Z – TRANSFORM

DEFINITION

Let us consider a sequence 𝑈𝑛 of discrete integer valued arguments like

𝑈𝑛 = {𝑎𝑛 }, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3 … .. → 𝑈𝑛 = {1, 𝑎, 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , 𝑎4 , … … … }

Then Z transform of the sequence 𝑈𝑛 = {𝑎𝑛 } is denoted an defined as

∞

𝒁{𝑼𝒏 } = 𝒁{𝒂𝒏 } = ∑ 𝒂𝒏 𝒛−𝒏 = 𝑼(𝒛) = 𝒂 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒛.

𝒏=𝟎

𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎4 1 𝒛
Now 𝑈(𝑧) = ∑∞ 𝑛 −𝑛
𝑛=0 𝑎 𝑧 =1+ + 2
+ 3
+ + ⋯….= 𝑎 =
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧4 1− 𝑧 𝒛−𝒂

REGION OF CONVERGENCE

NOTE: Z-Transform exists only if the infinite series is convergent.

𝑎
The infinite GP series 𝑆 = 𝑎 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑎𝑟 2 + 𝑎𝑟 3 + ⋯ … … . ∞ =
1−𝑟

Converges absolutely for |𝑟| < 1. This region is called the REGION OF
CONVERGENCE (ROC)

Z-TRANSFORM OF SOME STANDARD FUNCTIONS

(SEQUENCES)

 UNIT CONSTANT SEQUENCE

𝑈𝑛 = {1} , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3,4 … .. Or 𝑈𝑛 = {1,1,1,1,1, … … … . }
1 1 1 𝒛
𝑍{𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑍{1} = ∑∞
𝑛=0 1. 𝑧
−𝑛
= 1+ + + + ⋯.=
𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧3 𝒛−𝟏
𝑹𝑶𝑪 → |𝒛| > 1
 GEOMETRIC SEQUENCE

𝑼𝒏 = {𝒂𝒏 } , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3,4 … .. Or 𝑈𝑛 =

{1, 𝑎, 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , 𝑎4 , 𝑎5 , … … … . }
𝒛 𝑧
Now 𝑍{𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑍{𝑎𝑛 } = , hence putting 𝑎 = 1 → 𝑍 {1} =
𝒛−𝒂 𝑧−1
𝑹𝑶𝑪 → |𝒛| > |𝒂|

 CONSTANT SEQUENCE

𝑼𝒏 = {𝒌} , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3,4 … .. Or 𝑈𝑛 = {1, 𝑘, 𝑘, 𝑘, 𝑘, … … … . }

𝒌𝒛
Then 𝑍{𝑘 } = 𝑘𝑍{1} =
𝒛−𝟏

 ALTERNATING UNIT CONSTANT SEQUENCE

𝑼𝒏 = {(−𝟏)𝒏 } , 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏 = 𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑, 𝟒 … .. Or 𝑈𝑛 =
{1, −1,1, −1,1, … … … . }
1 1 1 𝒛
𝑍{𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑍{(−1)𝑛 } = ∑∞ 𝑛 −𝑛
𝑛=0(−1) . 𝑧 =1− + − + ⋯.=
𝑧 𝑧2 𝑧3 𝒛+𝟏
𝑹𝑶𝑪 → |𝒛| > 1

 NATURAL NUMBER SEQUENCE

𝑼𝒏 = {𝒏} , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3,4 … .. Or 𝑈𝑛 = {0,1,2,3,4,5, … … … . }

∞
1 2 3
𝑍{𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑍{𝑛} = ∑ 𝑛. 𝑧 −𝑛 = 0 + + 2 + 3 + ⋯.
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
𝑛=0
1 2 3 𝑛 1 1 −2 𝒛
= [1 + + 2 + … … . . + 𝑛−1 … . . ] = [1 − ] =
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 (𝒛 − 𝟏)𝟐
𝑏𝑦 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵𝑖𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑚 (1 − 𝑥 )−2 = 1 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + ⋯ …
𝑹𝑶𝑪 → |𝒛| > 1
 RECIPROCAL FACTORIAL SEQUENCE

𝟏 1 1 1 1
𝑼𝒏 = { } , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3,4 … .. Or 𝑈𝑛 = {1, , , , , … … … . }
𝒏! 2! 3! 4! 5!
∞
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑍{𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑍 { } = ∑ 𝑧 −𝑛 = 1 + + + + ⋯…..
𝑛! 𝑛! 𝑧 2! 𝑧 2 3! 𝑧 3
𝑛=0
1 1
( ) ( 2) 𝟏
= 1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 + ⋯ … = 𝒆𝒛
1! 2!

 POWER – CUM – RECIPROCAL FACTORIAL SEQUENCE

𝒂𝒏
𝑼𝒏 = { } , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3,4 … .. Or 𝑈𝑛 =
𝒏!
𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎4 𝑎5
{1, 𝑎, , , , ,……….}
2! 3! 4! 5!
∞ ∞
𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛 −𝑛 1 𝑎 𝑛
𝑍{𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑍 { } = ∑ 𝑧 =∑ ( )
𝑛! 𝑛! 𝑛! 𝑧
𝑛=0 𝑛=0
𝑎 𝑎 2
𝑎 1 𝑎 1 𝑎 ( ) (2 ) 3
𝒂
= 1 + + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯…..= 1 + 𝑧 + 𝑧 + ⋯ … = 𝒆𝒛
𝑧 2! 𝑧 3! 𝑧 1! 2!

