Mechanical properties True Strain: ln(Ao/Ai) Engineering stress: F/Ao 3 point flex.
Strength: (3FL)/(2bd^2)
Modulus of elasticity: relationship between withstanding compression/elongation and length - stress/strain(proportional deformation) or
(F/A)/(changeLength/actualLength)
Flexural strength: stress at failure in bending Force/Area Compressive strength: MaxLoad/Area Fracture toughness:
Hardness of Materials: Measure of resistance to plastic deformation
Youngs modulus = uniaxial stress / strain = (Force * actual Length)/(cross-sectional area * Δlength)
X-ray Diffraction: nλ=2dsin(theta) where λ=wavelength, d=distance between atomic layers
Defects in Crystalline Solids
Interstitial impurity: Extra atom in spot that should be vacant. Extra squeezes in, distorts lattice and local electronic behavior, small atoms typically
Vacancies: Not enough atoms, in any material above absolute 0, increase w/ temp, can be cation or anion
Substitution: Can be used to change electronic properties of material, can distort lattice or electronic structure
Antisite: Unique to compound semiconductors, cation in anion spot or vice versa, localized distortion of lattice and elec. Properties
Thermal and elec. Properties Heat Capacity: heat absorbed/released when temp change of 1C - C=(q/change in T)
Specific Heat: C=(q/(m*change in temp)) Thermal expansion: linear: ΔL=aLΔT area ΔA=2aAΔT ΔV =3aVΔT
Thermal stress: F/A = YaΔT
Ceramic appparent Porosity = (W w−W d)/( W w−Ws) x100 true Porosity = p – B p x 100 p = theoretical density
Properties of Ceramics: Hard and wear resistant, brittle, prone to thermal shock, refractory (high melting point), generally electrically
insulating, generally thermally insulating, generally non-magnetic, chemically stable and oxidation-resistant
Processing of ceramics: 1. Synthesis of ceramic powders 2. Blending and spray drying using additives 3. Shaping into useful shapes called
green ceramics 4. Consolidation into a dense object using sintering or firing 5. Secondary processing such as cutting or polishing 6.Final
sintered ceramic product
Cold Iso Pressing: Useful for complex shapes. Powder is placed inside a mould and pressed in all directions
Sintering of Ceramics: to reduce surface area in green body 1. After pressing to form a green body, particles are in contact with each other
forming necks 2. Grain boundary forms in each neck (b/c crystallographic orientation is different in each particle) 3. As sintering progresses,
spaces b/w particles become pores and keep on shrinking
Sintered Ceramics: The goal of green forming and sintering is to reduce the porosity as much as possible; Pores can be inter connected or
isolated depending on the amount of sintering; Interconnected pores allow for filtering but are structurally weak
Ceramic: weak bond between fibres and matrix, deflect cracks make less brittle
Number of Atoms per Unit Cell: Corners = 1/8 atom, Face-Centres = ½ atom, Body-Cetnres = 1 atom.
Simple Cubic Structure (SC) = 1 atom. Side = 2R Body Centered Cubic Structure (BCC) = 2 atoms.
Side = 4Rsqrt3 Face Centered Cubic Structure = 4 atoms. Side = 4Rsqrt2 All have 8 corner atoms. The
stacking of the atoms within the crystal structure determines the size of the unit cell
Grain size nd relations: Grain size not effect tensile strength, Fracture toughness inc when grain size inc, but
lower porosity will inc toughness, Increase in grain size resulted in a decrease in hardness, Above critical grain
size, decrease in coefficient of thermal expansion, Higher grain size exhibits micro-cracking, Fine grain have higher grain boundary volume, less
micro-cracking, Larger grain -> higher % light transmittance, Intergranular conductivity depends on grain size and grain boundary area
Glass
Types of glass: Soda Lime Glass - like CaHNaO2 reduces melting temperature, reduces water solubility; Borosilicate Glass - Contains
B2O3, can have SiO2, Na2O, Al2O3, Possess excellent chemical and dimensional stability, used for lab ware,
containers for nuclear waste. Calcium Aluminoborosilicate Glass - 2Al2BCaMg10OSi used for glass fibres in fibreglass
and composites. Magnesium Aluminosilicate Glass - AlMgO4Si, Mg3Al2(SiO3)used for glass fibres in high strength
composites Fused Silica SiO2 - Best resistance to high temperature, thermal shock, and chemical resistance
SiO2
Glass Processing: Liquid Range: Glass is molten and used to produce glass sheet; Mirrors and fibres are produced in
this state; Working Range: Glass is heated so it is formable but not liquid; Used to produce containers, light bulbs
through pressing, drawing, or blow moulding; A “gob” of molten glass is performed into a crude shape (a parison) then
pressed or blown into a final shape; Annealing Range: Glass may be annealed then slowly cooked to reduce residual stress
Tempered Glass Produced by quenching the surface with air; Surface contracts quickly while centre contracts more slowly; Differential
cooling causes compressive stresses to develop on the surface with tensile stresses in the centre; Improves tensile strength and impact
properties Laminated Glass Consists of two annealed glass pieces laminated with a polymer (polyvinyl butyral) in b/w; Used to make
windshields; Bulletproof glass is made with polycarbonate layers instead
CONVERSIONS: AMU to g/mol: AMU/6.023E23 nm to cm: nm/1E7 micrometer to cm: micrometers/1E4 picometer to cm: pico/1E10
