1. Why does the zener diode work in the reverse bias ?

A Zener Diode is a special kind of diode which permits current to flow in the forward direction as normal, but will also allow it to flow in the reverse direction when the voltage is above a certain value - the breakdown voltage known as the Zener voltage.

The Zener voltage of a standard diode is high, but if a reverse current above that value is allowed to pass through it, the diode is permanently damaged. Zener diodes are designed so that their zener voltage is much lower - for example just 2.4 Volts. When a reverse current above the Zener voltage passes through a Zener diode, there is a controlled breakdown which does not damage the diode. The voltage drop across the Zener diode is equal to the Zener voltage of that diode no matter how high the reverse bias voltage is above the Zener voltage.

The illustration above shows this phenomenon in a Current vs. Voltage graph. With a zener diode connected in the forward direction, it behaves exactly the same as a standard diode i.e. a small voltage drop of 0.3 to 0.7V with current flowing through pretty much unrestricted. In the reverse direction however there is a very small leakage current between 0V and the Zener voltage - i.e. just a tiny amount of current is able to flow. Then, when the voltage reaches the breakdown voltage (Vz), suddenly current can flow freely through it.

2. Write few advantages of zener diode?

Control

The ability of the Zener diode to control and reverse part of the current flowing through it means it can be used to regulate and stabilize the voltage in a circuit and prevent problems that can occur when the supply or load voltage varies. Circuit designers can use the Zener voltage of the diode to exactly regulate and stabilize the voltage in the circuit.

Size and Expense

Zener diodes are very small, so they can be used in many small electronic devices, such as handheld devices and cell phones. They also can be used in smaller circuits that would not work with any larger form of current regulation. Zener diodes are less expensive than other diodes used in these devices. This can cut the cost to produce a device such as a television or computer, lowering consumer costs.

Performance

Zener diodes have a very high performance standard, often more than the electronic device they are placed in needs to operate at maximum efficiency. These diodes are equipped to handle a higher voltage than the standard operating voltage, so they are able to handle more power. These diodes will still operate at standard voltage, but will not blow out if the voltage is still under their threshold. They are also small enough to allow current to flow quickly through their circuits.

Compatibility and Obtainability

Zener diodes, due to their lower cost and greater control, are commonly used in electric devices. They are also compatible with most systems, so they are a preferred method to regulate voltage. They are also used in other applications, such as in solar panels. Though these diodes don't often get damaged due to their current controls, they can still blow out if the current exceeds what they are equipped to handle. If this were to happen, the SCR would also likely blow out and both elements would need to be replaced. Luckily, Zener diodes are fairly easy to obtain due to their common use and low cost