma di truyen: AAA,AAG Khoi lng phan t: 129.19 Dalton No can c bo sung khi ta an banh m

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Cac loai acid amin thc pham

d) Agrinine:

- Ma di truyen: CGU, CGC, CGA, CGG, AGA, AGG - Khoi lng phan t: 157.2 Dalton - Axit amin duy tr chc nang cua te bao mau va cac chat hu c e) Hystidin:

- Ma di truyen: CAU, CAC - Khoi lng phan t: 138.16 Dalton - Axit amin can thiet e san xuat Histamin va cac chat khac f) Glycine:

Ma di truyen: GGU, GGC, GGA, GGG Khoi lng phan t: 57.07 Dalton Axit amin can thiet e san xuat glutathione va porphyrin ,mot hp chat cua hemoglobin g) Serin:

Ma di truyen: UCU, UCC, UCA, UCG, AGU, AGC Khoi lng phan t: 87.09 Dalton Axit amin can thiet e san xuat photpholipidva axit glyceric(C3H6O4)

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Cac loai acid amin thc pham

h) Threonin:

- Ma di truyen: ACU, ACC, ACA, ACG - Khoi lng phan t: 101.12 Dalton - Axit amin can thiet s dung tao hoat ong cua enzim i) Cystein:

- Ma di truyen: UGU, UGC - Khoi lng phan t: 103.15 Dalton j) Tyrosine:

Ma di truyen: UAU, UAC Khoi lng phan t: 163.12 Dalton Axit amin san xuat cac amin can thiet cung vi tryptophan va phenylalanin k) Asparagin:

Ma di truyen: AAU, AAC Khoi lng phan t: 114.1 Dalton Axit amin san xuat cac amin can thiet cung vi tryptophan va phenylalanin

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Cac loai acid amin thc pham

l)Glutamine:

- Ma di truyen: CAA, CAG - Khoi lng phan t: 128.14 Dalton - Axit amin can thiet duy tr chc nang mo m) Alanin:

- Ma di truyen: GCU, GCC, GCA, GCG - Khoi lng phan t: 71.09 Dalton - Axit amin cung cap nguon nang lng quan trong trong cuoc song n) Valin:

- Ma di truyen: GUU, GUC, GUA, GUG - Khoi lng phan t: 99.15 Dalton - Axit amin co nhiem vu tang protein va cung cap nguon nang lng o) Leucin:

Ma di truyen: UUA, UUG, CUU, CUG, CUA, CUG Khoi lng phan t: 113.18 Dalton Axit amin co nhiem vu tang protein va cung cap nguon nang lng

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Cac loai acid amin thc pham

p) Isoleucin:

- Ma di truyen: AUU, AUC, AUA - Khoi lng phan t: 113.18 Dalton - Axit amin co nhiem vu tang protein va cung cap nguon nang lng q) Proline :

- Ma di truyen: CCU, CCC, CCA, CCG - Khoi lng phan t: 97.13 Dalton - Axit amin la hp chat chnh cua collagen cau tao da va cac c khac r) Phenylalanin :

- Ma di truyen: UUU, UUC - Khoi lng phan t: 147.19 Dalton - Axit amin s dung cac amin hu dung khac nhau s) Trytophan :

- Ma di truyen: UGG - Khoi lng phan t: 186.23 Dalton - Axit amin s dung cac amin hu dung khac nhau t) Methionin :

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Cac loai acid amin thc pham

Ma di truyen: AUG Khoi lng phan t: 131.21 Dalton Axit amin s dung e san xuat cac amin hu dung khac nhau

6/ Lien ket peptid:

- Protein c tao thanh bi cac axit amin lien ket vi nhau bi lien ket
peptid

- Lien ket peptid c tao bi goc COOH cua axit amin nay se ket hp
vi goc NH2 cua axit amin khac ,loai i mot phan t nc

