GENERAL CHEMISTRY 2

2nd SEM: MIDTERMS

LESSON 1: KINETIC MOLECULAR MODEL OF LIQUIDS INTERMOLECULAR FORCES
AND SOLIDS - Between
MATTER Dipole-dipole
- Anything that takes up space and has mass
Hydrogen
STATES OF MATTER Bond
- Solid The force that
Intermolecular binds molecules
- Liquid London
- Gas together
Dispersion
KINETIC MOLECULAR MODEL
- Used to describe how matter behave on a molecular Ion-dipole
level
LONDON DISPERSION
KINETIC MOLECULAR MODEL - Named after Fritz London
Matter is made of tiny particles - Exhibited by non-polar molecules only
- All matter consists of small particles, such as atoms - Involves formation of temporary dipoles
and molecules, that are constantly in motion. - Dispersion – patterns of distribution of electrons

Particles have Kinetic energy Example:

- Particles move in different ways depending on the
state of matter.

Temperature and Kinetic energy

.. ..
- The temperature of a substance is directly
proportional to the average kinetic energy of its
.. ..
particles.

Forces of Attraction and Repulsion

- Particles experience forces of attraction
(intermolecular forces). DIPOLE-DIPOLE
- Exhibited by polar molecules only
Spaces between particles - There is presence of positive and negative poles
- The amount of empty space between particles varies. - There is an attraction between opposite poles

PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS Example: HCl

- Particles are tightly packed and arranged in fixed 0.9 -> electronegativity
patterns
- Has fixed shape and volume
- Can’t compressed + - NOTE:
2.1 3.0 Polar – >0.4
Non-polar – <0.4
PROPERTIES OF LIQUIDS
- Particles are closely packed but can slide past one
another
- No fixed shape but definite volume
- Flow easily

Property SOLID LIQUID

Particle Motion Vibrations only Sliding
movement
Shape Fixed Not Fixed HYDROGEN BOND
Volume Fixed Fixed - exhibited by polar molecules containing H bonded to
Intermolecular Strong Moderate N, O, and F only
Forces
Example: H2O
FORCES OF ATTRACTION
INTRAMOLECULAR FORCES Attraction H – 2.1 (+)
- Within | O – 3.5 (-)
Ionic = 1.4 (polar
The force that binds
molecule)
2/more atoms
Intramolecular Non-polar
together to form a
covalent
molecule (chemical
bond)
Polar covalent
 ION-DIPOLE Molar heat It is the energy Greater IMF of
- Attraction between an Ion and a dipole molecule of required to attraction the
Vaporization vaporize one mole higher the heat
Example: of liquid of vaporization
is

WATER – H20
- Universal solvent, dissolving many substances found
H2O NaCl in nature
- It is a liquid at standard temperature and pressure
(25℃ @ 1 atm)
- Normal boiling point of 100℃ or 212℉, and a melting
point of 0℃ or 32℉
- As the particles move closer together hydrogen
bonding occurs
- Cohesion – water is attracted to water
- Adhesion – water is attracted to other substances

SOLID
Properties of Solid
High Density
- Particles in solid are closely packed together.

Rigidity
- Has the ability to maintain its shape while it changes.

Strong Attraction
- Attractive forces between the atoms, ions, or
molecules are very strong.
LIQUID
- Substance that flows freely but is of constant volume Regular Pattern
Properties of Liquid Intermolecular - Constituent molecules are closer to each other due to
Forces IMF intermolecular force.
Surfaces It is the amount of Stronger IMF of
Tension energy needed to attraction- Tightly Packed
conquer the force higher surface - Particles can only vibrate and cannot move freely.
between molecules tension
at the liquid’s Categories of Solid
surface for it to be AMORPHOUS
stretch
- Type of solid where the particles are not arranged in
Viscosity It is the resistance Stronger IMF of a regular repeating pattern, this lack of order gives
of the liquid to flow attraction-the them properties like being more flexible or having no
more viscous distinct melting point.
Vapor It is the pressure Greater IMF of - Ex: glass, plastic, rubber
Pressure exerted by its vapor attraction-the
when in equilibrium lower vapor CRYSTALLINE
with its liquid pressure - Have atoms, ions, or molecules arranged in well-
Boiling Point It is the Strong IMF of ordered, repeating pattern-define shapes and distinct
temperature at attraction-high melting points.
which vapor boiling point - Ex: salt, diamonds
pressure is equal to Types of Crystalline Solid
atmospheric - Ionic Crystals
pressure o Lattice points are occupied by positive and
negative ions.
 o Hard and brittle solids.
o High m.p due to very strong electrostatic
forces to attraction.
o Poor conductors of electricity in solid state
but good in molten state.
o Packaging of spheres depends upon:
a) presence of charged species present.
b) difference in the size of anions and cations
- Covalent Crystals
o Lattice points are occupied by neutral atoms.
o Atoms are held together by covalent bonds.
o Hard solids.
o High m.p.
o Poor conductors of electricity.
o Two common examples: diamond& graphite
- Molecular Crystals
o Lattice points are occupied by neutral
molecules.
o The molecules are held together by Vander
Waal’s forces.
o Very soft solids.
o Low m.p.
o Poor conductors of electricity
- Metallic Crystals
o Lattice points are occupied by positive metal
ions surrounded by a sea of mobile e”.
o Soft and very hard to find.
o Metals have high tensile strength.
o Good conductors of electricity.
o Malleable and ductile.
o Bonding electrons in metals remain
delocalized over the entire crystal.
o High density.