International Baccalaureate Math HL

INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE
MATH HL
EXERCISES 2.8-2.10
EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS
A. Practice Questions
1. Solve the equations

(a) e 3 x +1 = 5 . (b) ln(3 x + 1) = 5 .
(c) 2 3 x +1 = 5 . (d) log 2 (3 x + 1) = 5 .
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 1

HL 2.8-2.10 EXPONENTS AND LOGARITHMS
 x3 y 
2. Let a = log 2 x , b = log 4 y , c = log 8 z . Write log 2   in terms of a, b and c.
 z4 
 
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 2

3. Solve the logarithmic equations:

log 3 x
(a) log 3 ( x + 2) = 1 + (b) log 2 x = log 4 ( x + 6)
2
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 3

4. Solve the logarithmic equations

(a) 9 log 8 x = 6 + 8 log x 8 (b) 9 log x 5 = log 5 x
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 4

ln a
5. Solve the equation 2 3 x +1 = 6 x −1 . Express your answer in the form
ln b
METHOD A [Apply ln( ) first and then solve for x]
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METHOD B [Much quicker! Transform in the form ax = b and then apply ln( )
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 5

6. Solve the exponential equations:

(a) 3 2 x + 2 + 8(3) x +1 = 9 (b) 4 x − 9 ⋅ 2 x + 8 = 0
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 6

7. Solve the exponential equations:

(a) e 3 x + 2e x − 3e 2 x = 0
 pe m 
(b) e ( x −3) + 2 = e ( x +3) (express the result in the form ln n  , with p, m, n∈Z .)
 e −1 
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 7


(a) x ln x = e (b) x log x = 10 (c) x log7 x = 7 (d) x log 2 x = 16
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 8

2 3
9. Solve the simultaneous equations 2x = 4y and log x y =
2
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10. Solve the simultaneous equations 8 y = 4 2 x +3 and log 2 y = log 2 x + 4
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 9
11. Solve the simultaneous equations

log 2 ( y − 1) = 1 + log 2 x
2 log 3 y = 2 + log 3 x
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 10

12. Solve the simultaneous equations

log 2 x − log 4 y = 4
log 2 ( x − 2 y ) = 5
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 11

13. Calculate the following sums

(a) ln 2 + ln 22 + ln 23 + L + ln 210
(b) ln 2 + (ln 2) 2 + (ln 2)3 + L + (ln 2)10
(c) ln 2 + (ln 2) 2 + (ln 2)3 + L (infinite sum)
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 12
14. Consider the function f ( x) = e x − 2 .

−1
(a) Find f
−1
(b) Sketch the graphs of f and f by indicating clearly any intercepts and asymptotes.
y
8
2
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
-6
-8
(c) Complete the table
Domain Range
f
−1
f
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 13
15. Consider the function f ( x) = e x + 2 .

−1
(a) Find f
−1
y
8
2
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
-6
-8
Domain Range
f
−1
f
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 14

16. Consider the function f ( x) = e ( x −3) + 2

−1
(a) Find f
−1
y
8
2
x
-8 -6 -4 -2 2 4 6 8
-2
-4
-6
-8
Domain Range
f
−1
f
(d) Solve the equation f ( x) = 6 .
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 15
B. Past Paper questions (SHORT)
17. Solve log16 3 100 – x 2 = 1 .

2
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(Total 6 marks)
18
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 16

19. Solve, for x, the equation log2 (5x2 – x – 2) = 2 + 2 log2 x.
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(Total 6 marks)
Extra question
Hence, solve the equation log2 (5x2 – x – 2) = lne2 + log 2

x
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 17

20. Solve the equation 2 log 3 ( x − 3) + log 1 ( x + 1) = 2

3
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(Total 6 marks)
Extra question
Hence solve the equation 2 log 3 (e x − 3) + log 1 (e x + 1) = 2

3
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 18

21. Solve the equation 9 log 5 x = 25 log x 5 , expressing your answers in the form 5 q
( p, q ∈ Z )
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(Total 6 marks)
22.
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 19

∑ ln(2 ), giving the answer in the form a ln 2, where a ∈

50
r
23. Find .
r =1
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(Total 6 marks)
Extra question
50 50
Find, ∑ ln x
r =1
r
and ∑ (ln x)
r =1
r
in terms of x
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 20

24. Find an expression for the sum of the first 35 terms of the series
x2 x2 x2
ln x2 + ln + ln 2 + ln 3 + …
y y y
xm
giving your answer in the form ln , where m, n ∈ .
yn
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(Total 5 marks)
(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 21
25. Find the exact value of x satisfying the equation (3x)(42x+1) = 6x+2.
ln a
Give your answer in the form where a, b ∈ .
ln b
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(Total 6 marks)
26.
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 22

3
27. Solve 2(5x+1) = 1 + , giving the answer in the form a + log5 b, where a, b ∈ Ζ.
5x
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(Total 6 marks)
Extra question
Solve the equation 10(25 x ) − 5 x − 3 = 0
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 23

28.
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 24

29. The function f is defined for x > 2 by f(x) = ln x + ln (x – 2) – ln (x2 – 4).

(a) Express f(x) in the form ln  x  . (b) Find an expression for f–1(x).
x+a
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(Total 6 marks)
Extra question
Show analytically that the inverse of f –1(x) is the function f (x).
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(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 25

30. Let y = log3 z, where z is a function of x. The diagram shows the straight line L, which represents
the graph of y against x. Its gradient is 2.
(a) Using the graph or otherwise, estimate the value of x when z = 9.

(b) The line L passes through the point 1, log 3 5  . Find an expression for z in terms of x.
 9
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(Total 6 marks)
31.
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 26

32.
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 27

C. Past Paper Questions (LONG)

(Please answer on separate answer sheets)
33. (a) The function f is defined by

f :xa ex – 1 – x
(i) Find the minimum value of f. (2)
(ii) Prove that ex ≥ 1 + x for all real values of x. (3)
(b) Use the principle of mathematical induction to prove that
1 1 1
(1 + 1) ( 1 + ) (1 + ) ....(1 + ) = n + 1
2 3 n
for all integers n ≥ 1. (6)
(c) Use the results of parts (a) and (b) to prove that
1 1 1
(1 + + + ....+ )
e 2 3 n > n.
(4)
(d) Find a value of n for which
1 1 1
1 + + + ..... + > 100
2 3 n
(3)
(Total 18 marks)
(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 28

MATH HL
EXERCISES 2.11-2.12
POLYNOMIALS – SUM AND PRODUCT OF ROOTS
POLYNOMIALS – FACTOR AND REMAINDER THEOREMS
1. Consider the cubic function f (x) = ax3 + 2x2 + 3x + 4. Find the value of a in each of the
following cases
(a) the graph of the function passes through the point (1,10)
(b) f (x) is divisible by (x–1)
(c) when f (x) is divided by (x–1), the remainder is 10.
(d) Confirm the result in (c) by using long division.
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(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 1

HL 2.11-2.12 POLYNOMIALS – SUM AND PRODUCT OF ROOTS
2. Consider the cubic function f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + 3x + 4. Find the values of a and b in each of the
following cases
(a) f (x) is divisible by (x–1) and leaves a remainder 6 when divided by (x+1).
(b) f (x) is divisible by (x2 – 1).
(c) f (x) leaves a remainder –3x +3 when divided by (x2 – 1).
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(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 2