Hnh 6.1 : S tao thanh lien ket peptid 1- axitamin, 2- cau truc ion lng tnh, 3- lien ket peptid c tao thanh bi 2 phan t axit amin Lien ket peptid hnh thanh qua phan ng ngng tu dan en s trung hp axit amin tao thanh cac peptid va protein. Cac Peptid thng nho ch gom mot vai axit amin. Phan ln homon va te bao van chuyen cua than kinh la peptid.Mot vai khang sinh va tac nhan chong ung th la peptid. Protein la polypeptid co chieu dai khac nhau. Peptid n gian nhat ,mot dipeptid,bao gom mot lien ket peptid n gian c tao thanh bi s ngng tu nhom cacboxyl cua axit amin th nhat vi nhom amin cua axit amin th hai ong thi vis kh nc. S hien dien cua nhom cacbon trong lien ket pepid cho phep cong hng electron e xuat hien lien ket peptid ben, khong giong nh loai-C=C- lien ket oi . Do o ,lien ket peptid c noi la co 1 phan tnh chat cua lien ket oi

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Cac loai acid amin thc pham

II/ MOT VAI NG DUNG CUA AXIT AMIN TRONG THC TE:
1/ LYSINE: a) Gii thieu :

Lysine la axit amin ma c the khong t che tao c ma phai tiep nhan chung t thc pham .Ngoai ra do ham lng lysine trong thc vat thng thap (xem bang ) , khien cho he so s dung cua protein ong vat va thc vat rat thap Trong thc an cho mot lng lysine ,co the nang cao he so s dung protein .Lysine c ap dung rong rai trong thc pham nh chat tang cng dinh dng ,chat phu gia thc an , dch truyen amin v.v... Bng 2.1 : Lng axit amin cn thit trong thc n
(S mg axt amin trong 1g N trong protein, s trong du ngoc l ly sa bng 100 so snh)

Tn Sa ngi Sa b Trng Tht b Go Ng Bt m

Isoleucine Leucine 320 620 (100) (100) 320 590 (100) (97) 330 530 (103) (87) 300 550 (94) (90) 280 520 (88) (85) 240 780 (75) (128) 260 440 (81) (72)

Valine Phenylalanine Methionine Threonine Tryptophan Lysine 370 580 220 270 100 420 (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) (100) 410 630 200 270 92 480 (111) (109) (91) (100) (92) (114) 410 660 380 290 100 440 (111) (114) (173) (107) (100) (105) 340 600 215 280 81 570 (92) (103) (98) (104) (81) (136) 370 670 270 220 80 210 (100) (116) (123) (81) (80) (50) 340 650 260 240 240 47 (92) (112) (118) (89) (89) (47) 270 480 210 170 69 150 (73) (83) (95) (63) (69) (36)

b) San xuat lysine: - Sn xut lysine c cc phng php : 1. Trch ly, 2. Tng hp, 3. Dng enzyme, 4. Ln men vi ph gia, 5. Ln men trc tip. - Phng php ln men trc tip l s dng loi nm men sn sinh lysine c c trng sinh l c bit, thc hin ln men trong iu kin nht nh, tn dng nguyn liu cht ng c cht lng cao ca thin nhin, cht ln men chuyn ha thnh lysine. 2) Axit Glutamic : a) Gii thieu :

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Cac loai acid amin thc pham

Axt glutamic l mt loi Axt amin c th tng hp trong c th con ngi, v thng thy trong c th ng vt, thc vt di cc dng khc nhau. Do axt glutamic v cc dn xut c c tnh ring, chng c dng rng ri trong tr bnh, b sung sinh trng cho thc vt. Trong kt cu phn t, Axt glutamic c hai gc hydroxyl v mt gc amin, n l cht lng tnh mang c tnh axt v kim, c th lm nguyn liu cho cc loi m phm, thc phm v ha phm. b) Ket cau phan t:

c) ng dung : ng dng ca Axt glutamic c th chia ra 2 lnh vc: 1) Sn phm nghin cu khoa hc v tiu chun phn tch: Cc hp cht bao gm Axt glutamic v dn xut ca n, c xem l cht th ha hc dng trong nghin cu sinh vt hc v sinh ha hc. Thuc th axt glutamic cng cc dn xut v cng ngh tng hp protein, sinh hc t bo u lin quan n cng vic nghin cu sinh ha. Mt khc, cc ngnh gia cng thc phm v iu ch dc phm u cn nhng mu tiu chun phn tch thch hp dng vo vic kim nghim protein ca thc phm v dc phm. 2) ng dng trong y hc v dc hc : Trong tng lai gn, nhu cu Axt glutami dng cho cha bnh v thuc cha bnh s khng ngng tng trng. Trong cc sn phm ny, rt quan trng l dch b sung dinh dng ng rut cho cc bnh nhn trong tnh trng trm trng v thuc kch thch thn kinh. Trong y dc cn c nhiu ng dng khc bao gm cc loi thc phm ung cho ngi bnh kh nng trao i cht tht thng v thuc lm tan m trong phi. 3) Natri glutamat (bot ngot): a) S ra i cua bot ngot: - V gic ca con ngi, ngoi bn v pht hin ra chua, ngt, mn, ng ra, gn y cc nghin cu khoa hc cn chng thc c, c thm mt v th nm c bn na, l v ngon. - Cc nh khoa hc pht hin ra thnh phn ca cc v ngon trong thc phm, l Narti Glutamat trong rong bin, axt succinic trong s hn, ethylamid glutamat trong tr xanh vv... T nhng pht hin ny, ngi ta nhn bit c rng, v ngon l v tng hp diu k ca cc loi axt amin v axt hu c. Trong cc loi v ngon , Narti glutamat (tc bt ngt, m chnh) c xem l tiu biu nht. S pht hin ra bt ngt c th tm thy c t nhng k thut nu nng ca Phng ng thi c i, thi ngi ta dng rong bin phi kh lm gia v nu canh hoc t rong bin chit xut ra bt nm v loi bt nm ny lm tng v ngon cho thc phm. Nm 1908, gio s Ikeda trng i hc
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Cac loai acid amin thc pham

Tokyo Nht Bn phn tch thnh phn rong bin, pht hin trong rong bin c mt hm lng ln Natri glutamat v cng chnh Natri glutamat to nn nn v ngon cho thc phm. T , ngi Nht bt u thc hin chit xut Natri glutamat c thun khit cao lm gia v thc phm. b) Bot ngot la chat g: - Bt ngt l axt amin t nhin trong thc phm
Hm lng axt amin t do trong thc phm Tn thc phm Pho mt Nc qu nho C chua u H Lan Nm Hoa l Ng ngt Khoai ty u a Rau chn vt Hm lng axt 1,200 0,258 0,246 0,200 0,180 0,176 0,130 0,102 0,075 0,047

Trong thc phm c 5 cht dinh dng c bn: ng, m, m, cht khong v vitamin. Trong , m (protein) l cht dinh dng quan trng tn ti trong hu ht thc phm, nht l cc thc phm t ng vt c hm lng m rt di do. Protein do 20 loi axt amin kt hp cu to nn, trong ng tiu ha ca c th ngi, protein trong thc phm s b tiu ha thnh axt amin c bit, qua hp th ca rut non, truyn ti cc b phn c th nh mu, to thnh cc t chc, cc thnh phn c th. Trong protein thc phm, axt glutamic chim t l hn hn cc axt amin khc, thy tm quan trng ca n i vi vt th sng nh th no. c) Tai sao bot ngot la muoi natri: - Khi axt glutamic cng cc axt amin khc kt hp thnh protein v n n trong phn t protein, khng th kch thch v gic cm nhn v ngon, nhng mt khi n c gii phng t protein thnh axt amin t do v tn ti cng vi ion Natri trong mui n s to ra c v ngon c bit. l pht hin quan trng t gn mt th k trc y ca gio s Ikeda, v cng l l do ti sao bt ngt ngy nay phi ch to thnh tinh th Natri glutamat. d) Quy trnh san xuat bot ngot : Thi k u, ly t cc thc phm thin nhin Phng php ch to bt ngt sm nht l chit t cc thc phm thin nhin. V d: nu rong bin, nc c c li thnh nc gia v hay bt gia v.
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Cac loai acid amin thc pham

