SL 2.8-2.10 Exponents and Logarithms

INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE
MATH SL
EXERCISES 2.8-2.10
EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS
Compiled by Christos Nikolaidis
A. Practice Questions
1. Find the exact solutions of the equations

2
(a) 22x = 8(1–x). (b) 42x = 8(1–x). (c) 2x +3 = 16x.
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(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 1

SL 2.8-2.10 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS
2. Find the exact solutions of the equations
1 2 2
−5 x
(a) 25x+1 = (b) 25x+1 = 5 x (c) 25x = 125x (d) 7 x =1
5x
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(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 2

3. Find x in the following equations
(a) x = log 2 8 (b) log 2 x = 3 (c) log x 8 = 3
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4. Find x in the following equations

(a) x = log 100 (b) log x = 2 (c) x = ln e 4 (d) ln x = 4
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(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 3

5. Solve the following equations
(a) log 3 ( x + 1) = 2 (b) log( x + 1) = 2 (c) ln( x + 1) = 2
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6. Find the following integers
log 3 3 5 ................................................. log 10 5 .................................................
3 log 3 5 ................................................. 10 log 5 .................................................
3 2 log3 5 ................................................. 10 2 log 5 .................................................
3 3 log 3 5 ................................................. 10 3 log 5 .................................................
ln e 5 ................................................. log a a 5 .................................................
e ln 5 ................................................. a log a 5 .................................................
e 2 ln 5 ................................................. a 2 log a 5 .................................................
e 3 ln 5 ................................................. a 3 log a 5 .................................................
(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 4

7. Confirm the following properties for x = 8 and y = 4

x
(a) log 2 x + log 2 y = log 2 xy (b) log 2 x − log 2 y = log 2
y
(c) 2 log 2 x = log 2 x 2 (d) 3 log 2 y = log 2 y 3
log 2 ( 2 x )
(e) log y ( 2 x ) =
log 2 y
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(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 5

8. Let log 5 x = a , log 5 y = b and log 5 z = c . Find in terms of a,b,c the following
log 5 xy
x
log 5
y
log 5 x 3
log 5 x
xy
log 5
z
xy
log 5
5z
1
log 5
z
x2 y7
log 5
z
log 25 x
log x 5
log x y
log z xy
(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 6

9. Solve the equations

(a) log 2 x + log 2 ( x + 1) = log 2 6 (b) log 2 x + log 2 ( x + 1) = 1
(c) log 2 ( x + 5) − log 2 x = 1 (d) log 2 ( x + 14) − 2 log 2 x = 2
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(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 7

10. Solve the following equations by using the natural logarithm ln( )
(a) 2 x + 3 = 5 (b) 2 x + 3 = 5 x c) e x + 3 = 5 (d) 2e x + 3 = 5
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(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 8


1 1
(a) 2 x + =2 (b) e x + =2 (c) 4 x − 2( 2 x ) + 1 = 0
2x ex
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(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 9


1 1
(a) (ln x ) 2 − ln x 2 + 1 = 0 (b) ln x + =2 (c) log x + =2
ln x log x
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(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 10

B. Past Paper Questions (SHORT)
13. Find the exact solution of the equation 92x = 27(1–x).
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(Total 6 marks)
2x
14. Solve the equation 9x–1 =  1  .
3
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(Total 4 marks)
2
 P 
15. Let log10P = x , log10Q = y and log10R = z. Express log10   in terms of x , y and z.
3 
 QR 
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(Total 4 marks)
(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 11

 x2 y 
16. Let a = log x, b = log y, and c = log z. Write log  3  in terms of a, b and c.
 z 
 
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(Total 6 marks)
 x 
17. Let p = log10 x, q = log10 y and r = log10 z. Write log10  2  in terms of p, q and r.
y z
 
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(Total 6 marks)
18. Let ln a = p, ln b = q. Write the following expressions in terms of p and q.

 a
(a) ln a3b (b) ln  

 b 
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(Total 6 marks)
(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 12
19. Given that p = loga 5, q = loga 2, express the following in terms of p and/or q.
(a) loga 10 (b) loga 8 (c) loga 2.5
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(Total 6 marks)
20. (a) Let logc 3 = p and logc 5 = q. Find an expression in terms of p and q for
(i) log c 15; (ii) log c 25.
1
(b) Find the value of d if log d 6 = .
2
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(Total 6 marks)
(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 13

21. Given that log5 x = y, express each of the following in terms of y.

(a) log5x2 (b) log5  1  (c) log25x
 x
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(Total 6 marks)
22. If loga 2 = x and loga 5 = y, find in terms of x and y, expressions for
(a) log2 5; (b) loga 20.
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(Total 4 marks)
(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 14

1
23. Solve the equation log9 81 + log9 + log9 3 = log9 x.
9
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(Total 4 marks)
24. Solve the equation log27 x = 1 – log27 (x – 0.4).
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(Total 6 marks)
(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 15
25. (a) Given that log3x – log3(x – 5) = log3A, express A in terms of x.

