4.140 and pifference Equations 5.

Engineering Mathematics
Anstorms

Sf)
0
sin sx dr
UNIT - V

0
k sin sx de TRANSFORMS AND
=
k sin sxdr
DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS
0
Kaasforms. Elementary properties -Inverse Z transform
-cOS SX partial fraction and residues) Convolution theorem
DÍg
S
mation of difference equations- Solution of difference equations
g Z-transform.
.:. F, [k] does not exist.
Since, cos co is undefined. toduction
28. State the condition for the existence of Fourier cosine and sine eZ- transform plays the same role for
discrete systems as the
transform of derivatives.
(AUA/M 2019 R-I) ge ransform does for continuous systems.
Solution : ations of ZL - transform [A.UN/D 2018 R-17]
Let f() be continuous and absolutely integrable on the -ais, Canmunication is one of the fields whose development is based
Let f'() be piecewise continuous on finite interval, and niscrete analysis. Difference equations are also based on discrete
tem and their solutions and analysis are carried out by Z -
let f()’0 as x ’ 0 then F. I" (0)] = - V÷ s0)+sr,F() asform.
= sF, (9) - Oe system analysis area, the Z - transform converts
convolutions
a product and difference equations to
algebraic equations.
stability of a discrete linear system can be determined by
lying the transfer function H (2) given by the Z - transform.
Mexal fiters can be analyzed and designed using the Z- transform.

Control systems can be analyzed and designed using

btansiorms.
 Transforms and Difference Equations
5.2

5.1 Z - transform,
elementary properties of
EngineerZ-ing MathemEh1 Problems based on Z-transform of some basic functions
5.3

transform Find thhe Z-transform of the following functions :

5.1.1 Z - transform
Definition : Z - ransform (two-sided or bilateral) 2. a" 1
3. n 4 5.
1. 1
defined for all integers then n +1
Let fx (n)} be a sequence
1 1
Z-transform is defined to be Z {x (n)} = X(2) =n=- o0yha ss 7.
n! (n + 1)! 9. (n + 2) 10.
1
n+2

arbitrary complex number.

Z
where z is an
1. Prove that, Z [1] = 7-T ll > 1.
Definition : Z - transform (one-sided or unilatera!)
Let fx (n)} be a sequence defined for n = 0, 1, 2, .. and z(8) et solution : We know that, Z r (n)} =n) =0 x(n) z
be
for n <0, then its Z - transform is defined to
Z [1] = ) zn
Z {x (n)} = X() =n =0 x (n)z (or) , 2 n =0
n=0

where z is an arbitrary complex number. 1

n 0 z n=0
Definition : Z -transform for discrete values of t
2

If f () is a function defined for discrete values of t where t =il

n= 0, 1, 2, 3, .. T being the sampling period, then Z -transform d
f() is defined as
: (1-) = 1+x++..]
|x|<1
Z{f )} = F(¢) =n=0 f(n T) zh
- Here,=
x 1
i.e., 1< |z|
Note : 1. Mostly we study one-sided 2Z - transform z-1' |z| > 1
i.e., |z| >1
2. If f() given, then replace t by n T Prove that, Z [a] =
3. The double sequence. if |z| > la|
are used for a
-a
braces{}
Sometimes we use [ ] or (). [A.U. AM 1999, A/M 2000, A/M 2008] [A.U A/M 2017 R-13, R-8]
on : We know that, Z x (n)} = x(n) z
n= 0
 Transforms and Difference Equations
5.4

azn =
Engineering Mathematis 5.5

Z [a]= ) n =0
=

n =0

12
=

n =0 - (2-1
|z|>1
= 1+÷ + (z-1)
Prove that, Z log if z > 1, n> 0.
: (1-x)"=1+x+t
|x|<1 [A.UM/J 2007, A.U. A/M 2008, AUT. CBT N/D 2011]
Solution :
Here, x =9
[AU ND 2013]
We know that, Z { (n)} = x(n)zn
n =0

> \al
lzl > Le., Jal< l
1
i.e., ]z|>al Z =

3. Prove that, Z (n) = Iz|>1

(z-1)2 [A.U. 1998] [A.U. AM 2009
[A.U CBT N/D 2010, M/J 2013] [A.U ND 2014 RL =

n =1 n n=1

Solution: We know that, Z (n)} =n=0x (n), 2

+
Formula :
n =0 -log(1-x)
Formula: +
n =
= 2 3
(1-)=1+2: +3+.. n 0 2zn n =0 x<1
|*|<1,, =
= 0+ Here, x.
Here, x =
i.e., |1| < \z|
i.., |1| < |z| i.., z| >1
i.e., |z| >1 - (-) log -log
log aP = plog a
-[-1 = log, =l>1
 Transforms and Difference Equations
5.6
Engineering Wahena 5.7

5. Prove that,
[A.U. N/D 2005] [A.U. CBT Dec. 2008][A.U
[A.U. Tvli. N/D 2011]
Solution :
[A.U AM
We know that, Z {r (n)} = n=0 x (n) zTn
=

2 +:

n=0
n+1 -1 -log (1 -3)|
=

- 1+)* +
--
Formula :
-log (1 -)

2
+ + 7. Prove that, Z

2 3 [A.UTvli N/D 2009, A.U.T. Trichy N/D 2011, A.U, ND 2011]

Here, x =
Solution : [A.U. M/J 2016 R-13]
= z|
log (1
We know that, Z {x (n)} =) x (n) z
= z log n =0

= z N =

n=0

6. Prove that, Z n>1, 2

= 1+ +

e= 11+
Solution : We know that, Z {x (n)} = x(n)zn
n =0
1
Here, x =

z -

n=2n~1
1 =
1+1 2 +

1 n =2 n-1

n =2 (n -1)2
 Transfornms and Difference Equations 5.9
5.8

1
Engineering Mathemairs 1
8. Find Z =
z =

[A.U. March, 1996] [A.U Tli N/D 2009][A.UT Tvli ND 2011 + ...

Solution : We know that, Z (r(n)} - n x(a)zn

=0
Formula:
1 -log (1 -x)
Z
n=0 (n +1)! - x+++..
2 3

1 :-hs (1-) - Here, x=

1
<1
n=0 (n+ 1)!
?-log ie., |1| < |z|
i.e., |z| >1
log aP = p loga
Formula :
= 1+z [V?
3!+
2!
t.
:log,1-z
= Z
2! 3! S12 Linearity property:
e-1 =
The Z - transform is linear
-1]
zeVz-z (ie,) Z {aw (n) + by (n)} = aZ { (n)} + b Z {y (n)}
Find the Z-transform of (n +2) [A.U. ND 2006]
9.
|hof : We know that, Z {x (n)} =
Formula: n =0
Solution : Z(n + 2) = Z (n) +Z (2)
= Z (n) + 2Z (1) z(1) =-1' Z{ar (n) + by (n)} = [ar (n) + by (n) ] 2
n=0
N:
(z-1) +2,21 Z (n) =
i
= a) x(n)z + b y (n)z"n
n=0
10. Find Z
n+2
= a Z {x (n)} + bz {y (n)}
) x(1)z
Solution : We know that, Z (x (n)} = n=0
 Tanstormsand Difference Equations 5.11
5.10

Problems based on Z (1) =

Engineering Mathemacs
it zl' al
z-1 and za)
oloton
:

Find the |a"] =

Z-transform of the following functions that, Z
: deknow
1
(1) K (2) (-1)" (3) (-3) (4) (5) en
(7) cos n 0, sin n0 (8)
(11) cos an
3
cos n6 and r sin n0 (9) t (10)t
(12).a-1 (13) cosh an
(6) ean
|3
1 =

[81-; Here, a =

(14) sinh 3n =
3z
1. Find2K) 3z - 1
TA.U A/M 2019 R-131
FindZ [ e .
Solution: We know that, Z [1] =
Z-1
Wlution :
Z[K] = Z [K. 1] = K Z [1] by
linearity property
We know that, Z [a] = Z.-a
= K

Z [en] = Z [(ey] = Here, a = e

2. Find Z [(-1)"]
Find Z [eanj [A.UCBT N/D 2010]
Solution: We know that, Z [a"]=
Sution : We know that, Z [a]=
z[(-1)" ] = z-(-1) Here, a = -1
Z(e an] = Z [(e )"] = Here, a =e
z +1
Find Z cOs n01 and Z
[sin n ] [A.U N/D 2010]
3. Find Z [(-3)"] laton : Let [A.U ND 2014 R-2013, M/J 2016 R-13]
Z
Solution : We know that, Z [a] =
= COS n0 +isin n

Here, a = -3 Lnow that, Z la]

Z [(-3)"] = z-(-3) |z| > la|

z +3
Here, a = l
5.12 h.Transtorms
and Difference Equations 5.13

Engineering Mathermatlcs
z ein = Z- (cos e +isin @) e = , that, Z[a"] = ,
cos0 +isin 6] We
kaow

Z [cos n +i sin n0] = (z- cos )-isin 0 z l ) = Z-re0

Z [ cos n0] + iZ [Isin n]

zPe= z-r(cos 0+i sin )
cos ) + i sin 0|
cos ) - isin cos )
+isin9| Z[ cos
ne+i sin n ] =
Z-rcos -ir sin
z (2- cos ) + iz sin
(2- cos ) + sin z[(z-rcos ) +ir sin 8]
[z-r cos ) - ir sin ) [(zr cos e) + ir sin ) ]
z (z - cos ) +iz sin
-2z cos + cose+ sin 0 z (z -rcos ) + irz sin
(z-rcos ) +sin e
z(z- cos ) + iz sin
z (z -r cos ) + izr sin 0
-2z cos + 1
-2zr cos + cos+ sin
z (z - cos e) + i zsin 0
z-2 cos + 1 -2% cos0 +1 z (Z-rcos e) + izr sin
- 22r cos 0+
Equating the real and imaginary parts, we get
z (z-r cos e) Zr sin
+ i.
z(z- cos ) 2-2zr cos + z-2zr cos +
Z {cosn 0} z| > 1
z-2z cos + 1
Equating the real and imaginary parts, we get
Z Sin
Z {sin n |z| > 1 z (Z -r cos )
}2-2z cos t 1 Z { cos n 0}
2-2zr cos +
Iz| >r

2r sin
8. Find Z[P cos n] and Z [r sin n0] 2 { sin n 0} = |z|>r
z2zr cos +t

Solution: Let a = rel [A.U M/J2014] [A.UA/M 2015, R-08, E) Find Z().
a" =
on :We know that, Z {f0} = )f(n T) z"
n =0
=[cos n 8+isin n0]

= cos n + i sin n Z {0} = nTz n

n =0
5.14
Engineering tMatlhemali Transforms and Difference Equations 5.15

= T )nzn
n=0

= T Z[n] = 1_
= T Tz
(2-1) (z-1 Fiad Z [cosh
a n]

10. Find Z [ea] alution:

t e an7

fnT) 2-n n] = Z +|
Solution : We know that, Z [f) ] =n=0 z(eosha

n=0
-z(el*z
=

n=0

Formula : =
Z|(e] -
Z [a'] = =

Z-e-aT
Z-ea +2-e
11, Find Z [cos an ] [A.U. 199 2
-ze - ze +1
z (z- cos )
Solution : We know that, Z [cos n ] =
-2% cos 6+ 1 22-(e+e
2-z (e +e")+1|
Here, = a 2z - 2 cosh a
z (z- cos a) z-2z cosh a+ 1
Z [ cos an] = -2% cos a+ 1
Zcosh a
12. FindZ [a"'] 2-2z cosh a+ 1
4 Find Z
Solution: [sinh 3n]
We know that, Z [ ] = lution :
3n -3n
Z [e] = z'za), by shift propery inh 3n] = Z e

2
 Transformns and Difference Equations
5.16
Engineering M
Mathemalis 5.17

:-cos
[Here, =
1 1 2-22 còs 2 +1

2 2
z-e z[z - 0]
2-2(0) +1
-i2
1

z-e-z +e
2
+1' |z| > 1
2 2 - z e - z e +1

Find
e-e-3 [A.U. Nov/Dec. End Semester 1996]
2 - z (etey+ 1 rA.U N/D 2014 R-13] [A.U MJJ 2016 R-13, ND 2016 R-13]
1 A B [A.U A/M 2019 R-13]
2 sinh 3 =
.. (1)
wlution : n +1
n (n + 1)
2 22 cosh 3 + 1
1 =A (n + 1) + B (n)
z sinh 3
z-2z cosh 3+1 4n = 0, we get

1= A
III, Find the Z transform of the following:
=-1, we get
1 n -2
n Jt
2. n>0 3. 1= -B
1. COS
2 n (n + 1)' n(n +1)
A)B=-1
5. sin2n n h7
sin
6. sin3 6 cos
1
4. 2 ()> 1 1
2n +3
n (n + 1) n +1 (2)
1 10.
(3) +2(-1)? 9. (n +1) (1 t Be know that, 1
8. 4 (n + 1)(n + 2) = log:z - 1 Z
1
|n +1
[A.UND eZ on both
[A.U AVM 2008] sides, we get
1. Find Zcos R-131[A.U ND 2018 K
[A.U. M/J 2016
= Z - Z by linearity

We know that, (i) Z {x (n)} = n=0

2x(1)
Solution : =

(i) Z [ cos n 0]=

z (z - cos ) |z| > 1
=
log,-1 -zlog-1 Z
-2 cos @+ 1 (1-z) log 1
5.18

Find Z|
n-2
Engineering Mathematcs [ransforms
and Difference Equations 5.19
3.
n(n + 1)| COS a t cos
n N
2 -sin a
n-2
Solution: n (n + 1) A4B (1)
n n+1 COS a
z[sin ] +sin aZ[cos.)
n-2 = A (n +1) + Bn
z sin
put n = 0, We get We know that, Z [ sin n ]=
linearily -2% cos + 1
-2 = A
Z [ cos n0] z(Z - cos 6)
A = -2
-2% cos 0+ 1
Put n = -1, we get
-3= -B
z sin 2
:2 sin +1
B= 3 2-2z cos+ 2 1
n-2 -2.3
(1) > n (n + 1) =

n n +1 ( cos
2
=

Zcos 2 |+1
1 - 2z cos +1
= +3 2
+1)
COS a + sin a z cOs a+ sina
1
We know that, Z n+1 =zlog,ii 2+1 +1 2+1
n-2 HI + 3 Z
1
by linearity (a) Find Z Sin2
= -2Z 2
n(n + 1)| |n +1|
Solution : Formula :
= -2 log + 3z log z-1
-1 Z
|si? 2 z |1- coS n T
2
sin =
1- cos 20
2
= (-2 +32) l08 -1 1- coS nL
sin? 2 2

4. Find z
Z sin (+a] 1

sin 4
Z [1-(-1)")
Solution : sin +a - sin 2
COS a + cos cos 2
1 1 Z

A sin
B .- [Z(1) -Z(-19| = i 1 z- (-1)|
= sin A cos B + COS
since, sin (A + B)
1

-1)
-

z +1
 Engineering Transforms and
5.20
|z + 1-z+1| Mathemat s Difference Equations
3z 5.21
8
2-1
2 3
(2-zV3 +1)
4(+1)
1
8-zV3 +1 4 241
5.
(b) FindZ Sin22
4 [A.UN/D 2018-A, R-In
Find Z
az los 2
+

[A.U N/D 2018 R-171

nn
olution : Formula :
2
Solution : zlsin -z 2
cos (A + B) = cOS A
cos B - sin A
sin B
COS nI
2 COS 2 -cos 4 Sin
n JL
sin

-z-2 COS

= COS n
2
1
V5Sin
2

1
4

2 V2
=

á-1 +1) 1
Vcos-sin
COS 2
n
2

6. Find Z
Formula :
LCos COs
2
sin = (3sin - sin 38)
Solution :
1 1
- sin
Z cos Zsin
Sin3 3 sin 2
4 6

1
1 2 1 1
n T
= 2z sin Z sin
S2 V2 +1 V2
zs 4 6 4

z sin
+1 +1 +1
zsin 6 z(-1)
=
3
42-2z cost1
-4 2-2 cos 7 V2 (?+ 1)
Find Z [4.3 +2
(-1)"]
1z()/ Alation We know that, Z[a"] =
3 4
4
+2.(-1)° - 4z3)+ 2Z[(-1)"|1
!
-
 Transforms and Difference Equations
5.22
Engineering Mahea 21 +3 A B
5.23

9. Find Z
(n + 1)(n + 2) [A.U., March, 1996][A.U. (n + 1) (n + 2)
n +1 n+2 ... (1)
[A.U.T CBT N/D
2011, A.U.T. Trichy N/D

A B
2011)
IAU [ANID.U 2018ND R = -1, we get
2n +3 = A(n + 2) + B(n + 1)
Put n =-2, We get
+ Put n
Solution : (n + 1)(n + 2) n +1 n +2 -2+3 = A -4+3 = -B
1 = A(n + 2) + B (n + 1) A = 1 , = -B
Put n =
-2, we get
Put n = -1, we get B= 1
1 = A 1 = - B
2n +3 1
+
A = 1 B = -1 |0) (n +1) (n + 2) n+1 n +2

1 1 1 2n +3
.. (1) > (n + 1)(n + 2) zf(n)] = (n + 1)(n + 2)
n +1 n +2 .. (2)
1
Z
(n + 1) (n + 2) - z-21 ..2)
We know that, = zlog,
Z -1 ... (3)

We know that, Z = z log

= log : (2) > Z ¯ (n)]= z

z2 (4)

log,+z log,1 by (3) & (4)