 BINOMIAL COEFFICIENT SEQUENCE

𝑼𝒏 = {𝒏𝑪𝒌 } , 𝑓𝑜𝑟 0 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 𝑛 Or 𝑈𝑛 = {𝑛𝐶0 , 𝑛𝐶1 , 𝑛𝐶2 , … … … . 𝑛𝐶𝑛 }
∞
1 1 1
𝑍{𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑍{𝑛𝐶𝑘 } = ∑ 𝑛𝐶𝑘 𝑧 −𝑛 = 𝑛𝐶0 . 1 + 𝑛𝐶1 . + 𝑛𝐶2 . 2 + ⋯ . +𝑛𝐶𝑛 . 𝑛
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
𝑛=0
𝒏
𝟏
= [𝟏 + ]
𝒛

 UNIT STEP FUNCTION

𝟎 , 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏 < 0
𝑼𝒏 = {
𝟏 , 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏 ≥ 𝟎
∞ ∞
1 1 1 𝒛
𝑍{𝑈𝑛 } = ∑ 𝑢(𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛 = ∑ 1. 𝑧 −𝑛 = 1 + + 2 + 3 +⋯.=
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧 𝒛−𝟏
𝑛=0 𝑛=0
  UNIT IMPULSE FUNCTION
𝟎 , 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏 ≠ 𝟎
𝜹(𝒏) = {
𝟏 , 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏 = 𝟎
∞

𝑍{𝛿 (𝑛)} = ∑ 𝛿 (𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛 = 1 + 0 + 0 + ⋯ … . = 𝟏

𝑛=0

RECURRENCE FORMULA OF Z-TRANSFORM FOR THE SEQUENCE OF A

POWER OF NATURAL NUMBERS

Let 𝑈𝑛 = {𝑛𝑝 }, 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑝 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑒𝑟 → 𝑈𝑛 = {0, 1𝑝 , 2𝑝 , 3𝑝 , … . }

Now 𝒁{𝑼𝒏 } = 𝒁{𝒏𝒑 } = ∑∞ 𝒑 −𝒏
𝒏=𝟎 𝒏 𝒛 …………… (1)
Then replacing 𝑝 → 𝑝 − 1
𝑍{𝑛𝑝−1} = ∑∞ 𝑛=0 𝑛
𝑝−1 −𝑛
𝑧 …………… (2)
Now differentiating (2) w.r.t z, we get
∞ ∞ ∞
𝑑 𝑑
[𝑍 {𝑛𝑝−1}] = [∑ 𝑛𝑝−1𝑧 −𝑛 ] = ∑ 𝑛𝑝−1(−𝑛)𝑧 −𝑛−1 = −𝑧 −1 ∑ 𝑛𝑝 𝑧 −𝑛
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑛=0 𝑛=0 𝑛=0
1
= − 𝑍 {𝑛𝑝 }
𝑧
Hence the recurrence formula becomes
𝒅
𝒁{𝒏𝒑 } = −𝒛 [𝒁{𝒏𝒑−𝟏 }]
𝒅𝒛
Now we can calculate the following transforms as follows
𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑧 𝒛
𝒁{𝒏} = −𝑧 [𝑍{𝑛0 }] = −𝑧 [𝑍{1}] = −𝑧 [ ]=
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑧 − 1 (𝒛 − 𝟏)𝟐
𝑑 𝑑 𝑧 𝒛𝟐 +𝒛
 𝒁{𝒏𝟐 } = −𝑧 [𝑍{𝑛}] = −𝑧 [(𝑧−1)2 ] = (𝒛−𝟏)𝟑
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑑 𝑑 𝑧 2 +𝑧 𝒛𝟑 +𝟒𝒛𝟐 +𝒛
 𝒁{𝒏𝟑 } = −𝑧 [𝑍{𝑛2 }] = −𝑧 [(𝑧−1)3 ] = (𝒛−𝟏)𝟒
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑑 𝑑 𝑧 3 +4𝑧 2 +𝑧 𝒛𝟒 +𝟏𝟏𝒛𝟑 +𝟏𝟏𝒛𝟐 +𝒛
 𝒁{𝒏𝟒 } = −𝑧 [𝑍{𝑛3 }] = −𝑧 [ (𝑧−1)4
]= (𝒛−𝟏)𝟓
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
 PROPERTIES OF Z-TRANSFORM

1. LINEARITY
𝒁(𝒄𝟏 𝒖𝒏 + 𝒄𝟐 𝒗𝒏 ) = 𝒄𝟏 𝒁(𝒖𝒏 ) + 𝒄𝟐 𝒁(𝒗𝒏 )
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐1, 𝑐2 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑛 , 𝑣𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒𝑠.

Ex-1) 𝑍 {(𝑛 + 1)2} = 𝑍{𝑛2 + 2𝑛 + 1} = 𝑍 {𝑛2 } + 2𝑍 {𝑛} + 𝑍{1} =

𝑧 2 +𝑧 𝑧 𝑧
(𝑧−1)3
+2 +
(𝑧−1)2 𝑧−1
𝒛𝟑 +𝒛𝟐
Hence 𝒁{(𝒏 + 𝟏)𝟐 } = (𝒛−𝟏)𝟑

2. SHIFTING
 RIGHT SHIFTING OF 𝑼𝒏
If 𝒁{𝑼𝒏 } = 𝑼(𝒛) → 𝒁{𝑼𝒏−𝒌 } = 𝒛−𝒌 𝑼(𝒛) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 > 0

 LEFT SHIFTING OF 𝑼𝒏

If 𝑍{𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑈 (𝑧)
𝑼𝟏 𝑼𝟐 𝑼𝒌−𝟏
→ 𝒁{𝑼𝒏+𝒌 } = 𝒛𝒌 [𝑼(𝒛) − 𝑼𝟎 − − 𝟐 − ⋯ … . . 𝒌−𝟏 ] 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑘 > 0
𝒛 𝒛 𝒛

 𝑍{𝑈𝑛+1} = 𝑧[𝑈 (𝑧) − 𝑈0 ]

𝑼𝟏
 𝒁{𝑼𝒏+𝟐 } = 𝒛 [𝑼(𝒛) − 𝑼𝟎 − ]
𝒛
𝑼𝟏 𝑼𝟐
 𝒁{𝑼𝒏+𝟐 } = 𝒛 [𝑼(𝒛) − 𝑼𝟎 − − ]
𝒛 𝒛𝟐

3. CHANGE OF SCALE OR DAMPING RULE

If 𝑍 {𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑈 (𝑧) THEN
 𝒁{𝒂−𝒏 𝑼𝒏 } = 𝑼(𝒂𝒛)
𝒛
 𝒁{𝒂𝒏 𝑼𝒏 } = 𝑼 ( )
𝒂
Ex-2) 𝒁{𝒏𝒂𝒏 }

