Z Transform

NTRODUCTION

INTRO
Z,ransformplay
important in discrete analysis.
s s an

sforma Fourier
an role
transforms in Its role in
discrete
continuous system. Communicationanalysis
is the
aplac
development is based on discrete
s san
analysis. isis one of the field
their
sol lutions and nalysis are carried Difference
out by Z- equations
are also bas
oased on discrete
em
and

transform.
S E Q U E N C E

Sequence( f(k)} is an ordered list of real or complex numbers.

PRESENTATIO OF A SEQUENCE
Method.

The elementary way is to list all the members of the sequence such as
{fH} = {15, 10,7, 4, 1,-1, 0, 3, 6}

eumbol T is used to denote the term in zero position i.e., k = 0, k is an index of position

ofa term in the

sequence.

g )) {15, 10,7, 4, 1,-1, 0, 3, 6}

but these sequences are not identically
Two sequences {f(E)} and ig (k)} have the same terms
term of those sequences
are different.
thesame as the zeroth considered as the term
hand end term is
symbolT is not given then left
Incase the
CoTTesponding to k= 0.
In sequence {8,6,3,-1,0,1,4, 5}
end term.
thezerohterm is 8, the left hand
f(k)}
Ond Method. is to define
the general
term
of the sequence
Thend
seco way ofspecifying
the sequence

s function of k.

for example,
1
ThisSequence represents
REDMI NOTE 6 PRO
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 1086
2-Transio
S4) -4 sks3
19.4 BASIC OPERATIONS ON SEQUENCES
Let {f(A and (g (A)) be two sequences having same number ofterms
Addition. (/AN +
lk (A))
-

{f0k) ' g (M)}

Multiplicntion. Iet a be a scalar, then a {/(k)}- {af(k)}

Lineartty. aV(A)) + h le (A)} {af (k)+bg (k)}
EXERCISE 19.1

Write down the tem corresponding to k -

2
1.
(6, 7, 5, 1, 0, 4. 6, 8, 10)

k=-3. Am
2. Write down the term coresponding to
(20, 16, 14, 13, 12, 10, 5, 1, 0)
T Ans 14
3. Writedown the sequence {f(k)} where /t)An 777
4. Write down the sequence {f)} where S(k) = -3Sks4

T.1 1

FH}, where J(k):

5. Write down the sequence
27 9 3 1 1 1 1
Ans. 2 2'2 26'18' 54
0 k <0

6. What sequence is generated whenf(k)

cOsk20
3
Ans. ..0,0,1,coscos1,cos

Write thesequence )}+{e(k)) ={F(A}. Wheref()= and

3

fo, k <0
Ans. {F(k)}=
g)14. k20

19.5 Z-TRANSFORM
Definition, The Z- transform of a sequence {f(k)} is denoted as Z[{S}
Itis definedasZztU )]- Fe) - 2S0)-2
where 1. Zis a complex number.
2.Z is an operator of Z-transform.
REDMINO156-HReformof {f (K)).
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 -itanssi pample
1.
=
{15, 10, 7, 4, 1,-1, 0, 3,
6}, then 1087

ZIs}] F)15+ 10 +7z +4++--

2 .

(H) {15, 10, 7,4, 1, -1, 0,

.()=f
=
+0+
prample
3, 6), then
(2)
Z[lg ()}] =F) =
15z'+ 10 z+ 7z+
4 + z-?+0 + 3+
The Z-transform of the
Z-tre

Eyample
3.
The
sequence {8, 6, 3 -1, 0, 14, 5} is
8 014

yample 4.S = then Z [{s (}]= ..+27 +9z +3z +1+

Ans 3z 92
-4Sks3
mple 5. f S()=2,
1
1
Ans.14 Z f(k)}]=81z +27z +9z +3z
1
+1+ 3z +1
mple 6. Find Z-transform of the sequence -4Sks4

11
4 Solution. Fa)= -16 +8e' +4 +2z+1+ 16 Ans.

{d},
ample 7. Find Z-transorm oj the sequence
k20.

Silntion. Fe)=2d7 =1+++t.

