S.

No.
Index
QR8DQRE)REOREOREORENREORSDRSDQREDREDRDREDREDREORSORSO&B

Name of the Experìment Page Date of Date of

No. Experiment Submission
Remarks

Dhm's daus- Resis

tivity3. -08-23 25-6.22

2Hede bridge -MCSidivity 95-0823||:4 23

Hedu uid ge - xusisdivdy 18. f.q-23 8.9:23

8-9-2? 5:922
Half diflelion uikod
24
xsidance galvanonmd

5Coavxhae focangth 32 15.5-23 22-5-23

6Conslas -foralungh 43 22
-9.2? 610: 23
munannum
1Brism- angle 6
6.0.23 13-10.2?
daviation
sPN Tuncdion_diode- VI 30-10:23 3.|23

chaxactexÜdica.
Hoxwan d and eonse
 Page Date of Date of
S. RemarkS
No.
Name of the Experiment No. Experiment Submission

1ACTIVITY -1 643-11: 2? 401123

eAindancevaldagecwaad
land checking the

AcTIVTY 2
10.123 812-23?
Podeadiaaedex - vaxiadion

3ACTIVITY -3 81 8.12-22 I5-J2:22

Cixcuit diagzan tompsng
Kaldyeaiulox/Rheodat
Kiy amnedan and vollailo

-
4.ACTIVITY 4 41 Is 12:2322-12- 22

tdeadity a diode.LEN
btesiadon and cabacilox
som miAd caltion
5ACTIV ITY-5 2812.2
Glas slab dadnal 29122
sklt
6.ACTIVITY-6 29- 12:23 2|-24
 Cncuit diagham

(K) Rheostat

Unknuwn eidance
(R)

Ob}vadLont

dangih erisdance wse (l)

=
50 m

) Range
=
ammadui 03
=
0-52
 Date:

Page No: 3
Expt. No :

Io detexone the esishiviy of twogr thaee wirse by plotking

Vs CuIent.
a graph for patenkial difference

ÁPPARATUS: -
Yesistance uire
A
a
alkmeleY Co-3) yand an Qmmetey
Co-3)A Offapprapxiate Tange a
batery CBatkery elininaker
A
ehastat, a meter scale ane way key, Connecking wines
and a
piece of sand pape

THEORY
Qhm's lau" the Czrent flowing throuh
ACLoxding to the
diference
a Conductox
is diseckly prapmkional to the patential(kempexahne
accass ÍEs eods proxicled the physical Condikons
same. I
dim ensiDns pressuIe ) of the Canduckor emains the
aocd Vhe the
I be the Cument louing thxough e Conducho
pokential diffexence dccass ends then nccoxoing to ohm's
ks
lau

Clhere is the Constant of proporkionaliky

R

Conducox.
i6 Knoin as esLance fhe
o
I!

Lempexakloe an.
Rdlepends lupon the natuxe 0 material
dinension o the Conduct o.

Teacher's Signature:
= Y,-Y,

-25 -1-5
O5-0:3
-52
 Date:

Expt.No : Page No:

Lo
6.I lnts, the patential d'ferente vis beastineclia Vol!
And the curent I in ampere, The Yesítance Ris measlrec

To
estabLish the Curenk
valkage elationskip it is tobe
Shown that the alio vI remaíns Constant fer a giyen Tesistans,
thexefexe a goaph hekween the patential difference cv)Qod the
be a Straigh llne

The Canskant xakia gives lmkaguln Value of Yesiskance Vz R

pRocEDuRE

mannex
Arxange the appaxakus in the Same 0s Qiveo in the
anangeneat diagzam

o
clean the end the Cennectíng wire ußth Sandpaper taTemave
the însulations, if oany

3 neat, cleanand kight Conneckions acarding ta the

Nake
circuit diagam hile maring Cannechians sure that 4e make
exminals of Voltmetey and ammeker Qre foined tawands the te

Detexmine the least Count Of Voltmetex and ammeter and

also note theZexo eYYOY

Lasert he Key kstde he Yheaskat Contnct and See tha.t

Teacher's Signature:
R=

-0-S- 05
0• 15- 010
=
62
 Date:

Expt.No: Page No

ano Vollmetex are Wouking

Ler _Qxe
AmmeteY Jsapely
Adiusk the SlidingContack of the gheostal uch that a
measuxable CurIen paSses thYOugh the xesistance CailL Lor)
Yesistant wixe.

NGke
7 don the value of potkential difference
V
brom Voltmetey Qno CurYent I faam Qrometer.

shi! the Theastal Contack SIRghly So that both ammakex and

NalEmetex Show ful divisiong Teading nok înfrackica

Re coxd the Teadings of volkmetex and ammetex.

40

14. Take atleast five Sets of inde pendent Qhservations.

at the paint whe xe it leaves the

12 Cut. the Yesistance Wixe

texminal strech i Qnd find out length by mekxe cale

Re Coxd youx Obóeívalion.

PRECAUIONS

The Coonections_ Should be neal, Clean and kight

Thick Coppey Wires Shoud be used fer CoDRChions afler

theixYabbing uith sand apex
Yemouing the insulations near
Teacher's Signature: ........
 Date:

Page No
:

........J..
Expt.No

ammelex Should be of roper ange..

Voltmeter and

esistance Yheastat should be used

A
low
obsexvalion a
TheKeyShoudd be insexked Only while taking
Tesis Lance toin inCrea seJ
aveid healing of Yesislance [other

SoURCES Of ERROR:

The instrument Scxow may be loase

Connecking Wires may nat be available

Thick

Qheastat may have high vesistance

RESULTi
By CALCuLATLON
4st Wire 5

n kooun YesiSkance of 2

resistonCe o wire 5

Un kogu)n Yesistane f

Iuive 2- 289 xLO,-6

Tesisliviky of

wixe 6
Yesiski vily of

Teacher's Signature:
 No:..3 Page No:.14
Expt.

AIH O4 a given wire of strength

to_flnd esiskance la)
Sandaxcd Yesistor ising meker bxidqe.

ApPARATUS:
A Hetex bxidge Cslide wixe baídge) lecloncheCallÇBalkeYy
a

eliminatox )a galyanomekexa galvanome tex, Yesistante

baz

ajockey, a Qne way wire,ascrew gauge,a metxe

eyaesiskance
Scale, Connecling wfe and a piece of sand paper

TAEORYi
The unknauln Teslsance xis give by

wheye R
is kaoun Yesistance placecl in the lefkap and unkocn
Yesistante y
in the igh gap op mekre Kmis the langth f
bide.
mehe bidge wixe fram Zexo Gnd upto balance point
(p) o¢ maeral op the giveo lWire is
&pe cific Yesislance he
gen hy

Ehe diameler oR the givenluie.

and D
is
uheye is the Jegth

Axange the appavakus as Shewn

in Quuangeanenk clagan.
whase Tesistance fs to
be
Canect the yesis kance Je
Teacher's Signature:
 Ex

(Renitance box)
tnownsesaana

20 30
 Date:
Expt. No: Page No:..12.

determined in the
ight Qa0up beueen Cand B.Take Care thatnopaxk
Of the lire foms a lcop.

