Time Division Multiplexing(TDM)

Basis is the sampling theoremNyquists rate of sampling

Extension of pulse modulation PCM coding

Useful for digital data(mainly for digitized speech

signals) Digitization is done by CODEC (coder/decoder) generates 8000 samples /sec satisfying Nyquists rate of 4 KHz telephone channel BW. Then PCM is used to convert analog signal to digital form

Principle of Time Division

Samples are separated at 125sec In this interval the samples of other speech signals are

sent. All clocks are synchronized. T1 carrier system widely used (Japan &US) has 24 voice channels multiplexed and coded using PCM.

Clk-1

Ch-1
Clk-2

Ch-2

Muxed signal

Clk-24

Ch-24

N-channel Multiplexing

Techniques of T1 telephony
24 voice signals are sampled sequentially and resulting analog

signal is fed into CODEC Every sample is coded with 7 bit binary code and the 8th bit is used for control So the PCM signal from each channel is an 8-bit word. For 24 channels we have 248 =192 bits. One extra bit used for frame synchronization- so 193 bits in total. Speed of PCM is calculated as 193/125 sec=1938000=1.544 Mbps. It is the digital signal(DS)-1 ---8(control bit) Frame125 sec (193 bits)

Standards for PCM channels

International standard for PCM to use 30 speech channels with

8 bit coding for each sample. It contains 32 time slots in a frame, each slot having an 8 bit code. 30 slots for channels and 2 for other purposes (0- flag &16signaling info) as shown below 125 second frame
0 1 1 30 31

Compaction techniques
Used to reduce the number of bits/channel after

digitization Following methods may be used Differential PCM, Delta modulation, DPCM with predictive coding

Digital Hierarchy

One higher order multiplexed signal is obtained from

4 immediate lower order signals Total bit rate is not exact multiple of lower order due to additional flags and alarms

Standards for Digital Multiplexing Hierarchy

Order
1 2 3 4 5

No of channels
30 120 480 1920 7680

Bit rate(Mbps)
2.048 8.448 34.368 139.264 564.992

composition
3064 Kbps 42.048 Mbps 48.448 Mbps 434.368 Mbps 4139.264 Mbps

T-series hierarchy is as follows :

4 T1 streams of 1.544 Mbps are Multiplexed to a stream of

T2 with speed 6.312 mbps 6 T2 carriers are multiplexed to a T3 stream of 44.736 Mbps 7 T3 carriers are multiplexed to a stream of T4 with speed 274.176 Mbps

T-series table for Synchronous TDM(time slot allotted regardless of data sent or not)
Carrier T1 No. of channels 24 Bit rate(mbps) 1.544

T2 T3
T4

96 576
4032

6.312 44.736
274.176

Every frame consists of a cycle of time slots . Each frame has one or more slot dedicated to each data source.