8'54" series whose sum =
Ans.
This is a Geometrical
Z

PROPERTIES O F Z-TRANSFORMS

3
Linearity. and b are constants,
sl,cos such that they can be added
and a

Iheorem 1: If {f)} and fg ()}

are

Z[[SO}]+bZ[{s ®}]
bg ()} a
=

Zlaf0) + By definition]
laf)+ bg ®]z*
Z[faf()+ bg()}] 2
=

L sth*
s)*+6
-+1 k 2 0

tf(h:* +be(k)="]
=
a2
-
E Proved.

+ bZ[{g ()}]
F aZ [f()}]
where
ample 8. Find the Z transform of fH},
5, k<0
f(E) =

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Solution. ZU)-**+}**
Z-Tranetorme
- +5
1-5
5'
+5%# +

3-1-
5*z]+
a
-3+52-z -2z
(5-z-3) -8z +15'
Twoseries are convergent in annulus. Here 3 <|z | and |z |< 5.
Example 9. Find the Z-transform of (a" Am

Solution. Z[l}]-2#* -d*+dr k-0

=
[...+dz+d2 az] [1 +az l+ d'z?+ dz3+.|
+ +

These are two GP. and sum of GP.=

az <1 and |azkl|

1-az I-az l

az(-a)+z1-az)_ az-az+z-az .Z-a'z

1-az z-a (-az)(z-aa) 1-az)(z -a) 1-az)(z-a) Ans,

Example 10. Find the Z-transform of

Solution.
9-E-20
.

These infinite series are GP., and sum ofa GP.

-Z+4z-22 3z
Ans
(2-2 2z-1) (2-)2z-1)
2z
Example 11. Express the signals shown below in terms ofunit impulse functions and hence
find the Z-transform.
f (k)
2

0.5

3
K
0
0.5
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-1
(i)
 (k +1) +28 (k)+2 8
Saluion. f
1089
(k+ 2) 8 (k+ 1) (k- 1) + 8
+8 (k-2)
-

(ii)Find the Z-tran +28 (k)

ale
12.
the
Z-transform of unit
k = 0
impulse (k-2)-0.5 8(k-3)
1, k *0
&)0,

Z[{J ()2* = ..0+0+1+0 +0...]

Solution.
13. Find the Z-transform of discrete unit step =1 Ans.

Erample
0, k <0
UK)1, k20

A Solution,
Z[tUU(E)}]= 20k):* =[l+z'+r?+zt..]
k=0

[This is G.P, its sum is Ans.

e 14. Find
the Z-transform of sin ak, k2 0
Eram
-iak
=ye-
Z[{sin ak}] =2sinakz* 2i
alation.
Solution,

-a) Ang t=0

2ik-0 21 k-0

+..1+()+(e""}+..
1 + ) +(C"z}
G.P. and sum of a GP. =

series are r
Theseinfinite

1 1
11 2i z-ea 2i z-e
2i1-e 2i1-ea
_ 1z(-e)-z(z-e)

12-z-ea]2i
Z
(z-ez-ed)

Ans.
Z Sin a
ADs
z- +1
2
z-2z cosc
+1
2iz-z(e +e) a k.
(k2 0).
andhence Z-transform ofc' cosh
15.Find the
ple
=>
+e )z
cosh ak)z
Dolution. Z [{t cosh ak}]= 2¢*
k0

er'y-* )
O.1+(c")+(ce"z*}+aplae
labler"i
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2i 1-e
1-
1-)-e(-").1-)-dt+et
2i

2i
21=In
1-(e+ez+z3 sin5-z sin 22
zsin 5-zsin 2
1-(2cos3):+2
-2z cos3+1 Am.
18. Find the Z-transform of ci cos ak
Aranple1 8
k20. (U.P, III Semester, Dec. 2004)

Solation,
F)-2 cosatk]a*
k=0

- 2

('C, = "C,)
k-0 k=0

[1+(ce"z*)+(oe"z*}
2 +.+(ce")+(ce""} +
series whose sum is
Thisis a Geometric 1-
1
1-ce
11-ce"z+1-cea- 2-c(e +e)z
21-ce"z1-ce"z) 2 1-ce ce"z+c*z.
-ccos a.z lz1>|c
-2
1-2cz cos a+c z

=
z-czcossa Ans.
2-2cz cos a+C
Corollary. Ifc = 1, then

z-zCOsa
Z[{cosZ[{cosauk}]= cos a +
(kT
ample 19.Findthe Z-transform of 8
kT

Solution.
os(+a) =2coscosa-sin a
cos aco sin asin
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=

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 1092

-1 co sin 2-Te
sin a
-22 co -22 com+1 ee Examplee31,41

-1coosa -zsinsina tcona-(concosd sin

sima
-22 co8+1 r-21co81
rcosa-2 cos )
-2: cos1 A
Example 20. Find the Z-transform of (°C} (0sksn).

