EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I thank the entire teachers who have helped me in doing this project.

Special thanks to:-

Gopinath sir – physics teacher, Venkatakrishnan sir –physics teacher, Dean

Sir, Principal Madam.

I thank Sri Chaitanya Techno School and National space society. I have
learned a lot of information in the journey of doing this project. I have faced a lot
of difficulties through doing this project.

I also thank my parents for helping through this project.

I thank my Zonal Dean Sir, other teacher and friends who have encouraged
me throughout this project.

I thank the founder of space settlement design competition Anita gale.

Once again I thank all the teachers and friends who have helped me and
encouraged me throughout this project
INTRODUCTION
 BEGINNING OF SPACE SETTLEMENT
ABOUT SPACE
Space is a boundless three-dimensional extent. It mostly consists of hard
vacuum, cosmic rays, dust, plasma of hydrogen and helium, radiation. It is made
up of planets, stars universe, galaxies, black holes etc.

WHAT IS SPACE SETTLEMENT?

Space settlement is a permanent habitation of humans off earth. In some
other planets, earth orbit or Lagrangian points. While doing this project we should
think about other points like Materials, Energy, radiation, population, currency etc.

NEED OF SPACE SETTLEMENT

We need space settlement because our mother earth is being destroyed by:-

1. Pollution
2. Disasters
3. Global warming
4. Deforestation
5. Wastage of natural resources.
NAME OF THE PROJECT
I have named my project as CITADEL. Citadel means “a fortress, typically
one on high ground above a city.” ( From dictionary).

I want my project to be like a beautiful Fortress in space so I named my

project as Citadel.

LOCATION OF SPACE SETTLEMENT

My space settlement is going to be placed at LEO (Low Earth Orbit) which
is up to 2000KM. The disadvantages and the advantages of placing space colony in
LEO are as follows:-

 It’s speed is very high

 It can be attacked by space debris

ADVANTAGES:-

 Goods and other materials from earth can be easily transported.

 Shifting from the colony to earth in case of emergency is easy.

So, I have decided to place my space colony in LEO (Low Earth Orbit)
MATERIALS
We need materials to build our space colony, but we cannot use the
materials we use on earth so we need to use some special materials.

TITANIUM CARBIDE:-
 High elasticity
 Strong tensile strength
 High temperature stability
 Low cost

KEVLAR:-
 High tensile strength
 Low cost
 Heat resistance

CARBON NANOTUBES:-
 High tensile strength
 High flexibility
 Elastically conductivity

SILICON CARBIDE:-
 High tensile strength
 High temperature resistance
 Shock resistance
 Less dense
TUNGSTEN CARBIDE:-
 Strong tensile strength
 High melting point
 High thermal conductivity

TWARON:-
 Lightweight
 Strong
 High tensile strength

ARAMID:-
 High strength
 Thermal conductivity
 Heat resistance

GRAPHENE:-
 Stronger than steel
 Flexibility
 Electrical stability

STAR LITE:-
 Heat resistance
 Strong
STRUCTURE
HUMAN LIFE DESIGN……………………

FOOD:-
 Food is very important for human beings. Food gives us energy to work,
helps us grow and prevent diseases. Foods can be produced by plants and animals.
But when we are in space it is difficult to produce food from animals so we can
only get food from plants. We cannot grow food from soil in space. So we have to
use a different method called Hydroponics.

WHAT IS HYDROPONICS?
Hydroponics is a method of growing plants without soil through spraying of
minerals.

TYPES OF HYDROPONICS:-
There are 6 types of hydroponics:-

 Wick
 Water culture
 Drip system
 Ebb and flow
 Nutrient film technique (NFT)
 Aeroponics

BRIEF ABOUT THE METHODS OF HYDROPONICS:-

Wick:-
Wick system of hydroponics is self-watering system of hydroponics in
which wicks are used to transport nutrient rich water from the tank below.
Materials such as cotton or nylon could be used for it but cotton may rot or create
fungus but synthetic fibers don’t rot.
Water Culture:-
Water culture or deep water culture also known as float system is a method
of freely suspending plants above tank of nutrient rich water. Plants which are
floating would be fixed in foam. Air stones would be used to oxygenated the
stagnant water.