(2) > 1 = z log -

= Zlog1+z] -z
(2 + 1) (n + 2)|
= z(z+1) log-z
Z-1
=

zlog-log 61.3. Differentiation in the Z-Domain

=(2-) log,t Z [nf (n)) = -z d
F())
dz
[A.U. April, 2000]
10. Find the Z-transform of f(n) =
2n +3 Proof :
(n + 1) (n + 2) [A.U ND
[A.U AM 2017 R-8, N/D 2016 R-8, AM20111 Given : F(Z) = z f (n)]
Solution: 2n +3
Given : fr) = F(2) = £ f(n)zn
(n + 1) (n+ 2) n=0
 Difference Equations
5.24
Engineering Mathemaics Transforms and 5.25
= (-n) f (n) zn-1 FindZ(a' [A.U ND 2016 R-13]
dz n=0 n=0

zF) = -E nf(n)zn = -Z nf (n)] solution: We know that, Z [nf (n)] = -zre)

dz
n=0

Z [nf (n)] = -zF2)

d zir?) = Z(nn] = -zddz [nj
z

IV. Find the Z-transform of the following : =-z 2+z

[Differentiation in the Z-Domain]

(1) n² (2) n (3) nk (4) an + bn +c = -Z (-1°(2z +1) -(+2)3(z- 1

(5) n(n-1) (z-1°
(6) nCz (7) n cos n 0 (8) n (n - 1) (n - 2)
-Z (2-1) (2z +1) -3(2 +)|
(9) Given that F(Z)= log (1 t az ), for (z-1
also find z [n f(n)]
|z| > |e | find f(n) and
22- 2z +z-1-3-32
(10) nC7 (11) k+n Cn (12) (n + 1) (n + 2) (2-1)
1. Find Z (n) -2-42 -1|
TAU. N/D 1996, A.U Tvli N/D 2010, A.U M/J 2014, (z-1
ND 2016 RA

Solution : We know that, Z[n f(n)] = -zF2)

d z +4 +1)
dz (2-1
Z n] = z n n] = -z dz (Z (n)] Find Z
()
|dlution We know that, Zfaf()) = -F)

-D')-z2¢-91
(2-1) Which is a recurtencE formaa.
Find Z(an + bn +

|lution : Zfan + bn t c
2+)
(2-1 (z-13
 Solution : 5. 5.26
6. Solution
Find
[A.U [nC2]
Find Z
(nCz] Z
= :Z Z
A/M [n
(n (n
2017
(n =

- =

1)] 1)] (2
0

R-8] (z-1) 2+z

(2-1) (z-1) (e-1)(-12-1

=
Z l+
=
Formula:
nCz
(e-1j3tz-z-1)]
(2-1
(e-13tz-+z]s+z-z(-1)) 22 1 1 1

(z-1
[n
n]
- (+1)
(a
[a +b

+b- +tb
n(-) 2 (z-1) Mathematics
Engineering
20)z+
(a-b+)]+ce-1)

itulo?
loE
t-2% COS e-22

cos -2z 8
22-coscos -
-cos 22
-22
Zn
cos
0]n
otion(): find
Znf(n))know We [a
cos
Z .Transtorms and
cos -2z4zcos - cos =
=

+ + = n =

+ -z 6] 1
+ dz d-zZ 2(z-1) (z+ z
1)" cos + that, Difference
1 (z-2z 2 +z-+z
2z(z- 1
2
+2z 1) 2 - z(2+1)
2(1)
cos (2% (1) 1)
cos (z-22
- (cosn Z -z(2-1)
Equations
+ - t-z cos
-: (cos
-

0 2 cos cos) cos0 +1| 2z

+ 8)] n (2-1
1 cos cos ]
+ -(-z 0+ =2-
8-2z
2z 1) t-2 -ZF)
)=
cost d
cos 8 cos
cos cos
0 (2 ) +10 8])
-2 5.27
cos
6)
 Engineering Mathemat 2- Transforms and Difference Equations 5.29
5.28
1) (n - 2)] IAU MJ 20121 E(-1)-1 n
B. Find Z [n (0 n=1
n(n - 1) (n- 2) = n[2 - 21 -n +2)
Solution :
= £
n=1
(-1)° ( - 1 - 1 a n
= n [n-3n +2)
(-1)ª azn
n-3n +2n n=1

2)] Zn-3n + 2n] -zTn = -C)"-n

Z [n (n - 1) (n - n=1
n
n=1 n

z)-3Z (n'] +2Z(n] -(Ca

:f(n) n
z?+4z +1]_42+) +2
(z-1) (2-1) (-1)? d
Z [nf (n)] =-Z dz F (2)
+4 +z- 3z (z + 1) (z 1) +2z (z - 1' d
(2-1) dz log (1 + az )
-Z

+4+z - 3z (2-1) + 2z( - 2 + 1)

-2
1 -az
= -Z
(2-1) |1 + az-1

+4+z-3+3z + 22- 4 + 2z az
-1
a

(z- 1) 1+ az -1
1+
Z+a
z

6z 10. Find the

=
(z-1
Z-transform of nCk}.

fo) and
9. Given that F (z) = log (1 + az ), for Jzl > Ja |, find Solution : Z {nC} = nCkz
also find Z[n f(n)]. k=0

Solution : Given : F2) = log (1 + az ) = 1+nCz+nCz + ... + nC zn

This is the expansion of binomial theorem.
= al-a + (ah-... + (-1)-1 (a"* =
(1+zn
=n=1 (-1)9-1 (azy
 Transforms and
5.30 Engineering Mathematics DiF(2)ference= ZEquations
{**CH} Proof : () Given .
11. Find the Z-transform of
f(n)} 531
Solution :Z {**^ C} = k+n C,zK (k tn > = f(n)zn
k =0
n;k >0 n=0

S ktnCzk (nC, = nCh-) n=0

k =0
n+3
= 1+ n+C,z-14 nt2Cz2+ +
f(n)
n=0

- (1-z)-n-1 = (1-:ly-a +1)

12. Find the Z-transform of (n + 1) (n + 2).
[A.U. M/J 2006] [A.U. CBT Dec. 2008] [A.U. CBT Dec. 20n01 ) Given :
F(2) = Zf (n)]
Solution: Z[(n + 1) (n + 2) ]= Z[n + 2n +n + 2]
Z[n' +3n + 2] n=0

z[n²]+3Z[n] +2Z[ 1]
n=0
= +3
(z-1) (z- 1) =

(+ z) + 3z (z - 1) + 2z (z - 1) n=0

(2-1) =
F (az) =
3
223
L Problems based on first shifting theorem
(2- 1)
[Frequency shifting]
5.1.4 First Shifting theorem [Frequency shifting]: Find the Z-transform of the following :
Damping rule
n when lal < 1, damps the function u, () oP
(The geometric factor a' (2) n!
(3) n
(4) a sinn 0
Hence we use the name damping rule]
5) a cosn0 (6) a" cosn (7) (n -1)al (8)
(8) aa cos n I
() If Z f(n)} = F(2), then 2 af(1)}
= F

2019, R-17] ) (10) an? (11) 2"n2 (12) 2" sinh 3n

[A.U NID 2014 R-08, A/M 2015 R-13] [A.U N/D
F),
(ü)If Z ¯ (n)} = F (2), then za"f(a) - F(az) 3) a coshan (14) a sin n n
2
 fanstormsand Diference
Equations
5.32
Engineering Mathematics Fiod
2
533
Find Z [a"n] [A.U, 1998], [A.U.
1.
April,
2018-A 2001]
[A.U N/D 2007] [A.U. A/M 2008][A.U NND
know that, Z
Solution: We know that, Z
R11 ton:
We

=
[: Z(n)=
Jza -

Jza
2

|log Z = log
1

2
-a
= log

(z-a LFind Z [a" sin n ] [A.U ND 2010]

n
2. Find Z lotion: We. know that,
[A.U. N/D 2005] [A.U Trichy N/D 2009)
[A.UMIJ 2012] [A.U A/M 2019 R-8J
Solution : z (a sinn 9] = Zsinn y
We know that,

|z-2cos6+1

Jza
-2cos 0++1

t-2az cos b+ a
= ez
5.34 fanstorms and Difference
S. Find Z [a cos n ] Engineering Mathematics Equations
5.35
[AU. MJ 20 dos z(cos n9L
\-z2-cos)
Solution : We know that, Z a ar

os8+1+1\
z le' cosn 9] - Z|cosn cos 0 ar

j],-..
JzVa 2

z (Z- cos )
- z(z-ar cOs 6)
-

z-2z cos +1
cos + 1
+-2arzcos 9+(ar
Jz* fnd z [(n - 1) a"-)
- cos
We know that,

-2-cos 0+11 1ln- d=Z(n

1)
a.
a']by shift property
zz acos
z-2az cos + a
6. Find Z [a" cos n ] J
1 z/a 1
Solution :
We know that,
Iind Z[a" cos n t]
cos n 0 - Z cos n
bn : We
z (z -r cos ]
know that, zlere-Fal.
=
Z(a cos n
| -2z cos 8+ Jz2 t]= Zjosnals
a

z2- cos )
-r cos 2-2z cos1 +1

COs + z(2+1)

z (2 - ar cos )
z-2 arz cos + at
(2+1)
 (anstorms and
5.36
Engineering Mathematlcs Difference Equations
-(. Jzla
Jzaz
5.37

zta
(az) +(az)
(az - 1)
(2-1!
2+1 (az -1
9. Find Z [a" n]
stion: We know that,
Solution: We kaow that,

z(2+4 +1) - 2+z

(z-1)* JzVa (e-1!
+4+1
(z/2) +z/2 4

+2z (2) = 22 ( +2)

(-2
Find Z2" sinh 3n|
tion : We know that,
za ( + 4az + dy
[a=2]
10. Find Za"
z sinh 3
-
Solution:We know that, - cosh 3+1
 Transtormsand Difference
5.38 Engineering Mathematics . Equations
a"sin 2 Z
nz
sinh 3 Z 5.39
,0a
Find
2
cosh 3 + 1 We know that, [AU AM 2008)
tion:
z sinh 3
2
sin
| z -4z cosh 3+ 4|
4 z Sin
Formula : Z [sin n9]=
2z sinh 3 -22 cos +1
2-4z cosh 3+ 4
z sin 2
13. Find z a" cosh an ZIsin sin 90° =1
-2cos+1
2 +1
Solution : We know that,

z cosh an - [z(coah aa i 12
+1
+
Z cosh a
2z cosh ca+1 ) Find Z a" cos

kition : We know that,

cosh a
z(Z cos )
-2 cosh a + 1 -2z cos +1

|z- a cosh a ZZ COS

2
[: cos 90 =0)
2-2 az cosh a+ a 2-2 cos+1 2
+1

z (z-a cosh a)
COS -
+
Z-2az cosh a+ a
+1| +1
 Transfornms and
5.40

5.1.5. Second shifting theorem [Time Shifting| Engineering Mathematlcs Problerms based
Dif erence Equations
on Time
1. Z[(n +1)] =zF (2) zf(0) (A.U. ND 2007, CBT
NID
the Z-transform of the shiftin:g S.41
TA.UT. CBT NID 20111
2010)
od
folowing
Proof : ZIf(n + 1)) = 2 f(n +1)2 = z 2 f(n +1) (h+1) la+2)!
1
(2) cos (n + 1)
n=0 n=0
(3) sin (a
= z 2 f(m) z where m =n +1 FindZ
1 -1y9
m=1

= Z 2 f(m)z m zF(2)-zf(0) wlption:

m=0

ZIf(n+ 2)]
=

2. Z If(n +2)] = F(2) -f(0) -r()z]

1 (1)
Proof : Z (n + 2)] - n=0
E f(n+2) z = f(n+2) a+) t f(n
Let +2) = (n +2)!
n=0
1
= f(m) z where m=n+2 =

1.e.,
m=2
n! f(0) == f)==1
= z 2 f(m) zm -f(0) -f):-1| F(2) = Zf(n)] = Z
m=0

= F() -f(0) -f(1)z j" Zý(r +2)1I --1-1

k-1
f(2) -f() z*,n -k = te-?-z
Note : () ZIf (n + k)] =
/=0
Find Z [cos (n + 1) ]
Note : (ii) Z f(n - 1)] = zF(2)
ution :
3. Z [f (n - k)] = zF (2) [A.UTrichy ND 2010]
z(0-4)
ZIf(n+ 1)] = zF() -zf(0)| ..(1)
Proof : Z f(n - k)] = 2 fn - k) zk = z E f(n -k) : Let f(n + 1) = cos (n + 1)8
k=0 k=0

fn) = cos n , f0) =cos 0=1

= Z" E f(m) z " where n -k = n
m=-n
F() = Zf (n)] = Z [cos nb] 2-zc0s
= 2 2 f(m) z m= z F(2) 2- cos+1
m=0
z-z cos 8 -z (1)
-2cos 6+1
 Transforms and Difference
Equations
5.43
5.42
Engineering Mathematics n=0

-z cos -11
=.
1+0+0+... by
= Z
z-2z cos + 1 = 1 definition of d(n)
-z cos - + 2z cos - 1 Definition : Unit step sequence
=Z
z-2z cos + 1
unit step sequence u(n) has
z cOs -1 The
values
= 2 1 for n>0
-2z cos + 1 u(n) = |0 for n<0
3. Find Z (sin(a-1)0| Ziransform of unit step sequence i.e.,
Solution : g

... (1)
od: We know that, Z* (1) }- x(0): [A.U ND 2008]
Let f(n -1) = sin (n-1)0 n=0

’ f(n) = sinn 0
z sin n=0
F(Z] = Zð (n)] = Z (sin n0] =
-2z cos + 1
= 21 by definition of u(n)
z sin n=0
(1) > Zð(n 1)] = |z- 2z cos + 1 = 1+41-+
sin
-22 cos 0+ 1

5.1.6. Unit impulse sequence and unit step sequence.

Definition : Unit impulse sequence

values
The unit impulse sequence ð(n) is defined as the sequence with -
1 for n =0
for n 0

(1) Z-Transfrom of unit impulse sequence is 1. iie., Z [ð (n)] = 1 \Z-transform of a u(n) is is |z > a
[A.UA/M 2019 R-17]
NA: We know that, Zx() = x(n)zn
Proof : We know that, Zx (n)} = x (n) z n=0
n=0
 fanstorms and
Difference Equations
5.44
Engineering Mathematics Find
Z [a" (a - k)] 5.45
[ by def. of u (n)] Zla",
n=0 (n - k)] =
jon
n

= 2 1
n=0

n=0
ak
2
a

- 1++ +.. FindZ[2"d (n

2)1

-[-9" ion: 2 [2" d(n - 2)] =

1 4
Z - z| > |a|
Jz>/2
VII. Find the Z-transform of the following.
(based on unit impulse sequence and unit step sequence) Find Z (3 S(n - 1)]
(1) S(n -k) (2) a"S (n -k) (3) 2° S (n - 2) (4) 3" S(n-1) sion : Z[3^Ñ(n - 1)] =Z0(n - 1),’/3
1 3
(5) u (n - 1) (6) cos 2 u(r) (71) -au (-n 1) (8) u (1) =

lz+/3

1. Find Z [ (n k)] Find Z [u (n - 1)] [A.U ND 2018 R-8]

Solution :Zð(n -k)] = ô(n-k) zn .. (1) tion : Z[u (n- 1)] = 21.1
n=0
n=1

|1 for n =k
l0 for n#k =

| (n - k)]
(1) > Z [ð =1 2

1+
z (Q(n - 1)] =
 anstorms and
pifference Equations
5.46
Engineering Mathematics pitlialvalue theorem
nitial
value
theorem and
final value 5 47

- = F(2), then f(O) = lim F

theorem.
(2)

- [A.U. MIJ 2006, A.U

CBT ND 2010]
(A.U ND
[A.U NID 2019,2016 R-8)
6. Find Z cosu() = Ef(1)z = f(0)+013)
n=0
R-17]
t..
n gZ ) ] lim
Solution : Zcosu(1) Z COS t ...

= cOS
2
lim F(2) = f(0)
n=0
Ginal value theorem.
[A.U, End Semester
Nov/Dec. 1996]
-1-+-. zít(o)} F(9, then lim f()l = lim (2- 1) F
n’ 0
Z’1
[A U, N/D 2006] [A.U. MIJ
2007] [A.UCBT ND
JA.UN/D 2014 R-2008] [A.UND 2015 20101
R-13)
[A.U A/M 2017 R-8, NID 2016 R-8]
i: zif(n + 1) }=n=0 f(n +1) 2"n [A.UND 2019, R-17]
Put n + 1= m
+ Z{(m)} =m=1
E f(m) 2-m+1
2+1
= z F(2)-f(0)]
7. Find
F()-zf (0) F (2) = Zf(n+ 1)] - Zf(n)]
Solution: We know that, i-1) F(2) zf (0) = 2 f(n+1)-f(1)]2
n=0

Z (au(n)) = Ylmits as z > 1

F)F(:) -f(0) = 2 f(n +1) -f))
2z n=0
2z-1
= lim f(1) -f(0))+ If(2) -f()) +f(3)-f2))
t..+ If(n+1) -f(u))
 fanstomsand pifference Equations
valuetheorem
we get
5.48 Engineering Mathematics 5.49
= lim (Z- 1) F(z)
=lim f(1) -f(0)] + è(2) -f()) +
n ’ 0
f3)-f(2)
+ f(n+ 1) -f(n)]
z ’1

52
=lim (Z- 1)
t....

lim f(n + 1) -f(0)]

(z-2) (2-3) (-1)(-2
(0)
22+ 5z +14-
n ’ 00

(2-1) evaluate u, and u3.

lim f(1) -f0) = lim
z’1
(-1)F(2) lim fa CH ND 2011][A.U NID 2015
n > o0
AU.T.