Solution. z[('G}]- c:" =1+'C2'+ "Ca+ °Ca."C

= (1 +r)"
(This is the expansion of Binomial theorem.
Example 21. Find Z-transform of { h*c,}
A

(k+n>n
Solution. z[c)]-c k>0

(C, = "C,

= l+C+ *C,z+*C,z3+.
=l+(n+1)2*,*A7+),2,7+3)(n+2 (n +1),
(")+..
2! 3!

=1+(--1X-z")+=7=21+7=7=-7=9y+.
2! 3!
This is the expansion of Binomial theorem.
(1-r)*l= (1 -r)** AN
Example 22. Find the Z-transform of {*"C, d}.

Solution. z[fc)}]="cd'r* (C ="C

k=0

-C,(a lalal
(1-azri)-0*1) (See Example 21)
Corollary. Ifn =1

Ifn 2
z[ca]=d-a") -
z[fic)]-a-ar) (7-a)

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 1093

TCJ=(0-a")*- =(1- azrlr

Find (-a Ans.
nle
the
Z-transform of
(k20)
alttion

his
s exponenti nential series.

Ans.
aA 4
pample24, Find the Z-transform of f (k)
= k20. Q.
(Q Bank U.P, II Sem. 2002)

=z(-1) =z (e -1) Ans.

Sample 25. Find the Z-transform of

()u(k-1) (i) 4k8 (k-1);k 20 ii) 8k-n);k20

Solution.

a
Thisinfinite series is a GP, whose sum is
1
1-T

if|>1
2)) =Z{4'8(k-1)]= k=0
2 4*8(k-1)z*= [ok-1) k=1]
=Z[6(k-n)]= 23(k-n)z* nis(+veinteger.[ö(k--n) k=n
k=0
Erample 26. Determine the Z-transform off
J0)=8(k+ 1)) +38 ()+68(k-3)-8(k-4)
Solution. By linearity property, we have
Fa)=Z{f6)} = Z {8 (k+ 1)} +3 Z {8 (E)} +6 Z {8 (k-3)]-2 {8(k-4))
REDMI No2+)=k=-1,8(k) k=0,8(-3) =>k=3, 8(k-4) k=4]
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DUAL'CAMERA Ans.
 1094

Find the Z-transform of the following

EXERCISE 19.2
for (k 2 0) -Transtorm
1.2 Ans. zp2 2. sin 2k
Ans.2-2zZ SincOm2
Z sin a 2+1
3. sin ak,
Ans.-2zcos a+1 4.sinh 2sinh
5. sin (3k+ 5)
z sin5-z sin 2 Ans-22 cosh+
Ans.2-2zcos3+1 21

6. s i n a Ans. sin a+ Z Cos a

z2+1
cz sinh a
7. c sinh ak Ans.
2cz cosh a +
z(z-cosa)
8. cos ak Ans.
,72z cos a+l . Ans.
27 +D
cos a-z cos
10. cos Ans.
:-2z cos+1
11. cosh ak Ans. z(z-cosh a)
2z cosh
a+1
12. a cos ak +b sin ak Ans, 4 (acosa-bsin a)
1-2z cos a+z ,|z>1
13. Ans. e k>0 Ans. -log(1-z)
15. d, -1
k<0 Ans.
(1-az) 16. 24
-3z
Ans. (1-2z)z-2)
17. S)= fork 20
0, for k <0 Ans. |>1
19.7 CHANGE OF SCALE

Theorem. If
Z[SH}]=F) then Z[{*fH}] =

Proof.
F)-Z[S)}] =-00 s(E)I*
Substituting for z, we get F
But
-0

From (1) and (2), we get za' sk}|=} Proved.