3. Consider the cubic function f (x) = 2x3 + ax2 + bx + c. Find the values of a,b,c
(a) if the graph of the function passes through the points (1,0), (–1 ,2), and (0,3).
(b) if the graph of the function passes through the points (1,0), (–1,0), and (3,0).
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(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 3

4. Consider the polynomial f ( x) = 4 x 3 − 4 x 2 − 5 x + 3 .

(a) Show that x = –1 is a root and find the other two roots by using long division.
(b) Express the polynomial in the form f ( x) = ( x − a )(bx − c)(dx − e) , where
a , b, c , d , e ∈ Z .
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(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 4

5. Consider the following cubic polynomial

f ( x) = ( x − 1)( x 2 + (2 − k ) x + k 2 )
(a) Show that x = 1 cannot be a repeated root.
(b) Find the values of k so that the polynomial has
(i) Exactly one real root. (ii) Exactly two real roots (iii) Exactly three real roots
(c) Find the roots in each case.
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(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 5

6. Consider f (x) = x3 – 2x2 – 5x + k. Find the value of k if (x + 2) is a factor of f (x).
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(Total 6 marks)
7. When the function f (x) = 6x4 + 11x3 – 22x2 + ax + 6 is divided by (x + 1) the remainder is –20.
Find the value of a.
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(Total 4 marks)
8. When the polynomial x4 + ax + 3 is divided by (x – 1), the remainder is 8. Find the value of a.
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 6

9. The polynomial p(x) = x3 + ax2 – 3x + b is divisible by (x – 2) and has a remainder 6 when

divided by (x + 1). Find the value of a and of b.
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(Total 6 marks)
Extra question
Factorise p(x) and state its roots
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(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 7

10. The polynomial p(x) = (ax + b)3 leaves a remainder of –1 when divided by (x + 1), and a
remainder of 27 when divided by (x – 2). Find the values of the real numbers a and b.
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(Total 4 marks)
11. The polynomial f(x) = x3 + 3x2 + ax + b leaves the same remainder when divided by (x – 2) as
when divided by (x + 1). Find the value of a.
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(Total 5 marks)
Extra question
State the possible values of b.
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(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 8
12. Given that (x – 2) and (x + 2) are factors of f (x) = x3 + px2 + qx + 4, find the value of p and of q.
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(Total 6 marks)
Extra question
Solve the equation f (x) = 0.
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13. The polynomial P (x) = 2x3 + ax2 – 4x + b is divisible by (x – 1) and by (x + 3). Find the value
of a and of b.
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(Total 6 marks)
Extra question:
Factorise f (x)
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(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 9
14. The polynomial x2 – 4x + 3 is a factor of x3 + (a – 4)x2 + (3 – 4a) x + 3. Calculate the value of

the constant a.
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(Total 6 marks)
Extra question:
Factorise the cubic polynomial
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Extra question (a slight modification of the question above)

The polynomial x2 – 4x + 3 is a factor of x3 + (a – 4)x2 + (3 – 4a) x + b. Calculate the value of
the constant a and of the constant b.
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(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 10

15. When the polynomial P ( x) = 4 x 3 + px 2 + qx + 1 is divided by (x – 1) the remainder is – 2.

13
When P (x ) is divided by (2x – 1) the remainder is . Find the value of p and of q.
4
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(Total 6 marks)
Extra question
− 21x + 17
When P ( x) = 4 x 3 + px 2 + qx + 1 is divided by (x – 1)(2x – 1) the remainder is
2
Find the value of p and of q.
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(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 11

INEQUALITIES
16. (a) Sketch the graph of the function f ( x) = ( x − 1) 2 ( x + 1)( x − 2)

Indicate only the x-intercepts, and the y-intercept.
(b) Hence solve the following inequalities
(i) ( x − 1) 2 ( x + 1)( x − 2) ≥ 0
( x − 1) 2 ( x + 1) ( x − 1) 2 ( x + 1)
(ii) >0 (iii) ≥0
x−2 x−2
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(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 12

17. Solve the inequalities
5( x − 1)( x − 2) 2 ( x − 1)( x − 3) 3 ( x − 2) 2 ( x − 3) 3
(a) ≥0 (b) ≥0 (c) ≥0
( x − 3) 3 5( x − 2) 2 5( x − 1)
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(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 13

18. The polynomial f (x) = x3 – 4x2 + 3x + a is divisible by (x – 1).

(a) find the value of a
(b) give full factorization of f (x).
(c) sketch the corresponding graph by indicating only the x-intercepts.
(d) solve the inequality f (x) ≤ 0.
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(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 14

19. The polynomial f (x) = x3 – 7x2 + ax – 9 is divisible by (x – 1).

(c) sketch the corresponding graph by indicating only the x- intercepts.
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(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 15

20. The polynomial f (x) = 3x3 – a is divisible by (x – 1).

(c) sketch the corresponding graph by indicating only the x- intercepts.
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(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 16

3
21. Solve the inequality x2 – 4 + < 0.
x
Solve with a GDC (sketch a graph and give the answer)
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(Total 6 marks)
Solve without a GDC
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 17

x+4 x–2
22. Let f (x) = , x ≠ –1 and g(x) = , x ≠ 4. Find the set of values of x such that f (x) ≤ g(x).
x +1 x–4
Solve with a GDC (sketch a graph and give the answer)
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(Total 6 marks)
Solve without a GDC
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 18
For exercises 23-26 do not use a GDC. (Then confirm your final answer by using a GDC)
23. Find the values of x for which 5 – 3x  ≤ x + 1.
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(Total 3 marks)
24. Solve the inequality x – 2 ≥ 2x + 1.
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 19

x+9
25. Solve the inequality ≤2
x−9
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(Total 6 marks)
26.
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 20
27. The functions f and g are defined by

x
f ( x) = 2 x − 1 , , x ≠ −1 g ( x) =
x +1
Find the values of x for which ( f o g )( x) ≤ ( g o f )( x)
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 21

SUM AND PRODUCT OF ROOTS
28. Complete the following table: for each polynomial find the sum and the product of the roots
(allowing non-real roots and repetition of roots) as well as the remainder when the polynomial is
divided by (x-1).
Sum Product Remainder

Polynomial
of roots of roots by (x-1)
f ( x) = 2 x 4 + 6 x 3 + 5 x 2 − 7 x + 8
f ( x) = 2 x 5 + 6 x 3 + 5 x 2 − 7 x + 8
f ( x) = x 10 − x 9 − 1
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29. Consider the cubic function f (x) = ax3 + 2x2 + 3x + 4. Find the value of a
(a) if the sum of the roots of the cubic polynomial is 10
(b) if the product of the roots of the cubic polynomial is 10
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30. Consider the cubic function f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + 3x + 4. Find the values of a and b given that
the sum of the roots is 10 and the product of the roots is 12
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(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 22
31. The polynomial

f ( x) = x 4 − 2 x 3 + ax 2 + bx + 3
is divisible by ( x − 1) and the quotient polynomial is q(x). Find
(a) The sum and the product of the roots of f ( x)
(b) The degree of q(x)
(c) The sum of a and b.
(d) The sum and the product of the roots of q(x).
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(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 23

32. Consider the polynomial

f ( x) = ax 4 + bx 3 + cx 2 + dx + 16
When f ( x) is divided by ( x + 1) the remainder is 120, while ( x − 1) is a factor.
The sum and the product of its roots are both 8.
(a) Find the values of a, b, c and d.
When f ( x) is divided by the factor ( x − 1) the quotient q ( x) is a cubic function.

