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BIOKIMIA

Pertemuan 1
By : Mariany Razali

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BIO CHEMISTRY

• Bio= life
• Chemistry = how things interact
• Biochemistry = chemistry of life.
• Biochemistry= the branch of science in which you study the
chemical and physical processes that occur in an organism.
• Biochemistry is the application of chemistry to the study of
biological processes at the cellular and molecular level.
LEARNING GOALS

• Distinguishing features of living organisms


• Structure and function of the parts of the cell
• Roles of small and large biomolecules
• Energy transformation in living organisms
• Regulation of metabolism and catalysis
• Coding of genetic information in DNA
LIVING ORGANISMS MUST INTAKE
NUTRIENTS
APA SAJA YANG AKAN DIPELAJARI

• Biokimia, secara umum, cabang ilmu yang berhubungan


dengan molekul tubuh seperti enzim, karbohidrat, asam amino,
lemak, protein, hormon, DNA, RNA, pigmen,
dll, menggambarkan asal mereka, pembentukan, fungsi, gejala
defisiensi, dsb
BIOMOLEKUL

• Biomolekul : senyawa-senyawa yang bermolekul besar dan kecil


yang berhubungan dengan senyawa kimia dalam sistem hidup.
• Sebagian besar (99%) unsur biomolekul adalah karbon (C),
nitrogen (N), oksigen (O), hidrogen (H), fosfor (F) dan sulfur
(S)
• Terdiri 60% water, 15% protein, 15% lipid, 2%
Karbohidrat dan 8% minerals.
• Ion-ion logam seperti kalsium (Ca), kalium (K), natrium (Na),
klor (Cl), magnesium (Mg), besi (Fe), mangan (Mn) dan iodium
(I) berperan penting dalam metabolisme.
MOLECULES AND COMPOUNDS

Molecules
• Formed when two or more atoms unite on the basis of their electron
structures

• Can be made of like atoms or atoms of different elements

Compounds
• Composed of two or more elements

• Chemical bonds hold the atoms together in a molecule.

• There are 2 types of chemical bonds IONIC and COVALENT


IKATAN ION
IKATAN KOVALEN

SHARING IS
CARING!
BIOMOLECULES AS POLYMERS

• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
• Nucleic acid

• Each of these types of molecules are polymers that are assembled from
single units called monomers.

• Each type of macromolecule is an assemblage of a different type of


monomer
Common theme:

Monomers form
polymers through
condensations

Polymers are broken


down through hydrolysis.
BIOMOLEKUL-BIOMOLEKUL UTAMA DI
DALAM TUBUH MANUSIA
Biomolekul Molekul pembangun Fungsi utama
DNA Deoksiribonukleotida Materi genetik
RNA Ribonukleotida Sintesis protein
Protein Asam amino Sangat banyak, umumnya menjadi
bagian dari sel yang
melangsungkan kerja (enzim,
unsur kontraktilitas dll.)

Polisakarida berupa Glukosa Simpanan energi jangka pendek


glikogen
Lipid Asam lemak Sangat banyak, misalnya
simpanan energi jangka panjang,
komponen membran sel dll.
APPROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF A 75-
KG ADULT
Substance Content (%)
Water 60
Inorganic salt, soluble 0.7
Inorganic salt, insoluble* 5.5
Protein 16
Triglyceride (fat)† 13
Membrane lipids 2.5
Carbohydrates 1.5
Nucleic acids 0.2

• In bones.
• † In adipose tissue
KARBOHIDRAT

• Fungsi utama karbohidrat adalah sebagai sumber energi dan


penyedia struktur berperan penting dalam interaksi dan
komunikasi dari sel ke sel
• Tumbuhan menggunakan karbohidrat untuk pembentukan
struktur (selulosa)
• Termasuk gula dan kompleks karbohidrat (starches)
• Mengandung elemen carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (the hydrogen is in a
2:1 ratio to oxygen)
KARBOHIDRAT