(z- 1) F (2)]
[A.U ND
2018-A, R-17]R-8][A.U MIJ 2016 R-8)
(AU AM 2019
lim f(n) = Zlim
’1 22 + 5z + 14 R-8]
n > 0
Given : U(2) =
and final (z-1)
VIII. Problems based on initial value theorem
value theorem 22+2+
(1) If F() = (z-2)
5z find f (0) and lim f() 1422|
- (z-3) (1-B+
2+ 5z+ 14 :
(2) If U(2) = evaluate uy and u3 ial value theorem
(2-1) U2) = 0
[A.U N/D 2018-A R-17][A.U A/M 2019 R-8] 4*= Lt
(3) If U(2) =
(z-1)
find the value of uo, uy and uy. (Ue)-o)] - 0
[A.UND 2015-R13]
5z find f (0) and lim f(t)
= Lt (Ue)-Ho -Mjz)=2-0-0 - 2
1. If (2) =
(z-2) (2 -3)

Solution: By Initial value theorem

f(0) = lim F(z)

5z 8
2+5z+14 = Lt L3+2+&-2 =13
= lim
(-2) (z -3) 8 (e-1) te-f
5 by L'Hospital's rule find the value of uo, UË and uz
= lim
(2-2) (1) +(2-3) (1) (2-1) [A.U ND 2015-R13]

= lim = 0 ; Given : Ue) =+z+z

1+ l+?
Z’ 00
2z- 5
U()
 Engineering Mathermats 5.51
Transforms and Difference Equations
5.50
theorem : by definition of u(n)
By Initial value
lim
1+z2 =1 solution: () Zn a u(n)] = z1 dz
uo =
lim
U(z) =
(4-}*
3z- 22 +z = 3
= lim
U(2) -z uo] (z- 1)3
= lim (z z1(-1) (1- az (-a]
&+ 8&
lim
U)-uo - zuj] = z’ 00 (z- 1)3 az(1 - az l-2
=lim
Z’00

5.1.8. Differentiation : .. (1)

=z-l d 1 (1-az-l2
(n)]
X(z) then Z [nx
1. If Z {r (n)} = -az-1
Solution : Given
= X (2) lo Z[n(n- 1) a" u
(n)] d(e y3ll-aæ
X(¢) = Ex (n)zn = n=0 x (n) (2 = z2 d d
i.e., n=0

w.r.to z we get
differentiate both sides
(n)1
(2- ~ x(1)n(ln-1 = n=0 nx
xdz-l n=0
Z [nx (n)]
= z E nx (n)z " =
-2
(1- azl+
=

n=0
d

= Z [nx (n)] i.e., Z [n (n)] = z 2a? 2a?z2

dz-1 z2 (2)
- az l (1- z-}3
Similarly, Z [n(n - 1)x (n)] = z ote : Put a 1, we get
2,-2
dX(z) and
IX. Problems based on Z[nx (n)] dzl Z(n (n - 1) 1 u(n)]= (1-zl3

Z [n (r - 1)x(n)] = z X (2)
Z (n u (n)] (1-z-l2
au(1)
Find the Z-transform of () nau (n) ; (ii) n(n - 1)
 5.53
Equations
Engineering Mathemaig . Transforms and Difference
B . (1)
5.2 INVERSE
5.52 Z-TRANSFORM X(z) 10 A
Z-1z-2
(z-1)(z- 2) z
Def. Inverse Z-transform
10 = A (2- 2) + B (z- 1)
= 2 we get
(n)) put z
Z (X(2)] = put z = 1 we get
If Z(1)] = X(2) then 10 = 0 + B
of the 10 = A (1 - 2) + 0
Z X ()] can be
found out by any one
fol owing mehot 10 = -A
B = 10

PARTIAL FRACTIONS METHOD

(METHOD ). A = -10
5.2.1 Z-transform
Inverse X(2) 10
based on +
X. Problems Z-transform of
.: (1) ’ z-2
inverse
Find the -10z 10z
i.e., X (2) = z-1 Z-2
10z JA.UND 2009]
(1) (2-1)(z- 2)

z(2-z +2)
(2) (z+ 1) (z 1)
JA.UN/D 2006, A.UCBT ND 20111
Z {x (n)} = 10 - 102-1
x(n)= 102-1

10(2") - 10 (1") = 10(2"- 1n)

+ 2z
(4)
(3) +2z +5 (z + 2) (z + 4) =

[A.U N/D 2007, A.UTvli. MJ 2011 2. Find Z-Z(-z+2)

[A.UAM 2015 R-2008] (z+ 1)(z- 1) [A.U. N/D 2006][A.U. CBT N/D 2011]
(5) + 4z +3
Solution : Let X(z) z (2'-z + 2)
(6)
22- 10z + 13 elzl <3 [A.UA/M 2019 R-17] (z + 1) (z - 1'
(2-3)°(2- 2)' C
X(z) -z + 2 A B
+ + (1)
(7) [A.U. N/D 2005] (z + 1) (z- 1) (z-1) Z +1 z-1
(z- 1)'(-2)
-z +2 = A (z-1) + B (z + 1)(2 1) +C(z+1)
(8) [A.UM/J 2007, CBT N/D 2010] put z = -1, we get put z = 1, we get put z = 0, we get
+ 7z + 10
1+1+2 = 4A 1-1+2 = 0+0+ 2C 2=A-B+ C

1 10z 4 = 4A 2 =2C 2=1-B+1

Find [A.UND2001
1)(z- 2) A = 1 C =1 2=2-B
10z
Solution: Let X(2) B=0
(z-1) (z- 2)
 Transforms
and
5.54 Engineering Mathematics ()
)
X) Dif erence Equations
z+2
X() 1 1 +22 +5
.. (1) > z+1 (z-1) z+2 := A z-(-1+ 20) z-(-1-
B 555
X(2) 1 1
We get (2-(-1-21)] + %) (2

X(2)
Z+1

z +1
(z-1) -1+2 +2 == A
[-1.
1+2i = A [41
B(2-(-1+2)
+2i+1+ 21+0
Z {x(n)} =
Z
z +1 +(z-1) [: X) = Z{x(n)}) A-+21- +
A

-r
x(n) = z-1 -z-1
+2-1 We get
-1- 2i +2 =.0 + I B
= (-1)" +n
1-2= B-4]
(-1-2i +1-21
z-i+2 B =

--Ë-;-t4
3. Find z-! =
|+2z +5

2+2z X)
Solution : Let X(2) =

X(2)=(e+2)
2+22 +5
X(2)
-(-1+2)-(-1-2)
1
2-);-(-1+2)
X() =
+22 +5
z +2

+22 + 5
(1) Z r (a)}
2-i
4 Z-(-1+2) Be*-i-21
2+i
4
2-(-1-2j
+2 +5 = 0 x(n) =
-2± V4 20
=
2
2+i
--2*V-l6
=
2+4 -1+2)"+(-1-21
2

= -1t i by formula Z(d"] =a

= -1+ 2i, -1 - 2i
2)]
z+ 22 +5 = 2-(-1+ 2)]z -(-1-
 Transforms and
Difference Equations
5.56
Engineering Mathernatics
4. Find z-l 2 ' - *2" cos+*in 5.57
l(a+)(& +4) LAU, N/D 2007[AUTvli M/J 20111
2
Formula
Solution : Let X(z)
(e+2) (2+4)
+
eAZ+2
+ Bz +C +
(1)
(z+ 2)( +4) +4
z = A (+ 4) + (Bz +c) (z+2)
put z 2 we get cquating z on both sides Find
put z =0 We get [A.U AIM 2015 R08]
-2 = A 8 0= 4A + 2C 0 = A + B
tion : Let X(z)
=

2C = 4A B= -A + 4z +3
A =
X() 1
C= 2A B=
4
2+4z +3 (2+ 1)(2 +3)
X() 1
A B
-2
(2+
1)(2+3) Z+1 z+3 .. (1)
1 = A (z+3) + B(z+1)
C= put z =-1, we get put z = 3, We get
1= A (-1 + 3) + 0 1 =0 t B(3 + 1)
1= 2A 1 = -2B
X(2)
2+4 A=2
2
B =
T
1

X(---)4244 (1) ’ X
()
z+1 2+3

Zr (a)]=X() = 22+4 2z+1 2z+3

 Transforms and
Difference Equations
5.58 Engineering Mathematics 2 4 5.59
+

6. Find
2-1 2- 10z +13 when 2 < |z| <3.
+
1+.
(-3)°(2- 2)| [AUAM 2019 R-171 n+1
= ) 2n-1
2 - 10z + 13 n=1 n=0 (n + 1)
Solution : Let X(z) = (2-3)° (2 - 2)
1
2 - 10z + 13 A
+
B =
n=0
3n+1 ( +1). 1
Z[x (n)] = X(2) z-2 Z-3 (1) n=1
(z-3) (z-2) (2-3)
1
22- 10z + 13 = A (z-3) + B(-2)(2-3) + C(- 2) n=1 n=0
an+2 (3-n- 1)
put z = 2, we get put z = 3, We get put z= 0, We get
8- 20+ 13 = A 18 - 30+ 13 = C 13 = 9A + 6B - 2C
1= C 13 = 9 + 6B - 2
A = 1
13 = 7 + 6B n=1 n=0
(2-n)
C= 1
6B = 6; B = 1
1
= S 20 - (2-n) 3--2
1 n=1 n=0
.. (1) > X(2) = -3t(z-3)
the second term in terms of negative powers.
1 1 1 1
+
=

2 Put -n = m .. ms0 as n 0
1
X (2+m)3-2 m
n=0 ms0

Given : 2< Jz| <3

sCan be written as ) (2+n)3t"z Replace mby n]
n<0

() 2 < z| () |z| <3

iZð(n)]= 211 z - ) (2+n) 302 n
n=1 nso

.f(n) = 201 if n 1
and
f(n) = (2+n) 3A if ns0
 Tanstomms and
Difference Equations
5.60 Engineering Mathematics Evaluate
2-!
5.61
2+7z+ 10
[AU. MIJ 2007,
7. Find Z (-1'(e-)| using partial fraction, ton
:
CBT ND 2010]
[A.U. NID 2005]
=

Solution: Let X(z) + 7z + 10

(z-1)° (2- 2) |(2+5) (2 +2)|
A B C
X(2) =
(2-1) ( - 2) (z-1) z-2
etX
(2) (z++5) (z+ 2)

= A (z-1) (2 - 2) + B (z-2) + C(z- 1) 1 A B

put z = 2, We get (z + 2) (z+ 5) Z+2
+

put Z = l, we get z+5

4 = 0+ 0+ C 1 =A (z + 5) + B(Z+2)
1 = 0 + B (-1)
B= -1 |C = 4 = -2, We get put Z =
put -5, We get
put z = 0, we get = 3A
1 1
=-3B
0 = A (-1) (-2) + B (-2) + C(-1) 1
B1
A =

2B + C 3
0 = 2A -
= 2A + 2 + 4 1 1 1
0
3 z +2 3 z+5
= A + 1+ 2

A = -3 X )
1 1
4
3 z+2 3z+5
3 1
X(z)
Z-1 (e-1)?
1 1 z
-32 +44 z {x (n)} = 3 z + 2 3 z +5
.:: X(2) = Z-1 (z- 1)² z-2

z {x (n)} =X() = --1 (z- 1) +4,-2 z rz+5|

+4 Z-1
x (n) =
+ 72 +
= -3 (1)^ n+4 (2)
10
 fanstorms and
5.62
Engineering Mathematics / = l i sa
Difference Equations
simple pole and
5.2.2 (Method : II). Inverse of Z-transform by Inverse is a
Letus consider a contour in z > 2
z=2 simple 5.63
integral method. (Cauchy's residue theorem) pole
From the relation between the Z-transform and
Fourier z-1
of a sequence we get

1
translorm ResX
(2)
z’1
10
(z-1)(2 -2)
x(n) =
= Lt 10,n
C
z’1 2-2 10 (1)
1-2 = -10
By Cauchy's residue theorem
fx (2)ndz = 2i (sum of the residues of X(z)-1 ResX(2)z7-1= Lt(z-2)
at the
101
C

isolated singularities]
1=2
z’2
(z-1) (2 --2)
102n
i.e., x(n) = Sum of the residues of X(2)z-1 the isolated
= Lt
10 (2) = (10) (2
singularities. 2-1
.: x (n) = Sum of the residues
Note : Take the contour Csuch that all the poles of the function
X(2) z lie within the contour. = (10) (2") - 10 = 10
Find the inverse Z-transform of
(2- 1)

(1)
10 z
(2-1)(2- 2) (2)
(z-a)(-b)
(3) z(-z + 2) aze-a) (e-b)|
Find

(z- 1) (z +1
gon: Let X(z)
(4) (5)
z (z + 1)
(6)
3 +z (z a) (z - b)
+2z +2 (2-1)3 -3 + 4
923 X(2) z -1 z+1
(7) (8) (e-a) (2 -bj
(z+ 2) (+4) (3z- 1) (-2) (z-a) (2 - b)
[A.U ND 2015 R-13] [A.U AM 2015 R-08] ia asimple pole and z=b is a simple pole.
10z s consider the contour C, sufficiently large.
1.
Findz a
(z-1) (z- 2)| [A.U N/D 2009, CBT A/M 2011]
t1
Res X(2)
Seution: Let X(z)
10z
(z-1) (z- 2)
2= L(2(2-a)(2- b)
z’a

10z 10,n
X(2)z-l=
e-)e-2)e-1)(e-2) = Lt
Z ’a
 Engineering Mathemdr Transforms and Difference Equations 5.65
z+1
5.64 ( - z + 2)
z?-1 LLZ-D(- a) (z b) (z + 1)
Res X(z) z ’b z ’ 1

z = b
1" (1-1+ 2)
b-a
(1+ 1) --
the residues Je+ 1y²2'e-z+)]
= Sum of Lt
.:. x(n) Res X(2)z 1 =
z=-1 z’-1 (z- 1) (z + 1)|
+

- uc- i|
z-1
1 -[an+1-ba+

1) (22-1) +
(-z+2) nz"- } - e-z+ 2)][1]
z(-z+ 2)_ z’-1
(z- 1)2
3. Find |(z-1)(z+ 1)
(-2) [(-1)" (-3) +(1+1+ ) n(-1y"]-(-1)" (1 + 1+ 2)
z (-z +2) (-1- 1
Solution : X(2)
(z- 1)(z + 1)
z (-z + 2) - (-2) [-3(-1) +4n (-1)"
4
- + 2(-1)]
X(2)zn-1
(z- 1) (z+ 1)
-3(-1)° 4n (-1" + 2(-1)
z (z-z + 2)
(z-1) (z+ 1)
L--3-
2 4n +2]
z = 1is a simple pole
z = -1 is a pole of order 2 (-1- 4n) = (41 +1) 2

Let us consider the contour in z| > 1 x(n) = Sum of the residues

Res X(z) z L(z- 1) P

( - z + 2) -;+-1" (4n +1)
z=1 z1 (z- 1) (z+ 1)
5.66 Engineering Nalhemaig Tfansforms and Diference Equations 5.67

Find Z-I Res X(z)zn-1 = Lt

4. |2+2z +2
TAU. ND 201
z=-1-i z-’-1-i -(-1-)-(-1+ )][2 -(1 - 9]
= Lt
Solution: Let X(z) = 2 + 22 + 2 IAU NND 2019, R: z ’-1-i z-(-1+ i)

X(2)z-l= (-1
z + 2z +2 -1-j+1-i

...
(1) -2i
z+ 2z + 2
1
To get singularities put Dr =
0 - - 1 -?
+22 +2 = 0 x(n) = Sum of the residues

-2 ± v4 8
2

-2+ 2i
2
= -1±i
=

(-1+) - (-1-°)

(1) > X (2) z? -1= [2- (-1+ )][2 - (-1- )] 2i

+isin - isin

z =-1+i is a simple pole +isin n43t - n3 4 i

cos
4 sin
z = -1-iis a simple pole
=
(2 sin
21 4
.. Res X (2)zn-1 = Lt
Z=-1 +i z’-1+i (2-(-1+)l -(-1+)1 = (V2) sin 3n4 a n=0, 1, 2, ...
= Lt
z’-1+j Z-(-1- i) Find Z-1
[A.U. MIJ 2007] [A.UTrichy ND 2009)
(-1+)P
[AUN/D 2010]
X (2) = Z<+1)
-1 + i +1+ i
Solution: Let
(z-1
(-1+i)
2i
 Engineering Mathematics Transforms and Difference Equations 5.69

5.68 2+),n-1 Find Z-l 32 + z [AU. CBT AAM 2011]

z-1= (z- 1) -32 + 4|
X(2)
e+1) Solution : Let 3+z
(e-1)3 X(2) =
2-3+4
order 3.
1is a
pole of X)-I = z(3+)-1
Z =
ae-yeD) -37+4
Lu (z-1)
Res X(z) zª1 2 (3z + 1)
z=1
(2+1)(-2)
= Lt
1 e+1)) = -1 is a simple pole
z’1
= 2is a pole of order 2.
=
(1)+ (z+ 1)nz) Let us consider the contour Cin 1z| > 2
2z+1
1 u+n(z+ 1)z-} Res X(2)A-1 (3z + 1)
=

2 241 (+1) (¢-2)

u [nz+n (z+1) (n- 1)7-2+n = u& +1) (-) (-3 + 1)
2 z1 z*-1 (-2) (-1-2)²
;n (1)+n2(1.-1) (1)ª "2+ n(1)-} (-1°(-2
--y
=
=