Example 27. Find the Z-transform ofa,
of a, ts
k2 0.
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 ence, by the scale (Sce oxamplo 13)
g7Ven
s e a

change formula theZ

the
Ror
Z-transfor
z[la' 1}]--a.
a Anss
Eromple
Find the Z-transforn
268.F i n
of c* sin ak, k20.
io.We know that

Z sin a
z[(sin ak)J= z2-2z cos a +1 (See example 14)
By
applying
the formula of change of
scale, we get
sin a.
z[lesinak)]- CZ Sin a

SHIFTING PROPERTY
()- cos a+1 z-2czcos a+c*
Ans.

Theorem,If Z[SA]=F),
Z[Sk*n)}] =z*"F(2)

Sktn)z" =z* 2 sktn)zts») (r=k*n)

Proof. Z[{s(k
+n)}] =

2 -

Proved.
fr)z =z#"F(z)
k-
-(k+n)
=fk n)r', + k2 0= z"2Sk+ n)z*
CaseL. Z[{f(k n)}]
+
k-0

Putr=k +n
=#'F()-:2sOE
= f ) -"2s)r"-#Esr P

Ans
n-
= z"F()-2s)E =z'F()-f)E*

=z"2fk-n):*
=Sk-n)z* k0
Z[fk-n}1
CaseII, k=0

Putr =k-n
Putr-m
=z"s):+#SvE"=2"F()+ZS)E**
r

r=0

=z"F()+E-m)z**
m=l then
REDMI NOTE 6 PRO casual
casual sequen
sequence,

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4{Sk-n)}] = rrF®)
 1096

Since S-1)-S-2) -s(-3)- .. -S-n)-0 Z-Tranetorm

Corollary 2. For casual sequence
Z[Sk-1))] =z'F(2) asf(-1) -0
Z[Sk+ 1)}]=zF)-2/(0)
Z[Sk+2)}] - z Flz)-?S(0) - zf(1)

19.9 INVERSE Z-TRANSFORM

Finding the sequence S(K)} from F () is defined as inverse Z-transform. It
is
Z' F®) S} =

Z-is the inverse denoted as

19.10 THEOREM Z-transform,
If S)}F@), {g (k)} = G (2), a and b are constants,
then Z[a F()+b G)] az-' [F ()] + bz" [G (E)]
=

Proof. We know that

Z[fafk) +bg (k)}] =
a
Z[f(K)}]+ b Z[{g (}}] aF () +b G)
=

Z l a F ()+bG ()]= {af(k) +bg (k)} = a {fE} + b{g (E)}

-
a
Z- [F(] + bZ"[G ()
Proved
Example 29. Find the inverse Z-transform of

Solution.
F)-2
Case I. If
Fa)= (1-2r )lz-' [1 +2zr +2z2+..)
=r+2z+22z+
SO)= {2), k21
Case IL. If <1

F)
SH} = {-21},
Note. The inverse Z-transform can ks0
only settled when region of convergence
be
19.11 SOLUTION OF
DIFFERENCE EQUATIONS (ROC) is given.
Example 30. Solve the difference equation
i1-2-1=0, k21, Yo1
Solution. e1-2- =0
.1)
Taking the Z-transform of both sides of we
(1), get
Z[y,-2y,] =0
REDMI NOTE8 PRO
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(z-2) Y(z)- z = 0
 1097
Y()

PLICATIONN BYK
-Z'[1-2r'}l-1+2ri+(2r'f+... -(2}. k20 A
MLIT

f2[U)}]- F(;) then Z[kH)]-F

dz Proved.

Dgeneral z[ sm-|-Fe
Corollary1. Iff(k)= 1then Z[{1}]=(1- z}, k20
ese values in the above theorem, we get

z= -zY =z0-ry||-0-r Ans.