Solution:
𝑧
𝑧 𝑛} 𝑧 𝑎 𝒂𝒛
Here 𝑍{𝑛} = = 𝑈(𝑧) → 𝑍{𝑛𝑎 = 𝑈( ) = 𝑧 = (𝒛−𝒂)𝟐
(𝑧−1)2 𝑎 (𝑎−1)2

Ex-3) 𝑍{𝒏𝟐 𝒂𝒏 }

Solution:
𝑧 2 𝑧
𝑧 2 +𝑧 𝑧 ( ) + 𝒂𝒛𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 𝒛
Here 𝑍{𝑛2 } = (𝑧−1)3
= 𝑈(𝑧) → 𝑍{𝑛2 𝑎𝑛 } = 𝑈 ( ) = 𝑎
𝑧
𝑎
3 = (𝒛−𝒂)𝟑
𝑎 ( −1)
𝑎

Ex-4) 𝑍{𝒆−𝒊𝒏𝜽 }

Solution:
𝑛
Here 𝑍{𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜃 } = 𝑍{(𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 ) . 1} = 𝑍{𝑎𝑛 𝑈𝑛 } 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑈𝑛 =
{1}
𝑧
𝑧 𝑛 𝑧 𝑎 𝑧
Now 𝑍 {𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑍{1} = = 𝑈(𝑧) → 𝑍{𝑎 𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑈 ( ) = 𝑧 =
𝑧−1 𝑎 −1 𝑧−𝑎
𝑎
𝑧 𝑧
Then using 𝑎 = 𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑈 ( ) =
𝑎 𝑧−𝑒 −𝑖𝜃
𝒛
Hence 𝒁{𝒆−𝒊𝒏𝜽 } =
𝒛−𝒆−𝒊𝜽
Now simplifying we get
𝑧 𝑧 𝑧−𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑧(𝑧−𝑒 𝑖𝜃 )
𝑍{𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜃 } = = × = =
𝑧−𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 𝑧−𝑒 −𝑖𝜃
𝑧−𝑒 𝑖𝜃 𝑧 2 −𝑧(𝑒 𝑖𝜃 +𝑒 −𝑖𝜃 )+1
𝑧{𝑧−cos(𝜃)−𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)} 𝒛[𝒛−𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽)]−𝒊𝒛𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽)
=
𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)+1 𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽)+𝟏

Ex-5) 𝑍{𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒏𝜽)} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍{𝐬𝐢𝐧 (𝒏𝜽)}

Solution:
Here we know 𝒆−𝒊𝒏𝜽 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒏𝜽) − 𝒊 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒏𝜽)
By linearity property we have 𝑍{𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜃 } = 𝑍{cos(𝑛𝜃)} − 𝑖𝑍 {sin(𝑛𝜃)}
 𝑧[𝑧−cos(𝜃)]−𝑖𝑧𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)
Then 𝑍{𝑒 −𝑖𝑛𝜃 } = = 𝑍{cos(𝑛𝜃)} − 𝑖𝑍{sin(𝑛𝜃)}
𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝜃)+1
Now equating real and imaginary parts we have
𝒛[𝒛−𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽)] 𝒛𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽)
𝒁{𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝒏𝜽)} = And 𝒁{𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒏𝜽)} =
𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽)+𝟏 𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽)+𝟏

Ex-6) 𝑍{𝐞−𝐚𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒏𝜽)}

Solution:
Here we have 𝑍{𝐞−𝐚𝐧 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒏𝜽)} = 𝑍{(𝑒 𝑎 )−𝑛 sin(𝑛𝜃)}
 Using 𝒁{𝒂−𝒏 𝑼𝒏 } = 𝑼(𝒂𝒛)
Where 𝑈𝑛 = {sin(𝑛𝜃 )} 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎 = 𝑒 𝑎 hence we get
𝒛𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽) 𝒂𝒛𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽)
And 𝑈(𝑧) = 𝒁{𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒏𝜽)} = → 𝑼(𝒂𝒛) =
𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽)+𝟏 𝒂𝟐 𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝒂𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽)+𝟏
𝑒 𝑎 𝒛𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽)
Finally putting 𝑎 = 𝑒 𝑎 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 𝑼(𝑒 𝑎 𝒛) =
𝑒 2𝑎 𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝑒 𝑎 𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽)+𝟏

4. MULTIPLICATION BY n

If 𝑍 {𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑈 (𝑧) THEN

𝒅
 𝒁{𝒏𝑼𝒏 } = −𝒛 {𝑼(𝒛)}
𝒅𝒛
𝒅𝒑
 𝑰𝒏 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 → 𝒁{𝒏𝒑 𝑼𝒏 } = (−𝒛)𝒑 {𝑼(𝒛)}
𝒅𝒛𝒑

Ex-7) 𝒁{𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒔 (𝒏𝜽)}

Solution:
Here we have 𝑍{𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒏𝜽)} = 𝑍{(𝒏). 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒏𝜽)}
𝒅
 Using 𝒁{𝒏𝑼𝒏 } = −𝒛 {𝑼(𝒛)}
𝒅𝒛

𝒛[𝒛−𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽)]
Where 𝑈𝑛 = {𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒏𝜽)} → 𝑍{𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑈(𝑧) =
𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽)+𝟏

Hence
𝒅 𝒅 𝒛[𝒛−𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝜽)] 𝒛𝟑 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽)−𝟐𝒛𝟐 +𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽)
𝑍{𝒏𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒏𝜽)} = −𝒛 {𝑼(𝒛)} = −𝒛 { }=
𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝒛 𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽)+𝟏 {𝒛𝟐 −𝟐𝒛𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽)+𝟏}𝟐
 5. DIVISION BY n

