BIOCHEMISTRY

MODULE 2 TRANS BY:ZEBINA P. GENORING

(Part 1: Proteins, Enzymes & Carbohydrates) CTTO: JAMES CARL A. JATICO, RPH

BIOCHEMISTRY
• Generally, deals with the physical and chemical properties of compounds that make up the smallest unit
of life and how these compounds undergo processes and relate it with how it affects the daily function
of human beings.
• Biomolecules !!!
Protein - Amino Acids
Polymers Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides
Nucleic Acid - Nucleotides
Lipids

Biology (Important Notes)

ü Mitochondria: generates power in the form of energy (ATP)

ü Golgi Apparatus: package counter (protein modification)
ü Lysosomes: suicide bag (detoxification)
ü Ribosomes: translation (protein synthesis)
ü Nucleus: transcription ( RNA synthesis)

Types of Cell Division

PROTEINS
• constitute 70% of the organic matter of cell. The simplest unit is amino acid, and proteins are polymers
of these repeating units linked together.
• Don’t carry genetic/hereditary information!!!

Amino Acid
• organic molecule containing both carboxyl and amino functional groups

General Properties:

ü Chiral
ü Amphoteric
ü Proteinogenic

CLASSIFICATIONS ACCORDING TO:

1. R Group 2. Metabolic Fate 3. Dietary Requirement

a. Nonpolar a. Glucogenic a. Essential
b. Polar b. Ketogenic b. Non-essential
c. Acidic
d. Basic
a. NONPOLAR AMINO ACIDS

ü GAV LIP MWF

ü Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Proline, Methionine, Tryptophan, Phenylalanine

b.

POLAR AMINO ACIDS

ü ST. QNCY
ü Serine, Threonine, Glutamine, Asparagine, Cysteine, Tyrosine
c. ACIDIC AMINO ACIDS

ü aciDEc
ü Aspartic acid, Glutamic acid

d. BASIC AMINO ACIDS

ü Ba-HALa na
ü Histidine, Arginine, Lysine

OTHER CLASSIFICATIONS:

ü Essential: PVT TIM HALL

ü Non-essential: others

ü Ketogenic: ketoLL
ü Glucogenic: others
ü Both: FITTT

Proteins/Amino acids (Tests)

Protein Structures
• Structurally organized into four levels (with each level having its proper specificity): PRIMARY,
SECONDARY, TERTIARY, and QUATERNARY
Beta-Sheets

A. Parallel
• Weaker H-Bonds

B. Antiparallel
• Stronger H-Bonds
• More common

Denaturation vs. Renaturation

• Denaturation (Denativation) of proteins happen when certain agents such as heat and urea destroy the
higher Structural levels of protein without destroying the peptide bonds
(vs. Hydrolysis)

• Renaturation / (Renativation), on the other hand, is the recovery of the protein from its denatured state

Medically Important Proteins

1. Hemoglobin
 Globular Transport Protein for Oxygen

2. Collagen
 Found mainly in the bones and cartilage
 Mainly contains Glycine, Proline, Hydroxyproline
 Types:
 I – Found in skin and bones
 II – Found in the Cartilage
 III – Found in the arterial walls
 IV – found in the basal lamina
 V – Found in the hair and placenta

3. Insulin
 A polypeptide hormone produced by the beta – cells of the pancreas
ENZYMES
Enzyme Binding Theories
ENZYME COMMISSION
ü O-T-H-L-I-L

1. Oxidoreductase
2. Transferases
3. Hydrolases
4. Lyases
5. Isomerases
6. Ligases

1. Oxidoreductase
• Oxidase
• Reductase
• Dehydrogenase

2. Transferases
• Kinase
• Transferase
• Polymerase

3. Hydrolases
• _____ase
• Protease
• Lipase
• Nuclease
• Maltase

4. Lyases
• Addition/elimination reaction
• +H20
• de_______ase
• fumarase

5. Isomerases
• Isomerase
• Mutase (positional)

6. Ligases
• Synthase
• Synthetase
Classify the following enzymes:
A. Oxidoreductase
B. Transferase 1. Pyruvate kinase
C. Hydrolase 2. Phosphoglyceryl mutase
D. Lyase 3. Pyruvate decarboxylase
E. Isomerase 4. Succinate dehydrogenase
F. Ligase

CARBOHYDRATES
• Polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones
• Building Blocks: MONOSACCHARIDES (simple sugars) linked via Glycosidic Bonds

Classification of Carbohydrates

• By functional groups

• By number of carbons

• By number of sugar units

Linear vs Cyclic

STEREOISOMERISM

EPIMERS

- differ in configuration at only one chiral carbon

Reduction of Monosaccharides
• The carbonyl group of sugars is reduced to produce sugar alcohols

Oxidation of Monosaccharides
POLYSACCHARIDES
• Aka: GLYCANS

2 TYPES:
1. Homopolysaccharides - one type of monosaccharide only
2. Heteropolysaccharides - 2 or more types of monosaccharide

USES/FUNCTIONS OF POLYSACCHARIDES
• Provide structure (cellulose, chitin, perctin)
• Store energy (starch and glycogen)

HOMOPOLYSACCHARIDES

STARCH (in plants)

• Amylose – unbranched, helical portion (α1→4)
• Amylopectin – branched (α1→4) and (α1→6), water soluble portion, branching every 25-30 units)

GLYCOGEN (in animals)

• Present in the liver and skeletal muscle
• Similar to amylopectin (α1→4) and (α1→6), but more extensively branched
• Every 8-12 glucose units

STRUCTURAL POLYSACCHARIDES

CELLULOSE
ü Found in plant cell walls
ü Linear, linked by (ẞ1→4) bonds
CHITIN
ü Found in Exoskeleton of insects and
crustaceans
ü Polymer of N-acetylglucosamine (ẞ1→4)

PECTIN
ü Found in the middle lamella of plant cells
ü Partially methoxylated polygalacturonic
acid
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
ü Found in Bacterial cell wall
ü Polymer of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG)
and N-acetylmuramic acid (NAM)