Corolla 2. Iff(k} =1, then Z [{1}]=(1-r)}=and n=2

d -1.l-z.1 d -11z22-)-1-2
(z-1 J [(z-1J z-1) (z-13

z(z+1) Ans.
(z-1) (z-1)* (z-1
AB DIVISION BY K

Theorem. If Z[f}]= F(), then Z -f:'Fiee

-00

-shrH=-f'2 10 -f':'Fet

REDMI NOTE 6
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19.14 INITIAL VALUE

Theorem. IfZ[(H)] - F(), k20
Trenelorma
then S(0)-lim F().
Proof. ZISCR))]=s k ) = F()
k0

S0) +f(1)r +f2)r2+ F()

Taking the limit, z -> o, we get
S0) = lim F(2)

19.15 FINAL VALUE Proved.

Theorem. lim f)=lim(a-1)F(2)
Proof. ZIS&+1)-S)]=2sk+1)-S)]:*
zF(a)-f0)-F() lim
n k0sk+1)-fE)]=*
=

lim(z-1)F() f(0)+ lim

=
lim 2S+1)-s(RJE*
By changing the order of limits, we get
lim(z-1)F(2) = f0)+ lim lim[f(k +1)-fK)]z"
21
K=0

lim S0)+2Sk+)-SE} |
k=0

=lim[f(0)-f0)+f(0)-S)+S(2) -f(2)+... + f(n+1)-f(n)]

=
lim f(n+1) lim f(n) lim f(k)
= =

19.16 PARTIAL SUM

Theorem. If Z[fH}] = FE), then

Proof. Let {g ()} be a
sequence such that g(k) 2S)
=

We are required to find Z

[{g ()}],
We know that gk)-gk-1)= 2 f)-2S) -f =

Z [is
(}-{g (k-1)}]= Z [{SO}]
Z [is
()]-Z [lg k-1)}]= F)
G)-r GE) =FE)
2S)=G) ="
19.17 CONVOLUTIOON
1- Proved.

Let two sequences be fand {g (A)} and the

e convolution of {f()} and íg (K)} be {h (k}}
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 (h (k)) 2 S(metk-n)
Z-transfor of (1) is
&)stk-n) Igtk* UN
-nJ"-og

Ro convergence
of H ) is the
Region
common
PROPERTY OF CASUAL region of oonvergor
vOLUTION gonce uf F () and ( e
F 0)+f(1)rl SEQUENCE
+

G)- {g (0)+80)r +g
f2)r+/() z
(2)r+ g():)
FEG E)= S(0) +f(0)r
+f(2)r+f0)z+.
g(0)+g(l)zl+ s(2) z?+g(3)
=f0) g(0) + {f()e (0)+/0) g(1)}rl+
VO)g(2) +S(Ds (1) *f(C)s (0)}
-h(0)+ h (1) r +h(2)r*...-2
Zth (E) Z fH}* {s(6)}
= {h (8))
Preved
Fusple 31. Evaluate the Z-transform of the sequence

SE)=
Salnio z 1+2 +2 +2'+

StrTilarly,

z[s}]=Z2}1*}2- -2a -u) Au

EXERCISE 19.3
e Z-transform of the following for (k 0)

1
Ans. -2e 2. sin Sk
Ans-2a suS+l
Ans,4z(z-cos3)
Ans.
2z cos 3+ 4.sinh 7k An-a oouh ?tl
a' sin 3+ aaiu
z(-cosh 9)
Ans. 6. sin (5k+3) A -a qUN
REDMINOTE
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(-a
Ck+1)k+2)a*U(k)
k+1Xk+2)¢'U(-k+2
(k+1)..(k +n-1)
(n-1)!
4
a'U(k) (n-1! (k+1)..(k+n-1)d
aU(k-1)
Z-a
-dU(-)
(k-1)auk-2) -(k-1)a**U(-k+1
(z-a)
(z-a 20k-DuaUG-3) -26-)dt"Uet+3
19.20 INVERSE OF Z-TRANSFORM BY DIVISION
From Z-transform F(2), we find the sequence {f(H)} ifF() is a rational function ofz. Re
of convergence must be given.
Region
1. By Direct Division

Example 32. Find z-

Case IL. |z|<2
2 4 8 16
Solution. Case I. |z|>2 -2+z 1

z-2

1- L

8 16
8 16

z+2z2+4z3+8z+.. .+21zt+.
= {2-1}
zt47={2-
2
Ans. Ans.
BNOIA EXPANSION
L EXF AND
PARTIAL FRACTION 1103

the inverse Z-transform

of Z-a
(121lal (1)|2<al
Case 1 . 1 z > | a |

44 1
1-a 1 -

4+4azr +4dz24 4c°z+..