2l Coonect yesistance bax0f law 24nge fo the left hand gap bekueen
A
and 8.

Nake aL the othex Connectians Qs shown in the circuit dagxam

Take Qut ome YeSistane (say -ohm) frono the resistance baxplug
the kick Eouch the jockey genkly a
firsk least left and khan
at aighi end the bafde wie.

Note defleckions in oppasite If he galvanamett Sbous aeplecta

the defleci,
io opposite direction& the Canneckion axe lorreck ip the defieckion
s One side only. Then thexe is Some falE in the cirCuit check or!
take help of yourteacher and seckify the faulE

1Nave Cslide) the fockey alang the tixe fcag leçk kkinighk
qalvanametev qives zexa deçieckion.The point uhuxe the jockey is
Foucking Ahe wixe n null pointD

al Chaase an approprfata yalue of Rfonn the esiskance bok Such that

thase is no.de£ lection in the nomeke wben theockey is nealy
in the midd)e of the wive Cie) betueen 4s to 55(m.

of a
set square to koow
4Note position 0f point DCwith the help
length Ao1

Teacher's Signature:
 Obsotva
- 50cm)
don ( dungt {gven

So. Renadonaoni dngtl dengt Expt.

R-box AB= Lcm) B{100-4) em X=

21:1cmn 78-9 cm 11

2. 2 33.4 cn b6lcm 3-8N 12

44:3cmn 55.1 cn 3-7N

13.
54• 4 cm H5-6 m

8-352
5.
88-7 m

3-152
Expt. No:
Page No :.14..
n Take at
least fous Beks oOL
ohservalioo oo the same wayby changung
Fhe Vauo ío R in step.
youx Obseryation
4Recaxd
49 Cut the YesiStance tuire at the poiots uhexe it leaves the tesminal,
Stretch il and find iks length Ay usíng a metey cate.

4k Neasuxe the diameter 4 the wie at fouY places, Ín kwo mwtually

DexDend Culay direckions. each 2lace with the hep OE
sc3ew gouge.

Recoxd yoly Ohsexwalion Qs given in table.

PRECAUTLONS

The Canneckion Shald be neat clean and kighk.

Au
the piug_ín the resiskance box Shauld be kight.

bxidge wive Cnddo not xubit.

Nove khe ockey gently Ovex the
The
plug in the key
k Should be
nserted Only wWhen the Qbsenntion
lare to be kakena

Nul pon! Showd be used to nok nwl point to avoid eroY Of

parallax

A OneDlace dlamekerOA Wire Shold be measuYed in two

Teacher's Signature:
Cal culadn

X
=3-7n
211

X,
2v66-L
33-9

=3x55.1 3-72

54.4
=
3.15N

e
Wsan valu nindan

-(3-7 +
3-8 +
3-7 + 3-35 + 3-15 ) /5
3-54Q

d= 0-62 m

50X I0 2

50
=
00 213% x N-4 = 2|36x06
 No:....16.
Page

No:
Kpt.

Lmukually perpe ndicuar divedigns

mQ ke a loop.
The Wie Shauld not

ERROR

may Dot be clean the

loase khe plug
The ínstxument erews May be Thescrewgauge have
nifom thiccAess
tulíxe may hot bave pikch.
Caulks ike
black-lash eror and Hzong

RESULT:

unkogwn resiskance
X=3-54
The yalue Of

Yesistance the material of the given lire

The Specifie
of
0=2:13 xO-2n 6

Teacher's Signature:
Gycut diagkam Exp

(E)

20
50 60 80
 Page No: L.
Expt. No: ..03

To Vexífy the lows Of Comhinations. (sexies) 0f resistance

using a melee biadqe.

APPARATuS: -
a
A
bxidge, a leclanche Cell Chattery elimiaato),
Mekse
Tesistance wires
aalvanameke, a Tesistance box, Jockey, two
a

two esistance Coils Knaun resistance aset snaYe, band

Coonecking wire
Dapex, and

TH£ORY
The xesístance Cor) of e
resistance wíre (ar) Coil is gien by

the resistance ham the xesistance box in the leCk

Whexe
Ris metexe bridge lwires fom Zexo
Qap and is the ength of the

end lupto balance paink.

ahentwa yesistance Yi gI, axe Connected in sexies,then thei

Comkíned Tasistance.

PROCEDURE
YA Q Yg

he tuo
aA
Make Yesistance coils

Connect the kuo Coil Y2 n

seríls as ShQuo in fig in
Lbis.
the

pind the Yesistane of

of mete bidge
and
ght gap
Teacher's Signature:
 Obsnvadon
en iu dante
Tablu fon bngth (l) and unknoon
Exp

Renudane SNe. Renane dengtk engt Riudance Huan

Col om th AD= L DC= I00-l r- 100- xR |esuta
R-box CO) Ccm) Cem)

21 18-9

2. 2 33-9 661 3132

3 2 55-7

1. 663 3-7 r,05

0• 154
2. 2 43-8 6-2 r,= 0-13

3.
17-3 2-7

222 11-8 r,
350
2 2 348 b5:1 3364

3
53-8
Ratudone

www
 Date:
Expt. No: Page No:..20.
CombinaLio. a
ake Least thexe 6els
Reloxd yos OberVolion as follcu).
PRECAUTLON -

The cnneckion Should be neaL, Clean ad Eight

AL he plugs in the Yesistance box Shawd be tijht.

i wale the IocKey genly Quex the bridge wíe and derck uk
it
he plug in key kShaud be inserked only twken the Chsexvak icn
Qve to ke taken.

sNal poinl hauld be bsaugh kekween 45cm amlG5cm

6Set se9uare Shauld be used to Dake DulL poat t avaid eor

parallor.

AI Onp place, dian eter of aie Shodd he measued in tu.

pespendicWay disectians.