(b) Hence or otherwise, solve the equation log3x – log3(x – 5) = 1.
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(Total 6 marks)
26. Find the exact value of x in each of the following equations.

(a) 5x+1 = 625 (b) loga (3x + 5) = 2
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(Total 6 marks)
(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 16
27. Solve the following equations.

(a) ln (x + 2) = 3. (b) 102x = 500.
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(Total 6 marks)
28. The diagram shows three graphs.

B
y
A
A is part of the graph of y = x, B of the graph of y = 2x, C is the reflection of graph B in line A.
Write down:
(a) the equation of C in the form y =f(x)
(b) the coordinates of the point where C cuts the x-axis
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(Total 4 marks)
(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 17
29. Let f (x) = loga x, x > 0.

(a) Write down the value of
(i) f (a) =……………… (ii) f (1) = ……………..….. (iii) f (a4 ) = ………………..…
(b) The diagram below shows part of the graph of f.

y
1
f
–2 –1 0 1 2 x
–1
–2
On the same diagram, sketch the graph of f−1.

(Total 6 marks)
30. Let f (x) = ln (x + 2), x > −2 and g (x) = e(x−4), x > 0.
(a) Write down the x-intercept of the graph of f.

(b) (i) Write down f (−1.999).
(ii) Write down g(4)
(c) Find the coordinates of the point of intersection of the graphs of f and g.
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(Total 6 marks)
(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 18
31. The functions f (x) and g (x) are defined by f (x) = ex and g (x) = ln (1+ 2x).
(a) Write down f −1(x).
(b) (i) Find ( f ◦ g) (x). (ii) Find ( f ◦ g)−1 (x).
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(Total 6 marks)
Extra question
Find ( g◦ f) (x) and g −1(x).
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(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 19

PROBLEMS OF EXPONENTIAL GROWTH
32. A group of ten leopards is introduced into a game park. After t years the number of leopards, N,
is modelled by N = 10 e0.4t.
(a) How many leopards are there after 2 years?
(b) How long will it take for the number of leopards to reach 100?
Give your answers to an appropriate degree of accuracy.
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(Total 4 marks)
Extra questions
• Find the initial number of leopards
• How long will it take for the number of leopards to double?
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(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 20

33. The mass m kg of a radio-active substance at time t hours is given by m = 4e–0.2t.

(a) Write down the initial mass.
(b) The mass is reduced to 1.5 kg. How long does this take?
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(Total 6 marks)
Extra question
• Find half-life time
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34. The population p of bacteria at time t is given by p = 100e0.05t. Calculate

(a) the value of p when t = 0;
(b) How long will it take for the size of the population to double?
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(Total 6 marks)
(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 21

35. A machine was purchased for $10000. Its value V after t years is given by V =10000e−0.3t. The
machine must be replaced at the end of the year in which its value drops below $1500.
Determine in how many years the machine will need to be replaced.
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(Total 6 marks)
36. The area A km2 affected by a forest fire at time t hours is given by A = A0 ekt.
1
When t = 5, the area affected is 1 km2. Given that A0 = ,
e
(a) Show that k = 0.2;
(b) Find the value of t when 100 km2 are affected.
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(Total 6 marks)
(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 22

37. The population of a city at the end of 1972 was 250 000. The population increases by 1.3% per
year.
(a) Write down the population at the end of 1973.
(b) Find the population at the end of 2002.
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(Total 6 marks)
Extra question:
How long will it take for the size of the population to exceed 400 000?
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38. A population of bacteria is growing at the rate of 2.3% per minute. How long will it take for the
size of the population to double? Give your answer to the nearest minute.
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(Total 4 marks)
(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 23
39. Each year for the past ﬁve years the population of a certain country has increased at a steady rate
of 2.7% per annum. The present population is 15.2 million.
(a) What was the population one year ago?
(b) What was the population ﬁve years ago?
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(Total 4 marks)
40. $1000 is invested at 15% per annum interest, compounded monthly. Calculate the minimum
number of months required for the value of the investment to exceed $3000.
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(Total 6 marks)
(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 24

C. Past Paper Questions (LONG)

(Please answer on separate answer sheets)
41. Michele invested 1500 francs at an annual rate of interest of 5.25 percent,
compounded annually.
(a) Find the value of Michele’s investment after 3 years. Give your answer to the nearest
franc.
(3)
(b) How many complete years will it take for Michele’s initial investment to double in value?
(3)
(c) What should the interest rate be if Michele’s initial investment were to double in value in
10 years?
(4)
(Total 10 marks)
42. There were 1420 doctors working in a city on 1 January 1994. After n years the number of
doctors, D, working in the city is given by
D = 1420 + 100n.
(a) (i) How many doctors were there working in the city at the start of 2004?
(ii) In what year were there first more than 2000 doctors working in the city?
(3)
At the beginning of 1994 the city had a population of 1.2 million. After n years, the population,
P, of the city is given by
P = 1 200 000 (1.025)n.
(b) (i) Find the population P at the beginning of 2004.