(b) Find the sum and the product of the roots of q ( x) .
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(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 24

33. The polynomial

f ( x) = x 4 + ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d
is divisible by ( x − 1) and ( x − 2) . The sum of its roots is 7, the product of its roots is 0.
(a) Find the values of a, b, c and d.
(b) Factorize f (x).
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(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 25

34. Let α , β be the roots of the quadratic f ( x) = 5 x 2 − 2 x − 4

Without estimating the roots α , β , find
(a) α + β and αβ
(b) α 2 + β 2 and α 3 + β 3
(c) a quadratic with integer coefficients which has roots α 2 , β 2 .
1 1
(d) a quadratic with integer coefficients which has roots , .
α β
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(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 26

Remember: in a cubic function ax 3 + bx 2 + cx + d with roots r1 , r2 , r3

b d c
r1 + r2 + r3 = − r1 r2 r3 = − and r1 r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1 =
a a a
35. Let α , β , γ be the roots of the cubic function

f ( x) = x 3 − 5 x 2 − 7 x + 3
Find, without estimating the roots α , β , γ
(a) α + β + γ , αβγ and αβ + βγ + γα
(b) α2 +β2 +γ 2
(c) (αβ ) 2 + ( βγ ) 2 + (γα ) 2
(d) a cubic polynomial which has roots α 2 , β 2 , γ 2
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(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 27
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(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 28

MATH HL
EXERCISES 3.4-3.8
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES – EQUATIONS – GRAPHS
TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
1. Find sin 15 o and cos 15 o

(a) by using the formula for cos 2θ , (b) by using the formula for sin( A − B ) and cos( A − B )
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(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 1

HL 3.4-3.8 TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES – EQUATIONS – GRAPHS
2. (a) Use the formula for cos( A + B ) to show that
π π
4 cos( x + ) cos( x + ) = 3 − 2 sin 2 x
6 3
5π 7π
(b) Hence find the exact value of 4 cos cos
12 12
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(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 2

π π
3. Given that sin( x + ) = 2 cos( x − ) , find the values of tan x , cot x and cos x .
3 6
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(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 3


4. [without GDC]
In triangle ABC, AB = 9 cm, AC = 12 cm, and B̂ is twice the size of Ĉ . Find the cosine of Ĉ .
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(Total 5 marks)
5. [without GDC]
The triangle ABC has an obtuse angle at B, BC = 10.2, Â = x and B̂ = 2x.
(a) Find AC, in terms of cos x.
(b) Given that the area of triangle ABC is 52.02 cos x, find angle Ĉ .
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 4

6. Let ABC be the right-angled triangle, where Ĉ = 90. The line (AD) bisects BȂC, BD = 3, and
DC = 2, as shown in the diagram.
Find angle DȂC
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(Total 6 marks)
Hint: We are looking for angle DȂC = θ, while ΒȂC = 2θ. The common side is AC = x.
Thus, express x in terms of θ and in terms of 2θ as well. An equation is generated.
Now, you may either
(i) use a double angle identity to obtain a quadratic equation, or
(ii) solve directly the initial equation by using your GDC (graphs)
Please follow both methods for practice.
(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 5

7. In the below, AD is perpendicular to BC. CD = 4, BD = 2 and AD = 3. CȂD = α and BȂD = β
Find the exact value of cos (α – β)
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(Total 6 marks)
8. Let Aˆ , Bˆ , Cˆ be the angles of a triangle. Show that tan Aˆ + tan Bˆ + tan Cˆ = tan Aˆ tan Bˆ tan Cˆ .
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(Total 6 marks)
Hint: Difficult question indeed! Notice that Aˆ + Bˆ + Cˆ = 180 o and compare tan( Aˆ + Bˆ ) with tan Ĉ .
(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 6
9. Given that asin4x + bsin2x = 0, for 0 < x < π , find an expression for cos2 x in terms of a and b.
2
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(Total 6 marks)
sin 4θ (1 – cos 2θ ) π π
10. Prove that = tan θ, for 0 < θ < , and θ ≠ .
cos 2θ (1 – cos 4θ ) 2 4
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(Total 5 marks)
(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 7
TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
11. Complete the general solutions in the table below
sin x = a in radians in degrees
Find x = θ + 2kπ x = θ + 360 o k

θ = sin −1 a x = (π − θ ) + 2kπ x = (180 o − θ ) + 360 o k
π
x= + 2kπ x = 30o + 360o k
1 6
sin x =
2 5π x = 150 o + 360 o k
x= + 2kπ
6
2
sin x =
2
3
sin x =
2
1
sin x = −
2
2
sin x = −
2
3
sin x = −
2
sin x = 0
sin x = 1
sin x = −1
(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 8

12. Complete the general solutions in the table below
cos x = a in radians in degrees
Find x = θ + 2kπ x = θ + 360 o k

θ = cos −1 a x = −θ + 2kπ x = −θ + 360 o k
π
x= + 2kπ x = 60o + 360o k
1 3
cos x =
2 π x = −60 o + 360 o k
x=− + 2kπ
3
2
cos x =
2
3
cos x =
2
1
cos x = −
2
2
cos x = −
2
3
cos x = −
2
cos x = 0
cos x = 1
cos x = −1
(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 9

13. Complete the general solutions the table below
tan x = a in radians in degrees
Find
x = θ + kπ x = θ + 180 o k
θ = tan x −1
π
tan x = 3 x= + kπ x = 60o + 180o k
3
tan x = 1
3
tan x =
3
tan x = 0
3
tan x = −
3
tan x = −1
tan x = − 3
14. Write down the general solutions (in radians) for the equations
sec x = 2
csc x = 2
cot x = 3
(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 10

15. Let f ( x) = cos 2 x + cos x + 1 and g ( x) = sin 2 x + sin x .

Solve the following equations in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
(a) f ( x) = 0 (b) g ( x) = 0 (c) f ( x) = g ( x)
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(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 11

16. Solve the following equations in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
(a) sin 3 x = sin x (b) 2 sin 3 x = sin x (c) 4 cos3 x = cos x
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(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 12

17. Solve the following equations in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
(a) sin 2 x = 2 3 cos 2 x (b) sec 2 x = 2 (c) 3 csc 2 x = 4
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(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 13

18. (a) Solve the equation sin 5 x = sin 3 x , 0 ≤ x ≤ π .