& The we Shauld nte make alp

 Cal cul aden
- )
K,= (lo0 x R
-78.4
v
= 3-7
E

33•4
r, =
(i00 -l)
L
xR= 55.7 x3. = 3.1
n
For r, (1o0-) 3-7x I 015
86-3

93-8
2-7 3
=01
97.3
FOn K, nd r

22. 2

65:1 x)= 830

34-3

r+ r, +r; -3•7 +3-8 + 3-7 =

3-13

=
htr; +r 0• 15 +
0-13+0:18=
0·152
3
Uean valu
dr and
350+353 +3-42
358
3
 Page No:

No:
RESULT
mean (unkaawn
Tesistance
Cannected the
hen Only Y4
is
lnknon esistonce
Connected the meah
Khen anly r i6

Calculatioo the besies of

zesistance (Re

Value
are in sexies the erpeximenk
Canneckecd
When Y4 op the Bpaimenta
Rs=3-562 within limits
YesiStance
ol Sexies theozitical.
Hence of xesistance
law
experiment and
xr
in
 ....Q4.. Page No : ...R.
:
xpt. No

LAIN a galavanomeker by half

To dete Mioe Yesistance
Of

o nerit
AeecticO Mekhodaad to find ils figure
AppARATUs:
A eskon type qallknometer a Valkmekex, 2 battery ar
batkery eiminalox, two (0000
n
and 200) Yesisance
talYes
a melex Scale, a
amaeter of given Yange Cooneckng
and a piece af sand paper

Theory' as found
esiskance
he O, the given qalvano mekex
i
de[leCkionmethad
Lhal!

esis kance Connected in series with the

where Ris the
aatyo no meler and
s s
[he hunt Tesistance

merík K- E
The figure of
) (RtG)e
o the cell nd Alsthe def!ection
Nhexe E is the euof
rgduced wtth esistante CR)
thraug, the
marimum CuIrent that Can Pass
() The
alvanomekez
Teacher's Signature:
 Ck,)

Ie

CK)
Resutane d gatvanometer
 Date:

Page No:...26..
Expt.No:

on the
Uenis the tolal humbex Of diyis ions
A

anlvancmeter Cale eilheir on eithe ir side of zeo

On

PRocEDURE
Methad.
(a) ResiStance cA galvaname Ley by half defection

4 yake the CanneckiOn.s accondingly Qs Shoun in Circit diagram.

auplays op khe Yesistanle boxes axe kight

2see that

fora the Ye sistance. box

Ehe high Tesis Fance Csay 2000
.Take Out
Rand inset the kay ku Only

A Adius the Value O

R sa thal defechion is maxjmum een In Aamse
and uith în the s0ale.

Radius=
key Ks also and ithoul Changíag the alue of
Tasext khé
defleckion ia the qaluancmelex xeoluce
the value 0£ 5 such that
ta oxacty hall the
value Cbtain la ie ea step5

Aoke the value f xesislace S.

out disexeas Values c

Eaking
kepea slep 4 to z three kiniog
eveny
Rand ad[usting s eery tine
Teacher's Signature:
 R

Table
Lm. 2N
SNo Resudanc
D|eclon
(9)
golvanonalu
(% skunt
GrRs E
dalucd ion
(s)
1

20 15
80 627| 0-00013
2100
83-16
3 83-16| O-000151

3100
12
82-|| O-00012
A\00
5 S1-54
5 81:64
5100
Expt.No : Page No: ...ß...

A
1ake One Cell Of the batexy Cbalkeyy eliminator) and
of Votmete
metex by Ceoneckíng tye Df
TRod fsits E.Mf bya yol -ve oA he Cell
iith tye 0f the Cel nd -ve Volkmekey with
E
Lel it be

Nake Conoeckicns as in Cicuit diagram

adiusk the Nalue Op R a obtain a Ceskain deflection o(say 30

divisions ) wheo the cirCuit is ciosed.

42 Noke the Values of YesiStance

R
and de fleckion A.

delleckiog
3Now Change the yalue op kR and nate the galvanometey

lepeat the Skeps q to 13 with both cels op the battery uth diffexenl
Vait pom battey eliminatox
Valtage ke 2, 4,68
4sfind fhe figue of merit k using the foxnula

PRECAUtONS:
Caonectio06 Should be neot clean and kight
AL
he
AIL fhe plays in Yesistance boxes shauld be tighk.

Cell 01 batteny shauld be tighk

The eiMf of
Teacher's Signature:
Caleulad ion Ex
0-000O02107 't5
K

(Rr6r )9 (100 t S6.27 ) 30

A Aiy
0-
0000|4513
K
(R6)9 (2100 +S3-16 J 1

di
0- 0000 7856 !4 A
2
(3 100 + S2-11)12

2 0'00000 54786 A/dw

(R-6)6 (r100

(•00000 448 251

A
diy
2
+
R+6)8 (5100 8421) &

-
8621 t 836
+
82:1|
+
8:51+ 3121

G=RS_
R-s

R-s 2100 - 8
Gz Rs 3100
R-S
GyRs
R- s

R-s 5t00-80
 No:......Sa.
Page
Expt.No sisLance borCR)shoal
Taikially ahighk
esistance Aom the ge resfstance
bmall
intduced ín the Císcuit 0heruise for
Lhe
Lbe
Onezeutive eacessive flo) through
Curreawil
qalvancmeker or ameter Ca be damagad)

scxew af the Ínstxuments

may be loase
The

may nat be Clean.

The place of reSiskance boxes
Canstant.
Aot be

galuanamekex divisions may nat be of equal sige.

The

RESULT:

galyanQmtey - 82:88
Resistanle Of a giyen
0*000o10237 A A
galvanomete :
Fique of mexit giyen

Teacher's Signature:
 No:
Expt. .95 Page No: .3B.

AIN
To o{ a Coavex
find the focal length lens b4 plattnj
V

LAPPARATUS:
An
optical bench êth Lhaee lprights Ccentral
mavemenk)
Lupxightfixed tuo outer prighks with lakeral
onvex ens cuith lens holder two _Dp£Ícal needles.Lone
hin, Che thick) a Kailkingneedle and a hal! mekey Scale

The elation bpkween L

Vand far a Cen VeI lens Is.

UV

wWhexefocal length of Cenyex lens.

f

U-distance af ahject needle fzam ohical Centeropaf the le

ye distante of inage needle fam apkical (enker leos.
; Conyention uhas Dega kive aue
Nae Accoxding to sign
yalue
and has pasitive alue. Comes posikive

PRocEJRE
a deteraine gougs facal length.

Mount the CooCaye mírxa n mirYOY halder

Golut in the cpen and face the miyar touards

distant
tree or building

Teacher's Signature:
Modil
gaf.

v (em)

Uem)
(a) 41afsh b/ u
andy

cm)

b/
ond
 Date:

Page No:...54...
Expt.No
paiaked
Lobtaio the image
op khe Lree the baildinga ubite backuad
o,

move the paírror

forward and
ualt6reen) and mage Dn the wall
Ltaget sháp
betiwlen themírxoy and the walL
MeasuYe the distane aflhe
cscseen) This wiL be egual to the Taugh fecal leagts
mírxor.
To set the ens.
Keap the Jind
clamp the holder with lens ne fixed pzizhk and

aghk a
subtle is yeskícad and
Adiist thelens Such tbat
ks
sench
pexpendicular to the length af the qptíca
posikion through
Keep the upríght Aíxed in thís
needle
to set the object
outey
eTake the thin optíca needle as
OLjeck needle [o) MOunt iin
Zero end
lakexally maveahe upight
elampíkaka diskans
Ohjeck needle upxight and
Nove the Obtamed 2ough focal
4 ines the
Cin full Cms ) neazly 1.5
Hength of the lens.
Do.
De edle tomake iks ie
Adiust height f the phject
lenlex af the leas,
hozontal line fhough the aptical