+4dr+... {4d}7 =

= (4a'}
Ans.
zslal

Ans.

EXERCISE 194
he taverse of the Z-transform of the following:

Ans.

Ans.

. Ans. 40+(+3&0)

Ans. (2k+ 1) U)
t-22+1
NVERSE OF Z-TRANSFORM BY PARTIAL FRACTIONSS

Laf(e)= R(2)
D2) [Ifthe degree of Numerator <the degree of Denominator.]
+R Lf the degree of Numerator> the degree of Denominator.]

DE is then express into partial fractions.

We convert Fa of
into partial fractions and not that F2).
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 Let 44B+ C
-c (z-c)
D E Mz + N
(1-c) +pz+ + 7-Transtom
then () -
A+ B,*C,-*(t-c* (E-e z(Mz+
z'F)-AZ"+BZ"+CZ*DZ"l
Za Z-c
+p2+9
(z-c
+EZ Z-1 z+N)
()Linear non-repeated factor
(-c
Let the linear non-repeated factor be -2-a
I - a l a

If| z ]>|al1

z =-z =(-a}, k<0, If|z|<|a|

(i) Linear repeated factor

Let the linear repeated factor be

(z-bY :

r22,|z|>|b|

(z-b (z-b
(k+2-r)(k+3-r)...kU(k -r+1)E-r+i)
r-1)!
2 &+2-rXk+3-r)....kb-r*
(z-b) (r-1)! -U(-k-r-), If|z|<|b
(ii) Quadratic non-repeated factor
Let the quadratic non-repeated factor be
M +Nz
+pz +q .(1) If|z>0
z - Cz cos a
Compare (1) with Z[{e cosak}]=2Cz cOs a
-2cz cos a+c
p-2ccos al, q =c2
Or with Z[{¢ cosh z-cz cosh a
due} 2-2cz cosh a +c
P=2ccosh a,
COSCOS a= lo>1, c is given by (-2c cos a) and a
by (-2c cosh a)
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+N

22 coae
M-2cosa) k cosn N
2 conae
csina r-2eoma
A M
" 4 ) . M c o
cosak) cO N
csin a sin ak
(wll.Ir/

t+N
(-ccosh a)4k cosha+N
sinh a (a sinh a)
-2ez cosh ac
Me(-ccosh a) Ak cosh a +N
-2e7 cosh a+ e CSinha
z sinh a

ME-cosha) ecosha+N -2ezCsinh

cosha+c
a
-2z cosha+ c* csinha
Me+N: Me -2er cosh a+
smialy +p+a cosh ak+ Ak cosha
Csinh sinha]
a

nle 34. Find the inverse L-ransform

o
01z1<2 )2<||<3 (:-3Kz-2)
(ün)|a|>3
Solution. F(:) = -

Cue(9.12|<2
(-3M-2)-3 2-2
Fe)- .

Ans
Cae(i), 2<|2| <3
Flt)=- .1L.1,

- '

-2:-?';°-2':*-.
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S(k) ={-2}, k> 0 SK) ={-3
Case (ii). |z|>3
3-), ks
F()=

= (3-1-2} z*,
k21
= 0
kS1
Example 35. Find the inverse of Z-transform of
(z-51z|>s
11
Solution. F)(2-5

- z3[1+15zrl+6 +10(510(5 zr}+.. +ln4

=rXk+2s=M&+2)1,
Replacing k by k-3 we get
2

Sk-3+1Xk-3+2)_t-s
2 ((&-2xk-Dg
=-2-D 4l
z'FC)=S(E) = |
(k-2Xk-1)st-3
2 k23

k<3

Example 36. Obtain Z

When ()<1a|< <la

Solution. F)=7

0 F- 6 1 =-12(1-22)-
-a-2:) a-)
--1q1+(22)+(22 (2:2) +J-1
+
'
=-12(22 -122-
S)=-_O_
ifk>0
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19.27 SOLUTION OF A DIFFERENCE EQUATION BY Z TRANSDO
A solution of a difference equation is ch SFORM
satisfies the
any function which
Aranior
general solution of a difference equation is defined as the solution which e given
constants as the order of the difference equation.
The particular solution is a solution obtained from the general solution hw .
eauation. T
as mamy ait

values to periodic constants.