(-3)²
=
21(1)º+ 2n (n - 1) (1)"
Res X ()z-1 = ue-) (2+(3+1)
z=2 1) (¢ - 2)
= ;[21 + 21 (n 1)].
2+1
-Da+2n-2n]
Lkt )P(3)+(3 +1 ) } - ( + ) )
+1÷
l4t 1)[3+n 3 + - + 1 )
= Sum of the residues
+1
= g 9
 z=-2i
Res z=-2 5.70
Re(s2) U Let Solution :

U U)= FinZ-d1
z=(z) z=
(z+2)lim U)=
x(2)
= =
z-+2) (2- 2) im
z’-2i
lim 4+4 z+4
z-2 lim z’-2
(z+2) (z+2)(+4) |(a+2) =

--- (z
21)
+
-z-1 (e+2)
(z
+
--+2in+4
(
+
Sum
of
the
21-
[18 [18
(2) 9
+
(2+2) 2i)
(z
4) 9
21n
+
18n
+ 9n
2"
- residues
( 2i) - + +
(¢+ 2 + (21n+4] 14] 3n 3n
2)
(
4)
20
(2)-7(2) -
14] Engineering
Mathematics
-
2i [A.U
9
971
+4][21 n
ND
2015
R-13]
Solution .
Find Z4 x U)= Res
(n)
Transforms
: =
Let sum
X of =
(z) (321'
(e-2)| 2i(1+) z’2i lim Z’
2i
and
=
4(1 residues
the
2(1+)(4) (2i+2)t2)1(4)
-1
-4 (2+2)z2+
(2
lim
2(1-i)(-4)(-2)-1
(-2i)3-1
(z-2) 2i(1-j (-2i+)(-4i
(-2)"! Difference 1
(3z (-2) -4

1)°
(
-
2(1-)(-2)t-1
4(1+i)-i) l 1

(e+2)(¢+(z-2 21) Equations

-2) 2"

[A.U [A.U
ND A/M
2i2i)(a-11+j
(-)
-zA-1
2016 2015
R-2013] R-2008]
5.71
 Transforms and Diference Equations
5.72
Engineering Mathematics n +1 n +2
5.73

93
(n + 2)
72
(z-2)

zzn-1 n +2
12 (n + 2)
(z-2) (z-2)

2
3
is a pole of order n +2
(-5) (1 + 2)
z = 2 is a simple pole
C in z >2
Let us consider the contour
z2 +2 +2
-1 = L(z- 2) = Lt
*. Res XZ)
n +2
Z’2 z ’2
z=2 (z-2) =
[-5(n + 2) 1]
n +2
(2)n +2 2n +2
9
2
22+2 (-5n 10 - 1]
n +2
=
(-5n - 11]
2
n +2
Res X(z) z = t
dz - 2
=
[Sn + 11]
-
z

(e-)|
= Sum of the residues
.. x(n)
= Lt
(5n+ 11)
3

(z- 2) (n + 2)z+l-z1+2(1) 5.3 CONVOLUTION THEOREM

= Lt role in the solution
(z-2) The convolution theorem plays an important
sums of
Or diference equations and in probability problems involving
z’
3
two independent random variables.
 Transforms and
Dif erence Equations
5.74
Engineering Mathematlcs n=0
5.75
Definition : Convolution of sequences :
1. The convolution of two sequences
x2)} and {y (n)} is defined as =

() fx(2) *y(n)} K=-o

=Ef(K) g(n K) if the sequences are non-tau3
x0y,txyn-1t.
m =0 xm Yn-m
t xnYo

and
= X*yn by
() (x(1) *y(n)} = K=0
2f (K) g(n - K) if the uences are causal Note : Z *yal= X)Y(2)convolution definition]
The convolution of two functions f() and g() is defined as = Z()Z )
n

f) *g() =f(KT)
K=0
g[(1-K) T], where T is the sampling period. Aliter : Proof :

State and prove convolution theorem on Z-transform. ) z {x(n) *y(n)} = Z x(K) y(1 K)
K=
[A.U. April 2000, Nov/Dec. 1996, March 1996, AprilMay 1991
=

Statement : [A.U. CBT Dec. 2008] [A.U M/J 2014 x(K)y (n - K

n=-oK=-o
If Z'[X (2)] = , and Z[Y(¢)) = Yn then -)
n
K=-o
x(K) n=
y(r - K)2
z'xe) Ye)) X m Ya -m = n *yn where * denotes the
m=0 by changing the order of summation,
convolution operation. [A.UN/D 2016 R-13]
Proof : 2 x(K)
K=-0
2 y(m) z (m +K)
m=-co
by putting n - K=m

We know that,
=x(K)z-K
X() = and Y(2) = n=0 ,z K=-0 m=-o
n=0

X (2) Y(2) = K=-o m=-00

n=0 n=0

(o +x z + z +... +Xn2+ = X (2).Y (2)

(yo +y1z+yz+... +y,z +t ...)
 Transforms and D
5.76

XI. Z-transform of f(n) *g (n) type.

Engineering Mathematics Dif erence Equations
Find the
5.77
1. Find the Z-transform of the convolution of Z-transform of f(n)
*gn) where f(n) =
x(n) = u(n) and y(r) = u(n) gn) = COS n and

Solution : lution : By convolution

z
theorem,
fn)* 8(")} = F(z) G(2)
X(2) = : h =
if |z| >1, [ by definition
n=0 Z-1 of un)) F(2) = Z. 22
1 22 -1
Y(z) = ) az-n - if |z| >lal [ by definition of
n=0
u(n)) G(z) = Z {cos nt} =Z
{(-1} =
The Z-transform of the convolution of x(n) and yn) is z+1
.Z fn) *gn)} = F(z) G(2)
F(z) = z-1 7

z-a (z- 1)(2 - a)

2. Find the Z-transform of f(n) * gn),
z+1
where f(n) = u(n) and 222
2 +z-1
e(n) =d(1)+ u(n).
Use convolution theorem to find the inverse Z-transform of
Solution : By convolution theorem, la)
(z a) (z - b) [A.U. April 2001, M/J 2014 R-8, M/J 2013 R-8,
Z fn) *g(n)} = F(z) G)
AM 201S R-8, N/D 2015 R-8]
F(¢) = Z {u(n)} 8;2
Z-1 (b)
(2z - 1) (4z - 1)
n

[A.U A/M 2015 R-13, N/D 2007, N/D 2014 R-8, MIJ 2012 R-8]
8,2
= 1+ c [A.UN/D 2014 R-S]
by definition of u(n) and o(n) (2- 1) (4 +1)
[A.U ND 2019, R-17]
[A.UA/M 2017 R-13] |A.U N/D 2018 R-13)
= 1 + 22 4z - 1
2z-1 2z - 1 () JA.UMIJ & N/D 2006, N/D 2013 R-8,
(z- 1) (z-3)
z f(n)*g(n)} = A/M 2011 R-8]
JA.U NID 2018-A R-17)
 Transforms and
5.78
Engineering Mathematics Dif erence Equations
n+1
1(e) [A.U N/D 2015 R-13, N/D 5.79
(z -3) (z -4) 2009 R-8] = b"
1-4
2. [A.U. April 2000]
(z- 2) (z - 3) 1 -
being a GP.
3. (a) 3. (b) JA.U N/D 2007, ND 20121 bn+1
(z-a)² (2 + a)? Formula
[A.U A/M 2017 R-8] at ar t a
b +

l(a) Find Z-! bnt1-n+1 al1-p*)

1-r if r<1
|(z- a) (2 - b)| b-a
[A.U. April 2001][A.U. CBT Dec. 081 Here, a=1
[A.U CBT A/M 2011] [A.U.T CH N/D 2011][A.U A/M 2015 R-08] (b) Find
Z! 82
[A.UN/D 2015 R-13] [A.U ND 2016 R-131 (22- 1) (4z - 1) (or) z-!
JAU ND 2018 R-17][A.U A/M 2019 R-81
[A.U A/M 2015 R-13, N/D
Solution:z-1
2007, N/D 2014 R-8, MJ
2012 R-8]
(2-a) (2 b) |z-az-b ilution : We first prove that

|(-) (2-b)| +n+1-n+l

b-a

=
See Example 1(a)
m =0
1

n
Here, a =, b= 4
m=0
2
m

= b" 1
m =0 E 4

= + ... +

(-1/4)
 Transforms
5.80 Engineering Mathematics and
Difference
Here, a=1, b=3 Equations 581
1(c) Find z-! [A.UM/J 2016 R-081
[A.U A/M 2017 R-13] (2-1) (2 -3) 3n+1- jn+1
3-1 2
Solution : We first prove that e)Find2-!

z-1
bn+1-t+1 (Z-3) (z- 4)| [A.U N/D 2015
|(- a) (2-b)| b-a
alution : We first prove that
R-13, N/D 2009 R-8)
See Example 1(a)
Z1
1
Here, a=2 ,b= |(2-a) (2 - b) | Hnt1n+1
b-a

n+1 n+1
See Example 1(a)
4
Here, a=3, b = 4
2-1
2
1 1 4n+1
-3n+1
4 2
(-3) (e-4) 4-3
= 41+1 -3n+1

(-3/4) Find Zl
|(-2°e-3) [A.U. April 2000)
dution : Z-1 = Z-1
(e-2) (e-3)| |(-2) -3
Z-transform of
1(d) Using convolution theorem evaluate inverse *2-!
[A.UN/D 2018-A, R-17]

(z-1)(2-3)| [A.U. M/J 2006] [A.UCBT N/D 2010)

[A.U.T CBT N/D 2011] [A.U N/D 2013]
= (n + 1) 2" 3

Solution : We first prove that

bn+1 gn+1
=
X (m + 1) 2" 3n-m
m=0
b-a

See Example 1(a) = 3 S(m + 1) 2 3-m

m=0
5.82
Engineering Mathematics Transforms and
=

3 m=0
(n +1)
m
Dif erence Equations
=93n 5.83
2 3 -30+1 (n + 4) 2n+1
3n+1
- 3t j1+2.| +3.) + +...
- (n + 4)
2n+1
z-!
Find Z-1
Let S = 1+2r +3* + 4r+ ... + (n + 1), where x =2
3 [A.UCBT Dec.
S = 1+ 2r + 3r+4r + ... n
+ +(n + 1) 20091[A.U MIJ 2016 RI3)
[A.U A/M 20019 R-13]
ution: 2 l A.U N/D 2018 R-8]
:. xS = x+ 2 +3r+... + n+ (n + 1)+1
|2-a)'z -a
.(1-)S = (1 +x+t+*+... +)- (n + 1)+1
1-+1
1-x - (2+ 1) n+1 = *an

1-1+1 (2+ 1)n+1 n

=) -m am
(1-x)? 1-x
m=0 by convolution theorem
n
Since, x= , 1-x =
m=0
m=0
n+1 n+1

-3(r+ 1) = 1
+1'+1+... +11
n+1 = a" (n + 1) = (n + 1) d
=

9-3 [9 + 3n + 3]
IFind z-1
n+1 (+ a)? [A.U. N/D 2007]
-9
=
(12 + 3n)
tion : Prove that Z1 = (n+ 1) a
n+1

= 9-3(n + 4) dace a by -a in 3 (a), we get

n+1

= (-a)" (n + 1)
|e-2° (e-3) |+a)²|
5.84 Transforms and
Engineering Mathematics? Dif erence Equations
5.4 Formation of difference equations :
Def. Difference equations : A difference equation is
climinating a and birom (1),
(2) and (3), we get
5.85
a Yx
between the differences of an unknown function at one or more relation Yx+1 x +1 (« +1|
values of the argument. gencral
x+2 * +2
Thus AY(n +1) +n) 2 .. (1) (r+ 2)'|
and Ayn +1) + -1) = 1 (2) v. I(x + 1) (+2) -
s..

(*+ 2)(* +1)1 Hint :

Expand the
are difference equations. -'x+1 k(* +2)' -( +2)] determinant
column
through
Def : Order of a difference equation : + yx+2k +1y
-* (+1)] = 0
The order of a difference equaion is the difference between the
largest and the smallest arguments occurring in the difference cquation . (r + 1) (+ 2) ( +2 -x- 1]
divided by the unit of increment. -Yx+1 k (+ 2)] [* +2-x]
Def : Solution of a diference equation : +yx+2x (+ 1) ( + 1-x =0
The solution of a difference
equation is an expression lor yn) V. (xt 1) (+
which satisfies the given difference cquation. 2)-x+12x(* + 2) +y,+2x (x+ 1) = 0
Def : The general solution of a difjerence equation : The general (+3r + 2) yx - 2 (* +
2x) yx+1 + ( +)y+2 = 0
solution of a difference equation is that in which the number of arbitrars
constants is cqual to the order of the difference equation. , From y, = a2 + b(-2)",
derive a difference equation by
Def : The particular solution of a diference equation eliminating the arbitr.ry constants.
A particular solution is that the solution which is obtained from [A.U. April, 2001]
the general solution by giving particular values to the constants. plution : Given : yn = a2" + b(-2)
... (1)
XII. Formation of difference equations :
Yn+1 = a 21* +b (-2)n+1 = 2a 2 - 2b (-2)" (2)
1. Form the difference equation corresponding to the family of ...

curves y = ax + bx [A.U. March 1996][A.U N/D 2018 R-17]

Yn +2 = a 20+ + b (-2)+2
Solution x = ar +hy ... (1)

Yx+1 = a(r+ 1) + b (r + 1) (2) a (2") 4+b(-2)º (-2) - 4a 2 +46 (-2) ...(3)

Yx+2 = a (r+2) +b (r + 2) (3) aninating a (2) & b (-2)" from (1), (2) and (3), we get
 Transforms and Difference Equations
5.86
Engineering Mathematics Yn 1
-3
5.87
|Yn+1
Yn 1 1
9 -3(1+1)
|Yn+1 2 -2 = 0 |Pn+2 9(n+2)
4 4
|Pn+2 v [-27(n + 2) + 2 (n +
1)] Yn+19(7 +2) - 9n]
n (8+ 8) - n+1 (4 - 4) +yn+2 (-2-2) = 0
+ yn+2-3 (n + 1)
+3 n] = 0
16y, - (0) yn+1 - 4yn+2 = 0
-27 yn 18y,+1 -3yn+2 = 0
Yn+2 4y, = 0
Yn+2 t+ 6yn+1+9), = 0
which is the desired difference equation.
4. Derive the difference equation from
U, = A2" + Bn
3. Derive the difference equation from [A.U. End semester Nov/Dec.
1996]
Yn = (A + Bn) (-3)".
[A.U. End semester Nov/Dec. 19961 Solution :
Solution : Given : Un = A2" + Bn
(1)
Given : ya = (A + Bn) (-3) = A (-3)" + Bn (-3)? . (1) Wn + 1 = A20+1 + B (n + 1)
= 2A2" + (n + 1) B
'n+1 = [A + B(n + 1)](-3)+1 (2)
un+) = A2"T2 + B (n + 2)
= A(-3) (-3) + B(n + 1)(-3)" (-3) 4A2" + (n +2) B . (3)

= -3A (-3)" 3B (n + 1)(-3)" .. (2)

Eliminating A2" and B from (1), (2) and (3), we get
1
n +2 = (A + B (n + 2)] (-3)+2 2
|un t1 n+1 = 0

n +2 4 n +2
+2
= A (-3) *+B(n + 2) (-3)" *2

=9A (-3)" +9B (n + 2) (-3) 3) Hn [2 (7 + 2) 4(n + 1)] u,+1n+2-4n]

+ un+2 [n +1-2n] = 0
Eliminating A(-3)" and B(-3)" from (1), (2) & (3), we get
 Transforms
5.88
Engineering Mathematics Note : Formulac
and Difference Equations
un [-2n] - Hh+1l-3n + 2] + un+2l-n + 1] = 0 5.89
Ay, = Yr
(1- n) un+2 + (3n - 2) un+1-21 u, = 0 +1-Yr
Ay, = Ay, +1 - Ay,
Ay, = Ay, +1- Ay.
5. Derive the difference equation from
In general, Ay, =
Yn = (A + Bn) 2 JA.U. AM 2000] [A.U. CBT Dec. 20081 Ay, +1-APy,
[A.U N/D 20131 Write the
Solution : difference equation A y, + Ay + A
Given : n = (A + Br) 2n
the subscript notation : yty, = 0 in
y, = A2" + Bn2n Ayx+1
(1) Yx +2 x+1
A20+1 + B(n + 1)2n+1 = Ayx+1- Ay,
On+1 = Ay, + 2-
Ayx Yx +1- Yx Ayx +1
= 2A2" + 2B(n + 1)2h Ayx +2 = yx
B..
(2)
cyen : A°y, + A»y. + Ay, +y, = 0 +3- yx +2
Yn+2 = A 21T+ B(n + 2) 2n+2
(A'y+1- A'y,) +A»y% +Ay, +y, = 0
4A2" + 4B (n + 2) 2 "..
3) Ay+1t Ay, +yx = 0
Eliminating A 2" and B 2 from (1), (2) and (3), we get Ayg +2 Ayx +1+ yx +1-, +y, = 0
yx +3-Yx +2-x +2 + yx
Yn 1 n +1+yx+1 = 0
= 0
Yn+1 2 2 (n + 1) yx +3-x +2+ 2yx +1 = 0
Pn+2 4 4 (n + 2)
1 Find the dilerence equation satisfied by y= ax- bx
y, [8 (n + 2) - 8 (n + 1)] yn+1 [4 (n + 2) - 4n]
Solution :

+ yn+22(n + 1) -21] = 0 Given : y = ar- br

yn [8]- yn +1[8] + y+2 [2) = 0 i.e., y = ar- bx .. (1)

Yx+1 = a (x+ 1)- b (x + 1) (2)
Yn +2-4yn+1 +4y, = 0
...