Teacher's Signature:
....
 =
0C- oD 24

-
2f 0C 23-4|:7 cm
2

2
 Page
No:...36.
Expt.No:
on base af the
the pasiioo ef the indermark
the
Note
IAieck Deedle lupighl,
To se the inage needle
open eye fuom
with lefE eye Clased. see wíth the ght
verked andenlargea
ehd ofthe cpkical bench. in An
Ae chhex
Emage af the aject needle
wiu he een típ of khe imaye
lie in the middle af the lens.
needlle )in the
the thick gpticas needle (image
Hount
end O£ the apticas
bench.
Lfath upsigh heay the athey

Adiust the height of the ímage needle. so that iks tipis

khe ip of fheinage then seen luith ight
Seon in ine uith

wiu gel separato

Hove the froage
eye towaxds ight the tip
haxe pasallar
The image Eip aad the iage pedp tip
o Eip.
16
Remae the paralla, kip
maxk oh bQse of the image
Note the positien of the Index
needle spright
base of prighk
mark Qn the
Record the_posi£ion of the index
Lmage Deedle in the ba
leas The OLiect ne edle and the
f the
against oksezvalino
COYYectiop
To detesmine indey
Teacher's Signature:
 Date:

Page No:...38.
Expt.No:
fas diskancebetween optical
the index Correckfon
Cind aso fox
12 centeref lens and ipof the obfect -heedle and mage
hetuecn
Aistance ptical Centey oE Lens and tip 0f khe
needle as descibed.
mgre
QbserVaions.
Te4e
needle upríght kowayds mirrozin steps
1cm
bf
MOve ohjet
TLeast ohservation.s 2and 4 Repeat the epexinent.

mírror fom pasilion

Move objet needle cupright auiay fara

men
6 lepeat the experi

NOtei same
the obsex valíons qiven ahead
Re
lod al
psoce duxe.
a
in epeximento

pRECAUtIANS:

Tips the ohject and imaqe

op neodle Shaudlie ot the
Centey af the ens.
Same height As the

payallay should be Tempvedfom Eip ta tip hy keaping

eye at A
distance at least Bocm aay fom the neodle.
such a distange t
The obiect neodle Should be plaCed at
faxmed.
nly geal invexted image ofiL is
Tndex Cozechion fox U
and Vshould be applfed.
Teacher's Signature:
(aleuladon I

AB =AC 2{
2{ OB

2
22-5= |1-25
2

2
f

0P =
0-095
O0 0-095

Q-095
=
\052 cn
 Date:

Page No: ...h.

Expt.No:
SeURCES Of ERROR:

tuprigbis maynot he Lhe yextical.

The

þesfect..
panalax YemovalLmay
nat. be

RESULT:

lens is
determined sy
of Conve
The focal Length
W-V method
sf 4.47cn
determined fem
ppContex lens fs
The focal length

Teacher's Signature:
 Date:

Expt.
No.:.... Q.G....... Page No:....3.

AIm
To find the focal length op a
cancae lens using a

Conver leos.
APPARATUS:

opkícal bench with fon lpníght tuo fixed Lypaights

An
middle tuo Outex prghts wilh atexal movemeat) (ohyer
). tue
lens (les focal leagthy a Convex
len (marene focal length
a
lens haldex, tuo aptÍcal neecles (one thin thíck). kniking
ncodle nd a
hale mekey Scale

A
ShortDeseipticn ahout Ehe arrangement Asa DotCoalave
yirkua inage iks facas angth Can he faunl
lens aluays fea d

fhís puzpase, indirect

me
disectly aA fex a Convex Iens far tho)
Lis ajed Qs de scxibed beloo

placed on one Side ol a

Coayez lens
Án Dbject needle 0is
i and its real iavexked image 1is lacated Lhy imaqe Dade )
On the ohhey side la shoan in ay diagram.

The cahyex lens la is paced hekuleen Conyex Jens

lh aod
The Cancawe lens divexges the Yays and the
Lmage needle
naw
1.
is fosmed at T
asshousn in Yay diagram

fox CancaNe lens 1is the iautual Object and J is the Teal

Eocal Jangth Can be Calaulaled uaing leas.

Teacher's Signature:
 I

lo
 Date:

Page No:......5..
Expt.No:
LEexmula

f
TAEORY
fxcm lens femala

iule have fU
Ialhevef facal length of con cake lens Le

La
W= diskance of
1I fom eptical Cenker of lens

Centex of lens la had

V- distance of I Aom aphícal
op incident light)
posítive value Cbeing measuxed in adrectiog
Degakive Hence f Comes negakive.

PRO CEDURE!
YOugh fotal length of Convexy lRas
detemine

Notunt he Canuex lens in Jens hadex

Guo
(ut io the open and face khe Jens fowards distant

Obkain Lhe image o

the tnee the building cna whit
o

c move the lens faxwaxd and backas

Paintedwall. Slreen ) and
on the wall
o gek a Shaxp inage

Teacher's Signature:
 Objed dint.

U-Io, V- To,2
(oncave lntoge
(cm) cm)
Objecl |Convex Imagc
S.Ns
lens I
20 -20
34 29
20
1.
24 -20
39 28 52
20
I2 28 -21
34 27 55
3 20

Concavc
- lo x
20 -20
U-V lo -20

-20
U:-V

-21
2 8
|2-

4
-(4, f, +f3)/3
=-(20 +
20 + 20)/3
- 20 3 m
 Date:

xpt.No:
Page No: ....7...
wall CsCreen)
Neasuxe the dístance between the lens the
khe mirOY
equal tothe oLgh focal length
D
AAls wil he

oSetE the canVex lens.

Open and face the mirray towads
4Expaiment Out in the
Wiskan ee a buildiag
or
Obtain the image of the txee the
2
building on a white
hackud
painked CStreen) and mave the mino forward and
al On the al
wall
3.MeasUxe thedistonce bekuweenh themia02 and the
wilbe egual to the gyagh focal ength af the minar
C6t1een) thís

40 set the O6ed needle.

afixed upright and koap

4 Clamp the haldla ulith lens in
50oLm maxk.
he upright at
Vestical and
5.Adíus the lens Such that its ssface is
perpendicalas to the length of the opticad length
posikicn thxoughout
6G. keep the upaight fred in this
06ect neadle Co)Mou
he thin cptical Deedle
Qs
1 Take
ouker lakeally moveable upaight near e0 Qnd
JE in
Teacher's Signature:
 Date:

No:
pt.
Page No:...
set the image Deecle at t

&Mave obíat Deedie upsíght auay fom mízor (faom posilion

2) in stepsof
Dbsesyaticn 1cmta get Obseryolions
LAsk.Respect the expeximenk

a
a. Recend all the QbserVakions Qu qíven heod

o Set the ConcaNe Lens

yzigb at some dlistance away fam the

Convexfeas
Eix this

Sot the ConCaWe lens Surface ín same as Conve

manney x

lens Suxfoce wfth paincipal axes of the Jenses Coinciding

DRECAUTION:

length of the Convex lens Showd be than the les

tocal
of ConcaNe fens &a thal the Combination isCoakex
Halal Tength

ust be Cle an.