Drip System:-
In drip system nutrient rich water from the tank below is pump to the drip
lines which then transport water to the plants through drops of water. And
overflowed water would collect and reused. Here also air stone would be used to
oxygenate the water.
EBB and Flow:-
EBB and flow is a method of flooding the plants temporarily and draining it
back through water pump which is connected to the timer.

Nutrient Film Technique (NFT):-

In nutrient film technique the plant tray or grow tray would be tilted and the
nutrient rich water from the tank would be sent through the water pump to the
grow tray then the excess water would drained back and the air stone would be
used to oxygenate the water.
Aeroponics:-
In Aeroponics the plants would be freely suspended in foam and nutrient
rich water would be sprinkled through mist nozzles that would be connected to the
air pump which would be further connected to a timer.

NAME ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES

WICK Compact Less efficient at delivering
nutrients
WATER CULTURE Easy maintenance Temperature control
DRIP SYSTEM Affordable and cheap Disease and pest
EBB AND FLOW Cheap and efficient High electricity needed
NFT Easy to disinfect Less suitable for saline water
AEROPONICS Less energy and water Diseases of roots are easily
contaminated

NUTRIENTS:-
o Phosphorous
o Copper
o Calcium
o Chlorine
o Magnesium
o Potassium
o Nitrogen
o Sulphur
o Zinc

LIGHTINGS:-
o CFL’S
o High Outputs Fluorescents
o High Pressure Sodium Lights
o LED Grow Light
o Metal Halide Bulbs

PLANTS THAT CAN BE GROWN IN SPACE:-

 Chinese Cabbage
 Tomato
 Wheat
 Rice
 Pepper
 Lettuce
 Broccoli
  Spinach

WATER:-
Water is very important components of life .We use it in most of the Daily
chores like drinking, bathing, food preparation, cleaning, washing utensils etc. In
space also we need water for all the above things. But there is very little source of
water in space that wouldn’t even be enough for few people. So we need to
produce water chemically so there are two ways of producing water chemically
they are:-

 Bosch Reaction
 Sabatier’s Reaction

But in my project I am going to use Bosch Reaction.

BOSCH REACTION:-
The process of Bosch reaction is as follows:-

o Bosch reaction is done by Hydrogen reacting with Carbon dioxide to

form Graphite and water which involves iron catalyst.
o We could then use the graphite to form Graphene that could be further
used in industries such as:-

 Electricity, such as Graphene batteries

 Glowing wallpaper
SABATIER’S REACTION:-
Sabatier’s reaction involves hydrogen reacting with carbon dioxides in high
temperatures such as 300 to 400 degrees involving nickel catalyst ehich in result
forms methane and water.

CO2 + 4 H2-------->CH4 + 2H2O

GRAVITY:-
Isaac newton invented the gravity when he saw apple falling from the tree.

It is the reason why we are standing on earth or else we would be floating in

the air. There is gravity on earth because of the spinning of the earth which creates
centrifugal force. The same way we could spin our space colony. This would also
create centrifugal force that would form gravity. This kind of gravity is known as
Pseudo gravity also known as artificial gravity.

Pseudo gravity is used to stimulate the normal gravity on earth. This is done
by rotating the space colony. This pseudo gravity is also used for training
astronauts.

The gravity on earth is 9.8 ms-1.We need to measure the amount of gravity
needed in our space colony.

EFFECTS OF ZERO GRAVITY:-

If there is zero gravity than there would be no load and our muscles would
start weakening.

This will lead to below mentioned health issues.

o Low Blood Pressure

o Dizziness
o Disorder in eyesight
o Loss of skeletal and muscle mass
o Blockage of nasal passage, etc.

OXYGEN:-
Oxygen is very essential for human life. There should be medium amount of
oxygen. If there is more amount of oxygen it would cause in burning of objects
which are exposed to heat.