If 𝑍{𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑈 (𝑧) THEN

𝑼𝒏 𝒛
 𝒁{ } = − ∫𝟎 𝒕−𝟏 𝑼(𝒕)𝒅𝒕
𝒏

INITIAL VALUE THEOREM (IVT)

If 𝑍{𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑈 (𝑧) THEN

 𝑼𝟎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑈 (𝑧)
𝒛→∞

Also we can say

 𝑼𝟏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑧[𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑼𝟎 ]
𝒛→∞
𝑼𝟏
 𝑼𝟐 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑧 2 [𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑼𝟎 − ]
𝒛→∞ 𝒛
𝑼𝟏 𝑼𝟐
 𝑼𝟑 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑧 3 [𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑼𝟎 − − ]
𝒛→∞ 𝒛 𝑧2

FINAL VALUE THEOREM (FVT)

If 𝑍{𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑈 (𝑧) THEN

 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑼𝒏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝑧 − 1)𝑈 (𝑧)
𝒏→∞ 𝒛→𝟏

NOTE:
IVT and FVT are used to determine the initial and final values of the
original sequence 𝒊. 𝒆. 𝑼𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑼∞ without having knowledge of the
original sequence 𝑈𝑛 and just by using the Z- transform of the sequence
𝒊. 𝒆. 𝑈(𝑧).
 𝑧 𝑧
Ex-8) Find 𝑍{𝑈𝑛+2 } 𝑖𝑓 𝑍{𝑈𝑛 } = +
𝑧−1 𝑧 2 +1

𝑧 𝑧
Solution: Here 𝑍{𝑈𝑛 } = + = 𝑈 (𝑧) (𝑠𝑎𝑦)
𝑧−1 𝑧 2 +1
Now by shifting property (left shifting) we have
𝑼𝟏
𝒁{𝑼𝒏+𝟐 } = 𝒛 [𝑼(𝒛) − 𝑼𝟎 − ] ………….. (1)
𝒛
Then to find 𝑼𝟎 & 𝑼𝟏 we need to make use of Initial value theorem.
𝑧 𝑧
𝑼𝟎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑈 (𝑧) → 𝑼𝟎 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 [ + ]=𝟏 𝑼𝟏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑧[𝑈 (𝑧) −
𝒛→∞ 𝒛→∞ 𝑧−1 𝑧 2 +1 𝒛→∞
𝑧 𝑧
𝑼𝟎 ] → 𝑼𝟏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒛 [ + − 𝟏]
𝒛→∞ 𝑧−1 𝑧 2 +1
𝟐𝒛𝟐 −𝒛+𝟏
Or 𝑼𝟏 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒛 . (𝑧−1)(𝑧 2 =𝟐
𝒛→∞ +1)
Now using these values in (1) we get
𝑼𝟏 𝑧 𝑧 𝟐
𝒁{𝑼𝒏+𝟐 } = 𝒛 [𝑼(𝒛) − 𝑼𝟎 − ] = 𝒛 [ + 2 −𝟏− ]
𝒛 𝑧−1 𝑧 +1 𝒛
𝟐
𝒛(𝒛 − 𝒛 + 𝟐)
=
(𝑧 − 1)(𝑧 2 + 1)

𝟏
Ex-9) Find 𝒁{ }
𝒏+𝟏

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
Solution: Here 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑈𝑛 = { } = {𝟏, , , … … . }
𝒏+𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
∞
𝟏 𝟏 1 1
𝑍 {𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑍 { }=∑ . 𝑧 −𝑛 = 1 + + 𝟐 + ⋯.
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏 2𝑧 3𝒛
𝑛=0

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
= 𝒛 [ + . ( ) + . ( ) + ⋯ … ] = 𝒛 [−𝒍𝒐𝒈 (𝟏 − )]
𝒛 𝟐 𝒛 𝟑 𝒛 𝒛
INVERSE Z-TRANSFORMATION

If 𝑍{𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑈 (𝑧) THEN 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑈𝑛

𝒛 𝒛
 𝑍{1} = → 𝑍 −1 { } = 1 = {1,1,1,1 … . }
𝒛−𝟏 𝒛−𝟏
𝒛 𝒛
 𝑍 {𝑎 𝑛 } = −1
} = 𝑎𝑛 = {1, 𝑎, 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … . }
→𝑍 {
𝒛−𝒂 𝒛−𝒂
𝒛 𝒛
 𝑍{(−1)𝑛 } = → 𝑍 −1 { } = (−1)𝑛 = {1, −1,1 − 1, … . . }
𝒛+𝟏 𝒛+𝟏
𝒛 𝒛
 𝒁{𝒏} = → 𝑍 −1 { } = 𝒏 = {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑 … }
(𝒛−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒛−𝟏)𝟐
𝑎𝑧 2 +𝑎2 𝑧 2
−1 𝑎𝑧 +𝑎 𝑧
2
 𝑍 {𝑛 } =
2
(𝑧−𝑎)3
→𝑍 2
{ (𝑧−𝑎)3
} = 𝑛 = {0,1,4,9, … . }
𝟏 𝟏
1 1 1 1
 𝑍{ } = 𝒆 𝒛 →𝑍 −1
{𝒆 } =
𝒛 = {1 , , ,……}
𝑛! 𝑛! 1! 2!
𝟎 , 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏 ≠ 𝟎
 𝑍{𝛿 (𝑛)} = 1 → 𝑍 −1{1} = 𝛿 (𝑛) = {
𝟏 , 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏 = 𝟎

1
3𝑧 1 1 𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃)
Ex-1) If 𝑈 (𝑧) = 2
+ 5𝑒 𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑧 − ) + find
(𝑧−1) 𝑧 4 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1
𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)}

Solution:
1
3𝑧 1
𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { 2
} + 𝑍 −1 {5𝑒 𝑧 } + 𝑍 −1 {2𝑧𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑧 − )} +
(𝑧−1) 𝑧
1 𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃)
𝑍 −1 { }
4 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1
1
−1 { 𝑧 1
𝑍 𝑈 (𝑧)} = 3𝑍 −1 { 2
} + 5𝑍 −1
{𝑒 } + 2𝑍 −1 {𝑧𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑧 − )} +
𝑧
(𝑧−1) 𝑧
1 𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃)
𝑍 −1 { }
4 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1