The lenses
eape
0her pxecaution are Same as in 3)

RESuLT
The focal Jength of given
ConcaNe lens -20:3cm

Teacher's Signature:
...
 Date:
:....7 Page No: ......I..
pt.No

e
odetermne angle Df minimuka deviaklon fax given
by pnthing 4gapA between angle op
incidest and
Tisnangle of de
-devfalion
se
APPARATUs:

Dsaingboard, a White sheek of paex. prisen drauing

ancd
pins Pencily half meter Scale Qffice pins Gsaph paper
Lasctxactax

TAEORY

op the metexial
oA
the pexism
The xelxoctive ndey (n)
is given by-

n sin ADm
2

Sin EA/2J angle op

minigum devíation and A

where Dn angleof
the peaisam.

dawing pins or kape

of
paper On khe
i a White Sheet
of khe
paper
w a Styaiaht bne x_paxallel to the length
paper
the midde of the
early io Teacher's Signature:
 Date:
Expt.No;
Page No:.53.
suikable distance
of albout 5Cm.

asShown in diagam.
Dhaw staigbt lines RiQa Ro
Qi,Ry Qa making angles
355ly Ba uWite value of the angles on the papex y
xespcckively with Ehe namals

Mark one Conex the pxisn as A and

Of

edee op the ex
take t as the
paism fer all the Ohsenvakions.

put i paísm wíth fks Ye Lracking face AB in the line

Vand point i in the middle ot AR

Mark the boundaayof the prism

line Ria The distance betwe2n the plos shoud be tomm ar

Mre

Lock ak image of point pl and p hadagh faca Ac

openxighk eye in line uith the

Case youx
lek eyeand bing

fiz two Office pins p3 and P4 Yexticay and 10cm

Teacher's Signature:
 angles

R N,
N3
Ri

4454

A A

Ka
 Date:

Expt.No.: Page No: 55..

Such that Ehe opeo right eye see pins

pand pa
bna
image
Remoe píns pi and PA and encincle theipricks oD
the
paper
=
Repeat Skeps 7 ko 13 with _points Qi,f4- fox ho

Cases..
To Measixe Dn cf£erent
SEaaight ne's thaQugh points ph and PsCpin pice

inuaxd in the bancla

paism meek preduced Incident
to naysRei R

othe
at paiats fi,ffe
These qive

n khe paper to Measc

these ngles
Aite yalues of

Moasune angle B4C in fhe bennday ef the pis

A
Ohserxatign.
Reloxd Yaux

nture.
 Date:
No:......5.7...
Page
LDRECATloN:
No

The angle ofocidence Showd lie between 35 -6o

The pins Shauld be fixed Vextícally

pins Showd Dot he
The istance betueen the two
less fhan 1omm
to Tepxesent the
AzxQà heads Shoutd be laaked
incident
deot and emexgent Tays

The Same angle O pricm

Should he used foy al
ObsexYatien,
he

S0ugce O ERROR

Picks may he thick

pin

Neasuement of agles maybe Cualon

RESULT minitum
deviatiçnisfound fom the Gacaf

The angle sf Dm -4
deviation is
hetuean angle oeincident and angle of

iyen prism
deteroipe
The gefzactive index
of is
bg n 1-520

Teacher's Signature:
 P n

(mA)

Pn juncdon diode (orwan d biakd

el + )

50V

(K)

pn ncdcán
juncd cón dio
dio cde
de Ravase
btased
 Date:
No:..08 Page No: ...5.4....
Expt.
AIN
Todaaw the I-y CharactexisEics Curte fox a Pn juncEion
Tdiode in foxuard bias and yeverse bias.
APRARATUS:
-
A-PD Tunction Csemi Conducto )d'ode .a2Volke hatery
a-3 Volk
a so Vot battexy Q
high mesistance gehostat One

ne Q-50 Volt valtmeler, Qne a-100 mA Qmmelex

volmeler,
One 0-1oo YA ammetex,- 0e way ley Conoe ching Wires and
papex
piece of sand

TuEORY
faxuaxd -
kasics Chaxackexistics. whes the p-eckic
bhe diode is to positive texaoipal
Conogeked of Q
batley
is Connecked to negotíve terminal slowly io
and
inh- Seckon A abud o.7V foy Si d'ode
the beginoíng and then rapidiy
Value of
(o.2vfox e) the curent íncCYease buddenly
The

Clment iacsease
laxuaxd bías Volkage at ahich the faxucad
ThYeShald yalkage.
apidly is Callldlat in yallag Os
Chayoctexistics hhen the p seckion
Reverse- bias
the dhode is Canoech ed to gatie texminal
De of high Velkoge
diade is lanaecked to positiye
hatk exy and
n
sek ion of the same batkexy than junctiop is
texmioal cf the Same Of the
said to he xevexse biased.

bias Valkage increase inikially There

wWhen reyeyse is

VerySgall Yeyerse Curxentklouw. Which Yenmaln.s almast

l
Y2Vexse Voltage nreas bias
ConSEa with bíos. But aben
Teacher's Signature:
 Obrovatwn
Fox fonward biis
DRangevo l neler
2) det oun! vold mutor
=
3) Zoo U09 voltnel N

D 15 mA

Nl.
ForJGr d Gas fon change pouit A
to &

= 0-40
-0:32 - 0-08
F
4-25-2:25 2-00
Junchon unu tance or fonward bia
r= AVe =
0:08. =008 0- 08
2m
Xo
SNo
2
v'? 2
ar d
For w) Bian volyag
(VE)Fos wand cwount CmA)

2
O08
3
O12

5 025
O20
0-50
|00
028
O32 I50
2-2B
300
040 4-26
 Date:

.No. Page No ...........

n
sutficiently hígh yaue the
gevexse Curzent bL ddlently
a
|iarease to walue. This Vollage at which baeakdwn of
odioadlode oectuxes (áuddenily lange Cument flow) is
called oneY bsealcdaun

yolkage o invexáe Volkage. The breakdauan Valkago may

upn.
Tetass Aom One Jall Lo sevexal hundaxd VolLs depending
dopant clensity and the depletion laya

RoCEDORE:

o the
foxuiardbias
Make Cirult diagram aa Ghauin in diaazam.

clean and Fight

Make all Connechion Deat

Zexo r0Y Of Yotmea(y) and

Note eask Caunt and
milli- anamekex (mA)
near
pokential d'vide (rehastan
mving Contat of
Volkmeker Vand milll
king the key ke
heqative end and insoxt
ammeten MA wil give Zexo Teading
faxuaxds pasitive end to appl=
a little
Move the Canta c CurYent yemains Ze
Nolkage fVf Of 0. )
faztaaz bias
yoltage pto 0.3v fer &e diode
Incrense the faxwaxd -bias cue junckion pokenkial
Iexo.CTt is ta
Ye mains
Crent Teacher's Signature:
 bias
Modl ghk fe fotwan d

foxwa d biay vo llage (V)

Hodal

Re
verse bias yolloge
(V)

Revsc

bas
cuws

nt
(T)
 Date:

Expt.No Page No: G3..........