(b) (i) Explain why sin( − x ) = − sin x
(ii) Hence, solve the equation sin 5 x + sin 3 x = 0 , 0 ≤ x ≤ π .
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(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 14

19. (a) Solve the equation cos 5 x = cos 3 x , 0≤ x≤π

(b) (i) Explain why cos(π − x ) = − cos x
(ii) Hence, solve the equation cos 5 x + cos 3 x = 0 , 0≤ x≤π
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(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 15


(a) cos 5 x = sin 3 x , 0≤ x≤π .
(b) cos 5 x + sin 3 x = 0 , 0 ≤ x ≤ π .
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(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 16


(a) cos(2 arcsin x) = 0.68 , by applying a double angle identity.
(b) arctan x + arctan 2 x = arctan 2 , by applying tan( A + B )
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(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 17
22. (a) Write down the domain and the range of the function f ( x) = arctan x .
(b) By applying tan, find the values of

1 1
A = arctan + arctan , B = arctan 2 + arctan 3
3 2
1 2 3
C = arctan − arctan 2 , D = arctan + arctan
3 3 2
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(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 18

Questions 23-25 : without GDC.
π π
23. Solve 2 sin x = tan x, where – <x< .
2 2
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(Total 5 marks)
π π
24. Solve tan 2 2θ = 1 , in the interval − ≤θ ≤
2 2
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(Total 5 marks)
(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 19

25. The angle θ satisfies the equation 2 tan2 θ – 5secθ – 10 = 0, where θ is in the second quadrant.
Find the exact value of sec θ.
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(Total 6 marks)
Extra question (by GDC)
(a) Solve the equation 2 tan2 θ – 5secθ – 10 = 0 in the interval − π < θ < π , by using the values of
sec θ found above.
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(b) Confirm the result, either by using SolveN or by sketching a suitable graph.
(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 20

Questions 26-27 , with GDC
A. Solve analytically to end up with single equations of the form sinx = a, cosx = a, tanx = a
B. Confirm by SolveN
C. Confirm by a graph.
26. Find all the values of θ in the interval [0, π] which satisfy the equation cos2θ = sin2θ.
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(Total 6 marks)
27. The angle θ satisfies the equation tanθ + cotθ = 3. Find all the possible values of θ in [0°, 90°].
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 21

TRIGONOMETRIC GRAPHS (without GDC)
28. Sketch the graphs of the functions

(a) f ( x ) = sin 4 x , 0 ≤ x ≤ π (b) f ( x ) = sin(π x ) , 0 ≤ x ≤ 4
(c) f ( x ) = sin 4 x , − π ≤ x ≤ π
(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 22

29. (a) Sketch the graph of y = cos(4 x ) , in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ π .
(b) On the same diagram sketch the graph of y = sec(4 x) , for 0 ≤ x ≤ π ,

by indicating clearly the equations of any asymptotes.
(c) Use your sketch to solve
(i) the equation sec(4 x ) = −1 , for 0 ≤ x ≤ π .
(ii) the inequality cos(4 x ) ≤ 0 , for 0 ≤ x ≤ π .
(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 23

30. Consider the function f ( x ) = csc(π x ) .
(a) Sketch the graph of y = sin(π x) , in the interval 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 .

(b) On the same diagram sketch the graph of y = f (x ) , for 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 ,
by indicating clearly the equations of any asymptotes.
(c) Solve the equation f ( x ) = 1 , for 0 ≤ x ≤ 4 .
(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 24


πx
31. The graph of y = cos x is transformed into the graph of y = 8 − 2 cos . Find a sequence of
6
simple geometric transformations that does this.
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(Total 6 marks)
32. The graph below represents f ( x ) = a sin( x + b) + c , where a, b, and c are constants.
Find values for a, b, and c .
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(Total 6 marks)
Extra questions
(b) Write down the number of solutions of the equation f ( x ) = −2 , − 2 π ≤ x < 2 π _________
(c) Consider the equation f ( x ) = k , in the interval − 2π ≤ x < 2π . Write down the values of k,
given that the equation has
(i) exactly 2 solutions: ________________ (ii) exactly 4 solutions: ________________
(iii) no solutions: ________________
(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 25

33. The depth, h(t) metres, of water at the entrance to a harbor at t hours after midnight on a
particular day is given by
(a) Find the maximum depth and the minimum depth of the water __________________
(b) Find the values of t for which h(t ) ≥ 8 . ____________________________________
(Total 6 marks)
34.
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 26
35. The diagram below shows the boundary of the cross-section of a water channel.
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 27

TRIGONOMETRIC GRAPHS (with GDC)
36. Let f ( x ) = 2 sin(3 x − 1) and g ( x ) = x 2 .

(a) Describe the sequence of transformations from y = sin x to f (x)
(b) Solve the inequality
f ( x) ≥ g ( x) .
(i) by sketching the graphs of the functions f and g
(ii) by sketching the graph of one function only.
(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 28

37. (a) Sketch the graph of f (x) = sin 3x + sin 6x, 0 < x < 2π.
(b) Write down the exact period of the function f. ___________________________

(Total 5 marks)
πx
38. Consider the functions f ( x) = e 2 x and g ( x ) = sin .
2
(a) Find the period of the function f o g
(b) Find the intervals for which ( f o g ( x )) > 4
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 29

1
39. Let f be the function f ( x ) = x arccos x + x for − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1 and
2
g the function g ( x ) = cos 2 x for − 1 ≤ x ≤ 1 .
(a) On the grid below, sketch the graph of f and of g.
(b) Write down the solution of the equation f ( x ) = g ( x ) . _______________
(c) Write down the range of g. ______________________

(Total 6 marks)
40. A system of equations is given by

cos x + cos y = 1.2 sin x + sin y = 1.4
(a) For each equations express y in terms of x.
(b) Hence solve the system for 0 < x < π , 0 < y < π .
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 30


41. (a) Using the formula for cos( A + B ) and suitable double angle identities or any other
appropriate trigonometric identity, prove the following triple angle identity
cos 3θ = 4 cos 3 θ − 3 cos θ , [3 marks]
(b) Find a similar expression for sin 3θ in terms of sin θ only. [3 marks]
(c) Find the exact values of cosθ that satisfy the equation cos 3θ = 11 cos 2 θ [2 marks]
(d) Hence or otherwise, solve the equation cos 3θ = 11 cos 2 θ , 0 < x < π . [2 marks]
42. [past paper question slightly modified]
2 1
(a) Show that θ = arctan − arctan (4)
x x
ax
(b) Express θ in the form θ = arctan , where a, b ∈ R (3)
x +b
2
(c) Find the maximum value of angle θ, and the value of x where this maximum occurs. (2)
(d) Find where the observer should stand so that the angle of vision is 15o. (3)
(Total 12 marks)
43. (a) Show that cos(A + B) + cos(A – B) = 2 cosAcosB (2)

(b) Let Tn(x) = cos(n arccosx) where x is a real number, x ∈ [–1, 1] and n is a positive integer.
(i) Find T1(x).
(ii) Show that T2(x) = 2x2 – 1. (5)
(c) (i) Use the result in part (a) to show that Tn+1(x) + Tn–1(x) = 2xTn(x).
(ii) Hence or otherwise, prove by induction that Tn(x) is a polynomial of degree n. (12)
(Total 19 marks)
(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 31

44. [slightly modified]

The function f is defined by f ( x) = cosec x + tan 2 x .
π π
(a) Sketch the graph of f for − ≤ x ≤ . Hence state
2 2
(i) the x-intercepts;
(ii) the equations of the asymptotes;
(iii) the coordinates of the maximum and minimum points. (8)
(b) Show that the roots of f ( x) = 0 satisfy the equation
2 cos 3 x − 2 cos 2 x − 2 cos x + 1 = 0 (5)

(c) Show that f ( π − x) + f ( π + x ) = 0 (4)
(Total 17 marks)
45. [without GDC]
(Total 21 marks)
46. (a) Sketch the graph of the function

