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The Z Transform
1. Definition
2. Properties of the z-Transform
3. Inverse z-Transform
4. Solution of Difference Equations Using the z-Transform
𝑗 Ω𝑛
𝑒 𝑧 =𝑟 𝑒
𝑗Ω
𝑛=+ ∞
𝑗Ω
• It offers the techniques for digital filter design and frequency analysis of digital signals.
Definition of z-transform:
The z-transform of the discrete-time is given by: ∞
𝑥 [𝑛 ] Z
𝑋 (𝑧 ) 𝑋 ( 𝑧 )= ∑ 𝑥 [𝑛]∙ 𝑧
−𝑛 Where z is
a complex variable
𝑛=−∞
All the values of z that make the summation to exist form a region of convergence (ROC) .
CEN352, Dr. Nassim Ammour, King Saud University 3
Example 1
Problem:
Given the sequence, , find the z-transform of
Solution:
From the definition of the z-transform:
Therefore, When,
Solution:
From the definition of the z-transform
Region of
Convergence
that will converge for,
Linearity:
and denote the sampled sequences, a and b are the arbitrary constants.
Example 4
Problem:
Find the z-transform of
Solution:
Applying the linearity of the z-transform
Line 3
Using z-transform Table Therefore, we get,
Line 6
Verification:
Then we achieve,
Solution:
Using shift theorem,
In Z-transform domain,
Verification: 𝑥 ( 𝑛 ) 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑞 .(1)
Therefore we get,
Solution We get,
Using table,
Solution We get,
Using table,
Therefore,
Solution
Using Table
CEN352, Dr. Nassim Ammour, King Saud University 14
Inverse z-Transform: Using Partial Fraction
𝑘 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑚 𝑡𝑜 1
Finding the
constants:
𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑏𝑦 𝑧
Solution:
Dividing Y(z) by z,
We first find B:
Next find A:
Now we have:
Solution:
Dividing both sides by z:
Where,
Using the formulas for mth-order,
m=2, p=0.5
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CEN352, Dr. Nassim Ammour, King Saud University
Example 13 –contd.
Then,
From Table,
Finally we get,
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Partial Fraction Expansion Using MATLAB
Problem: Find the partial expansion of Example 14
Solution: (𝑐 0 +𝑐 1 𝑧
−1
+𝑐 2 𝑧
−2
)
Therefore,
and
MATLAB performs the
partial fraction expansion
Then
4. Find the solution in the time domain by applying the inverse z-transform.
Solution:
We have
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CEN352, Dr. Nassim Ammour, King Saud University
Example 17 –contd.
Solving for A and B:
Therefore,
Solution:
a. Applying the z-transform on both sides:
Applying On right side
Therefore,
Corresponding z-transform:
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CEN352, Dr. Nassim Ammour, King Saud University