tion by assigni oitrany
mg parúicula
19.28 THEOREM

Prove that ZV+n)=z"|

="|y-%- . where Z y)= y

Proof LH. S. -Z,.) =2Yhn="2y.:"a*b)

k=0 k=0

On putting m =n +k in (1), we get

Z0)- - "-E|
m=0 m=

Remember
For n-1,
Z)=(zy -zy); For n2,
For n-3, zo»)=# y - #y,-zy, -2y) Z0.)=Ey-#y,-3)
Note. If Z o) y, then
=

ZV-,) = Z"y
Example 47. Solve the difference equation
+2-1 0, y(0)=0, y ()=1by Z-trans
Solution. y+2 1 - ) =0
Taking the Z-transform of both sides of (1), we get
Z [6y+2-Yi+1-=0
Z (61)Z)-Z0) =0
6
y-#y (0)-zy(1)]-Ey -y(0)] y 0 -
=

On putting the values

of y(0) and y (1) in (2), we get
6y -6z-z y - y =0 (6z3-z -1) y = 6z

6z
622-Z-1 (3z+1(2z-1)
1
-z
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 ramph 48. Solvethe difference equation
-

3y 1115

y(0) )-y(2) = 0 31.->,- U(k)

by Z-transforms.
lon. jo .
Golution, 3y 3y, U (k)
-
Z-transfor of both
he
y k i n gt h e .
sides of (1), we
ZV-3*a*
Zl-3Z D
3y1.-v]-zU(), get (1)

+32
ty-#XO)(0)-y(1)-yD,.,]-21-zUh
ty-#yo)-
(2)]-3t# y -ty (0)-1 y
+3 y -1 y(0))- y -ZU) ()
tingthe valu ohues of y (0) =y (1)=y (2) =
0 in the
Puti

above equation, we get

-3 y+ 3 - 1-
-3+ 3-]y"1-7*t-1) 7 -1-z
1
y 1
- 0 - ) P0-a-H*71-z'
ycoefif. ofz* in r3 (1-z}=coeff. of z-k-3jin (1 r' -

(k-2Xk-)k23
6 Ans.

Example49. Solve by Z-transform. hito-). k20,0)=0

(1)
Solution. 2 t
of both sides of (1), we get
Taking Z-transform

Zt -z

Zy-zy(0)+ L e

zy-0+
2

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Pay2'/

=Uy +Ua-n
Example50.Sove *
Solution. * =Ua +Ua-n
Taking the Z-transformm
of both sides of (1), we get
z+ =Z[0,}1+1U,}

Z+
y-
1
There is only one simple pole at z25

Let us consider thecontour z | .

Residue at
Z+
1 k-1

Hence, y,= Residue=

Example 51. Solve Y+ cos (k20) by residue method

2

Solation. + co
Taking Z-transform of both sides of (1), we obtain

z
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poles of second order at z-

P e r e

and z -

consider a contour
la|>
Resdurea r

+k+3)-a aX)-2

Residueat
residues
y,- Sum of the
Ans

EXERCISE 19.7

Z-transform
Ehe following difference equations by
Ans, 3 -

5 y y - 6 U()
Aa--
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a*1
4. - 2 *y-, -d,
Ans. (k+1U(6)-a-nU(k)+
a

dUk
cos, (k20) Ans.

6. + 2 - 3 y . - 4 y , = 0;y, = 3 , , = - 2
s. = 4
7. V+2tY.-2y, =0;, =4,y, =0 Ans. y
8.
Y2-2y +y =kYo 0, yo=0
=

. y=*--
9. 2-4y, =0; Yo=0, Y)=2 Ans. y, =
2-1+ (2-1
10.
y2-2yt, 2; y, 2,yo=1 = * (Uttarakhand l S
Ans. y,=1-2k+2
11. 8y +1 ty =5 sin (U.P. II Semester, Dec 2006

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