1
C ( x) = cos x + cos 2 x for –2π ≤ x ≤ 2π (5)
2
(b) Prove that the function C(x) is periodic and state its period. (3)
(c) For what values of x, –2π ≤ x ≤ 2π, is C(x) a maximum? (2)
(d) Let x = x0 be the smallest positive value of x for which C(x) = 0. Find an approximate
value of x0 which is correct to two significant figures. (2)
(e) (i) Prove that C(x) = C(–x) for all x. (2)
(ii) Let x = x1 be that value of x, π < x < 2π, for which C(x) = 0. Find the value of x1 in
terms of x0. (2)
(Total 16 marks)
NOTICE. In fact, the following question is not part of the syllabus anymore! But it is interesting!
 π
47. The function f with domain 0,  is defined by f (x) = cos x + 3 sin x.
 2
π
This function may also be expressed in the form R cos(x – α) where R > 0 and 0 < α < .
2
(a) Find the exact value of R and of α. [Hint: expand R cos(x – α) and compare with f ] (3)
(b) Find the range of the function f. (3)
(c) Find the exact value of x satisfying the equation f(x) = 2 . (3)
(Total 9 marks)
(HL 3.4-3.8) – Page 32
MATH HL
EXERCISES 2.1-2.7
FUNCTIONS
LINES AND QUADRATICS
1. Consider the lines L1: y = x+1 and L2: y = 2x +1

(a) Find the coordinates of a point P on L1, given that the distance between the origin and P is 5.
(b) Find the coordinates of a point A on L1 and a point B on L2, so that M(5,8) is the midpoint of
the line segment [AB]
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(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 1

HL 2.1-2.7 FUNCTIONS
2. Consider the graph G of the function f (x) = x2 and the point M(5,2) on the Cartesian plane.
(a) Find the coordinates of a point A on G and a point B on x-axis, given that M(5,2)
is the midpoint of the line segment [AB].
(b) Find the coordinates of a point C on G, given that the distance between M and C is 23.
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(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 2

3. The following diagram shows the lines x – 2y – 4 = 0, x + y = 5 and the point P(1, 1). A line is
drawn from P to intersect with x – 2y – 4 = 0 at Q, and with x + y = 5 at R, so that P is the
midpoint of [QR].
y
10
2 P(1, 1)
×
–10 –8 –6 –4 –2 0 2 4 6 8 10 x
–2
–4
–6
–8
–10
Find the exact coordinates of Q and of R.
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 3
4. The equation kx2–3x+(k + 2) = 0 has two distinct real roots. Find the set of possible values of k.
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(Total 3 marks)
5.
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 4

6. Consider the equation (1 + 2k)x2 – 10x + k – 2 = 0, k ∈ . Find the set of values of k for which
the equation has real roots.
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(Total 6 marks)
7.
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 5
8.
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(Total 3 marks)
2
9. For what values of m is the line y = mx + 5 a tangent to the parabola y = 4 – x ?
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(Total 3 marks)
10. Given f (x) = x2 + x(2 – k) + k2, find the range of values of k for which f (x) > 0 for all real
values of x.
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(Total 4 marks)
(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 6
11. Find the range of values of m such that for all x, m(x + 1) ≤ x2.
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(Total 6 marks)
12. The roots α and β of the quadratic equation x2 – kx + (k + l) = 0

are such that α2 + β2 = 13. Find the possible values of the real number k.
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(Total 4 marks)
(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 7

GRAPHS – PRACTICE ON THE GDC
13. On the same set of axes, sketch the graphs of the following two functions
f ( x) = a x , −2≤ x≤2
for a = 2 and 3. Then complete the table beside.
y
10
9 Function y = 2x y = 3x
8
7 Domain
6
5 f (-2)
4
3 y-intercept
2
1 Range
x
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3
-1
14. Sketch the graph of the function y = sin x , − 2π ≤ x ≤ 2π (x in radians)

Then complete the following table.
2 y
x
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6
-1
-2
Maximum Minimum
Domain Range Roots
Points Points
− 2π ≤ x ≤ 2π
(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 8

15. Use your GDC to find the roots and the range of the following polynomials.
Function Roots Range
y = x 3 + 2x 2 − 5x + 3
y = − x 3 − 2 x 2 + 5x − 3
y = ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)
y = −( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)
y = ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)( x − 4)
y = −( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)( x − 4)
y = ( x − 1)( x − 2) 2 ( x − 3)
y = −( x − 1)( x − 2) 2 ( x − 3)
16. Observe how the graphs of the polynomials in Question 15 look like for large values of x
(as x tends to +∞). Can you sketch the graphs of
y = ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)( x − 4)( x − 5)
y = ( x − 1)( x − 2)( x − 3)( x − 4) 2 ( x − 5)

without GDC? (not accurately, only whether the graph is above or below the x-axis)
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(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 9

17. The function f is given by f (x) = 2 – x2 – ex. [Sketch the graph of the function first]
Write down
(a) the maximum value of f (x); .....................................................
(b) the two roots of the equation f (x) = 0. .....................................................

(Total 6 marks)
18. For –3 ≤ x ≤ 3, find the coordinates of the points of intersection of the curves
y = x sin x and x + 3y = 1.
[Use your GDC but do not sketch the graph here; remember to set up in rad]
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(Total 6 marks)
19. Given that x > 0, find the solution of the following system of equations:
8x 3 = 3 and xy – y = x2 + 9
y 4
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(Total 3 marks)
(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 10
COMPOSITION OF FUNCTIONS – INVERSE FUNCTION
20. The functions f and g are both defined in the interval [-4,4] and g is invertible.
Some values of the functions are given below.
x 1 3 4 x 1 3 4
f (x) 3 2 1 g(x) 4 1 -3
(a) Calculate ( g −1 o f )(4)

(b) Find a solution of the equation ( f o g )( x ) = 1
(c) Calculate ( g −1 o g )( 2)
Given that the function f is even and the function g is odd

(d) Calculate ( f o g )( 4) .
(e) Find a solution of the equation ( f o g )( x ) = 2
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(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 11

21. Let f (x) = x + 1 + 1 and g(x) = x 2 .

(a) Solve the equation (gof )(x) = 1
(b) Find the function h(x) given that hof = g
(c) Find the function k(x) given that fok = g
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(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 12

22. The function f is defined by

f ( x ) = 1 + x , for x ≥ 0
−1
(a) Find an expression for f ( x) .
−1
(b) State the domain and the range of f ( x) .
−1
(c) Find the exact root of the equation f ( x ) = f ( x) .
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(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 13

3x − 1
23. The function f (x) is defined by f ( x) = , x ≠ 3.
x−3
(a) Show that f is a self-inverse function.
(b) Hence find, in terms of k, the result of ( f o f )(k ) , where k ≠ 3
The figure below shows a sketch of a one-to-one function g (x) defined over the
domain − 2 ≤ x ≤ 2 . The graph of y = g (x) consists of two straight line segments and the
range of g (x) is − 5 ≤ g ( x) ≤ 6 .
(c) Find the value of ( f o g )(−2) .

