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PEPTIDA
Rantai pendek dr 2/lebih AA yg dihubungkan oleh ikatan kovalen
Ikatan peptida ikatan yg terjadi antara ggs karboksil AA pertama dg ggs amino dari AA yg lain dipeptida + H20
Polipeptida tdr atas beberapa AA (>100) yg berikatan peptida
STRUKTUR PROTEIN
Primer Sekunder Tersier Kuartener
A diagram showing a generic amino acid structure. All amino acids have an alpha carbon, an amino group, and a carboxyl group, but each of the 20 amino acids has a different side chain or R group. Amino acids are linked together to form a polypeptide chain, like beads on a string, the primary level of protein structure.
Struktur Primer
Struktur Sekunder
Globular
DENATURASI
Bila susunan ruang/rantai polipeptida suatu molekul protein berubah. Penyebab: panas, pH, mekanik, bahan kimia
A figure showing the process of denaturation. The polypeptide chain has lost its higher order structure and is now a random coil.
PROTEIN STRUKTURAL Contoh: kolagen, elastin, keratin PROTEIN PERTAHANAN Contoh: antibodi (imunoglobulin) PROTEIN PENGATUR Contoh: hormon insulin
PROTEIN GENETIK Contih: nukleoprotein, histon
PROTEIN GLOBULAR - Rantai polipeptida berlipat rapat bentuk globular - Sifat: larut dlm sistem larutan - Hampir semua mempunyai fungsi gerak - Mudah terdenaturasi - Contoh: antibodi, protein penyimpan, protein transpor, susu atau telur (dlm bhn makanan)
MOLEKUL HIBRID
GLIKOPROTEIN - Molekul gabungan antr KH (1-30%) dgn protein (70%) - Mempy 1-beberapa gol KH, mempy sejumlah rantai samping oligosakarida linier/bercabang - Protein pd permukaan sebelah luar hewan plasma darah PROTEOGLIKAN - Molekul gabungan/hibrida antara polisakarida/KH (95%) dgn protein (5%) - Tdr atas unit2 disakarida berulang PEPTIDOGLIKAN - Molekul hibrid antara peptida dgn polisakarida
Sintesis AA non essensial dr AA non essensial lain. Contoh: Prolin pd mammalia dan beberapa organisme lain, prolin dpt disintesa dr glutamat melalui jalur sebaliknya dr katabolik
Sintesis AA non essensial dr AA essensial Contoh: Tirosin dr fenilalanin oleh hidroksilase. Fenilalanin yg berfungsi sbg monooksidase (irreversible). Reaksi ini membutuhkan tetrahidrobiopterin sbg reduktor yg berasal dr reduksi dihidrobiopterin oleh NADPH.
AA ESSENSIAL
Arginin Lisin, metionin, treonin, isoleusin dr asam aspartat
amino acid alanine arginine asparagine aspartate cysteine glutamate glutamine glycine histidine isoleucine leucine lysine methionine
made from pyruvate glutamate aspartate oxaloacetate (methionine)* oxoglutarate glutamate serine essential essential essential essential essential
degraded to pyruvate glutamate aspartate oxaloacetate pyruvate oxoglutarate glutamate one-carbon pool*** glutamate acetyl-CoA + propionylCoA acetyl-CoA not known propionyl-CoA
glyco / keto glycogenic glycogenic glycogenic glycogenic glycogenic glycogenic glycogenic glycogenic glycogenic mixed ketogenic mixed glycogenic
comments large amount in cells strongly basic, urea cycle glycoproteins acidic, large amount in cells -SH group acidic, very large amount in cells large amount in cells no side chain, collagen weak base branched side-chain branched side-chain long side chain, basic contains sulphur, methyl donor
phenylalanine
proline serine threonine tryptophan tyrosine valine
essential
glutamate phosphoglycerate essential essential (phenylalanine)** essential
tyrosine
glutamate pyruvate disputed**** not known fumarate + acetoacetate propionyl-CoA
mixed
glycogenic glycogenic glycogenic mixed mixed glycogenic
aromatic, phenylketonuria
imino acid -OH group -OH group aromatic aromatic, phenolic branched side-chain
REAKSI TRANSAMINASI
Kebanyakan asam amino dpt diubah mjd asam keto dgn reaksi transaminasi Reaksi ini mjdkan gugus amino dr asam amino satu berpindah menuju asam koto yg lain. Melalui reaksi ini tdk ada kehilangan atau tambahan N dr sistem.
Asam amino asam aspartat dan alanin dpt disintesis oleh reaksi transaminasi dr oksaloasetat dan piruvat. a-Keto Acid a + a-Amino Donor b ---> a-Amino Acid a + aKeto Acid b Pyruvate + Glutamate ---> Alanine + a-Ketoglutarate alanine transaminase (ALT), or Glutamate-pyruvate transaminase GPT Oxaloacetate + Glutamate ---> Aspartate + aKetoglutarate aspartate transaminase (AST), or Glutamate-oxaloacetate transaminase GOT Oksaloasetat dan piruvat menyumbang sintesis rantai samping asam amino spt isoleucine, leucine and valine.
TRANS-DEAMINASI
Kebanyakan transaminase menyumbang substrat dan produk yang umum yaitu glutamat dan oksoglutarat dgn glutamat dehydrogenase. Hal ini memungkinkan jalur pengeluaran N untuk asam amino. Proses ini disebut trans-deaminasi.
DEAMINASI OKSIDATIF
Perubahan AA menjadi bentuk -keto secara oksidasi Oksidase asam amino, enzim yg tdp di hati dan ginjal mammalia adalah: Oksidase L-asam amino FMN Oksidase D-asam amino FAD
SINTESIS UREA
Diperlukan: 1 molekul ammonia, 2 molekul CO2, 1 molekul aspartat. Ggs amino pertama yg masuk siklus adl NH3 bebas (dr deaminasi oksidatif glutamat di motokondria hati) Ggs amino kedua berasal dr aspartat (dr transaminasi glutamat o/ transaminase aspartat sitosol). Ggs amino berkondensasi dg atom C karbamil dr sitrulin membentuk arginosuksinat.