TncIease VE la Qh ill ammeley recaxds a Small Cuxent

ocsaase VE
in skeps af a.02 and nake the Coaesponding
Carzeot intrease first slowly and then opi lly
"beakdawn
heloes O.7V Suddenly This gepxesents faxward

f - D79V the Cuxzent inCrease Suddenly This

oNate
sepxesents foxulaad " bxeakdaun Atage

e T
the VE iceYease beyond faxwad bseakdaun' stage
Lhe faxtaaad Current daes nat Change much sas kake out

atoace

yauz Dbsealien as given ahead far eVxse bi

Relixd

Nake as Shaun
cirCuit dtogram as_shoun in diaq.
12.

Connechan neak, clean anc kight.

13.
Nake all
Voltmeker (v)Qod mic
NOte least Count ard Zexa lrorol

o poteakral diffesene (rehostat

Bing moíag Contat the key
Volkmekey Vend
Dea posilive ehe and insert
Zao Rading
mico = Qmmeter TA wi! give
Teacher's Signature:
 volirmelen = 0•30 V
Range
deait count Vollmel ot
voll eder
Range ille ammeder F
0-100 p A

count nll- amnmedor

deast
2 A

Zu0 count milli- anneden

Fox a grohk change om

fount A do &

I0-5 2

=
AI, 36-24 =12

5n No Rave bias Volloge (Y, N

l5
2

5-5 2
65
5 16
75
7 24
9-0
G5 28
10-0 32
10-5 36
 Page No
No:
Expt
the contac! towârds negative
the
Move end to apply
a
feebie Yeverse
bias Voltage
veyse VR Ou5V. Op

Ye
Centtastings flauíng.
fizsk
LeCreae VR Stepsof on2v Cuxsent increases
Ln 2o.y CNote
then Yapidly Aiu VR beomes
sleuly and
he cgent)
CurzentnCre ase Suddenly thi s
MaKe VP R5Y the
=

Yepxesenls "geverSe bxeac dawn"SEage y at Qne

take out the
NOte the Cured and
a head.

Recordyour Ohsen yatípns as given

LRESuLT:
PNjunchon diode
The p.yL
chaxactexiskic Cuave ofa studied
Yevexse bías are
foxuaxdhias and
resistante fax faWaad bias 409
Tunckion
Yevexse Aias
kías = :66 x ID
Yesistance for
Juctction.
Tun lon

Tacher's Signature:
 Fowan d bucsed

Rvuje bic d
AETIWHIES
 .
Date:
....2 No:..6.
Expt.No : Page

AIN
To_measuxe
Yesíslanle, Vollage CActDe ), Cuze
and check lontiniEy
AC)
multimeler
of a given cizcuik asing
LAppARATUS AND Naterials:
APpAxatus thxee Coxban yesfStoxs., One Standard
Nsistance loil, a
batkexy elimi nako with Eapping ce, na

&v) askep dauun txansfoxmex (6ao-6) with two

tapping
gesistoY of loo ohm, aplay Rat and
Aalkimekex,

THEORY
Nultimeter: It is a Single measuringdevia acting
Ohm neter ar thf
a s
as an ammeter a
Voltneter and
AVO mekex.
Y2ason IE is also Called
Ttmeasue altexnaking 0s well as dixect CUmerl
Can
in addizion to
and altexmting as well as diret yallage
Y2si Stance fex this pinpase ils ponel is duided into five
dillexent setians ik Can
Thexe aTe many Yánges in each ection. ba that
Meastxe rem míco (lo-6)ta mega (2o4) lnits otation
ange Dne bection.
Of a Kaah Change the sectfon Qnd the in
baíngs. ange
Ratation of kngk fa changß in Ammelex
paeliel
Shunt xesist ances of diflexent yalue in Cixuit în
with he Coil.
Rotolion_t knob farchange in Voltmetey Yangebxing
with
Sexies Yesistareo dilereot yalue fn Cixcuit in seyíes
Teacher's Signature:
 Multihler
kelflel Jo Colowr L 4band
ab
Black
gold 57.

salvo I07.
Bown
10 2 No colo
R Rod 2 207.

Ylo

Bu

W WLte
geld
 No.:
Expt. Page No:...J..
Coil
he
Rotation of koab for Change in Dhan meler gange,
Yesistance in
i
bngs
Cucut in 5exies uRth the multimete
ell
ACarson gesistox re freguently used in electícal and
oecthonio CiYCuE and thas vaue Very Qver a Very uide
gesis kance.
afthe

2A Carbon Tesístance has foun diuesent Concentic

ralauned ingex ox
hands on iks sface, The itrst thxle.
the Yesistance and
of tbe
Aonds a,b, AndC determine the alue
CALuth band d gives the pecentages of accuracy called
Caxhon Yesistay kR-(abxo
T
o
tolexance. The gesistance
folleaing sentence
&. To Tead the value of Caben xesiskance the
of ouch mare belpful
is faund t be
oy Gacal Brikain yexy
6
Geoo white

BBR,DY,G, B, V,G And win

The bald face leHes
Black Bsecn, Red
bave Ccaxespad to the Calolxs
sentence CaIesponel
yellau) Gzzen, Blue víalet, bxa4, aod White xespeck
viokt, Gay
(arge, Coaespondltothe
c they uEipl
fo a andb. white for the thixd

used far the

falauling kable prokices the Colau
4 The
Teacher's Signature:
 -|R)

Red Black Bobes Brober

Blac le Red

Sclscdor Suoitcl
Sle cdo o
Elaelical
Sorteh DV (o V) AC on (200v)
Set on chm
C) MeasUng
DC: valtag AC vollage

C6)
Dc voldage
(c) A.c: volloge
) ceching codnity
 Page No
No.:
p. e
Carbon Yesi5Eances.
khe
DROCEDuRE

R&
Ri, Ra,
Nauk the iven Caxban xesistors_as
flrsE, Second third and fosth ing
Nake the Coleurs of
esislo
Llex ach

Probes of fhe mulEimetey in

appraprial fom
in the o the neter
market " Adius" Such that the needle
ypoína Zero Ohm.
deflection and Yeads
sheus full Scale
the xobes _insert Yesistoa Ri
A
Sendaate the metale end
Probes
betwe2) the metalic end af the two
kemeaslured io pointer oo the gange Selecte
e flection af the
Laod gead the
Qkheryesistors Ro and Ry each tf
sRepeat the slep 4far gange and testing the esd.
appsopziaa
selecking the
yalues of
Colas Cade kable the
Copkexk using the halans
44 aAay and kheis Values with
zite
ohms
esis kar in