monomer glucose

polymer cellulose

supramolecular
structure cell wall
LIPID

• Fats, oils, waxes, steroids


• Fungsinya untuk menyimpan energi, berperan dalam
pensinyalan dan bertindak sebagai komponen pembangun
membran sel dan insulation
• Mengandung carbon, hydrogen, dan oxygen but the H:O is not
in a 2:1 ratio
LIPIDS

monomer fatty acid

polymer phospholipid

supramolecular
structure membrane
• Long term storage of energy
• Fat is the storage mechanism
• Formation of cell membranes
• Nerves and brain tissue
• Phospholipids and cholesterol
• Phospholipids have hydrophobic heads and hydrophilic tails
• Hormones
• Made of steroids
PROTEIN
• Mengandung elemen carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
• Terdiri dari banyak subunit amino acid
• Form body tissue
• Skin, hair, muscles
• Important for immune response
• Antibodies – fight off foreign invaders
• All enzymes in the body
• Biological catalysts – they speed chemical reactions inside the body
PROTEINS

monomer amino acid

polymer protein subunit

supramolecular
structure Enzyme complex
ASAM NUKLEAT
• in all cells
• composed of NUCLEOTIDES
• store & transmit heredity/genetic information
• Nucleotides consist of 3 parts:
• 1. 5-Carbon Sugar
• 2. Phosphate Group
• 3. Nitrogenous Base
ASAM NUKLEAT

monomer nucleotide

polymer DNA

supramolecular
chromatin
structure
• DNA
• Blueprint for life
• Our genes
• RNA
• Translates DNA to make PROTEINS
METABOLISME

• Metabolisme adalah semua perubahan kimia dan energi yang


terjadi didalam jasad hidup atau karena kegiatan jasad hidup
• Fungsi metabolisme adalah mengekstrak energi dari substrat
atau sekelilingnya, menyimpannya dalam senyawa berenergi
tinggi untuk melaksanakan aktivitas/ fungsi kehidupan dan
membuang produk-produk limbah
• Secara umum metabolisme mengandung arti katabolisme
(pemecahan enzimatik dan anabolisme (pembentukan atau
sintesis)
ATP
MANY IMPORTANT BIOMOLECULES ARE
POLYMERS

Carbs Proteins Lipids Nucleic Acids


monomer glucose amino acid fatty acid nucleotide

polymer cellulose protein subunit phospholipid DNA

supramolecular
cell wall protein complex membrane chromosome
structure
HISTORY AND DEVELOPMENT OF
BIOCHEMISTRY

1903, Neuberg (German):


“Biochemistry”
“Chemistry of Life”
TWO NOTABLE
BREAKTHROUGHS
(1) Discovery of the role of enzymes as catalysts
(2) Identification of nucleic acids as information molecules

Flow of information: from nucleic acids to proteins


DNA RNA Protein
• 1953: Watson & Crick won the Nobel Prize in Physiology
or Medicine in 1962 for the discovery of the DNA
Double Helix
MILESTONES IN HISTORY OF BIOCHEMISTRY
Scientists Year Landmark discoveries
Rouell 1773 Isolated urea from urine
Lavoisier 1785 Oxidation of food stuffs
Louis Pasteur 1860 Fermentation process

Hans Krebs 1937 Citric acid cycle

Lehninger 1950 TCA cycle in


mitochondria

Fiske & Subbarow 1926 Isolated ATP from muscle


Kary Mullis 1985 Polymerase chain
1990 reaction
Human genome project
2003 started
Human gene mapping
completed
PERAN PENTING BIOKIMIA DALAM KEHIDUPAN

1. Mempelajari beberapa pola dan prinsip umum yang


menggaris bawahi kehidupan seperti ditemukannya
pemahaman bahwa prokaryot dan mamalia memiliki
kesamaan pada aras molekuler.
2. Meningkatkan pemahaman tentang pengobatan seperti
diketahui bahwa kekuatan aktivitas suatu enzim atau
terbentuknya suatu produk metabolit yang berlebih dapat
digunakan untuk diagnosa klinis suatu penyakit
3. Mempelajari dasar dari proses utama kehidupan sel
4. Mampu memecahkan masalah biologi dan pengobatan

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