By;

Dr. Gousia Qayoom

Senior Resident
Deptt. Of Immunology and Molecular medicine
Para Medical College
SKIMS, Soura
 CONTENTS

➢ Introduction
▪Nutrition

▪Carbohydrates

▪Functions of carbohydrates

▪Classification of carbohydrates

▪Concept of metabolism

➢ Main/Major metabolic pathways of carbohydrates

▪ Overview about each pathway
 I NTRODUCTION
➢ Nutrition:- Consumption/utilization of food by all living organisms in order to live. It comes in a form of diet which
promotes man’s development , health and welfare. Its necessary for all living organisms in order to survive and to
maintain daily need of energy to get going. It is divided into 6 categories

(Courtesy: Google)
Courtesy: Google
 DAILY INTAKE

➢ Quantity of nutrients per day:

✓ Energy ═ 8,700 kilojoules

✓ Carbohydrate ═ 310 grams

✓ Protein ═ 50 grams

✓ Fat ═ 70 grams

✓ Sugars ═ 90 grams

✓ Sodium (Salt) ═ 2.3 grams

✓ Dietary Fibre ═ 30 grams

✓ Saturated Fatty Acids ═ 24 grams

 CARBOHYDRATE (FUNCTIONS)
➢ Most abundant organic molecule on earth.

➢ Primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.

➢ The term carbohydrates means hydrates of carbon.

➢ Carbohydrates are defined as polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones or

com.v.v..pounds that produce them on hydrolysis.

➢ All carbohydrates have the general formula of CnH2nOn [or it can be re-written
as Cn(H2O)n ].

➢ Glucose is a major carbohydrate.

➢ It is a major fuel of tissues.

➢ It is converted into other carbohydrates.

▪ Glycogen for storage.

▪ Ribose in nucleic acids.

▪ Galactose in lactose of milk.

▪ They form glycoproteins and proteoglycans.

▪ They are present in some lipoproteins (LDL).

▪ Present in plasma membrane; glycocalyx.

▪ Glycophorin is a major integral membrane glycoprotein of human erythrocytes.

 CLASSIFICATION

CARBOHYDRATES

Monosaccharides Polysaccharides

Disaccharides Oligosaccharides
 Monosaccharides

Depending on carbon atoms Depending on aldehyde or ketone group

▪ Trioses: Glycerose-(Aldehyde)
Dihydroxyacetone- Ketone Aldoses:-

▪ Tetroses: Erythrose (Aldehyde)

Erythrulose (Ketone)
Ketoses:-
▪ Pentoses: Ribose (Aldehyde)
▪ Ribulose (Ketone)

▪ Hexoses: Glucose (Aldehyde)

▪ Fructose (Ketone)
▪Disaccharides
•Maltose
•Sucrose

▪Oligosaccharides
•Maltotriose

▪Polysaccharides
•Linear – Starch
•Branched - Dextrin
 Biochemical Reactions involving both anabolic
and catabolic reaxns.

Reactions involving the formation

of complex molecules from simple
precursors Degradative processes concerned
with the breakdown of complex
molecules to simpler ones
releasing energy simultaneously
 TYPES OF METABOLIC PATHWAYS

ANABOLIC
PATHWAYS

CATABOLIC
• PROTEIN PATHWAYS
SYNTHESIS AMPHIBOLIC
PATHWAYS
• OXIDATIVE
PHOSPHORYLATION

• CITRIC ACID
CYCLE
➢ Metabolic pathways can be studied at different levels of
organisation:

▪ Subcellular level

▪ Tissue level
➢ Metabolism is closely linked to nutrition and the availability of nutrients.

➢ Energy formation is one of the vital components of metabolism.

➢ Energy is the chemical potentials produced and consumed by the infinite number of
chemical reactions/metabolic pathways occurring in the cells of all living organisms (In
short, “Energy is the ability to do work”).

➢ Bioenergetics is a term that describes the biochemical or metabolic pathways by which the
cell ultimately obtain energy.

➢ The cells breaks down glucose gradually releasing smaller units of energy at different
levels of the process. These packets of energy are stored in activated carrier molecules.
➢ ATP-(Adenosine tri-phosphate) is known to be the most important activated carrier
molecule in living cells. It acts as a temporary store of the free energy released by
breakdown of glucose and other organic compound.

➢ Besides ATP, a second type of nucleotide GTP also acts as an energy carrier particularly
during the reactions that results in synthesis of proteins.

➢ Some enzymes cofactors are also activated carrier molecules. These include NAD+ and
NADP+, each of which can carry energy in the form of a pair of electrons and protons
(H+ions), converting the molecules into their reduced forms referred to as NADH and
NADPH.

NAD+ + H+ +2e- → NADH

NADP+ + H+ + 2e- → NADPH
 Reversal of these reactions releases the stored energy NADH which acts as an energy
carrier between different components of the energy generation pathway. It is mainly
involved in anabolic reactions.

 FAD and FMN act in a similar way but reacting with two protons rather than one.

FAD + 2H+ + 2e- → FADH2

FMN + 2H+ + 2e- → FMNH2

 Both FAD and FMN, like NAD+ are involved in the energy generating pathways.
 Major Pathways of
Carbohydrate Metabolism
 Lets discuss them all one by one in our next power point
presentation.