SOuYce af poteatial diftexence by ba

6electaDe
+
(am and ied in )
frcbes black in
Pug the Teacher's Signature:
 Date:

No
Erpt. Page No: ...15...
seleet D.c valt by tuaning the Seleckoy suikch to xange
Volts.
Teuch
fe4s Othey
makesl
and ends Dohes Such that ed is on and
sattey keninal t and black on ancd ho the eading

Successic
Thsert red rebes in terminals marke
V,
2y in-
and ncke eadigs

turn Hhe Selekoy A.cC200 Voit

terminals
Touch nd Press khe paobes ohex ends to tuo
A.C Source f potential dhap Qnd Aote the readng
kermipals o4 Ac
ed probes
se OLhey ends to
ka
Teadisg
Sollnce patenki) drop and Aate the
Contuiaiky of given Circuk:
cd)
to Qhm ange N

8ot the sele cho Suitch

B
and
of probes at
ress fhe eas Coakuiniky.
A

Louch gnd

Tull Scale
defleckfon fadicakes
Contuinity betwe
Sioflazly check îo ucession the
Sia Neyey Place
terminass B and and teiminals (ane D.

Teacher's Signature:
 Date:

No.:
Pagc No:..Z7..
terminasConnec ked
betwean wleh the
Lprebes
erminals
the batery.
of

electuonic mullimeles fox Continily test rolex

Todigial
ccnnecked maxk
0
and c buILeY bounds when probes Che
ko ends af Components kested
LNEERENCE:
mLJEimetes match with
The measuYed values hy
4

Aoyíved Values of gesistoys.

5ouxce makch
2 AC and Dc Voltage macked on Voltage
multimetey
ith VolEage measxed by
CAUTIONS:
LDAE multimekey showd ke
4.Iastyuctíon.s foy handing the
nskxument aad is likely
gone Thxaugh a very handy
as itóCavelessiy
darmaged it o ignoxankly used.
gst
Volkage o
appxopxiale paxametex Cumenl vange.
2 selecE the unapropiai
tance o the messued and
Solt it
xesis
koQu30,S
pacameker measuaed is nat
ang, ofthe re than maxie
3. TE measuaing
Devex Connect
h matium for
No. Page No:
Dt

RESULT

The Yesiskance, yelkage (Ac/be] cuneat (Ac) ar

osustd nd CankiDuity ofa given circait fs checked

Teacher's Signature:
 Date:
No
Eypt. Page No: 81.
AIN
to_Saady the varíalion n
potential drep wÍth Lengtb
wie far a sleady CUNenk afa
LApeARASL

APAaTalus-polenk iamekes.
MateialAg2sistance
fuly Charged5V battery ox bateng
a
Yehostat, volkmeter of ange
2,QL an ammetey (o-3)A Qne way kay, a Icckey aset
Bolase Cennecting lalires and a piece
a sand paper.

THEORY
Cox pOte ntio metey with wse of unifaxm makaial
a

Tdosty ond thichoess (caass seckional anea ) Cazying c

clrent potential deap is prapational to the length

Constant

wihee k is the drap et poženkial radkent.

pROCE DURE
Cizuil dlagxam houing the schee Df lono&E
as
in fi'glue
ehd af the Cenneckng Cap
Remare the insulatloo fan the
Teacher's Signature:
 200cm

vauain
Expt.No
a Sand paey.
wie wíth
Conaect the o, the ballexy (eliminalox ) (a
posilive pale
Lhe zexo endCO) OF Lhe
| Lottery 0f Can SLant em.f) lo a one -way Key
etentiemeler nd the ne galive pole Lhaha
ameleley and a lab resisLace YehoStat the other erd ce
an

posilive temina) o Volkmeler th the end pak

Lonnect Lhe
ne gative texmínas a the iacuey
the peteniometex and the
potentiorale
Touch the end af the Iackey t the erdi of the
Tehoskat such that the Vollmeta
case the key and Set he
C3v)
full caledefeck
fon
gives
a Cm The Valkmeta oin
touch the Iockey at erd p at
0 defle tion
length
maaks sepanaled by Eocm
Touch the takey at Qach Case.
yolkmetex Yesiding in
e uixe hote the
fasnm 4s tiveo ahe
Relard our Obseyxakion
in tabulan

's Signature:
=Y, -Y,

=
L3-L0
-
450 350
 Date:

Page No:...5..
No:
ESULZ
betwcen ncd I is StxaighL line.
fThegaph propxbional
okenial do) along the length of wise is

V=lkL
KeO.a0
per unL length Of uire is
i) The potentd dsop
 (k)
Rheosdad

Untnown enud anu

R
No.. Page No : .87..
E
Todoaw the diagram fa qiven open cíxcuit Compxísin
eilazeker battey geSistos, Ye hastatkey ammeter and
Mark the Components Lhat are Dol Coogected
Oxdey and conxect the
diaqzam Civct andalse the
cicat
LADPARA7U6
AND A
TERIAL:
elinipaka, ox a Yehasat
A baltexy battery Coto 6.)
gesistance oroace
bar
o
to l00) Elwo way lkey D.cvaltt

THEORY
An eircuit is the Combinakíon
open of primayy
Such Q a manney that oo
Camponenks of electyic cirC ait in
cinsing the Cicui no Current is drawn Aam battery

DROCE DURE:
AmmeteY T shawld be Cannected in 5exies wfh fhe
-atkeny elinioator

Shouldhe Connected in Parelled

b the
Volkmetey T

esistox
(onnected eries (in ple
Rhesostat IE Shoud be
eliminako,
H Tesiskance cofl ) wfth the battery
ConneckedPaxellal pla
Resistana Cál: T} bhale be (in
Teacher's Signature:
 Page No:...&1.
No.
rheastat)

T Should he onneckedLin Sexíes ta fhe balte

elainalas

ck ciCut diagxam CComponenks Coonected in prapex

padex)

RESULT

opan ciroit Lompressing

he cliagam of a given
Yesišty Theastat k
nd
Compghents axe Connectec in
Nalmetex is dxawn Connecled
prenex ordes Cixtail is
 .... Date:

:
Expt.No Page No:

AIH:
To
a
oasistoy and capasitoy feam Qmied Colleckion of
Such emsit
APPARATUS AND NL TINE TER:
Naterial abave mized callection o4 ítem
THEORY
,
fox identification appeaxance and twarking of each

item Coi hare to be Cansdexed

diode ís a kup kerooinal device:- TE Casdcts

A

when Tevexse biaise

hen latuana bhised and daesogt Conduct
Hence ft daes Dat
T does nok emit Bigkt while Conducting,

ciode)is alsa a Euo terminc

A LED CLight emíting na
device.TE also Candúcks wihen fayward ased and does
everse emíts light hile Conde
Copduct (alhen ased. IE
hente tglou.
Theherm
A txansiskor is a three texmihal deyice,
CB) and Cal)eckay Ce)
YepxLsenks emiltey (E) biase
a mulki- texnipal
AIC (1nte xgralid Cirtuit) is
chip.
in foxm ofa
Teacher's Signature:
 2 3 4