(d) On the same diagram above, sketch the graph of the inverse function
y = g −1 ( x) and state its domain.
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(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 14
4
24. Let f ( x) = , x ≠ −2 and g ( x) = x − 1 . If h = g o f , find
x+2
(a) h(x) (b) h −1 ( x)
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3 –l
25. Given functions f : x a x + 1 and g : x a x , find the function (f ° g) .
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(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 15
x
26. If f ( x) = , for x ≠ –1 and g(x) = (f ° f)(x), find
x +1
(a) g(x) (b) (g ° g)(2).
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27.
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 16
28. The functions f (x) and g(x) are given by f (x) = x – 2 and g(x) = x2 + x. The function
(f ° g)(x) is defined for x ∈ , except for the interval ] a, b [.
(a) Calculate the value of a and of b.
(b) Find the range of f ° g.
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(Total 6 marks)
29. The function f is defined by f : x a x3 – 1

Find an expression for g(x) in terms of x in each of the following cases
(a) (f ° g )(x) =2x + 1; (b) (g ° f )(x) =2x + 1.
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 17
x2 –1
30. The function f is defined for x ≤ 0 by f (x) = .
x2 +1
-1
Find an expression for f (x).
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(Total 6 marks)
31.
1.
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 18
32.
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(Total 13 marks)
(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 19

TRANSFORMATIONS
33. Consider the following graph of a function y = f(x)
Sketch the graphs of the following functions
f (x)
(a) y = f ( x) − 1 (b) y= (c) y = − f (x)
2
x
(d) y = f ( x − 1) (e) y = f ( ) (f) y = f (− x )
2
1 
(g) y = f (x) (h) y = f (x) (g) y = 2 f  ( x − 1) 
2 
(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 20

(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 21

34.
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(Total 6 marks)
35. The graph of the function f (x) = 2x3 – 3x2 + x + 1 is translated to its image, g(x), by the vector
 1
  . Write g(x) in the form g(x) = ax3 + bx2 +cx + d.
 – 1
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(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 22
36.
(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 23

37. The diagram below shows the graph of y1 = f (x). The x-axis is a tangent to f (x) at x = m and
f (x) crosses the x-axis at x = n.
y
y1 = f(x)
m x
0 n
On the same diagram sketch the graph of y2 = f (x – k), where 0 < k < n – m and indicate the
coordinates of the points of intersection of y2 with the x-axis.
(Total 4 marks)
38. The following graph is that part of the graph of y = f (x) for which f (x) ≥ 0.
x
–2 –1 0 1 2
Sketch, on the axes provided below, the graph of y2 = f (x) for –2 ≤ x ≤ 2.
x
–2 –1 0 1 2
–1
–2
–3
–4
(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 24
39. The diagram shows a sketch of part of the graph of f (x) = x2 and a sketch of part of the graph of
g(x) = –x2 + 6x – 13
y
y=f(x)
y=g(x)
(a) Write down the coordinates of the maximum point of y = g(x).

The graph of y = g(x) can be obtained from the graph of y = f(x) by first reflecting the graph
of y = f(x), then translating the graph of y = f(x).
(b) Describe fully each of these transformations, which together map the graph of y = f (x)
onto the graph of y = g(x).
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(Total 6 marks)
ASYMPTOTES – RECIPROCAL FUNCTION
2x − 4
40. Let f ( x) =
x+2
(a) Complete the following table
1
Function y = f (x ) y= y= f −1
( x)
f ( x)
Domain
Range
(b) Find the corresponding position to the horizontal asymptote of f (x ) ,
under the following transformations:
Transformation 2f (x) f (x)+2 f (x–7) – f (x)
Horizontal asymptote
(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 25

(c) The point A(3,0.5) lies on the graph of f (x ) . Find the corresponding position to the point A
under the transformation
y = 2f (3x)+5
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1
(d) Sketch the graphs of f (x) and by indicating any asymptotes and intersections
f ( x)
with x- and y-axes.
y
5
1
x
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
−1
(e) Sketch the graph of f ( x ) by indicating any asymptotes and intersections
with x- and y-axes.
y
5
1
x
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 26


x 2 – 5x – 4
41. Find the equations of all the asymptotes of the graph of y = 2 .
x – 5x + 4
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(Total 6 marks)
k
42. Let f (x) = , x ≠ k, k > 0
x−k
(a) On the diagram below, sketch the graph of f. Label clearly any points of intersection with
the axes, and any asymptotes.
y
x
k
1
(b) On the diagram below, sketch the graph of . Label clearly any points of intersection
f
with the axes.
y
x
k
(Total 6 marks)
(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 27

43.
(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 28

44.
(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 29

45. The diagram shows the graph of f (x).
1
(a) On the same diagram, sketch the graph of , indicating clearly any asymptotes.
f ( x)
y
–2 –1 0 1 2 x
–1
–2
(b) On the diagram write down the coordinates of the local maximum point, the local
1
minimum point, the x-intercepts and the y-intercept of .
f ( x)
(Total 6 marks)
46. The diagram shows the graph of the functions y1 and y2.
y
y2
2
0
x
–2
y1
y1
On the same axes sketch the graph of . Indicate clearly where the x-intercepts and
y2
asymptotes occur.
(Total 3 marks)
(HL 2.1-2.7) – Page 30

MATH HL
EXERCISES 1.1-1.3
SEQUENCES
ARITHMETIC SEQUENCES
1. In an arithmetic sequence, the fifth term is 27, the sixteenth term is 115, while the n-th
term is 155. Find
(a) The value of n.
(b) The sum of the first n terms.
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(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 1

HL 1.1-1.3 SEQUENCES
51
2. Calculate the sums (a) 7 + 10 + 13 + 16 + L + 157 (b) ∑ (3r + 4)
r =1
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3. Express the sum 5 + 9 + 13 + 17 + L + 85 in sigma notation.

(hint: find the general term u n of the sequence; this is the expression inside Σ notation)
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(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 2

4. Consider the sequence

5, 9, 13, 17, L
Find
(a) the number of terms which are less than 100.
(b) the greatest term which is less than 100.
(c) the sum of the terms which are less than 100.
(d) the greatest value of n such that Sn < 1000
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(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 3
5. The sum of the first n terms of a sequence is given by
Sn = 4n2+ n, where n ∈ +
.
(a) Find S 4 , S 5 and hence u 5 .
(b) Find an expression for u n , the nth term of the sequence.
(c) Show that the sequence is arithmetic.
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(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 4
6. Find
(a) the number of all multiples of 8, between 1 and 900.
(b) the sum of all multiples of 8 between 1 and 900.
(c) the sum of all multiples of 8 between 100 and 900.
(d) the sum of all numbers which are multiples of both 8 and 6, between 1 and 900.
(e) the sum of all numbers which are multiples of 8 but not of 6, between 1 and 900
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(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 5

7. Consider the sequence of natural numbers grouped in the following way:

(1), (2,3,4,5), (6,7,8,…,12), (13,14,…,22), ...
that is the groups contain 1, 4, 7, 10, … consecutive integers respectively.
(a) Find in terms of n the number of elements in the nth group.
(b) Find the first and the last term of the 20th group.
(c) Show that the sum of the terms in the 20th group is 32567.
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(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 6

8. The second term of an arithmetic sequence is 7. The sum of the first four terms of the arithmetic
sequence is 12. Find the first term, u1, and the common difference, d, of the sequence.
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(Total 4 marks)
9. In an arithmetic sequence the second term is 7 and the sum of the first five terms is 50.
Find the common difference of this arithmetic sequence.
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(Total 4 marks)
(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 7

10. An arithmetic sequence has 5 and 13 as its first two terms respectively.
(a) Write down, in terms of n, an expression for the nth term, un.
(b) Find the number of terms of the sequence which are less than 400.
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(Total 4 marks)
11. Find the sum of the positive terms of the arithmetic sequence 85, 78, 71, ....
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(Total 4 marks)
(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 8
12. Consider the arithmetic series 2 + 5 + 8 +....