Yx+2 = a (x + 2)- b(r +2) ... (3)

5.90
Engineering Mathematics 4.
Eliminating a and b from (1), (2) and (3), we get Transforms and Difference Equations
yx [4 (x + 1) - 2 (x + 5.91
-x 2)] - yx+1[4* - (x + 2)]
x+1 (x +1y -(x+ 1) = 0
+ yg+212x - (x + 1)] = 0
Px+2 (x+ 2) - (* + 2)
Y, (2x]-
Yx+1|3x-2] +yx+2|x - 1] =0
yx[- (+ 1) ( + 2) + ( + 2)' (* +1) (x-1) },+2 + (-3r + 2) y,+1 + 2xy, = 0

-ys+1 -(*+ 2) +x (¢ +2| 9. Form the difference equation

generated by y, = a2 + b3* + c.
+yx+2-(a+ 1) +x(¢ + = 0 Solution : Given : yy = a2* + b3* +c
a2x+1 + b3*+1
.. (1)
y, (x + 1) (x + 2) [X-1+x + 2]- Yx+1x (x + 2) [-*+*+2 +c = 2a 2* + 3b 3 + C
. (2)
x +2 + b3* + 2 + c =
+yx+2x (*+ 1) [-x +x+ 1] = 0 4a 2 +9b3* + c .
(3)
k+3 = 8a2+27b 3 + c
> y ( + 1) (* + 2) -y+1 *(t +2)2 + yx+2x (r + 1) = 0 ... (4)
siminating a 2 ,b3 ,c from (1), (2), (3)
and (4), we get
> +1) (+ 2) y - 2r (x + 2) yg+1tx (x + 1)y,+2 = 0 1 1
'x+1 3 1
8. Form the difference equation generated by y, = ax + b 2* = 0
'x+2 4 1
Px+3 8 27 1
Solution : Given: y, = + b2 ... (1)
1 1 1
Yx+1 = a (r+ 1) + b2*+1 x+1-x 1 2 0 R,> R- R1
Px+2-x 3 = 0 R3 > R3 - RË
= (+1) a+ 262X ...
(2) P+3-Yx 7 26 0 Ry ’ R4 - R1

Yx+2 = a (r+ 2) + b2x*2 Px+1-x 1 2

i.e., -1 'x+2-x 3 = 0
= (r+2) a+ 4b 2* (3) 7 26|
Eliminating a and b 2 from (1), (2) and (3), we get x+1-* 1 2
1 ie., Px+2 -Yx 3 = 0
Px+1 x+1 2 = 0
Px+3-% 26
X+2 4
|Px+2 Ox+1-) [78 56] - 1(26 (+2 -y) - 8(;+3-Y)l
+ 2[7 (x+2-y)-3(x+3 -y)) = 0
 .
5.92 Engineering Mathematics Transforms and Difference Equations
5.93
22 y, +1 - 22y, - 26y, +2 + 26y, + 8yx+3 - 8y,
= 0
+ 14y,+2- 14y, - yy +3 + 6yg = 0
i.e., 2u, - un+1 = 0
2yx+3 - 12y+2 + 22y, +1 - 12y, = 0
Yx+3 - 6'x+2 + 1lyx+1 - 6y = 0
iC., Un+1-2 un = 0
ie.,
es Solution of difference
equations using Z-transform.
We know that Laplace
10. Form the difference equation from y, =a + b3,
jifferential equations
Transforms are very useful to solve linear
JA.UA/M 2008] [A.U ND 20101 The Z-transforms are useful to solve linear difference
Solution: Given : y, = a+b3 Formula :
equations.
.. (1)

yn+1 = a+b3 = a+ (6) (3) 3 (2) (1) Z yl = Y(2)

Yn+2 = a+b3n +2 = a+ (b) (9) 3n . (3) (2) Z[yn+1l = zY() - zy (0)

Eliminating a and b 3" from (1), (2) and (3) we get (3) Zyn+2l = tY)-y (0) - zy (1)
'n 1 1 (4) Zyn+3l = Y)-y(0) -y() -zy (2)
'n+1 1 3 = 0
1 9 (5) Z yn-1l = zY()
Pn+2
Standard formulae :
yn [9- 3]-n+1[9 - 1] +y,+2 l3 - 1] = 0
Z
6y, -8yn +1 + 2yn +2 = 0 () za"] = (S) Z[a" cos n0]
z (z - a cos 0)
Yn+2-4yn+1 +3, = 0
2-2 az cOs + a
Z
(2) Z [n] = (6) Z{a" sin n]
11. Form the difference equation from u, = a 21 (z-1)' az sin

[A.UN/D 2015, R-8] z-2az cos + a

Solution :
az
20+1
(1) (3) Z(a n] = |() z cos
Given : un = a. ...

(z-a)' 2 2+1
4n+1 =a 2(n+1)+1 = a2 t l 9 ...
(2) (9) Z[n (n- 1)] = 2z
(8) Z sin
n t

(z-1) 2 +1
Eliminating a 2+ from (1) & (2) we get
5.94
Engineering Mathematics Transforms and Difference Equations
XIV. Problems based on Solution of the difference 15. Yn+2 + yn n 2" 5.95
equations using Z-transform
h [A.U MIJ 2012)
Solve : Ya+2+4yn+1-5y, = 2An - 8 given yo =
3,y, = -5
1. Yn+1 -2y, =0 given yo =3 JA.U. AM 20001, AUT. CH
[A.U A/M 20001 4. y(n) y(n-1) =u (n) + u ND 2011]
2
Yn+2-4yn = 0 given yo =0, y1 = 2 u(n-1)=n-1 (n- 1) given u(r) =n,
3. Yn+2 -4y, = 0
R Vo+2- )yn+1 t 6y, = Un
4. Un+2+ 3un+1t 2u, =0 given uo =1, uj=2 o =0, y1 = 1, u, =1
[A.UA/M 1999, A.U CBT A/M 20111 [A.U N/D 2018-A R-17]
5. 9. Kn+1 =SXn+7 Yn+1=n t 2y, , Xo =0, yo =1
y (n +3) 3y (n + 1) + 2y (n) = 0 given [A.U N/D
2014, R-08]
y (0) = 4,y (1) = 0,y(2) = 8 [A.U. ND 2007, N/D 20121 0. n+11=in t 10 yn Yn+1
6.
=X, t 4y, , 0 = 3, yo =2
Yn+2 2cos ayn +1tyn =0given yo = 1, y1 = cos a
[A.U. N/D 1996]
7. y (k+ 2) - 4y (k+ 1) + 4y (k) =0 given y (0) = 1, y(1) =0 Solve yn+1 - 2yn given Yo = 3
[A.UN/D 2005, N/D 2006] [A.U. Apri/May 2000]
vlution : Given :yn+1 -2y, = 0
8
y(n) +3y (n -1) 4y (2 -2) = 0given y(0) =3, y(1)=-2, n22
[AU MJ 2006] tbing Z-transform on both sides of the
Z yn+1l- 2Z [yn] = Z (0) difference equation, we get
9 x (n + 1) -2x (n) = 1, given x (0) =0 [A.U ND 2018 R-8]
10. yn+2 +yn =2 given yo =y1 =0 z Y() - y(0) - 2Y(:) = 0 Given : yo = 3
[A.U M/J 2007][A.U M/J 2016 R13]
11. Yn+2 + 6yn+1 +9y, = 2 given yÍ =y1 =0
Y(2) (2) (9) -2Y¢) =0 > y(0) =3
[A.U. A/M 2008, N/D 2008, AM 2009, ND 2009, N/D 2012] (2-2) Y(2) -3z = 0
[A.U MIJ 2016 R-8] [A.U N/D 2016 R-13][A.U ND 2018 R-17]
3z
12. un+2 + 4un+1+3u, = 2" given uo =0, uj =1 [A.UN/D 2010] Y(z) = Z-2
[A.UN/D 2015 R-8]
3z
13. un t2 -5un+1 +6un= 4" given uo = 0, u =1 Z-2
"A.UA/M 2001, A.U CBT Dec. 2008, A.U CBT N/D 2010]

14. yn+2 + 4yn+1 + 3y, =3" given yO =0,y1 = 1

[A.U. N/D 2011] [A.UA/M 2015 R-08] [A.U N/D 2015 R-13]
[A.UA/M 2019 R-17] Z
=
Formula : Z[a"] =
5.96
Engineering Mathematics (ransforms and Difference Equations
2. Using Z-transform, solve Yn+2 - 4y, = 0, given that yo = 0, 1
5.97
y1=2.
Solution : Given : Yn+2-4'n = 0
Z yn+2l - 4Z [ya] = z [0] Formula : Z{d] = Z

Solve yn+2-4y, = 0
Y) -yo) -y) -Y)
4Y(2) =0
jution : Given 'n+2 - 4y, = 0
2Y(z) 0-2% 4Y(z) = 0 [ y(0) = 0,y (1) = 21 Z [yn +2l- 4Z yl = 0
(z- 4) Y(2) = 2z Y)-#y0) y(1)|-4Y() =0 ...
(1)
2z 27 Yo and y1 are not given,
Y(2) =
2-4 Choose yo = A and y, = B.
2z
Y(z) = (z- 2) (z + 2) (z- 4) Y(z) =Az+ Bz
A B A
Let Y) =
2
. (1) Y(z) = Bz
z (z - 2) (z + 2) z-2 z +2
2-4 -4
2 = A (z + 2) + B(z-2) A+Bz
Ye) = (2-2) (z + 2)
Put z = 2, we get Put z = -2, we get
2 = 4A 2 = -4B = A +B
(z-2) ( + 2) z+ 2)|
A = B= B
=

2-2+ z+2| 4 z-2 z + 2|

Y() 1/2 1/2
:. (1) Z-2 z+2
[Using short cut idea)

-(-)| z

Z+2)

iol = +

Z ya]=
a) =
1
|z+2|
2+2
C(2) + D (-2) Formula : Z[a"] =
5.98 Engineering Mathematics Transforms and Dif erence
4. Using Z-transform, solve = Equations
4(-1" -3(-2) 5.99
U,+2t 3un+1 t 2un = 0given ug = 1, u = 2.
= [4 -3 (2)"](-1
[A.U. Apri/May 1999][A.U CBT A/M 20111
Solution : Given : Un+2t 3un+1 + 2u, = 0
Solve the
v(n + 3) - difference equation Formula:Z\a1 =
3y (n + 1) +
and y(2) = 8. 2y(n) = 0 given
Z[un+2l +3Z [u,+1] + 2Z [u,] = 0 [A.U. N/D 2007, ND that y(0) = 4, y(1) =0
(n+3) - 3y (n + 1) +2012][A.U N/D 2018 R-13]
Solution : Given :y
[2 U(z) -u(0) - z u(1)] + 3 (z Uz) - zu (0))
2y (n) = 0
+ 2 Ulz) = 0 Z[y (n +3)] 3Zy (n +
1)] + 2Z[y(n)] = 0
(2+3z + 2) Uz) z-2z -3z = 0 [ u (0) = 1, u(1) =2) Y(2) -z y(0) -y(1) -
zy(2))
-3 (zY(z) - zy(0)]+
(+32 + 2) U(z) - - 5z = 0 2Y(2) = 0
z Y2) - 42°- &z] -
+5z 3 (zY(2) 4] +
U(z) = 2Y(2) =0
+3z + 2 [ y(0) = 4, y(1) =
0, y(2) =8 ]
z (z + 5) (-32 + 2) Y(2) - 4z -&z + 12% = 0
U2) (z+ 1) (z+ 2) +| (z-3z + 2) Y(2) - 4z + 4z = 0
z +5 A B
U
() z +1 z + 2 .. (1) (z-1) (z +2) Y(2) = 4z-4z
(z + 1)(z + 2)
z+5 = A(z+2) + B(2 +1) 4 - 4z
Y(2) =
Put z = -1, we get Put z = -2, we get (z-1y (2 +2)
4 = A 3 = -B
4z-1]
A = 4 B= -3
+w (z-1 (z +2)
+4 3 4z [z +1]| - 1]
.:. (1) > U) z +1 z +2 (2-1) ( +2)
7 4z (z ++1)
’ U2) = 4 z + 2 (z-1) (z + 2)
Y(2) 4(z + 1) A B
Z <u (n)] = 4
421/
- Z (z+ 1) (z + 2) Z-1 1+z +2
let 4(z + 1) = A (z + 2) + B(z-1)
...
(1)

u(n) =
-

|z+ 2
p
t . Transforms and Differenc
e Equations
5.99
= 4( -1 )" -3 (-
2t
4.
. z. tr an sf or Ill' solve
Using
+ 2Un ::::: 0 ga. ve n uo ::::: 1' 0 1 ::::: 2. = {4 - 3 (2) 0 1( -1
u +2 + 3U n+
n l
U
[A· . April/MaY
1999} [A.U CB
T N M 20111 So lv e the diffe
)" \ Formula : Z
(a") = ~ \
rence equation
5. y (n + 3) - 3y (n +
. + 3U n+ l + 2U = 0 1) + 2y(n) =
0 given that y(O
Solution : Gave . Un+2 n an d y( 2) = 8.
[A.U. N/D 2007 ) = 4, y( l) =
n · 0
l 1+ 2Z lunl = O , N/D 20121[A.
U N/D 2018 R-
Z lUn+2 \+ 3 Z U n + l do n : Given 131
50 u : y (n + 3) - 3y
3 lz U(z) - z u (0 )\ (n + 1) + 2y (n
lz2 U(z) 2 (0) - zu( l) } + ' ) = 0
- z u
+ 2 U (z)
z [y (n + 3)} - 3Z lY
=o (n + l)} + 2Z
(y(n)} = 0

(z2 + 3z + 2) U( z2 -2 z- 3Z :: :: 0 r.- u co) = 1 , u c1) = 21 [z 3Y (z ) - z 3 y(

O )- z2 y( l) -z y(
2) }
z) - : - 3 [zY(z) - zy
(0)} + 2Y(z) =
0
c l+ 3z + 2) U(z) - z2-5z = O [z3 Y (z ) - 4z3
- 8z} - 3 [zY(
z) - 4z} + 2Y(z
) = 0
U(z)
~
= z2 + 3z + 2
("." y (0 )= 4 ,y
(l )= 0 , y( 2)
= 8}
(z3 _ 3z + 2)
Y(z) - 4z3 - 8z
+ 1.1.z = O
U(z) ~
= (z
+ 1) 2 (z3 - 3z + 2) 3
Y(z) - 4z + 4z
(z + ) =O
... (1) (z - 1)2 (z + 2)
Y(z) = 4z3 -
4z
4z3 - 4z
Y(z) = (z - 1)2 (z + 2)

4z lz2 - 11
(z - 1)2 (z + 2)
4z tz+ 1Hz - 11
(z - 1)2 (z + 2)
4z (z + 1)
(z - 1) (z + 2)
yr.,.,
~ == (z
4 (z + 1)
+ 1) (z + 2) A + _]L_ ... (1)
0 z+2
Let 4 (z + 1) =A (z + 2) + B (z -
l)
5.100
----- --:-- -:P:u :t~z~==-=-~2~,~w~e~g;e~t---'-- - - -
Engineering Mathematics t~. Transforms and Difference Equations

Z [y (n)J = z (z - cos a )
5.101
G
Put z = 1, we get
-4 = -3B l- - 2z cos a + 1
8 = 3A
4 y(n) = ~-I
8 B = 3 [ z (z-cos a) ]
A = 3 l- - 2zcosa + 1

.. (1) ::;,
Y(zl= ~+ 422 = (It cosn a

::;, ~z) ~ i(:j +j ~: 2)

1.
Formul a : Z (an cos n 0)

Solve the difference equation

z (z - a cos0)
z2-2az cos0+ a2

z [y (n)) = i (z ~ 1) + j (z; 2) y (k + 2) - 4y (k + 1) + 4y (k) = 0 where y (0) =I, y (I)= 0.

y (n)
8Z -1
= 3 [-z-] + ±z-l [z; 2]
z- 1 3
Solution : [A.U. N/D 2005, A.U. N/D 2006, Tvli M/J 2011)
[A.U.T. CBT N/D 2011)
Given : y (k + 2) - 4y (k + 1) + 4y (k) = 0
8 2)n
4
= -3 (1)° + 3 (- - - - - - - - - ; - 7 r-1r: ..g z i1JUU
transform on both sides, we get
~ z [y (k + 2)) -
I ~
4Z [y (k + 1)) + 4Z [y (k)] = 0
= -43 [2 + (-2)n] Formula : z [an] z a
_ 2
[ z2 y (z) - z- y (0) - zy 1( ) ] [ Y() (0)] 4 Y() 0
- 4 z z - zy + z =
6. S o Ive Yn+ 2 - 2 cos a Yn + 1 + Yn = O given that Yo = l, cz2 Y(z) -z2 -z (0)] -4 [zY(z) -z] + 4Y(z) = 0
Yt = cosa.
y (z) [ z 2 - 4z + 4 ]- z2 + 4z = 0
. . - 2 cos a Yn + 1 + Yn = O
Solution : Given . Yn + 2, = z [0 ) z2-4z z (z - 4)
Y(z)
l- 2 cos a Z [Yn + il + Z [Yn) z2-4z +4 z2-4z+ 4
Z[Yn+ 2 (O)]+Y (z) = 0~ z-4 z-4 _ A + - B -
[z2Y(z) -z2 y (0)-zy (l)) -2cosa [zY(z) -zy - 0 z = z2-4z +4 = (z-2)2 - z-2 (z-2)2 ... (I'
[ z 2 _ 2z cos a
2 + 2zcosa -
+l ) y (z) - z- - z cos a r-
~-t-.::_z_-_4:_=_-=-:A~(~z_-_.='.2):_+_B---,----:-:-----:~=--:::-l
[z2 _ 2z cos a + 1 l y (z ) - - z cos a = 0
- Z2
put z = 2, we ge t Put z = 0, we get
-4 = -2A + B
[z2-2 zcosa +l) Y()-.z -2= B
z - 2-zco sa B
z (z - cos a)
[ ~ -4=-2-24 .A-2 -21
-2
y (z) = z2 - 2z cos a + 1
A
_ _ _ _ _ _L__ ___b 1
;=!-- -~
I I
 s and Differe nce Equ .
s_.1_02_ _ _ _...:...__ _ _ _ _ _ _
-
.
E=.:n.:.::g~in:.::.ee::.:r,:::in~g_._Mv1cathern atics rra nsform
~------.:::..:..:..:.-- at,ons
---......:::: I'
1 2 1,et 3Z + 7 = A (z - 1) + B (z + 4)
(l) => Y (z) _
z - z - 2 - (z _ 2)2 t z === 1, we get
pu z == -4, we get
2 2
10 "" SB -5::: -SA
Y(z) = - - - 2 --
z- 2 (z - 2)2
z- Q7 7"_ -:-- !.... ..-~ A:: :1
z- 2 - Y(~ = _1_ +-L
Z[y(k )) =- 2)2
z - 2 (z - . (1) :::> z z +4 z - 1

y (k) = 1 2
z- [ -] _ z-1
z- 2
[---1 !._]
(z - 2)2
,:;, Y(z) =-
z 4
z
+ +2 2-
z-1
2
= (2l- (2lk = zk(l -k) 2-
Z[y(n )] = - -+2z-1
z+4

Formula : (1) Z [an] = _z-

z-a y(11) - z-1 [,:4] +22- 1 [,~1]
4y (n - 2) = o,
8. Using Z-transform solve y (n) + 3y (n - 1) - = (-4t + 2(It
[A.U M/J 200 61
n ~ 2 given that y (0) = 3 and y (1) = - 2.