(o. i7yF
Papor
usudor Mica elclnoluylie
(a) Carbon

(b) cahacitor

LE D

(A) Taansu dox

(c) Do das

(e) lndagialed anuit

only
commonly cvalabh integnal.d coeu i
 Date:
No
pt Page No: 93.
A
Yesistor is a
two tegmína) olevice : I
olthex forwardbiased Or gererse
londucts tahen
bíased. Tnlatt these
efexuara
when
0x TeVexse hias far a yesistoy), I Conducts
eren uhen lithex foxuacd bia Sed c Yeyer.se
ToxED
kiased whena
Then
mlkimeta
chausfull scale Czent inikially but ik
i dlecay twoLeNO
quicaly

TE
is hetouLse thoat ioitially a
capacitor d

chaxge
peoCEDuUREI

anc has form of

If the kem has fouy oy Moe teTminals
a chip î an ze Lategated cixcuit
is
a transistox.
I! the item has thxee terminal is
may diode aLED
I! the item has tup fexninals, E be

pxoceed aS ahead.
to diffrenhiake
the selectar Dh Yesistance R
af tmullimeler fo
put prabe metal ends are jnse
metal
cing the continúty.
The
The probe
Che Common and
On the mullimetey as
naxked
in teri nal
ObE

Deol

Turutu Uliuchond LED

Bolk deuchio Runton

Caþaalo Capaceton

Do de LED but
 Date:

Page No:......2.5.
9.5...
No,:
Ept
1f SWch thal tbe blaclc Qneis
Ohe
is in_comman_and gecd
p Cor tve) on touching the two ends.afthe
is in
Ldevicela
two othex metal end of probes.-
the

pointer maves Whes Voltage is applied in

T Cney
Do lightL emissic.
Tod daes nat
MOVe lben neYexsed and Lhexe is
e ilem is a dode

maves when Valkage applied Oneiay and

n
Tf pointex istheze
mave When Yeversec and ís ligh emišsion
does pc
a LED
the ike is
one lway and
mayes ihen Nalkage ís applíed in
f
Tf pointex is
a Yesistox.
uhen geexsed, he îtem is
Jso
is Volkage applied is (ne
not mave wwhen
I4 pointes does capasiko.
Gnd alsa when Yeeysed, the ikem isa

RESULT:
are
are Yesistor and a Capacikoy
a
The diode ÉD,
mixed lellechian of ltems.
tidentified froma
 Date:
No,: 5....
Expt. Page No: 97
AIN
To Ohse ve
Yefx0ction Qnd atexal dle
oamof ight inciadenl obliguely vialion of a
n a
qlass slab.
APPARAus:
Galass slab, dawing boaxd, white þahex sheet, dawing
pins, Office pins, pxokxackox

THEORY
When bight cp-Q) incident on the face AB
aiay of
Slab then "ft bends Lowads the n0mal since refxactic
os place fxoo Tarey medíum The yay
CRs) out thiaugh
face ge is called emergent ay

fsam the follaaing diagan.

emergent ray
i) The incident Yays is parallel to {he
The emexgel ray is laterally de viated fam its
c) a distaace
path. çincídent ay) by

PROCEDURE:
pape Sheek b dhawing pins a daa
fir a white

slab Qnd Plut symnebically in th

Take a glass it ABC
pDaper nd maxk Íks boundony
-piddle 0f the

Teacher's Signature:
 Rfraclion laougk a glan alab

5. No Angl { inudena Angú {snárgena

Ce) ci-e)
1
30

2. 40*
40*

3 45 44
 Page No:..29
49...

makiag an angie i ith Ihe noxmal.pgwill 34pesenks an.

cident ay
oo the line pa
Cis tuo pins at points 1
and2 at
kance 4Cm 0I Mone betweon themSelves.

See image of these Pins thxeugh fate De and fiz

moye
uin. mare pins at points 3 and 4c 1cm ox apast)
uch that these tuo Paints Lmages cf fixst two
Cevey the
ias all points along n
stxaigkt line Rs. Through points
and t refpre sent emexgent xay. Join QR to
yepresent yefracked ray

on face De nd measune angle

Dyaw Doxmal at point R

pRocEDuRE
aisplacement
displacement aa nouw
0o take anther
ta RsTU mesuxesteral no measlne the Jatexal
Set fax differenk angle of incident
displacem ent.

Conclusion.

increase ín the Ehickness

The eibCxen se with

0f the Scale.
The d jncsease with the zL
 Inlny

7A
2d

22
d
 Date:

Ept.No Page No :....401.

AIN
To 0bserve diffxation 0f liqht due ta a
thín slÍL
LAPPARATUS

Two Yagox blades, adhesive tapesa screen,a sourLe

monaChxamaht ight
plale. Caser pencil ), Black paper ancd a
aiass

THEORY
a
phenomen on of bending of light Chacuna
piffracklon is
ex Ox
he Coxhex Oy edges of a fine opening ox apexkuxe
lsackion takes places uhen Crcey o wavelength is.
ConapazQble Or
Sall a the sige of Slík ox aperkuxe
The difsackion patlexas eßeks is maxe pxoncunced
of the sige af the apertYe ox the Obstacle îs of ayelengt
AE
the iave. The
cpfxactian pattexn anise ta întexference
fram different Symne tricalpoint of the
of light waNe length
a
Same JNe The diffackien pattero due to single
SlL Consísts af a Centxalkright bands hauing altexnah
dank andueak bright kandk óf decxeasing îaten sity On
both sidesa

Eoy diffrackion d sin A

=n
Sige of aperte Or slit
Hese
dz angle of difyadion
A Qxdey of diffrackion
wave Jength of ight

Teacher's Signature:
 'plate

Black
papu
 Date:
No.
Aypt Page No:.103.
pROCEDURE

Aia the black papex on the

ndhesive qlass plak by using

place two Yagoz hlades So that theix harp edges are

Toalled and
exremely Clese to each oher to fm a naaow
slIL in bekueon

Cht the Soall slI in betweon Lhe Shorp edges of blades

a a wa ar
and_place at Slable distance fnam sieen o4
Yoom.
adark

Throa a keam of gh on
the slit by the asex pencil

A
dKfl oction palteAS of allexaat bright and dazk
hands is een on the wall

PRE CAUTÍON

) Ais gaps shauld Dot be efk betuleen glass plates

Land hlack aper

The agar blacdes shouldke fplaced erfslnly clased

i)
as passible

Difxaclion pa ttero Shacld be Sees Doa lwall ofa

Ci)
Teacher's Signature:
 Date:

Page No:..40s

APoint Jdlun Ce af MongchxO natic ight lilke lesex

Loxch shauld he used.
COACLUsloN:

Mhen light waes axe ncident on Q

slít 0 aperkune
hen ft bends aa at the Cornex af slit Shauing the