1 1 1
𝑍 −1{𝑈(𝑧)} = 3. {𝑛} + 5. { } − 2. { } + . {cos(𝑛𝜃 )}
𝑛! 𝑛+1 4
METHOD OF PARTIAL FRACTIONS

𝑧+2
Ex-2) Find 𝑍 −1 { }
𝑧 2 −5𝑧+6

𝑧+2
Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑈(𝑧) =
𝑧 2 −5𝑧+6

𝑈(𝑧) 𝑧+2 𝑧+2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶

Now = = = + +
𝑧 𝑧(𝑧 2 −5𝑧+6) 𝑧(𝑧−2)(𝑧−3) 𝑧 𝑧−2 𝑧−3

1 5
Calculating the values we get 𝐴 = ∶ 𝐵 = −2 ∶ 𝐶 =
3 3

𝐵𝑧 𝐶𝑧 1 𝑧 5 𝑧
Hence 𝑈 (𝑧) = 𝐴 + + = −2 +
𝑧−2 𝑧−3 3 𝑧−2 3 𝑧−3

1 𝑧 𝑧
Then 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑍−1{1} − 2𝑍 −1 { } + 𝑍−1 { }
3 𝑧−2 𝑧−3

1 5
Or 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = {𝛿 (𝑛)} − 2{2𝑛 } + {3𝑛 }
3 3

3𝑧 2 +𝑧
Ex-3) Find 𝑍 −1 { }
25𝑧 2 +5𝑧−2

3𝑧 2 +𝑧
Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑈(𝑧) =
25𝑧 2 +5𝑧−2

𝑈(𝑧) 3𝑧 2 +𝑧 3𝑧+1 𝐴 𝐵
Now = = (5𝑧−1)(5𝑧+2) = (5𝑧−1) +
𝑧 𝑧(25𝑧 2 +5𝑧−2) (5𝑧+2)

8 1
Calculating the values we get 𝐴= ∶𝐵=
15 15

8 𝑧 1 𝑧 8 𝑧 1 𝑧
Hence 𝑈 (𝑧) = + = +
15 (5𝑧−1) 15 (5𝑧+2) 75 (𝑧−1) 75 (𝑧+2)
5 5

8 𝑧 1 𝑧
Then 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { 1 }− 𝑍 −1 { 2 }
75 (𝑧− ) 75 [𝑧−(− )]
5 5
 8 𝟏 𝒏 1 𝟐 𝒏
Or 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = {( ) } − {(− ) }
75 𝟓 75 𝟓

1
Or 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = {(8 − 2𝑛 )5−𝑛−2}
3

METHOD OF CONVOLUTION

TH- If 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑈𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍−1{𝑉 (𝑧)} = 𝑉𝑛 then

𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧). 𝑉 (𝑧)} = {𝑈𝑛 } ∗ {𝑉𝑛 } = ∑ 𝑈𝑚 𝑉𝑛−𝑚

𝑚=0

𝑧 3
Ex-4) Find 𝑍 −1 {( ) }
𝑧−𝑎

Solution:
𝑧 3 𝑧 2 𝑧
Here 𝑍 −1 {( ) } = 𝑍 −1 {( ) .( )} …………………. (1)
𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎

Now consider

𝑧 2 𝑧 𝑧
𝑍 −1 {( ) } = 𝑍 −1 { . } = 𝑍 −1{𝑈(𝑧). 𝑉 (𝑧)} ………… (2)
𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎

𝑧
Then 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { } = {𝑎𝑛 } = 𝑈𝑛
𝑧−𝑎

𝑧
Again 𝑍 −1{𝑉 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { } = {𝑎𝑛 } = 𝑉𝑛
𝑧−𝑎

Hence by convolution we get from (2)

 𝑧 2
𝑍 −1 {( ) } = 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧). 𝑉 (𝑧)} = {𝑈𝑛 } ∗ {𝑉𝑛 } = {𝑎𝑛 } ∗ {𝑎𝑛 }
𝑧−𝑎
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑚 𝑛−𝑚 𝑛 𝑚 −𝑚
= ∑𝑎 𝑎 =𝑎 ∑𝑎 𝑎 = 𝑎 ∑ 1 = 𝒂𝒏 (𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝑛

𝑚=0 𝑚=0 𝑚=0

Now from (1)

−1
𝑧 3 −1
𝑧 2 𝑧
𝑍 {( ) } = 𝑍 {( ) .( )} = 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧). 𝑉 (𝑧)}
𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎
𝑧 2
Then 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 {( ) } = {𝑎𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)} = 𝑈𝑛
𝑧−𝑎

𝑧
Again 𝑍 −1{𝑉 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { } = {𝑎𝑛 } = 𝑉𝑛
𝑧−𝑎

Hence by convolution we get from (1)

−1
𝑧 3
𝑍 {( ) } = 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧). 𝑉 (𝑧)} = {𝑈𝑛 } ∗ {𝑉𝑛 } = {𝑎𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)} ∗ {𝑎𝑛 }
𝑧−𝑎
𝑛

= ∑ 𝑎𝑚 (𝑚 + 1). 𝑎𝑛−𝑚
𝑚=0
𝑛

= 𝑎𝑛 ∑ (𝑚 + 1) = 𝑎𝑛 {1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ . +(𝑛 + 1)}
𝑚=0
1 𝑛
= 𝑎 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)
2

𝑧2
Ex-5) Find 𝑍 −1 {(𝑧−𝑎)(𝑧−𝑏)}

Solution:
𝑧2 𝑧 𝑧
Here 𝑍 −1 {(𝑧−𝑎)(𝑧−𝑏)} = 𝑍 −1 {( ).( )} = 𝑍 −1 {𝑈 (𝑧). 𝑉 (𝑧)}
𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑏

…………………. (1)
 𝑧
Then 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { } = {𝑎𝑛 } = 𝑈𝑛
𝑧−𝑎

𝑧
Again 𝑍 −1{𝑉 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { } = {𝑏𝑛 } = 𝑉𝑛
𝑧−𝑏

Hence by convolution we get from (2)

−1
𝑧 2
𝑍 {( ) } = 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧). 𝑉 (𝑧)} = {𝑈𝑛 } ∗ {𝑉𝑛 } = {𝑎𝑛 } ∗ {𝑏𝑛 }
𝑧−𝑎
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑎 𝑚
= ∑ 𝑎𝑚 𝑏𝑛−𝑚 = 𝑏𝑛 ∑ 𝑎𝑚 𝑏−𝑚 = 𝑏𝑛 ∑ ( )
𝑏
𝑚=0 𝑚=0 𝑚=0

𝑎 𝑛+1
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 2 𝑎 3 ( ) −1 𝑛
𝑛 𝑛 𝑏
= 𝑏 [1 + + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ … . + ( ) ] = 𝑏 { 𝑎 }
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 −1
𝑏
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
𝒂 −𝒃
=
𝒂−𝒃

DIFFERENCE EQUATION AND ITS SOLUTION

Consider the difference equation

𝒖𝒏+𝟐 + 𝟐𝒖𝒏+𝟏 + 𝒖𝒏 = 𝒏 𝒘. 𝒓. 𝒕 𝒖𝟎 = 𝟎 ∶ 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟎

SOLUTION STEPS
 Take Z transform on both the sides of the give equation.
 Now we make use of the given conditions and solve for the transformed
function 𝑈(𝑧).
 Then apply partial fractions method to simplify the function 𝑈(𝑧).
 Finally take inverse Z transform to get the solution.
 Solution:
Taking Z transform of the given equation we get

𝑍(𝑢𝑛+2) + 𝑍(2𝑢𝑛+1) + 𝑍(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑍(𝑛)

𝑢1 𝑧
𝑜𝑟 𝑧 2 [𝑈 (𝑧) − 𝑢0 − ] + 2𝑧 [𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢0 ] + 𝑈 (𝑧) =
𝑧 (𝑧 − 1)2
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈(𝑧) = 𝑍{𝑢𝑛 } 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑢0 = 𝑢1 = 0 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
𝑧 𝒛
𝑈(𝑧)[𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 1] = 2 → 𝑼(𝒛) =
(𝑧 − 1) (𝒛 − 𝟏) (𝒛 + 𝟏)𝟐
𝟐

Now we make use of partial fractions to calculate the inverse Z transform

𝑈(𝑧) 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
= = + + +
𝑧 (𝑧 − 1)2 (𝑧 + 1)2 (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1)2 (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 + 1)2
𝟏 𝟏
Calculating we get 𝑨=− ∶ 𝑩=𝑪=𝑫= Hence we get
𝟒 𝟒

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝑈 (𝑧) = 𝑧 [ + 2
+ + ]
(𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 + 1)2
𝟏 𝒛 𝟏 𝒛 𝟏 𝒛 𝟏 𝒛
𝑼(𝒛) = − + + +
𝟒 (𝒛 − 𝟏) 𝟒 (𝒛 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝟒 (𝒛 + 𝟏) 𝟒 (𝒛 + 𝟏)𝟐

Then taking inverse Z transform we get

1 𝑧 1 𝒛 1 𝒛 1 𝑧
𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = − 𝑍 −1 {(𝑧−1)} + 𝑍 −1 {(𝒛−𝟏)𝟐 } + 𝑍 −1 { } + 𝑍 −1 { }
4 4 4 (𝒛+𝟏) 4 (𝑧+1)2

1 1 1 1
Or 𝑍 −1{𝑈(𝑧)} = − {(𝟏)𝒏 } + {𝒏} + {(−𝟏)𝒏 } + {−𝒏(−𝟏)𝒏 }
4 4 4 4
𝒏−𝟏
Hence 𝒁−𝟏 {𝑼(𝒛)} = ( ) [𝟏 − (−𝟏 )𝒏 ]
𝟒
This is the final solution.

𝑧 𝑧
NOTE: 𝑍{𝑛} = (𝑧−1)2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑍{(−1)𝑛 } =
(𝑧+1)
𝑑 𝑧 𝑧
→ 𝑍{𝑛. (−1)𝑛 } = −𝑧 { }=−
𝑑𝑧 (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 + 1)2
INVERSE Z-TRANSFORMATION

If 𝑍{𝑈𝑛 } = 𝑈 (𝑧) THEN 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑈𝑛

𝒛 𝒛
 𝑍{1} = → 𝑍 −1 { } = 1 = {1,1,1,1 … . }
𝒛−𝟏 𝒛−𝟏
𝒛 𝒛
 𝑍 {𝑎 𝑛 } = →𝑍 −1
} = 𝑎𝑛 = {1, 𝑎, 𝑎2 , 𝑎3 , … . }
{
𝒛−𝒂 𝒛−𝒂
𝒛 𝒛
 𝑍{(−1)𝑛 } = → 𝑍 −1 { } = (−1)𝑛 = {1, −1,1 − 1, … . . }
𝒛+𝟏 𝒛+𝟏
𝒛 𝒛
 𝒁{𝒏} = → 𝑍 −1 { } = 𝒏 = {𝟎, 𝟏, 𝟐, 𝟑 … }
(𝒛−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒛−𝟏)𝟐
𝑎𝑧 2 +𝑎2 𝑧 2
−1 𝑎𝑧 +𝑎 𝑧
2
 𝑍 {𝑛 } =
2
(𝑧−𝑎)3
→𝑍 2
{ (𝑧−𝑎)3
} = 𝑛 = {0,1,4,9, … . }
𝟏 𝟏
1 1 1 1
 𝑍{ } = 𝒆 𝒛 →𝑍 −1
{𝒆 } =
𝒛 = {1 , , ,……}
𝑛! 𝑛! 1! 2!
𝟎 , 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏 ≠ 𝟎
 𝑍{𝛿 (𝑛)} = 1 → 𝑍 −1{1} = 𝛿 (𝑛) = {
𝟏 , 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒏 = 𝟎

1
3𝑧 1 1 𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃)
Ex-1) If 𝑈 (𝑧) = 2
+ 5𝑒 𝑧 + 2𝑧𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑧 − ) + find
(𝑧−1) 𝑧 4 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1
𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)}

Solution:
1
3𝑧 1
𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { 2
} + 𝑍 −1 {5𝑒 𝑧 } + 𝑍 −1 {2𝑧𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑧 − )} +
(𝑧−1) 𝑧
1 𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃)
𝑍 −1 { 2 }
4 𝑧 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1
1
𝑧 1
𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 3𝑍 −1 { 2
} + 5𝑍 −1 {𝑒 𝑧 } + 2𝑍 −1 {𝑧𝑙𝑜𝑔 (𝑧 − )} +
(𝑧−1) 𝑧
1 𝑧(𝑧−cos 𝜃)
𝑍 −1 { }
4 𝑧 2 −2𝑧𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+1

1 1 1
𝑍 −1{𝑈(𝑧)} = 3. {𝑛} + 5. { } − 2. { } + . {cos(𝑛𝜃 )}
𝑛! 𝑛+1 4
METHOD OF PARTIAL FRACTIONS
𝑧+2
Ex-2) Find 𝑍 −1 { }
𝑧 2 −5𝑧+6

𝑧+2
Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑈(𝑧) =
𝑧 2 −5𝑧+6

𝑈(𝑧) 𝑧+2 𝑧+2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶

Now = = = + +
𝑧 𝑧(𝑧 2 −5𝑧+6) 𝑧(𝑧−2)(𝑧−3) 𝑧 𝑧−2 𝑧−3

1 5
Calculating the values we get 𝐴 = ∶ 𝐵 = −2 ∶ 𝐶 =
3 3

𝐵𝑧 𝐶𝑧 1 𝑧 5 𝑧
Hence 𝑈 (𝑧) = 𝐴 + + = −2 +
𝑧−2 𝑧−3 3 𝑧−2 3 𝑧−3

1 𝑧 𝑧
Then 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑍−1{1} − 2𝑍 −1 { } + 𝑍−1 { }
3 𝑧−2 𝑧−3

1 5
Or 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = {𝛿 (𝑛)} − 2{2𝑛 } + {3𝑛 }
3 3

3𝑧 2 +𝑧
Ex-3) Find 𝑍 −1 { }
25𝑧 2 +5𝑧−2

3𝑧 2 +𝑧
Solution: 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑈(𝑧) =
25𝑧 2 +5𝑧−2

𝑈(𝑧) 3𝑧 2 +𝑧 3𝑧+1 𝐴 𝐵
Now = = (5𝑧−1)(5𝑧+2) = (5𝑧−1) +
𝑧 𝑧(25𝑧 2 +5𝑧−2) (5𝑧+2)

8 1
Calculating the values we get 𝐴= ∶𝐵=
15 15

8 𝑧 1 𝑧 8 𝑧 1 𝑧
Hence 𝑈 (𝑧) = + = +
15 (5𝑧−1) 15 (5𝑧+2) 75 (𝑧−1) 75 (𝑧+2)
5 5

8 𝑧 1 𝑧
Then 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { 1 }− 𝑍 −1 { 2 }
75 (𝑧− ) 75 [𝑧−(− )]
5 5

8 𝟏 𝒏 1 𝟐 𝒏
Or 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = {( ) } − {(− ) }
75 𝟓 75 𝟓

1
Or 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = {(8 − 2𝑛 )5−𝑛−2}
3
METHOD OF CONVOLUTION

TH- If 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑈𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑍−1{𝑉 (𝑧)} = 𝑉𝑛 then

𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧). 𝑉 (𝑧)} = {𝑈𝑛 } ∗ {𝑉𝑛 } = ∑ 𝑈𝑚 𝑉𝑛−𝑚

𝑚=0

𝑧 3
Ex-4) Find 𝑍 −1 {( ) }
𝑧−𝑎

Solution:
𝑧 3 𝑧 2 𝑧
Here 𝑍 −1 {( ) } = 𝑍 −1 {( ) .( )} …………………. (1)
𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎

Now consider

𝑧 2 𝑧 𝑧
𝑍 −1 {( ) } = 𝑍 −1 { . } = 𝑍 −1{𝑈(𝑧). 𝑉 (𝑧)} ………… (2)
𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎

𝑧
Then 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { } = {𝑎𝑛 } = 𝑈𝑛
𝑧−𝑎

𝑧
Again 𝑍 −1{𝑉 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { } = {𝑎𝑛 } = 𝑉𝑛
𝑧−𝑎

Hence by convolution we get from (2)

−1
𝑧 2
𝑍 {( ) } = 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧). 𝑉 (𝑧)} = {𝑈𝑛 } ∗ {𝑉𝑛 } = {𝑎𝑛 } ∗ {𝑎𝑛 }
𝑧−𝑎
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛

= ∑ 𝑎𝑚 𝑎𝑛−𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛 ∑ 𝑎𝑚 𝑎−𝑚 = 𝑎𝑛 ∑ 1 = 𝒂𝒏 (𝒏 + 𝟏)
𝑚=0 𝑚=0 𝑚=0

Now from (1)

 𝑧 3 𝑧 2 𝑧
𝑍 −1 {( ) } = 𝑍 −1 {( ) .( )} = 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧). 𝑉 (𝑧)}
𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑎
𝑧 2
Then 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 {( ) } = {𝑎𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)} = 𝑈𝑛
𝑧−𝑎

𝑧
Again 𝑍 −1{𝑉 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { } = {𝑎𝑛 } = 𝑉𝑛
𝑧−𝑎

Hence by convolution we get from (1)