We need to produce oxygen for our space colony .We could use Davis
method of extraction of oxygen. In Davis method we would decompose carbon
dioxide to form Argon-carbon dioxide mixture, which would be then taken to a
shock tube which would be heated to 6527 oC. Then the shock waves would be
passed through the tube. Then the carbon dioxide would be decomposed to form
carbon monoxide and oxygen. Carbon mono oxide would be then released to the
Martian atmosphere.

In the above method the CO2 would be taken from the Martian atmosphere
because it contains 95% CO2.

TEMPERATURE:-
Temperature control of space colony is very important for humans to
accommodate. We need to simulate temperature through some technology. Heaters
and coolers can be used for simulate temperature. LED lights can be used to
simulate sunlight. We should also simulate rainfall; snow in our space colony for
people to live. Temperature is important for plants and animals also. Temperature
control system is automatic control system for temperature .they are most likely
used in geysers, refrigerators, ACs etc.

DAYS, NIGHTS AND SEASONS:-

Days and nights are important for human to be active. In space colony we
should simulate days and nights. Days and nights are also important for plants and
animals. During nights humans sleep, this helps them to be active in the day. So,
we should simulate days and nights in the space colony. As mentioned in the
before topic we could use LED lights can be used to simulate sunlight and also
glowing wallpaper made out of Graphene that is energy efficient. We could dim
the lights to simulate nights. Sunlight contains radiation so we can’t use direct
sunlight for day. In earth sun’s radiations are protected by the ozone layer around
the earth’s atmosphere.
 TOLED (transparent organic light emitting device) is an organic light
emitting device. TOLED could also be used to simulate sunlight.

In Citadel we have three seasons:-

 Summer
 Winter
 Spring

In summer citadel’s temperature would be adjusted to about 35 degree

Celsius. In winter about 15-21 degree Celsius, and in spring about 24-27 degree
Celsius

ATMOSPERIC PRESSURE:-
It is the pressure exhibited by the weight of the atmosphere. In earth the
atmospheric pressure is 101.325 kilopascal.

Effects on human body because of atmospheric pressure:-

If the atmospheric pressure is above or equal to 46 kPa would cause

Hypoxia which is a case of brain not receiving oxygen.

THERMAL MANAGEMENT:-

Thermal energy is a heat energy produced by electronic. In earth this kind of

heat would be taken by the nature but in space we have to do something else. In
space we could use Thermal rejecters to suspend thermal energy. Thermal rejecters
would be placed in the outer area of the space colony, which would then be
released into the space. Thermal induction is used to heat water that could be used
to heat the residential torus which would help in increase of temperature.
AUTOMATION AND OPERATION
CONTROLLING AND MONITORING SYSTEM:-
Controlling or monitoring system is the main system which controls the
whole space colony.

Such as energy supply, electricity, water supply. There would be robot

controllers that work 24/7 in checking if there is any problem in the space colony.
Problems in the space colony would be forwarded to maintenance crew who would
then report to the place of problem to solve it. There would be CCTV cameras
around the space colony that would monitor any problems in the space colony.
Robots would monitor and assist other robots in the system office.

TRANSPORTATION:-
Transportation is very important; it is used to travel from one place to other.

There are two types of transportation:-

1. Internal
2. External

INTERNAL TRANSPORTATION:-
In Citadel I am going to use different types of internal transportation like

o Battery cars

o Rope cars
 o Electric cars

o Metro rails or rails

People in the colony can use

o Battery cars for shorter distances.

o Rope cars to travel for tourism
o Electric cars could be used for longer distances
o Metro rail or rails for very long distances
DELIVARY SERVICE:-
Robots could be used for delivering things to people from factories and
postal services.

EMERGENCY VECHICLES:-
Emergency vehicles such as ambulances would be available 24/7 and robot
would assist the patients.

SPEED LIMITS:-
There would be speed limits, rules for traffic, one ways etc., would be
followed and robots would be patrolling the roads.

EXTERNAL TRANSPORTATION:-
External transportation plays a very important role in repairing in security.
There should be an external transportation it helps in a lot ways.

Vehicles that could be used for external transportation:-

 Space shuttles
 Mini space flight
SECURITY:-

“Security is not a product, but a process”

------ Bruce schneier

Security is very important in a space colony.