(a) Find an expression for Sn, the sum of the first n terms.
(b) Find the value of n for which Sn = 1365.
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(Total 6 marks)
13. An 81 metre rope is cut into n pieces of increasing lengths that form an arithmetic sequence with
a common difference of d metres. Given that the lengths of the shortest and longest pieces are
1.5 metres and 7.5 metres respectively, find the values of n and d.
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(Total 4 marks)
(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 9

14. The first four terms of an arithmetic sequence are 2, a – b, 2a +b + 7 and a – 3b, where a and b
are constants. Find a and b.
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(Total 6 marks)
15. Consider the arithmetic series − 6 + 1 + 8 + 15 + L

Find the least number of terms so that the sum of the series is greater than 10 000.
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 10

16. The ratio of the fifth term to the twelfth term of a sequence in an arithmetic progression is 6 . If
13
each term of this sequence is positive, and the product of the first term and the third term is 32,
find the sum of the first 100 terms of this sequence.
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(Total 7 marks)
(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 11

17. The sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic sequence is Sn = 3n2 – 2n.
(a) Find u1 and u2. (b) Find the nth term un (in terms of n)
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(Total 5 marks)
18. The sum of the first n terms of a series is given by
Sn = 2n2 – n, where n ∈ +
.
(a) Find the first three terms of the series.
(b) Find an expression for the nth term of the series, giving your answer in terms of n.
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 12
GEOMETRIC SEQUENCES
19. The third term of a geometric sequence is -108 and the sixth term is 32. Find
(a) The common ratio.
(b) The first term.
(c) The sum of the first six terms.
(d) The sum to infinity.
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(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 13

20. Consider the sequence

5, 15, 45, 135, L
Find
(a) the number of terms which are less than 10000.
(b) the greatest term which is less than 10000.
(c) the greatest value of n such that Sn < 10000.
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(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 14

21. The sum of the first n terms of a sequence is given by

+
S n = 3 n − 1 where n ∈ .
(a) Find the first three terms of the sequence.
(b) Find the 10th term of the sequence, giving your answer in the form 2×3k.
(c) Find the nth term of the sequence in terms of n.
(d) Show that the sequence is geometric.
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(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 15

22. (a) The population of village A increases by 8% every year. If the population
today is 1000 people find
(i) the population after 5 years;
(ii) the population 5 years ago;
(iii) the number of full years after the population will exceed 2000.
(b) The population of village B decreases by 8% every year. If the population
today is 1000 people find
(i) the population after 5 years;
(ii) the population 5 years ago;
(iii) the number of full years after the population will fall under 500.
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(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 16
23. Let 10, a, b, c, 90 be five consecutive terms of a sequence.

Find the possible values of a,b,c
(a) given that the sequence is arithmetic.
(b) given that the sequence is geometric.
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(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 17

24. A sequence {un} is defined recursively as follows

u1 = 10 , u n +1 = 2u n − 5
(a) Find the first four terms of the sequence.
A new sequence {vn} is defined by v n = u n − 5

(b) Write down the first four terms of the new sequence.
v
(c) Show that n +1 = 2 for any +. What do you deduce?
vn
(d) Find a general formula for vn and hence a general formula for un in terms of n.
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(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 18

25. A geometric sequence has a first term of 2 and a common ratio of 1.05. Find the value of the
smallest term that is greater than 500.
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(Total 5 marks)
26. Find the sum of the infinite geometric sequence 27, −9, 3, −1, ... .
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(Total 3 marks)
(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 19
27. The nth term, un, of a geometric sequence is given by un = 3(4)n+1, n ∈ +

.
(a) Find the first two terms and the common ratio r.
(b) Hence, or otherwise, find Sn, the sum of the first n terms of this sequence.
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(Total 4 marks)
28. The three terms a, 1, b are in arithmetic progression. The three terms 1, a, b are in geometric
progression. Find the value of a and of b given that a ≠ b.
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 20
2
29. The first and fourth terms of a geometric series are 18 and − respectively. Find
3
(a) the sum of the first n terms of the series; (4)
(b) the sum to infinity of the series. (2)
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(Total 6 marks)
∞ x
2
30. Let ∑ k  3 
x =0
=1. Find the value of k.
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(Total 4 marks)
(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 21
2 3
 2x   2x   2x 
31. Consider the infinite geometric series 1 +   +   +   + .....
 3   3   3 
(a) For what values of x does the series converge?
(b) Find the sum of the series if x = 1.2.
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(Total 6 marks)
∞
32. An infinite geometric series is given by ∑ 2( 4 − 3 x )
k =1
k
(a) Find the values of x for which the series has a finite sum.
(b) When x = 1.2, find the minimum number of terms needed to give a sum which is
greater than 1.328
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 22
33. A geometric sequence has all positive terms. The sum of the first two terms is 15 and the sum to
infinity is 27. Find the value of
(a) the common ratio; (b) the first term.
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(Total 6 marks)
34. The sum of an infinite geometric sequence is 13 12 , and the sum of the first three terms is 13.
Find the first term.
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(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 23
(Total 6 marks)
35. The sum to infinity of a geometric series is 32. The sum of the first four terms is 30 and
all the terms are positive. Find the difference between the sum to infinity and the sum of
the first eight terms.
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 24

36. The sum of the first n terms of an arithmetic sequence {un} is given by the formula
Sn = 4n2 – 2n. Three terms of this sequence, u2, um and u32, are consecutive terms in a
geometric sequence. Find m.
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 25

37. An arithmetic sequence has first term a and common difference d, d ≠ 0.

The 3rd, 4th and 7th terms of the arithmetic sequence are the first three terms of a geometric
sequence.
3
(a) Show that a = − d . (b) Find the common ratio of the geometric sequence.
2
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(Total 6 marks)
(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 26

38. The first three terms of a geometric sequence are also the first, eleventh and sixteenth
term of an arithmetic sequence. The terms of the geometric sequence are all different.
The sum to infinity of the geometric sequence is 18.
(a) Find the common ratio of the geometric sequence, clearly showing all working. (5)
(b) Find the common difference of the arithmetic sequence. (3)
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(Total 8 marks)
(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 27
39. A sum of $ 5 000 is invested at a compound interest rate of 6.3 % per annum. The value of
the investment will exceed $ 10 000 after n full years. Calculate the minimum value of n.
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(Total 5 marks)
Extra question
Calculate the minimum value of n if the interest is compounded semiannually.
(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 28


40. (a) Show that p = 2 is a solution to the equation p3 + p2 – 5p – 2 = 0. (2)
(b) Find the values of a and b such that p3 + p2 – 5p – 2 = (p – 2)(p2 + ap + b). (4)
(c) Hence find the other two roots to the equation p3 + p2 – 5p – 2 = 0. (3)
(d) An arithmetic sequence has p as its common difference. Also, a geometric sequence has p
as its common ratio. Both sequences have 1 as their first term.
(i) Write down, in terms of p, the first four terms of each sequence.
(ii) If the sum of the third and fourth terms of the arithmetic sequence is equal to the
sum of the third and fourth terms of the geometric sequence, find the three possible
values of p.
(iii) For which value of p found in (d)(ii) does the sum to infinity of the terms of the
geometric sequence exist?
(iv) For the same value p, find the sum of the first 20 terms of the arithmetic sequence,
writing your answer in the form a + b c , where a, b, c ∈ . (13)
(Total 22 marks)
(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 29

PRIOR KNOWLEDGE REQUIRED (leave for later on)
[You need: logarithms]
41. Find an expression for the sum of the first 35 terms of the series
x2 x2 x2
ln x2 + ln + ln 2 + ln 3 + …
y y y
xm
giving your answer in the form ln , where m, n ∈ .
yn
(Total 5 marks)
42. The common ratio of the terms in a geometric series is 2x.