−1
𝑧 3
𝑍 {( ) } = 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧). 𝑉 (𝑧)} = {𝑈𝑛 } ∗ {𝑉𝑛 } = {𝑎𝑛 (𝑛 + 1)} ∗ {𝑎𝑛 }
𝑧−𝑎
𝑛

= ∑ 𝑎𝑚 (𝑚 + 1). 𝑎𝑛−𝑚
𝑚=0
𝑛

= 𝑎 ∑ (𝑚 + 1) = 𝑎𝑛 {1 + 2 + 3 + ⋯ . +(𝑛 + 1)}
𝑛

𝑚=0
1 𝑛
= 𝑎 (𝑛 + 1)(𝑛 + 2)
2

𝑧2
Ex-5) Find 𝑍 −1 {(𝑧−𝑎)(𝑧−𝑏)}

Solution:
𝑧2 𝑧 𝑧
Here 𝑍 −1 {(𝑧−𝑎)(𝑧−𝑏)} = 𝑍 −1 {( ).( )} = 𝑍 −1 {𝑈 (𝑧). 𝑉 (𝑧)}
𝑧−𝑎 𝑧−𝑏

…………………. (1)
𝑧
Then 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { } = {𝑎𝑛 } = 𝑈𝑛
𝑧−𝑎

𝑧
Again 𝑍 −1{𝑉 (𝑧)} = 𝑍 −1 { } = {𝑏𝑛 } = 𝑉𝑛
𝑧−𝑏

Hence by convolution we get from (2)

 𝑧 2
𝑍 −1 {( ) } = 𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧). 𝑉 (𝑧)} = {𝑈𝑛 } ∗ {𝑉𝑛 } = {𝑎𝑛 } ∗ {𝑏𝑛 }
𝑧−𝑎
𝑛 𝑛 𝑛
𝑚 𝑛−𝑚 𝑛 𝑚 −𝑚 𝑛
𝑎 𝑚
= ∑𝑎 𝑏 =𝑏 ∑𝑎 𝑏 =𝑏 ∑( )
𝑏
𝑚=0 𝑚=0 𝑚=0

𝑎 𝑛+1
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 2 3 𝑎 ( ) −1
𝑛
= 𝑏 𝑛 [1 + + ( ) + ( ) + ⋯ … . + ( ) ] = 𝑏𝑛 { 𝑏 𝑎 }
𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 𝑏 −1
𝑏
𝒏+𝟏 𝒏+𝟏
𝒂 −𝒃
=
𝒂−𝒃

DIFFERENCE EQUATION AND ITS SOLUTION

Consider the difference equation

𝒖𝒏+𝟐 + 𝟐𝒖𝒏+𝟏 + 𝒖𝒏 = 𝒏 𝒘. 𝒓. 𝒕 𝒖𝟎 = 𝟎 ∶ 𝒖𝟏 = 𝟎

SOLUTION STEPS
 Take Z transform on both the sides of the give equation.
 Now we make use of the given conditions and solve for the transformed
function 𝑈(𝑧).
 Then apply partial fractions method to simplify the function 𝑈(𝑧).
 Finally take inverse Z transform to get the solution.

Solution:
Taking Z transform of the given equation we get

𝑍(𝑢𝑛+2) + 𝑍(2𝑢𝑛+1) + 𝑍(𝑢𝑛 ) = 𝑍(𝑛)

𝑢1 𝑧
𝑜𝑟 𝑧 2 [𝑈 (𝑧) − 𝑢0 − ] + 2𝑧 [𝑈(𝑧) − 𝑢0 ] + 𝑈 (𝑧) =
𝑧 (𝑧 − 1)2
 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈(𝑧) = 𝑍{𝑢𝑛 } 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑢0 = 𝑢1 = 0 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
𝑧 𝒛
𝑈(𝑧)[𝑧 2 + 2𝑧 + 1] = → 𝑼(𝒛 ) =
(𝑧 − 1)2 (𝒛 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒛 + 𝟏)𝟐

Now we make use of partial fractions to calculate the inverse Z transform

𝑈(𝑧) 1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
= = + + +
𝑧 (𝑧 − 1)2 (𝑧 + 1)2 (𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1)2 (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 + 1)2
𝟏 𝟏
Calculating we get 𝑨=− ∶ 𝑩=𝑪=𝑫= Hence we get
𝟒 𝟒

𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
𝑈 (𝑧) = 𝑧 [ + + + ]
(𝑧 − 1) (𝑧 − 1)2 (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 + 1)2
𝟏 𝒛 𝟏 𝒛 𝟏 𝒛 𝟏 𝒛
𝑼(𝒛) = − + + +
𝟒 (𝒛 − 𝟏) 𝟒 (𝒛 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝟒 (𝒛 + 𝟏) 𝟒 (𝒛 + 𝟏)𝟐

Then taking inverse Z transform we get

1 𝑧 1 𝒛 1 𝒛 1 𝑧
𝑍 −1{𝑈 (𝑧)} = − 𝑍 −1 {(𝑧−1)} + 𝑍 −1 {(𝒛−𝟏)𝟐 } + 𝑍 −1 { } + 𝑍 −1 { }
4 4 4 (𝒛+𝟏) 4 (𝑧+1)2

1 1 1 1
Or 𝑍 −1{𝑈(𝑧)} = − {(𝟏)𝒏 } + {𝒏} + {(−𝟏)𝒏 } + {−𝒏(−𝟏)𝒏 }
4 4 4 4
𝒏−𝟏
Hence 𝒁−𝟏 {𝑼(𝒛)} = ( ) [𝟏 − (−𝟏 𝒏
) ]
𝟒
This is the final solution.

𝑧 𝑧
NOTE: 𝑍{𝑛} = (𝑧−1)2 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑍{(−1)𝑛 } =
(𝑧+1)
𝑑 𝑧 𝑧
→ 𝑍{𝑛. (−1)𝑛 } = −𝑧 { }=−
𝑑𝑧 (𝑧 + 1) (𝑧 + 1)2