(ii) Calculate the percentage growth in population between 1 January 1994 and 1
January 2004.
(iii) In what year will the population first become greater than 2 million?
(7)
(c) (i) What was the average number of people per doctor at the beginning of 1994?
(ii) After how many complete years will the number of people per doctor first fall
below 600?
(5)
(Total 15 marks)
(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 25

43. Initially a tank contains 10 000 litres of liquid. At the time t = 0 minutes a tap is opened, and
liquid then flows out of the tank. The volume of liquid, V litres, which remains in the tank after t
minutes is given by
V = 10 000 (0.933t).
(a) Find the value of V after 5 minutes.
(1)
(b) Find how long, to the nearest second, it takes for half of the initial amount of liquid to
flow out of the tank.
(3)
(c) The tank is regarded as effectively empty when 95% of the liquid has flowed out.
Show that it takes almost three-quarters of an hour for this to happen.
(3)
(d) (i) Find the value of 10 000 – V when t = 0.001 minutes.
(ii) Hence or otherwise, estimate the initial flow rate of the liquid.
Give your answer in litres per minute, correct to two significant figures.
(3)
(Total 10 marks)
44. A city is concerned about pollution, and decides to look at the number of people using taxis. At
the end of the year 2000, there were 280 taxis in the city. After n years the number of taxis, T, in
the city is given by
T = 280 × 1.12n.
(a) (i) Find the number of taxis in the city at the end of 2005.
(ii) Find the year in which the number of taxis is double the number of taxis there were
at the end of 2000.
(6)
(b) At the end of 2000 there were 25 600 people in the city who used taxis. After n years the
number of people, P, in the city who used taxis is given by
2 560 000
P= .
10 + 90e – 0.1n
(i) Find the value of P at the end of 2005, giving your answer to the nearest whole
number.
(ii) After seven complete years, will the value of P be double its value at the end of
2000? Justify your answer.
(6)
(c) Let R be the ratio of the number of people using taxis in the city to the number of taxis.
The city will reduce the number of taxis if R < 70.
(i) Find the value of R at the end of 2000.
(ii) After how many complete years will the city first reduce the number of taxis?
(5)
(Total 17 marks)
(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 26

SL 2.8-2.10 Exponents and Logarithms

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SL 2.8-2.10 Exponents and Logarithms

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INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE

Compiled by Christos Nikolaidis

1. Find the exact solutions of the equations

(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 1

2. Find the exact solutions of the equations

(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 2

3. Find x in the following equations

(a) x = log 2 8 (b) log 2 x = 3 (c) log x 8 = 3

4. Find x in the following equations

(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 3

5. Solve the following equations

(a) log 3 ( x + 1) = 2 (b) log( x + 1) = 2 (c) ln( x + 1) = 2

6. Find the following integers

log 3 3 5 ................................................. log 10 5 .................................................

3 log 3 5 ................................................. 10 log 5 .................................................

3 2 log3 5 ................................................. 10 2 log 5 .................................................

3 3 log 3 5 ................................................. 10 3 log 5 .................................................

ln e 5 ................................................. log a a 5 .................................................

e ln 5 ................................................. a log a 5 .................................................

e 2 ln 5 ................................................. a 2 log a 5 .................................................

e 3 ln 5 ................................................. a 3 log a 5 .................................................

(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 4

7. Confirm the following properties for x = 8 and y = 4

(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 5

(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 6

9. Solve the equations

(c) log 2 ( x + 5) − log 2 x = 1 (d) log 2 ( x + 14) − 2 log 2 x = 2

(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 7

(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 8

11. Solve the following equations

(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 9

12. Solve the following equations

(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 10

B. Past Paper Questions (SHORT)

13. Find the exact solution of the equation 92x = 27(1–x).

(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 11

18. Let ln a = p, ln b = q. Write the following expressions in terms of p and q.

(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 13

21. Given that log5 x = y, express each of the following in terms of y.

22. If loga 2 = x and loga 5 = y, find in terms of x and y, expressions for

(a) log2 5; (b) loga 20.

(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 14

24. Solve the equation log27 x = 1 – log27 (x – 0.4).

25. (a) Given that log3x – log3(x – 5) = log3A, express A in terms of x.

26. Find the exact value of x in each of the following equations.

27. Solve the following equations.

28. The diagram shows three graphs.

29. Let f (x) = loga x, x > 0.

(i) f (a) =……………… (ii) f (1) = ……………..….. (iii) f (a4 ) = ………………..…

(b) The diagram below shows part of the graph of f.

On the same diagram, sketch the graph of f−1.

30. Let f (x) = ln (x + 2), x > −2 and g (x) = e(x−4), x > 0.

(a) Write down the x-intercept of the graph of f.

(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 19

PROBLEMS OF EXPONENTIAL GROWTH

(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 20

33. The mass m kg of a radio-active substance at time t hours is given by m = 4e–0.2t.

34. The population p of bacteria at time t is given by p = 100e0.05t. Calculate

(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 21

(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 22

(SL 2.8-2.10) – Page 24

C. Past Paper Questions (LONG)

(b) (i) Find the population P at the beginning of 2004.