+ 3y (n - 1) -4y (n - 2) = 0, n ~ 2 Formula : z [an] "" _z_

Solut ion : Given : y (n) z-a
Repla ce n by n + 2, we get 1 Solve x (n + 1) - 2x (n) = 1, given x(O) = 0
n+2 ~2,
y(n+ 2) + 3y(n +l)- 4y(n ) = 0, ~lution : Given : x (n + 1) - 2x (n) == 1
[A.U N/D 2018 R-8]
n ~o
~~ y0+ ~+ ~0 +D -~~ =~ + 1)] - 22 [x (n)] = Z[l]
Z[x (n
Z [Yn + 2] + 3Z [Yn + iJ -4Z [Yn] = 0
-zy (0)] -4 Y(z) =0 z X(z) - zr(0) - 2X(z) = _z_
[z2 Y(z) -z2y (0) -zy (1)] + 3 [zY(z) z-1
= 0
[z2Y (z)-3 z2+2 z) + 3 [zY( z)-3 z) -4Y( z)
zX (z) - 2X (z) = z ~ 1 ["." x (O) = 0 ]
[z2+ 3z-4 ) Y(z) -3z2 +2z -9z = 0

[z2 + 3z - 4) Y (z) = 3z2 + 7z (z-2 )X(z ) = _z_

z-1
3z2 + 7z - z (3z + 7)
Y(z) - X (z) - z
- z2+ 3z-4 - z2+ 3z-4 - (z - 1) (z - 2)
_ 3z+7 _ ~+_ _.!! _ ... (1)
Y(z) _ 3z;.- 7
- z+4 z- 1 A B
z - z2 + 3z _ 4 - (z + 4)(z - 1) ~-- 1_
-;--_ _
z - 1 +z - 2
... (1)
z (z - 1) (z - 2) =
5. l
04 sforror and Difference Equotlono I) , I 1111
- - - : - ~ ~ - - - - - - - - - - - ~IE~n~g~ln~e
Let 1 = A (z - 2) + B (z - l)
enng~·~~~
Mathell'lar i ·
~
,~n get put z = 0, wc ~c l r quul lnµ. lii r u 11 lflt lt111l 1>
we
z"" 1, vt 2 =
= 1,
pot A - C
= A -2
qf ,:i Oil I'"' 11 t1ld11$ ,
Put z we get Put z = 2, we get ~"" C We w-i t
;1 "" 1
1 = -A 1 = B C 1-2 11 ... A I· II
i.e., A= - l i.e., B = 1. [c -1 I rn-:-.:-,
W = _(!L + -z - 1
. (1) ~ z z- I z2 + l

=> X (z) - -z- + -z - _z_ _ _z_

2 _ _ z_
z-1 z-2 Y(z)
z-1 z2+J z2 + l

X (n) _ 2 -1 [-z] + 2- 1 [-z]

z-1 z-2
y (n) z- 1 [ - : : - ]
z i
_ 2 [_L_]
-1
z2
- 7✓
+1
, f, 7,
lzh . . j
.,
IFormula : Z (an)
z ~a \
= ( l t - cosn:,r, - sin~
2 2
10. Using Z-transfo rm method solve Yn + 2 + Yn 2 given = z
Iformula : (1) Z [a"]
that Yo = Y1 = 0. [A.U. M/J 2007] [A.U M/J 2016 R-13] I z-a
Solution : Given : Yn + 2 + Yn = 2 and Yo = Y1 = 0 (3) Z [sin n2n] = _z_
z2 + 1
Z [Yn + 2J + Z [Yn] = Z (2]
[z2 y (z) _ z2 y (0) - zy (l)] + Y (z) · = 2Z (l] IL Solve Yn+2 + 6Yn+1 + 9y0 = 2° given Yo= y1 = 0
z2 y (z) _ o - O + Y (z) 2-;-~ (": Y (0) = 0, Y (l) = O[lU. AIM 2008, A.U. N/D 2008, A.U AIM 2009] [AL T~ ~ ':I ~
1
z [A.U. N/D 2009) [A.U.T. Tvli N/D 2011 ){AL Ml ~:a :J:.-.C
Y (z) [ z 2 + 1] 2z _ 1 [A.U N/D 20U] [A.U N/D 2018 R-17] [AL A'){ ZJ-:) Y ::;
1z
y (z)
(z - 1) (z 2 + 1)
ialution: Given : Yn+2 + 6Yn+l + 9yn
Y(z)= 2 _ _A__ +~ ... (1) Z lYn+iJ + 6Z lYn+1J + 9Z lYnJ z [:t1J
z (z - 1) (z2 + 1) - z - 1 z2 + 1
2 = A (z2 + 1) + (Bz + C) (z - 1) lr Y(z)-z2y( O) -zy(l)) + 6 [zY(z) - =,(OJ I - ~~
 ◄
t . Transforms and Difference Equations
.,,--
5.106 Engineering Mathern .
· atJcs i.e., y(n) = ..!_z-1[._L] 1 _ [ _ _ _ _ 5.107
25 z-2 1 [
--z-1 ~ ] + 15z-l -
r: y (0) = 0, y (l) == OJ 25 z-(-3) ~-]
z2 Y(z) + 6z Y(z) + 9 Y(z) = z~2
1 (z-(-3)]2
=- (2)" - .l n 1
25 (-3) + ii(-3)" n
25
[z2 + 6z + 9) Y(z) = _ :_

(z + 3)2Y(z) = z-
_z_
z-2
Formula : (1) z [a"] = -L
z-a (2) Z[a"n] = ~
- -
2 (z-a}2
tZ, Using the Z-transfonn , so1ve
z
Y(z)
(z - 2)(z + 3)2
lln+2 + 4un+l + 3un =2" with Uo = 0, U1 =1 [A.U Nm 2010]

Solution : Given : u +2 + 4u n+l + 3u [A.U Nm 2015 R-8]

Y(z) 1 n n = 2"
z (z - 2) (z + 3)2 = Z(2"]
Z[un + 2] + 4Z [un+1J + 3Z [unJ
= _A_+ _B_+ _C_ ... (1) [z2 U(z) - z2 u(O) - z u(l)]
z - 2 (z + 3) (z + 3)2
+4 [zU(z) - zu(O)) + 3U(z) = _!__
z-2
1 = A (z + 3)2 + B (z - 2) (z + 3) + C (z - 2)
2
z U(z) -z + 4zu(z) + 3U(z) = _z_
Putz = 2, Putz= -3, equating z2 co-eff. z-2

we get we get on both sides, we get (z2 + 4z + 3) U(z) = _z_ +z

z-2
1 = 25A 1 = -SC 0=,{_+ B 2
+ 3) (z + 1) U (z) = z + z - 2z
~
(z
B = -A z-2
'A = 2~ I t__:____I_J
/n =-~I U(z) = z2-z
(z - 2)(z + l)(z + 3)
z (z - 1)
(z - 2) (z + 1) (z + 3)

z-1 A B C
Q£l = +z + 1 +z +3
... (1)
z (z - 2) (z + 1) (z + 3) = z- 2

y (n) = ..!_ 2-1 [-z

25 z-
]__!_ -1 [-z
z+
2
]_.!z-l [-z
25 +
]
2
3 5 (z 3)2
Let z - 1 = A (z + l)(z + 3) + B (z - 2) (z + 3) + C (z - 2)(z + 1)--·
 ◄

5.108 Engineering Mathematics • rransforms and Ditter

t _.--- --:::. ..::. ence Equar
~s
r
Putz= -1, we get put z = 2, we get put z = -3, we get ~-z----2-~
(z - 3) (z - 2) U(z) ==

-2= -6B 1 = 15A -4 = lOC z-4

~I
~
I B • ½ ! IA .
U(z)
(z - 3) (z - 2) U(z)

= z (z - 3)
==
z-4

(l) ~ U(z) = 1/15 + 1/3 + (-2/5) (z - 3) (z _ 2) (z _ 4)

z z-2 z+l z+3
z
U(z)
_U_J_z) = 1~ (z ~ 2) + ½(z : 1) - f (z : 3) (z - 2) (z - 4)

A
1
-L
= ~ (z ~ 2) + ½(z : 1) - f (z : 3)
z (z - 2) (z - 4) == - 2 +
Z [u (n)J z- Z-4 ... (1)
1 = A (z - 4) + B (z _ 2)

u (n) = 1~ z-1 r~~2] +½z-1 r~:i] -fz-1 [z~3] put z = 2, we get Put z = 4, we get
1 = -2A, 1 == 2B
2 ( J)n
1 2 n 1 ( - l )n - 5 -
-½ I
= 15 <) + 3

Formula : Z [a
0
] = _z_ I.
i A • [ B- ½ l
z -a -1 I
U(z) _ T 2-
13. Using Z-transform, solve Un+2 - Su 0 +1 + 6u0 = 4° given that --+
- z-2 z-4
z
1Jo = 0, Ut = 1. [A.U. APril, 2001) [A.U. CBT Dec. 2008]
U(z) = _! (-z) +!2z-4
(-z )
[A.U CBT N/D 2010] 2z-2
Solution : Given : u 0 + 2 - 5un+I + 6u 0 = 4°
Z[U(n) J = _!
2 z-2
(-z)+! (-z)2 z-4
Z[u 0 +2J-5 Z[u 0 +1J+6 Z[u 0 ] = Z[4°]

[z2 U(z) -z2 u(O) - zu (1)]

u(n) = _!z-I
2
[-z-]
z-2
+ .!z-1 [-z-]
2 z-4

-5 [zU(z) - zu(O)J + 6U(z) = z _ 4

z
= -½ (2)0 + ½(4)0
[z2 - 5z + 6] U(z) - z -- z-4
_z_ ['.' u (0) =0, u (1) =1)

(z 2 - Sz + 6) U(z) = z +-z-
z-4
= _ 2n-1 + z2n-l I Formula : Z [a"] = ~,
 Engineering Mathematics ,, • Transforms and Diff
5.110 ~ erence Equations

14. Yn + 2 + 4y0 + l + 3y0 = 3° with Yo = 0, Yt = 1 tfY(n)J = ¾ (?h)- l; (-L) + ..!_ (-2_)

z+3 24 z-3
[A.U Tvli N/D 2010, A.U. N/D 2011J[A.U AIM 2015 R-OS]
[A.U AIM 2019 R. 171 y (11 ) = ¾z- l [._L] -
z +1
2_ z-1
12
[
tt3
Z ] 1
+ 24z-1
[
--!.__]
3 z-3
Solution : Given : Yn + 2 + 4yn + 1 + 3yn = 3n
= g(-lt- -&-(- 3l +½(3 l
Z [Yn+2J + 4Z(Yn +il + 3Z[ynJ = Z[3"]
Formula : z [an] = --2_
z-a _
J
[z2Y(z )-z2y( O)-zy( l)] + 4[zY(z )-zy(0 )) + 3Y(z) = -2_
z-3
15, Solve Yn+2 + Yn = n2".
[A.U M/J 20U)
(z2 + 4z + 3) Y (z) - z = 2 -3
z- Solution : Given : Yn +2 +Yn = n2n
z
(z + l)(z + 3) Y(z) = z_ 3+z z CYn+2J + Z CYnJ = Z [2n nJ
z +z (z - 3) VY(z) -z2y(O ) -zy(l) ] + Y(z)= ~ r: z [nan] = ~ J
z-3 (z - 2)2 (z-a)2
z2-'lz (z2 + 1) Y (z) - z2 S - zT =~
z-3 (z - 2)2
__·z--'(,__z --~2)'- --_ ,hen S = y(O), T = y(l)
Y(z) - -
- (z + l)(z + 3) (z - 3)
(z2 + 1) Y(z) = 'lz + z2s + zT
Y(z) = z-2 = ~+_. .!!_+ _s_ ()
1 (z-2)2
z (z + l)(z + 3)(z - 3) z+1 z+3 z- 3 ...

= A (z + 3) (z - 3) + B (z + l)(z - 3) + C (z + l)(z + 3) (z2 + 1) Y(z) = 2z + sz2 + Tz

Let z - 2 (z - 2)2
Putz= -1, we get put z = -3, we get put z = 3, we get
Y(z) , = 2z sz2 Tz
= 24C 2 2 +-- +--
z2 +
-3 = -BA . -5 = 128 1 (z - 2) (z + 1) z2 + 1 1

DJ !□ = S·z T
IC~ I 2~
Y(z)
z
2
(z - 2)2 (z2 + 1) + z2 + 1 + .t- + 1
... (1)

. () Y(z) _ (3/ 8) (-5/12) (1/24) fake 2 = L+ ~-+ Cz+D

.. 1 => z - z+l + z+3 + z-3 + 1) z - 2 (z - 2)2 z2 + 1
... (2)
(z - 2)2 (z2

2 = A (z - 2) (z2 + 1) + B (z2 + 1) + (Cz + D) (z - 2)2

 Engineering Mathematics , , Transforms and Difference Equations
5.113
5.112
• 3 put z = 0, we get
Put z = 2, we get equating z
on bothsides, we get
2 = -24 + B + 4D
2 = 5B
2 = -24 + ¾+ 4D
[s a¾] O =A +C

A= -C 2-¾ = -24 + 4D
(or) C= -A •·· (3)
.§_ = -24 + 4D ... (4)
5

equating z2 on both sides, we get

o= -24 + B - 4C + D
2
0 = -24 + 5 + 4A + D

_1 = 24 + D ... (5)
5
6
(4) + (5) => 5D =5

[o a ;; ]

24 - -2 -D
(5) - 5
2 6
24 = -5- 25
16 8 n 1 n n:rc . n:rc
24 = -25 = - (2) +
52 n + E cos + F sm
25 2 2
8 6
IA a-~ I where E =
25
+ S ' F = -25 +T

8 Formula : (1) z [an] =--

z az
(3) C = -A = 25 z-a (z -a)2
n :re] = -z2- (4) [sin n2:rc]
le a~ I (3) Z
[
cos-
2 z2+ 1
Z z
= z2 + 1
 ◄

form, solve
Engineering Mathematics
t;:..--. --Tra
f .
ns orms and Difference Equat1ons

C D
7
5.115

16. Using Z-trans and y1 = -S • =~ +_ !!z-1 __

+ - +1)3 -
+ 4yn+l
- Syn = 24n - 8 given that Yo = 3 z+ s
(Z- 1)2 (Z-
Yn+2
N/D 20IIJ
[A.U. April, 2000] [A.U.T. CH -
3z3 +;
19z + 39 (z - 1)3 + B (z + 5) (z - 1)2
=A
C (z - 1) (z + 5) + D (z +
= 24n - 8 5)
Solution : Given : Yn+2 + 4Jn+l - Syn +
= 24Z (n) - BZ (1) t1I z = - 5, we get
Z [yn+zJ + 4Z [yn+1J - 5Z [y0 J p

z) - 375 + 25 + 95 + 39 = A ( _ 6)3
[z2 Y(z) -z2 y(O) - zy(l)J + 4 [z Y(z) - zy(O)J - 5Y(
-216 = -216 A
= 24 _z_ _ g_ Z_
(z - 1)2 z- 1 A= 1

24z - 8z (z - 1) 01 z = 1,
we get
[z2 + 4z - 5) Y(z) - 3z2 + 5z - 12z
= 2
p 3 + 1 - 19 + 39 = 0(6 )
(z - 1)
24 = 0(6 )
2 24z -Bz 2+ 8z 0 = 4
(z2 + 4z - 5) Y(z) - 3z - 7z = 2
(z - 1) 3 get
equating z on both sides, we
2
32z - Bz 2
+ 3z + 7z 3 =A +B
(z + 5) (z - 1) Y(z) = 2
(z -1) 3 =1+B
2 B = 2
32z - Bz + (3z2 + 7z) [z - 2z +
2 1)
(z - 1)2 iut z = 0, we get