TYPES OF SECURITY:-
There are 2 types of security.

1. External security

2. Internal security

EXTERNAL SECURITY:-
External security means the security measures outside the space colony.
Dangers outside the space colony are as follows:-

 Asteroids hit
 Space debris
 Other colony attacks

There would be sensors, radars, cameras that would be watching the

movements around the colony.

INTERNAL SECURITY:-
In internal security there would be a crew of 6-7 members who would take care of
the artificial security system which are as follows:-

 Security Robot cop

 Drones

 CCTV cameras

 Home theft sensors

INTERIOR DESIGNING OF HOUSES:-
In citadel there would be four types of houses each type of house would
have 2-3 designs. Citizens of citadel would be able to choose the type and design
of houses they want according to their convenience.

Types of Houses:-

 Mansions
 Villas
 Apartments
 Independent houses

Designs of Houses:-
Mansion Type-1

Mansion type 1 could be modified according to their need like the number of
floors they need, greenery, swimming pool etc.

Mansion Type-2

Mansion type 2 has 1-2 floors this could be modified according to their
needs. The greens in and round the house would artificially grow to simulate
mansions in earth.
Mansion Type-3
 Mansion type 3 has three floors. This house is especially for family with a
lot of members.

Villa Type 1
 Villa type 1 is a two floor villa it is compact. It has Garage with two car
space,2-3 bedrooms etc.

Villa Type 2

Villa type 2 has four floors and a star tower and other facilities which could
also be modified according to their needs.
Villa Type 3

Villa Type 3 is not too small or too big it is a medium sized house. This is
villa type could be also modified according to their needs.

Independent House Types 1-3

Apartment Type 1-3

COMMUNICATION:-
“Good communication is the bridge between confusion and clarity”

Nat Turner

In those days there were no phone people use send messages through dove to
other people. After some years people started communicating with letter, after
some more decades people started using Telegram. After some decades now in the
present we use messages, phone calls, and social media. So in space colony also
we need communication.

Phone calls are transported through radio waves from phone to nearest
cellphone tower to another cellphone tower this process is repeated until the radio
waves reach the receivers nearest cellphone tower. In the same way in space
colony also we need cell towers which have high frequency but less harmful.

Futuristic phones cellphone or telephone tower

WASTE MANAGEMENT:-
Waste management also plays an very important role in settlement of
people.

There are various types of waste they are as follows:-

 Plastic
 Organic
 Electronic
 Medical
 Chemical
PLASTIC WASTE:-
Plastic waste cannot be decomposed, but they could be recycled. They are
hazardous to animals, plants and also sometimes to humans also, plastic wastes
should be recycled

There would be machines placed in waste recycle areas there the non-
plastic materials would be separated and then the separated plastic would be sent to
the factories to be recycled to form new things.

ORGANIC WASTE:-
Organic waste are waste from organic matter such as fruit peel, vegetable
remains, food waste etc. Organic waste could be decomposed to form natural
compost that would be used to grow plants. Organic waste would be collected and
taken to the compost industry and the organic matter would be decomposed
through several ways to produce compost.
ELECTRONIC WASTE:-
Electronic wastes are types of waste which comprises of broken parts of
electronics such as motherboards, mouse, battery, television parts, printers etc.

There are two types of electronic waste they are ferrous and non-ferrous.
Ferrous based e-waste cold be re-melted and re-used .In this process hazardous e-
waste would be separated.

MEDICAL WASTE:-
Medical wastes are very dangerous and hazardous to humans. Medical waste
consists of used syringes, medicine bottles etc. Medical waste should be disposed
properly in hospitals according to the separate colored bins; this process is known
as segregation of waste.
CHEMICAL WASTE:-
Chemical waste is a waste that is disposed from labs and research centers.
They are also hazardous to humans. They are poisonous, and contain high toxicity.
They should be neutralized then disposed.

ROBOTICS:-
Robotics plays a very important role in development of human beings.

They could be used for various jobs they are as follows:-

 Security
 Police
 Doctors
 Supervisors
 Nurses
 Cleaners
 Robot arms
“Robots are major part of Citadel."