Sau , ch to t gluten bt m (la mch) S dng phng php thy ngn protein c gluten do ngun gluten di do, hm lng axt glutamic cao (23%), thch hp dng lm nguyn liu ch to bt ngt. Gluten l protein trong bt m m cc nh my bt ngt trc y thng dng gluten ca bt tiu mch thy phn ch to ra bt ngt. 20 kg bt tiu mch mi ch to c 1 kg bt ngt, xem ra cng ngh ch to bt ngt thi trc khng d dng. Gn y, ng l nguyn liu chnh sn xut bt ngt Nm 1958, cng ngh ln men vi sinh ch to bt ngt thnh cng, ngi ta s dng cc ngun ung glucose, fructose hoc sachrose cho con nm c tuyn la c bit chuyn dng cho sn xut bt ngt hp thu v trao i cht, to ra lng ln axt glutamic t nhin do vi sinh vt to nn. Cc vi sinh vt c tuyn la c bit chuyn bin ng trong mt ng thnh ra axt glutamic. Mi mt kg ng, c th cho khong 0,5kg axt glutamic, hiu sut rt cao. e) Mc o an toan cua bot ngot trong thc pham : Trong thc phm nn cho bao nhiu bt ngt s t hiu qu tt? Trong qu trnh ch bin thc n, lng bt ngt cho vo, kin ngh nh sau: Cho 5 sut n, cho vo mung tr. T gc gia v, bt ngt l cht t hn ch, ch cn dng mt lng thch hp s lm tng v ngon, nhng dng qu nhiu s nh hng n v ngon ca thc n. Con ngi dng bt ngt c an ton khng? T nm 1968 tr li y, bt ngt l loi gia v thc phm c th nghim, nghin cu nhiu nht. Mt bo co iu tra nu: C trn 8,000 bo co v axt glutamic, trong c 600 bo co nghin cu v tnh an ton ca bt ngt dng trong thc phm. C th ni, cho ti nay, bt ngt l loi thnh phn thc phm c nghin cu an ton trit nht. Nm 1970 nhm chuyn gia thc phm ca Cc Qun L Thc Dc Phm M v Lin Hp cc t chc y t th gii nghin cu kh k cng v vn bt ngt tc ng nh th no trong c th, lm cc th nghim v c hi, xem xt ci gi l Hi Chng Qun n Trung Hoa, qua hi tho a ra kt lun: Ni chung i vi c th ngi, mi ngy c th hp thu 1,12g/kg trng lng c th ngi, v d ngi nng 50kg mi ngy c th dng 6g bt ngt. Vi liu lng , n bt ngt sut i cng khng nh hng n sc khe. Hi chng qun n Trung Hoa l g? Ci gi l "Hi chng Trung Hoa" dng ch triu chng kh chu nht thi m mt s ngi cho rng do b d ng khi n ti cc qun n Trung Hoa. Tin s Kenny ca trng i Hc Y Khoa George Washington lm th nghim i chiu lm sng v vn ny, kt qa ca th nghim chng minh: bt ngt khng h lin quan trc tip vi d ng. Nghin cu ca ng cn a ra kt lun, n xong ung nc c chua v c ph en, cng c th gy nn kh chu sau khi n mt s thc phm hoc mt s thnh phm ca thc phm no , nhng thc phm ny thng l ht tiu, scla, cc loi s hn v nhiu loi thnh phn thc phm khc.
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Cac loai acid amin thc pham