- 14z2 + 7z + 39 = -A + SB - SC + 50
32z - 8z2 + 3z4 - 6z3 + 3z2 + 7z3 0 + 0 - 0
(z- 1)2 39 SC + 20
= -1 + 10 -
3
3z4 + z - 19z2 + 39z 39 = 29 - SC
(z - 1)2
SC = 29 - 39
z [3z3 + z2 - 19z + 39)
SC = -10
(z - 1)2
C = -2
3
z (3z + z2 - 19z + 39)
Y(z) - ... ... ._ _- -:: --~ ~+_ 4_
- (z - 1)3 (z + 5) Y(z) == _I _+ _2__
z+ S z-1 (z- 1)2 (z- 1)3
3 2
z
Y(z) 3z + z - 19z + 39
3
z (z+ S)( z-1 ) Y(z) = 2_ _+ 2- z- -2 -z -+ 4-z-
(z - 1)2 (z - 1)3
z +S . z- I
 Transforms and o·tt
_s._1_16_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _E_ng.;;_i_ne_e_ri...;ng:::._M.:.:a::.:.th~ernatics V--- --- erence Equations
[-z-] _ [-2_] ---.:
i

y(n) 2 -1 [-z-]
z+5
+ 22 - 1
z- 1
22 _1
(z _ l)2
Y(z) == (z + l)z
(z - 1) 2
5.117

+ 4z-l [-z-]
(z - 1)3
~==
z
~
(z -
-
1)2 - z=-i + ~
A B
... (1)
(-St+ 2(1t - 2n + ±z-1 [ 2z ] Let z + 1 = A (z - 1) + B
2
(z - 1)3 put z == 1, we get equ ll. f
a on o coefficient of z
(-5)" +2 - 2n + 2n (n - 1) 2 = B
on bothsides, we get
(-5)" +2 - 2n + 2n 2 - 2n E I
le-, =2 =1 [A J
(-5)" + 2n 2 - 4n +2 Y(z) _ 1 2
, n = 0, 1, 2, ... .-.(1)~ - -+-
z z -1 (z _ l)2
z
Formula : , 1. Z [a"] = - -
z- a Y(z) = _z_+2_ !__
z
z- 1 (z - 1)2
2. Z [n] =
(z - 1)2 Z [y (n)] = 2-- + 2_!___
z- 1 (z - 1)2
2z
3. Z [n (n - 1)] = 3

17. Solve y(n) - y(n - 1) = u(n) + u(n -

(z - 1)

1) when u(n) =n,

y(n) - z-1 [,~1] +2z-1 [(,~t)']
u(n-1) = n-1 = (1)" + 2 (11)
Solution : Given : y(n) - y(n - 1) = u(n) + u(n - 1) = 2n +1 Formula : Z [a"] = -z-
z-a
Z[y(n)] - z [y(n - 1)] = Z[u(n)] + Z [u (n - 1)] 18. Find the response of the system :

z 1 Yn + 2 - Syn + 1 + 6yn = Un, with Yo = 0, Y1 = 1 and Un = 1 for

Y(z) - z -1 Y(z) = z - 1 + z - 1
n = O, 1, 2, ... by Z-transform method. [A.U N/D 2018-A R-17)

-1 z _1_ lolution : Given : Yn + 2 - 5y0 + 1 + 6yn = Un

(1 - z ) Y(z) = z- 1+z- 1
Taking Z-transform of both sides of the given equation we get
[1 -¼] Y(z) = : ~ ! Z[Yn+2J -5Z[Yn+ iJ + 6Z[ynJ = Z[un]

[z ~ 1] Y(z) = : ~ ! [z2Y(z)-z 2y(O)-zy (l)]-5[zY (z)-zy(O) ] + 6Y(z)=z~ l

 (z2 - 5z + 6) Y(z) - z = _z_
z-1
--
_s._1_1s_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _E=n.::g~in:.::.ee~r.:,::in~g....'.:M~a~th~e:!!lrn,aucs i - Transforms

Yn+l
and Difference Equations
J9, Solve the simultaneous d'lli
= "rt + 2yn
• erence equations
given that y,,
·-u
=0
'
-
"n+i == 5Xn+7,
and Yo = 1.
5.119

(z2-5z+6) Y(z) = _z_+z Solution : Given : (i) Xn+I = 5x0 +7

z-1
Z[xn+1J = 52 (x0 ) + 1- [7]
(z - 2) (z - 3) y (z) = z + z (z - 1)
z-1 z X(z) - .zt(O) = 5 X(z) + 7 Z [1)

(z - 2) (z - 3) Y (z) = -
z2 zX(z) - 5X(z) = 7 [ ~ ]
z-1 z-1

Y(z) z2
- --,-------,--,------ (z - 5) X(z) = 7 [ ~ ]
- (z - l)(z - 2) (z - 3) z-1

Y(z) = _ _ _ _z_ _ _ = _A_+_B_+_C_

... (1)
X (z) =7 z
z (z - 1) (z - 2)(z - 3) z- 1 z- 2 z- 3 (z - 1) (z - 5)

Let z = A (z - 2)(z - 3) + B (z - 1) (z - 3) + C(z - l)(z - 2) X (zl = --,---_7__ A

z (z - 1)(z - 5) (z - +
=- 1) (z B
- 5) ... (1)
Put z = 1, we get put z = 2, we get put z = 3
7 = A (z - 5) + B (z _ l)
1 = 24 2 = -B 3 = 2C
Put z = 1, we get
put z = 5, we get
I A = ½I B = -
2
I I C = ½I 7 = -4A 7 = 4B

(
l) ~ Y(z) _ (1/2) __2_ + (3/2)
z - z-1 z-2 t ,-3
IA = -~,
l B =¾I
Y(z) ½(z~1)- 2(z~2)+½(z~3)
=
(I)~ X(z)
z
= (-7/4)
z-1
+ 7/4
z-5

= ½(z ~ 1) - 2(z ~ 2) + ½(/ 3)

X(z) = _J_ ~+J__z_
ZIY (n)] 4 z-1 4z-5

y(n) = ½z' ~~ 1 ]- 22- [z~2] +½z-' [,~3]

1 Z[x(n)] = _J_ _z_ + J__z_
4 z-1 4z-5

=½ +i
(1)" - 2 (2)" (3)
0
x(n) = -Zz-1
4
[-z-]
z-1
+ 7_ 2 -1
4
[-z-]
z-5
,-----------,
Formuh, : Z [a"] = _z_ I = -{ (1/ + { (5)" Formula : Z [a"] = _z_
I. z- a z-a
r - ◄

5.120 Engineering Mathematics

.::..:.::.:.....-----------...;;._-.....;;.._--.:..: ,~
t ._T_ra_n_sf_or_m_s..:.:an:.::'.d'.....'.D~lff~erence Equations
.,..--
(ii) Yn+l = Xn + 2 Yn
y(n) ~z-l r~1-_i -1[ z] lz-1[~
2
Z lYn+tl = Z [xnl + 22 lYnl
7
lz-1 u3 - z) -
z-2 +
z-5
4
zY(z) - zy(O) = X(z) + 2Y(z) = 4 {l)" - - (2? + 7 n
3 12 (5) Formula : z la11] == -1_
(z - 2) Y(z) - z = X(z) ,o.
"
Solve the system us,·n Z-t
g ransfonn
z- a
Xii + I = 7Xo + 10y0
(z- 2) Y(z) = X(z) +z
Yo+l = 'Kn+ 4yn given that 1il = 3,yo = 2.
= 7z +z [A.U. NovfDec. 19961
(z - l)(z - 5) solution : Given : Xn +l
= 7xn + lQyn
7z +-z- -J
Y(z) = Z (tn+1J = 72 (tnJ+lOZ[ynJ
(z - l)(z - 2)(z - 5) z - 2
zX(z) - .zt(O) = 7X(z) + lOY (z)
Y (z) = 7 + _1_ ( zX(z) -3z
= 7X(z) + lOY(z)
z (z - 1) (z - 2)(z - 5) z- 2 ... 2)
Take: (z - 7) X(z) - 3z = lOY(z)
... (1)
7 = ~ + __.!!_2 + _f_5 ... (3) = Xn + 4yn
Yn+1
(z - 1)(z - 2)(z - 5) z- 1 z- z-
Z[yn +1J = Z(t0 ] + 4Z[y )
0
7=A~-~~-5)+B~-D~-5)+C~-D~-~ zY (z) - zy(O) = X(z) + 4Y(z)
Put z = 1, we get put z = 2, we get put z = 5, we get · zY (z) - 2z = X(z) + 4Y(z)
7 = 4A 7 = -3R 7 = 12C (z - 4) Y(z) - 2z = X(z)
... (2)
(z - 7) X(z) - lOY(z) = 3z
~
(1) =>
.
Is = -~ I le = 1~ I (2) => X(z) - (z - 4) Y(z) = -2z
... (3)
... (4)
3
· 7 = (7/4)+(-7/3)+(7/12) (3) => (z - 7) X(z) - lOY(z) = 3z
( ) => (z - l)(z - 2)(z - 5) z- I z- 2 z- 5
(4) x (z - 7) (z - 7) X (z) - (z - 4)(z - 7) Y(z) = -2z (z - 7)
(2) =>
Y(z) _ J.. _1__ J__l_ + 1._1_ + _1_ (-) [(z - 4)(z - 7) - 10) Y(z) = 2z (z - 7) + 3z
z - 4 z-1 3z-2 12z-5 z-2
2
[z - llz + 28 - 10) Y(z) = 2z2 - 14z + 3z
_ J_ _l__ i_1_+1__1_
- 4 z - 1 3 z - 2 12 z - 5 [z2 - llz + 18) Y(z) = 2z2 - llz _:-
2
Y(z) = 2z :... llz _ z [2z - 11)
(z - 2)(z - 9) - (z - 2)(z - 9)
Z n - 7.._ _z__ i_z_+.?..._z_ Y(z) zn-1 = Zn (2z - 11)
[y ( )) - 4 z - 1 3z- 2 12 z - 5
(z - 2)(z - 9)
e
5 122 Engineering Mathematics ?. - Transforms and D'ff e~r~ence Equations
--- . ---: ......:::.:~~,
z = 2 is a simple pole z = 2 ts a simple pole
z = 9 is a simple pole z = 9 is a simple pole

z" (2z - '11)

Res Y(z)z
z=2
n-1
= /:.t? - 2
) (z - 2) (z - 9)

= Lt z" (2z - 11)

z-+2 z-9
== Ltz " {3z + ~
Z ➔ 2 Z-9

= 2" (-7 ) = 2"

(-7 )
== 2" {11]_
-7
Res Y(z )z"- 1 = Lt (z - 9)z" (2z - ll)
z =9 z ... 9 (z - 2)(z - 9)
== -2 (2")

= Lt z" (2z - ll)

z-+ 9 (z - 2)

=~=9" Res X(z )zn -l == Lt (z _ 9) z" (3z + 8]

7 (z - 2) (z - 9)
z=9 z ... 9

y(n) = sum of the resi due s

+ 9" == Lt z" {3z + 8]

= 2"
Z➔9 Z- 2
~ (z - 7)(z - 4) X(z) - 10(z - 4) Y(z)
= 3 (z - 4)z
(3) x (z - 4)

~ 10 X(z ) - 10(z - 4) Y(z) = -20z

(4) X 10
[(z -7) (z- 4)- 10J X(z ) = ~(z -4) z+2 0z
(-)
2 == 5(9")
2
[z - llz + 28 - lOJ X(z) = 3z - 12z + 20z

- 2 .
(z2 - llz + 18) X(z ) = 3z + 8z x(n) = sum of the resi dues

z (3i + 8] + 5 (9")
= (z - 2) (z - 9)
= -2n +l
X(z)

-1 z" [3z + 8)
X(z) z" = (z - 2)(z - 9)
 <
5.124
Engineering Mathematics z - Transforms and Differen
ce Equatlons
=E=XE
lr .=1 =R=c=1s=E=-=s=.1:::ill 5.125
1
13. 2" - + .!,2 4" - 3" (Ans. z (z2 - 6z + 6)
I. Find the Z-tran sform of the following sequences. 2 (2 - z) (3 - z) (4 - z)I
14, an sinb an
(Ans. az sinh a
1. n 2n 2z
[An s.-- ] z2 - 2z cosh a + a11
(z - 2)2
t.5. 2n cosb5 n [Ans. z (z - 2 cosh 5) ]
3n nn z2 z2 - 2z cosh 5 + 4
2. COST [Ans. -
2
-]
z +9 16. n (n - 1) 2° (Ans ._&_ )
3. 2n . nn
sm 2z (z - 2) 3
2 [Ans. - - ]
z2 + 4 17. nC3 (Ans. _z_ )
1 (z - 1)4
4. u (n - 2) [Ans.
z (z -1) ] 1
18· n (n + 1) (n + 2) (Ans. ~ [ (1 - z)2 log (z ~ ) _ z] ]
2n u (n - 1) 1
5. [Ans. __1__ ]
z- 2 19. :, (an + a-n) (Ans. ea/z + el/a z]
6. u (n - k) [Ans. z -k _z_]
z-1 zo. (An 3
(z - z) sine
n sinn 0
s. (z2 - 2z cos e + 1>21

7. 2° u (n -k) [An,. l (½:_(;L 21. nan cos n 0 An a (z3 cos B - 2az2 + a2 z cos B)
[ s. 2
(z - 2az cos e + a2)2
]

22. nan sin n 0 (Ans. az (z2 - a2) sin 0 1

2
8. 2n o (n - 1) [Ans. -]
z
(z2 - 2az cos0 + a2)2"
2

[z ~ 2 + z. ! 1] ] 23. ,"cos (n0+< />) (Ans. z cos¢ - zr cos (B - ¢)]

9. 32n+ 4(-1 ? [Ans. z z2 - 2zr cos 0 + ?

. nn ../3 z/2 l 24. n (n - 1) (n - 2) 6z

10. sm [Ans. [An s.--]
3 2
r- -z+ l (z - 1)4

nn z (z - 1/¥2) ] n-3 4-3zog ( z )

[Ans. 25. (Ans. -z-l z_ 1 ]
11. cos n (n - 1)
4 z2 -zv2 +1

12. an U(n) + bn U(-n - 1)

z
[ A n s . - +z - ]
z-a z-b
26. (½f u (n)
5z
(Ans. 5z _ )
1
 Engineering Mathematic t . Transforms and Difference Equations
~ -- -- -- -- ~ -- -~
5.127
5.126
z z2 cosh 0- z cosh ( ~ - 0)
27. 5" u (n) [Ans. z _ 51 cosh
11
:rc + 0] [Ans. z2 :re ]
,11,
iv
[ 2 - 2z cosh - + 1
2
2 u(n)
z (z + l)j
28. n [Ans. (z - 1)3 2z
(½)" u (n) [Ans. 2z _ 11
az bz cz (z + 1) J 11 _
2
29. a+ bn + cn [Ans. z - 1 + (z - 1)2 + (z - 1)3
II EXERCISE - si.JI
+ 2-
. n:rc
30. 2n +5s m--
4
3a4
[Ans. - -
2z z/,fl,
2 + 2 Jroz
(z - 1) z - v~z
+1 z-·11 Find the inverse Z-transform of the following sequence
by any

method.
1)2 [Ans.
z3-3z2+4z1
31. (n- 3 z
(z - 1) [Ans. (2" - 1) u (n)1
(z- l)(z - 2)
z3+z2
[Ans. - -31
32. (n + 1)2 z2 [Ans. _1_ [a"+ I - b" + I 1
(z - 1) a-b
(z - a)(z - b)
z2sin0 J
33. sin (n + 1) 0 [Ans. z2.- 2zcos0 + 1 ! 5z
(2 - z)(3z - 1)
[Ans. ( j) n- 2"1 [A.U NM 2019 R-8)

z2cos 0-z l 0
34. cos (n + 1) 0 [Ans. z [Ans. (-5)
0
(-6) )
r-2zc os0 + 1
2 -

I. z2 + llz + 30
z2sin 5-zsin 2J t2
35. sin (3n + 5) [Ans. 2
r-2zc os3+ 1
z2+z
--3 [Ans. r)
lZ - 1)

36. cos (nt f) +

An z (z - 1) l
[ s. v2 (z2 + 1) z2 + 2z
(z - l)(z - 2)(z - 3)
zea (zea - cos 0) l
37. e -an cosh 0 [Ans. 2a
1 1 11:rr 1 . n:rc
r e - 2zea cos 0 + 1
2
[Ans - -(-2 )" +-c os- - -sm
20
-J
2
• 10 10 2
(z + 2)(z2 + l)
zea sin0 J
38. e-an sin n 0 z2 e2a - 2z ea cos 0 + 1 2z2 + 4z
[Ans. 2
[Ans. n 2°]
(z - 2)3
z2cos 0-zco s (~-0 )
39. cos (nt + 0) [Ans.
z2-2z cos
:re
8 +1
1
 s.
t . Transforms and Difference Equations 129
Engineering Mathema11cs
x (11) ~ l give n that
+ 2) - y (11) "' 1 and y (n +
2) -
5.128 6. x (ll

z2- 3z [Ans. ; 5" + ~ (-2)"1 x (O) = 0 and Y (0) = - l

IO.
z2- 3z+ 10 1
= Z [] - COS
nZ,r - . nzn] ,
SID
(Ans. X (11)
4z2 - '}z (Ans. 2 + (311 - 2) 2"1 n,r ]
11. 2 y(n )
1
= 2 [sin T
111t
- cos 2 - 1 J
(z - l)(z - 2)

y (II + 2) -Sy (n + 1) + 6y (n)