(a) State the set of values of x for which the sum to infinity of the series exists.
(b) If the first term of the series is 35, find the value of x for which the sum to infinity is 40.
(Total 6 marks)
[You need: trigonometry, arcs and sectors]
43. The diagram shows a sector AOB of a circle of radius 1 and centre O, where AÔB = θ.
The lines (AB1), (A1B2), (A2B3) are perpendicular to OB. A1B1, A2B2 are all arcs of circles with
centre O.
A
A1
A2
O B3 B2 B1 B
Calculate the sum to infinity of the arc lengths AB + A1B1 + A2B2 + A3B3 + …
(Total 6 marks)
44. A circular disc is cut into twelve sectors whose areas are in an arithmetic sequence.
The angle of the largest sector is twice the angle of the smallest sector.
Find the size of the angle of the smallest sector.
(Total 5 marks)
(HL 1.1-1.3) – Page 30

HAEF IB - MATH HL
TEST 2
POLYNOMIALS - FUNCTIONS
by Christos Nikolaidis
Marks:____/60
Name:____________________________________
Date:________________
Grade: ______
Questions
1. [Maximum mark: 6]
The tables below show some values of the functions f, g and h
x 1 2 3 4 x 1 2 3 4 x 1 2 3 4
f (x) 2 4 1 3 g(x) 4 2 1 3 h(x) 2 4 3 1
(a) Calculate (fogoh)(2) [2 marks]

(b) Find a solution of the equation (hof)(x) = 4 [2 marks]
(c) Find a solution of the equation (h-1of -1)(x) = 4 [2 marks]
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Page 1
Let P be a point on the parabola y = x 2 + 1 , Q a point on the line 2 x − y = 1 , and
7
M(2, ) the midpoint of the line segment [PQ]. Find the coordinates of P and Q.
2
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Page 2
Consider the following polynomial of degree 3,

f ( x) = ( x − 1)( x 2 − 2kx + 1)
Find the values of k
(a) if x = 1 is a root of ( x 2 − 2kx + 1) [2 marks]
(b) Find the values of k , given that f ( x) has exactly one real root. [4 marks]
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Page 3
The polynomial x 2 − 3 x + 2 is a factor of f ( x) = x 3 − ax 2 + 17 x + b

(a) Find the values of a and b [4 marks]
(b) Find the remainder when f (x ) is divided by ( x + 1) [1 mark]
(c) Find the sum and the product of the roots of f (x ) . [2 marks]
(d) Find the sum and the product of the roots of g ( x) = f ( x) . 2
[2 marks]
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Page 4
2x + 1
Let g(x) = and h(x) = x 2 .
x−5
(a) Find (goh)(x) [1 mark]
(b) Solve the equation (hog)(x) = 1 [3 marks]
(c) Find g −1 ( x ) [2 marks]
(d) Find the function f (x) given that fog = h [2 marks]
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Page 5
Let f (x) = x 2 + 2 x − 3 .
(a) Find the vertex and the intercepts and thus sketch the graph of f (x)
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y
5
1
x
-9 -8 -7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
[3 marks]
Page 6
(b) Hence complete the following table
Function y = f (x) y = f (x) 2 y = 1+ f ( x)
Domain
Range
[3 marks]
(c) The function f (x) has no inverse. What is the maximum possible value of a,
such that the function f is invertible when defined in the interval (– ∞,a] ?
Find the inverse for that function.
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[3 marks]
Page 7
Consider a linear function of the form f ( x) = mx + c ,
(a) Show that f −1 ( x) is also a linear function, given that m ≠ 0 . [2 marks]
(b) Hence find all self-inverse linear functions f (x). [3 marks]
(c) Find all the even linear functions. [1 mark]
(d) Find all the odd linear functions. [1 mark]
(e) Describe the linear functions in question (b), geometrically. [2 marks]
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Page 8
Consider the polynomial f ( x) = x 3 − cx 2 − 4 x + 4c , where − 2 < c < 2 .
(a) Show that f (c ) = 0 for all values of c. [1 mark]
(b) Express f (x ) as a product of three linear factors. [2 marks]
(c) If the graph passes through the point A(1, 0), determine the value
of c and hence sketch the graph of y = f (x ) , clearly indicating the
x-intercepts. [3 marks]
(d) For any value of c, with − 2 < c < 2 , solve the inequality
1
>0 [2 marks]
f ( x)
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Page 9
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Page 10

International Baccalaureate Math HL

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INTERNATIONAL BACCALAUREATE

1. Solve the equations

(c) 2 3 x +1 = 5 . (d) log 2 (3 x + 1) = 5 .

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 1

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 2

3. Solve the logarithmic equations:

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 3

4. Solve the logarithmic equations

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 4

METHOD A [Apply ln( ) first and then solve for x]

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 5

6. Solve the exponential equations:

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 6

7. Solve the exponential equations:

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 7

8. Solve the equations

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 8

10. Solve the simultaneous equations 8 y = 4 2 x +3 and log 2 y = log 2 x + 4

11. Solve the simultaneous equations

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 10

12. Solve the simultaneous equations

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 11

13. Calculate the following sums

(c) ln 2 + (ln 2) 2 + (ln 2)3 + L (infinite sum)

14. Consider the function f ( x) = e x − 2 .

(c) Complete the table

15. Consider the function f ( x) = e x + 2 .

(c) Complete the table

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 14

16. Consider the function f ( x) = e ( x −3) + 2

(c) Complete the table

(d) Solve the equation f ( x) = 6 .

B. Past Paper questions (SHORT)

17. Solve log16 3 100 – x 2 = 1 .

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 16

19. Solve, for x, the equation log2 (5x2 – x – 2) = 2 + 2 log2 x.

Hence, solve the equation log2 (5x2 – x – 2) = lne2 + log 2

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 17

20. Solve the equation 2 log 3 ( x − 3) + log 1 ( x + 1) = 2

Hence solve the equation 2 log 3 (e x − 3) + log 1 (e x + 1) = 2

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 18

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 19

∑ ln(2 ), giving the answer in the form a ln 2, where a ∈

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 20

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 22

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 23

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 24

29. The function f is defined for x > 2 by f(x) = ln x + ln (x – 2) – ln (x2 – 4).

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 25

(a) Using the graph or otherwise, estimate the value of x when z = 9.

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 26

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 27

C. Past Paper Questions (LONG)

33. (a) The function f is defined by

(HL 2.8-2.10) – Page 28

POLYNOMIALS – FACTOR AND REMAINDER THEOREMS

(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 1

(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 2

(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 3

4. Consider the polynomial f ( x) = 4 x 3 − 4 x 2 − 5 x + 3 .

(HL 2.11-2.12) – Page 4

5. Consider the following cubic polynomial