Reviewer in PR (3rd Long Test) CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED

LITERATURE
SAMPLING METHOD
Stage 1
1. Probability Sampling – involes random
selection. make strong statistical inderences • Researcher devote much of his/her time in
looking for sources of knowledge, data, or
• Simple Random Sampling – every
information to answer researcg questions or
member of the population has an equal
to support assumptions about the topic.
chance of being selected; random number
generators Stage 2
• Systematic Sampling – listed with a • Reading, understanding, or making the
number but instead generating numbers, materials meaningful to you is what will
individuals are chosen at regular intervals preoccupy you on the second stage of
reading RRL
• Stratified Sampling – dividing the
population into subpopulation • Understanding the sources of knowledge
(subgroup/strata) based on relevant with your HOTS
characteristics
Stage 3
• Cluster Sampling – dividing population
• Great deal of idea connection and
into subgroups but each subgroups should
organization to form an overall
have similar characteristics
understanding of the material by
paraphrasing or summarizing
2. Non-probability sampling – involves
non-random selection; based on
3 BASIC TYPE OF LITERATURE
convenience/criteria; easy collect data
SOURCES:
• Convenience Sampling - individuals
General reference - direct to the location
happen to be more accessible to the
of other sources
researcher
Primary sources - a person’s own
• Purposive Sampling – “judgement
experience
sampling”; researcher use their expertise to
select a sample that is most useful to the Secondary sources - people’s experience
purpose of the research or worldviews
• Snowball Sampling – recruit participants
via other participants; “network sampling”
• Qouta Sampling – non-random selection
of a predetermined number of proportion of
unit-qouta
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY 6 TYPES OF STATISTICAL TREATMENT
OF DATA
1. Research Design – describes the specific
reseach approach you will use in the study 1. Descriptive Statistical Analysis –
simplest form of statistics analysis using
• Descriptive Research Design – intends
number to describe the qualities of a data
to measure variables and perhaps
set; tables, graphs, and charts; simple and
establish associations between variables;
more compact forms for easy interpretation
it cannot establish casual relationships
2. Inferential Statistical Analysis – make
• Correlational Research Design – seeks
inferences or draw conclusions about a
to understand the relationship between
larger population; find distinction among
the variables
groups present within a sample; testing
- negative correlation – opposite hypothesis
direction
3. Associational Statistical Analysis – use
- positive correlation – moves in the to make predictions and find causation; find
same direction relationships among multiple variables;
- zero correlation requires sophisticated software tools for
performing high-level mathematical
2. Population, Sample Size, and calculations
Sampling Technique – size of the
population, study of the population, margin 4. Regression Analysis – identify the
of error, type or technique of sampling relationships between different variables
used, actual computation of the sample, and 5. Correlational Analysis – used to
sample understand how two variables relate
3. Respondents 6. Factor Analysis – identify which
4. Research Instrument – the instruments variables impact a particular outcome most
you will use in the study such as
questionaire (likert scale)
5. Data-Gathering Procedure – describes
the specific steps you will undergo in order
to collect the data for your study
6. Statistical Treatment of Data – helps
the researcher in determining the validity
and reliability of his research instruments;
it gives meaning and interpretation to data
SLOVIN’S FORMULA AND Example:
COMPUTATION OF SAMPLE SIZE
Grade 7 Joseph
Solvin’s Formula: 135
N n= (29)
n = 1+ Ne2 205
n = 19.10 = 19
n – sample size
Grade 7 David
N – total population
135
e – margin of error (0.05) n= (28)
205
n = 18.44 = 19
Given: Grade 8 Jacob
N = 205 135
n= (29)
e = 0.05 205
205 n = 19.10 = 19
n=
1 + (205)2 Grade 8 Aaron
205 135
n= n= (29)
1 + 205 (0.0025) 205
205 n = 19.10 = 19
n=
1 + 0.513
Grade 9 Moses
205
n= 135
1.513 n= (28)
205
n = 135.49 = 𝟏𝟑𝟓
n = 18.44 = 18
Grade 9 Solomon
135
Sample Size Formula: n= (21)
205
Nh n = 13.83 = 14
nh = (n)
N
Grade 10 Abraham
Nh – sample size
135
N – total population n= (24)
205
n – size of the entire population n = 15.80 = 16
Grade 10 Joshua
135
n= (17)
205
n = 11.18 = 11