= n.(n - 1) given tha t y (0) = O
z (z2 - 1i 1 n n+ t 3 J
12. 1. = 3 - 2 + 2+ n
and y (1) = o
(z2 + 1)2 [An s. y (n) 2
z(3 z2- 6z + 4) J 5"
(Ans. 4 2° - n (1)" - (1)" = Ct + c2 3" + gl
13. - 5" (Ans. Yn
(z - 1)2 (z - 2) + t + 3yn -
8- Yn + 2 - 4yn
; (Ans. 2" cos 2
n,r
1 [Ans. Un
14. - 2"
z2+4 9. Un + 2 - Sun + t - 6 Un -

/I EXERCISE - S.31/ = 3n
10. Yn + 2 - 6yn + t + 9yn n- 2
1 3 1
Solve the following equations,
using Z-tr ans form . (ct + c2n ) 3n + 2n (n - 1)
(Ans. Yn
I
n tha ty( 0) = 0 and y(l )=
1. y(n +2 )-y (n) = 2" give
(An s.y( n) = i
(2" -(- l)" J
11. Yn + t
+ .!.
4 n
y = (.!)4 "(n ;? 0), Yo 0

2[(¾)" -<-¾>"Ji
0
that y (0) = 0 and y (1) =
2. y (n + 2) - 4y (n) = 2° given [Ans.yn =
[An s.y( n) = 1 ~ [(- 2)" -2" +n 2"+ tJ
Yn + 2 - 6yn + t + Byn = 2n +
6n
1) + y (n) = n given that y (0) =0 and y (1) =0 12·
y (n + 2) + 2y (n +
3.
n ( 8
2n + 2n - 31 n)
[Ans. y (n) = ¾(n - 1) [ 1
+ (-l) n - tJ [Ans. Yn = Ct 4 + C2 - 4
= 2" 11 2 given that y (0) =
0
+ Uk = 'th
2 k WI Yo 2, Yt = 1
4. y (n + 2) - 4y (n + 1) + 3y (n) 13. Uk + 2 - 2uk + t
and y(l ) = 0
(Ans. Uk = 1- 2k + 2k1 {A. U AIM 2019 R-8]
2" (n 2 + B)J
[Ans. y (n) = 3 + 5 3" - 0,u t = 1
+2 +4 un +t- 3u0 = 3°w ith u 0
)=O and y(1 ) =0 14. U
n+ 1)+ 4y( n)= ngi ven tha ty(O
0
5. y(n +2 ) - 4y(
1 [An s.u = ~(- l)" +.. .!.. .30 _2 _(- 3)" 1
"- ] 12
(An s.y( n) = n:[ l+( n - 2)2
0
8 24
 rnaa

5.130 Engineering Mathematics z - Transforms and Difference Equations

5.131
15. Yn + 2 + 6yn + 1 + 9yn = 2n with Yo = Y1 = 0 Z3. Yn + 2 + Y111 = nan

. n Jr
[Ans. Yn = 2~ [2n - (-3)n + in (-3)n]1 (An - A
s.yn -
Jr n n
cos 2 + B sm 2 +-.!!___ [n--1:L]J
l+a2 l+a2
16. Find the response of the system Yn + 2 - Syn + 1 + 6yn :::, un with Z4. / (n) + 3 / (n - 1) -.-4/(n - 2) = 0, n 2:: 2 given that /(O) _
- 3
and/ (1) == -2.
Yo = 0, y 1 = 1 and Un = 1 for n = 0, 1, 2, 3... by Z-transform
method. (Ans./ (n) = ¼4n + ~4 (-l)n)
n + 3 3n] Z5. Yn + 2 + 2yn + 1 + Yn = n if Yo = Y1 = 0
[Ans. Yn = 21 - 22
2
+ 1 un -1 f~s. Yn = -n -4 -1 fl - (-1) J
n ]
[A.U N/D 2013]
. 1Yn
.J:u-
17. Solve the umerence equat10n Yn +4 -1 = Un
3 where

un is a unit step sequence. 26. an + 1 = an + a bn, bn + 1 = bn + a an .

Find an as a function of a and n.
[Ans. Yn = 12 [ -
1
41] n - 1
1 bn
(Ans. tan (n tan- 1 a)J
18. Un + 2 - 2un + 1 + Un = 3n + 5 [A.U AIM 2019 R-17]
27. Xn +1 = 7x0 + lOyn
1
1) (n + 3) +co+ c1 nJ Yn + 1 = x0 + 4yn given x0 = 3, Yo = 2
[Ans. u0 =
2n (n -
19. Find the response of the system given by Yn + 3Y(n - 1) = Un fAns. x0 = 5 (9°) - 2 (2n) ; Yn = 9" + 2n1
where un is a unit step sequence and y ( -1) = 1.
28. x (n + 2) - 3x (n + 1) - l<k (n) = 0, given x (0) 1, x (l) =0
(Ans.yn - [¼-¾(-3)"]µ(n)] [Ans. x(n) == ~ 5" + t (-2)", n = 0, 1, 2, ...1
20. Find the impulse response of a system described by
[A.U M/J 2013] [A.U M/J 2014]
Yn + 1 + 2yn = 8n ; Yo = 0.
29. x (k + 2) + a: (k + 1) + x (c) = u (k) where x (0) = 0, x (1) = 0
[Ans. Yn = (-2)n - 1
(n ~ l)J
and u (k) = k for k = 0, 1, 2, ...
21. Yn + 2 - 2 cos a Yn + 1 + 2yn = 0 given Yo 1, Y1 = cos a.
(-ll
'
[Ans. x (k) = -k+l
4
- +
4
(1 - k), k = 0, 1, 2, ...1
(Ans. Yn = cosn aJ
l 3o. Yn + 2 - 4yn + 1 + 4yn = if Yo = Y1 = 0
22. Yn + 2 - 2 cos a Yn + 1 + Yn = 0 if Yo = 0, Y1 Jr

[Ans. Yn
sinn a
= -. -J
SlD a
[Ans. Yn = x [1 + 2° (?- 1)]1
 1
·ematfc"; ' z - Transforms and 6ifference Equations 5.133
_E_n..;;,g_i~_e~_r_in=-a_M_a..:,:th..::.:
..:..5._13_2:___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Miscellaneous Problems 3. Find Z (f(n)J if f(n) = j:;' 0

0 , otherwise
2: O

following :
Find the bilateral Z - transform of the
2. f(n) = fn, n2:0 Solution :
l. 3 fnf n<0 lO, We know that, Z {x (n)} = }:
00

x (n) z-n

(2l) I
n =- oo
k I n oo (az -It
0 5. x(n) = {1,2,3,4,o,6,7} oo
L=O
3. f(n) = {:; ' 2: O 4.
Z {f (n)} = L= o !!...,
n.
z -n =
n n!
0 , ofherwise n
' -1 /n.,.- 1,2
az e.._ i_
1. Find Z {alnl} 1+ L! + 11 + ...
00

Solution : We know that, Z {x (n)}°

= L x (n) z-n -1 Form ula:
n = -oo = eaz
.JC X J-
=1 +[1 +1 1+ ...
00

Z{afnf} = L ;alnl z-n e

n=-o o · .
Here, x = az- 1
-1 00
1
= L a-nz-n + L. an z-n
(½)'• 1
n=- oo n=O 4. Find the Z-transform of {
= [... + a3 z3 + a z2 + az] + Z [ an ·1 .
2
Solution : We know that,'} Z {afkf} (1 - az) (z - a)
= (.ii) [... + a2 z2 + az + 1] + Z [an]
= (az) [1 - azr 1
+ Z [an] Here, a = -21
r- -- -- -- -- -- -
(1-x )- 1 = 1+x+x2+ ...
3z
=~ + _z_ Formula : (1) 4
1-a z z-a
z- az
2
(2) z [an] = _z_
·· z- a
(2 ~z) {Zz; 1)
(1 - az)(z - a)
3z
2. Find Z{f(n)} if f(n) = {o"' , D
n 2: O
<0
3z - = - - - -
-
- - -Zz-
(2- z)( l) Sz _ _ iz2 2
Solution ; ' ence x(n) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 0, 6, 7}
00
5. Find the Z-tr ansf orm of the sequ
We know that Z {x(n)} = L x(n) z-n
n=O
00 Solution : Given : x (n) = {1, 2, 3, 4, o, 6, 7}
Z {f(n)} = }: nz-n i.e., X (0) l, X (1) = 2, X (2) = 3, x (3) 4
n=0
X (4) = 0, X (5) = 6 , X (6) = 7
= Z[n J Formula :
The Z-transform is

=
z
(z - 1)2
Z [x(n)] = X(z ) = f
n=-o o
x(n )z-n
~ : __ _ _ _ _ _ ___;;;._-
5_134 --a._,_-
Engineerin :.: cs Z • Transforms and Difference Equations
g Mathemati

As x (n) has values from 11 = 0 to n = 6 -;-;~~ ;;;;~~ ~:;:;; ;;::::: =-:--. ::=== ~
_5._6_C_O_N_V_ER_G_E_N_C_E_O_F_Z_-T_R_A_N._:SF..:0:.:.:R.::.:M:_S-:--------=
00
X(z) = L x(n)z:...n Def :- Region of Convergence (AOC) .___
n=O
4 The region of the Z-plane in which
X(z) 1 + 2z- 1 + 3z- 2 + 4z- 3 + 0z- + 6z-s + 7z- 6
00
2 3 4 6 7 U (z) =L Un z-n where
X(z) 1+-+ -+-+- 3 5 +6 z
iz2z z n=-00
X (z) bas finite values except at z = 0. .
un represents a number in the sequence for n is
an mteger
At z = 0, X (z) is infinite. converges absolutely is known as the region of convergence (ROC) of
U(z)
Hence, X (z) is convergent for all values of z, except z = 0
Note : (1) The region of convergence of a one sided z transform
:. The region of convergence (ROC) is the entire z plane except z==O. of a right-sided sequence

6. Find Z [e' sin 2 t] [A.U N/D 2015 R-8] 00

i.e., U(z) = L UnZ-n is lzl > a

n=O
Sol. Z [/ sin 2 t] =Z [sin 2t] z➔ze -T
i.e., the exterior of the circle with
ze-Tsin2 T centre at origin and of radius a
= z2e-2T- 2ze-Tco s2T+l say lzl > /al

2
7. If z [f (x)] = -f--, then find / (0), using initial value theorem.
z +1 Note : (2) The region of convergence of a one sided Z transform
[A.U AIM 2019 R-13] of a left-sided sequence
Solution : By initial value theorem 0

f (0) = Jim F (z)

i.e., U (z) = L un z-n is lz I < a
z ➔ 00
n=-00

For a left-handed sequence,

= Jim _L =
00
00 the ROC is always inside any
z➔ 00 z2 + 1
prescribed contour lz I < Ib I 0 b

Jim Zz by L'Hospital's rule.

2➔ 00 Zz

=liml =l
z ➔ 00

***********
 Engineering Mathematics ations
5.136 Z - Transforms and Difference Equ
sided Z transform
reaion of convergence of two = _z _+ _z _ = 2z
Note : (3) Th e e.- (4- z)( z-2 )
defined by 4- z z- 2
00
y
U (z) = L Un z -n is the
n=- 00 ·

annulus region /b/ < /z/ < /c/

/I WORKED EXAMPLES I/
region of convergence of
(1) Find the Z-transform and

u (n) = 14",n<0
2" ,n~ 0

if
being G.P. will be convergent
Solution : Now the two seri es in (1)
< 4 and 2 < /z/.
00
/ < 1 and /2/z/ < 1 i.e., if /z/
/ z/4
We know that, Z[u(n)J = _L u(n )z- n
n=- 00 i.e., 2 < z < 4.
annulus as
00 gen t if z lies between the
-1
+L Hen ce Z [u (n)J is con ver
=L 4" z -n 2" z -n
ce, RO C is 2 < z < 4.
n=- 00 n=O shown sha ded in figure. Hen
region of convergence of
es, we get (2) Find the Z-transform and
Putting -n = m in the first seri
00
u (n) = n Ck , n 2!: k
00
Z[u(n)J =L 4-mz111 + _L 2"z -n
1 n=O Solution :
00 00

We know that, Z [u (n)J

We rep lace n by k + r

z 1 + 1
4 · 1 - (z/4) 1 - (2/z)
 Z - Transforms and Difference Equations 5.139
Engineering Mathematics
~5.1~3~8_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _...:-------..:-
Talcing inverse Z-transform
- (
1)-(k+l)
= z k 1--
Z
z- 1 [U(z))= z- 1 [(z-5)-j = Un
This series is convergence for I1/z I < 1 i.e., for lz I > 1. = ½(n - 1) (n - 2) 5n- 3 for n 2: -rt---+---¼-~._5....j...

Hence ROC is lz I > 1. = 0 for n < 3

( ) Find z-1 {(z - sf 3} when jz I > i. Determine the region of

3
convergence. The region of convergence is the exterior of the circle jz I = 5
1l11 .... .. • i.e., with centre at origin and of radius 5.
Solution :
(4) Find the Z-transform and the radius of convergence or
Consider
1 1 · 1 u (n) = 2n, n < 0
(z - Sf 1
= ~ = °3" 53
(z - 5) z- (1 - ;) Solution :
Let u (n) = 0 for n 2: 0 we have
Expanding by Binomial series which is valid when I¾I< 1 or
Z [u (n)J =
00
L u (n)z-n =
-1
L zn z-n
-00 n=-00
lzl > 5, we have
00

~
= ~
L., 2-m zm where m = -n
(z 5)' =) [!+3 (¾)+i:~ ·(¾i' +i:~:i[¾J' + i:~;:: (¾)' + ...] m=l

+ 4.5 w+
3 5.6 (~) 4 + ... ] z 1
= 2' 1 _ (½) = 2-z
z

= ½ f 3
(m + 1) (m + 2) 5m .z-m- ; put m + 3 = n
This series being a G.P. is convergent if I½ I < 1 i.e., jz I < 2.
m=O

U(z) = (z-5)- 3 =;: ½

n=3
f (n-l)(n-2)5n- z-n 3
Hence, ROC is lz I < 2
(5) Find the Z-transform and the radius of convergence of
u (n) = S"ln!, n 2: 0
 z. Transforms and Difference Equations 5.141
Engineering Mathematics
5.140

Solution : (PART-A QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS) (

We know that,

Z[u(n)] :::i:
00
L
n=O
,.z
5n
n.
-n
=
00
L0
(5/z)"
n.
1
1. How are Z-transforms related to Laplace transforms? What are
the uses of Z-transforms? Give suitable examples.
[A.U. April/May - 1999) ·

-I+ m+;, m' +;, m' +... ~ 2.

3.
Define one sided Z-transform.

Define two sided Z-transfonn.

= eS/z Define unit step sequence and unit impulse sequence.
4.
The above series is convergent for all values of z. 5. Find the value of u (n) - u (n - 1) = 0

Hence, ROC is the entire z-plane. (Ans. c5 (n)]

6. Define u (n - k)
l!EXERc1sFJI 1, if n =k
(Ans. u (n - k) = ( 0 if n ¢ k
Find the Z-transform and its ROC in each of the following
sequences : _ dF(z)]
7. Z[nf(n)] - .................. [An s. z dz

1. u (n) = zn/n, n > 1 Ans. - log ( 1 - i) ; lz I > 3

8. Z[(-l)n] [Ans. ~ l if
z+
lzl > 1]

2. u (n) = e3 n, n ~ 0 Ans. (1- e 1z)- 1,

3
lzl > le
3
I 9. Z [ an u (n) ] exists only if .................. [Ans. lzl > !al]
10. State convolution theorem for casual sequences.
z lzl > 4
3. u (n) = 4n, n ~ 0 Ans. -
z- 4, [A.U Trichy N/D 2009)

11. State initial value theorem on Z-transfonn.

4. u (n) = 3n/n!, n ~o Ans. e31z, ROC is Z-plane.
[A.U N/D 2018 R-13, RS]
Ans.
5z
- - -2, lzl > 5 [A.U N/D 2018 R-13)
5. u (n) = n 5n, n ~ 0 12. Stale final value theorem on Z-transfonn.
(z - 5) [A.U AIM 2019 R-8)
z 2
6. u (n) = zn, n < 0 Ans.
2-z , lzl < 2 13. Find Z[n (n - l)x(n)] [Ans. z
-2 d X ]
12
d (z-)

7. u (n) = 4n, for n < 0

14. Prove that Z[ 1] = z lzl > 1
= 3n for n ~ 0 z-1'
and Ans. (4 - z~(z - 3)' 3 < lz I < 4
5.142 Engineering Mathematics

15. Prove that Z [ k ] =k[-z] z- 1

16. Prove that Z [ an ] = _z-, lz I > Ia I

z-a
z
17. Prove that Z [ ean] =
z - ea

11
18. Prove that Z [ :,] = e '

19. Prove that Z [!] = log [z ~ 1], izl > 1, n > 0

20. Prove that Z [ o (n)] = 1

z
21. Prove that Z (u (n)) = - -
z- 1
1
22. Prove that Z [ o (n - k) ] =
i
1
23. Prove that Z [ u (n - 1)] =- -
z- 1
Tz
24. Prove that Z (t) =
(z - 1)
-at] Z
25. Prove that Z [ e = -aT
z-e
26. Prove that z- l ~ z 1] - 1

27. Prove that z- 1 ~ ; 1] = (-1)

0

28. Prove that z-l [-z-]

z-a
= an

29. Prove that z-l [ z ] = n

(z -1)2
30. Defme second shifting theorem on Z-transform.
31. Define convolution of sequences.