n bt ngt khng c hi cho sc khe? Ngy 31 thng 8 nm 1995, Cc Qun L thc dc phm M (FDA) cng b mt bo co v bt ngt mi nht. Kt lun ca bo co: Vi c th ngi ni chung, n vo mt lng bt ngt bnh thng l an ton, khng c bng chng g cho thy bt ngt c lin quan n mt bnh mn tnh no. S d c bo co ny v trong thi gian cc nm 1970 -1980 xy ra cuc tranh lun v vai tr ca bt ngt i vi h thn kinh. gii p cc thc mc , Cc qun l thc dc phm M (FDA) mi y thc cho mt c quan nghin cu khoa hc c lp ng ra nh gi cho khch quan. Bt ngt quan trng cho c th ngi? Gn y, cc nghin cu khoa hc v bt ngt khng cn tp trung vo tnh an ton ca n na m i su vo vai tr ca n trong vic trao i cht trong c th con ngi v s quan trng ca n i vi cc c nng ca thn th. Tin trin nghin cu nh sau: Kt qa nghin cu sinh ha cho thy, axt glutamic trong bt ngt l cu ni quan trng trong trao i cht ca axt amin v hydrat cacbon trong c th sinh vt. Nghin cu mi nht ca tin s Reeds (M) cho thy, axt glutamic trong thc n ung va ng tiu ha, cung cp mt phn ln nng lng cn thit trao i cht cho cc t bo b mt ca ng tiu ha, do vy axt amin trong thc phm rt quan trng i vi cc t bo ng tiu ha. Nghin cu ca gio s Schiffman chng minh c, cho thm bt ngt vo n, c th lm nhng ngi gi c bnh n c nhiu hn, ci thin r rt trng thi dinh dng v kh nng min dch ca c th. Tr li s tht cho bt ngt? Bo co ca t chc FDA M gii ta c cc thc mc ca ngi tiu dng, xa i nhng hiu lm ca con ngi i vi bt ngt, cng lm thay i thi nghin cu ca cc nh khoa hc, t gc chnh din tm hiu bt ngt, loi gia v c s dng rng ri ny quan trng nh th no vi c th con ngi, l mt ti.

III) S BIEN OI CUA CAC LOAI ACID AMIN 1) Do nhiet o:

+ Gia nhiet la cong oan pho bien cho moi san pham thc pham.

+ Khi gia nhiet kieu thanh trung nhiet o hn 110-120oC th gay pha huy 1 phan Cys va Cystin tao thanh H2S, imetylsulfua, acid Cisteic va cac hp chat khac khien cho san pham co mui ac trng. + Khi x ly nhiet cao hn nhiet o thanh trung th tao cau ong hoa tr isopeptid ==> giam qua trnh tieu hoa protein.

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Cac loai acid amin thc pham

+ Khi gia nhiet khan th triptophan b vong hoa tao ra , , cacbolin.

R NH2

H3C

N R
R N H

NH2

cacbolin

N H

2) Do pH: Khi thuy phan protein trong kiem pH > 7 th + Arg phan huy thanh Ornitin va Ure. + Cystein b chuyen thanh dehydroalanin . + Ser, Thr, Lys b pha huy. + Mot so acid amin chuyen t dang L sang dang D ==> lam giam gia tr dinh dng. Trong moi trng acid pH < 7 di nhiet o cao + Try b phan huy hoan toan. + Cac acid amin co S b oxy hoa 10-30%

cacbolin (R la H hay CH3)

N H

cacbolin

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Cac loai acid amin thc pham

TAI LIEU THAM KHAO

1. http:// www.vedan.com.vn 2. http:// www.bmbiris.bmb.uga.edu/wampler/ tutorial 3. http:// www.indstate.edu/thcme/mwking/aminoacid 4. http:// www.ajinomoto.com/amino 5. Amino acid-wikipedia.the free encyclopedia.htm

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Cac loai acid amin thc pham

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