Scope of Population

UNIT 1 SCOPE OF POPULATION STUDIES Studies

Structure
1.1 Introduction
1.2 What are Population and Population Studies?
1.3 Meaning of Population Studies
Why Population Studies?
Demography and Population Studies
1.4 Importance of Population Studies
1.5 Scope of Population Studies
(i) Population Studies and Demography
(ii) Population Studies and Statistics
(iii) Population Studies and Science
(iv) Micro and Macro Study of Population
(v) Population Studies and Economic Activity of the Population
(vi) Population Studies and Policy Data
(vii) Population Studies and Marital Status
(viii) Population Migration Studies
(ix) Population Studies and Sociology
(x) Population Studies and Anthropology
(xi) Population Studies and Legal Studies
(xii) Population Studies and Human Ecology
(xiii) Population Studies and Psychology
(xiv) Population Studies and Geography
(xv) Population Studies and Agriculture
(xvi) Population and Health Studies
1.6 Let Us Sum Up
1.7 References and Suggested Readings
1.8 Check Your Progress- Possible Answers
1.9 Important Terminology for Population Studies

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Demography is the scientific study of human population and its components. Social
Demography and public health are important components of any development activities
and development policy. Social demography focuses on the trends and pattern of
population change which directly affects development and economic growth of the
country. It is the study of human population and the empirical, critical, systematic,
statistical and mathematical way to know about the reproductive change of population
(Fertility and Mortality) and the socio-economic change of the population (Migration)
in a particular geographic area. Planned population growth positive have effect in
the society while unplanned population growth affects negatively not only physical
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Population Studies: resources and natural resources but human resources too. These trio resources affects
An Overview
by the population growth and public health. All the policy makers and development
agents should know the demographic trends, population pattern, population
distribution and population structure of the society in ords to formulate effective
population and health policy. There are various causes of morbidity and ailments
which are either communicable or non-communicable ailments. It is important to
know the trends and pattern of diseases among different sects of the population of
the country.
There is a well known saying “Development is the best contraceptive”, which means
that development is affected by population growth and population growth is affects
development and vice versa. Population growth can be checked through various
family planning methods. Now ageing is a new demographic phenomenon in the
world which forced to introduce health care for elderly. This unit gives an overview
of population sdudies.
After reading this unit learner would be able to:
(i) Explain the population and its components
(ii) Discuss the population characteristics
(iii) Describe the scope of population studies and demography
(iv) Narrate the population trends and challenges

1.2 WHAT ARE POPULATION AND POPULATION

STUDIES?
Population is a group of human beings in terms of human population while population
studies means mass of living being at a particular location in particular time. According
to Meriam Dictionary “the total of individuals occupying an area or making up a
whole” is called population. According to Hans Raj “any statistical investigation is
concerned with one or more characteristics of a set of individuals or objects. This
group of objects may be animate or inanimate, existent or non-existent, real or
hypothetical, finite or infinite and is known as population or universe in a statistical
sense. Representative part of population is called sample in statistical studies of
population. Demography deals only human population studies scientifically.
Demography and population studies are not mutually exclusive in nature. Demography
deals statistical study of human population but not individual human, while population
studies deal all aspects of human population i.e., population size, composition and
distribution. Population study focuses on the three components of population- birth,
death and migration. These population components alter population at any place.
Population Size means total number of people living in a particular area during
definite period of time. Whether population is higher in one place as compared
to the other place, which area has more population, etc. are covered in the size
of population studies. Population size is important for policy makers, planners,
legislature, medical professionals, educationist, industry, social scientists and
important for government programme and development schemes. Thus, size of
population indicates the number of persons in the population.
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Similarly, composition of population is also important for population policies and Scope of Population
Studies
programmes. Population composition deals with the age and sex of population.
Composition of population influences components of population dynamics such as
fertility, mortality and migration. Population composition can be determined by the
age –sex population pyramids. Thus composition of population deals with the structure
and characteristics of population.
Population distribution means characteristics of population in both rural and urban
residences. It deals how population is distributed within an area or country. This is
also an important component of population studies by indicating how population is
growing in a particular area and what is the nature of population. Thus, population
distribution is all about the arrangements of the population in different spaces and
residences (Rural or urban) in a specific definite time.
Check Your Progress 1
Note : a) Write your answer in about 50 words
b) Check your answer with possible answers given at the end of the unit.
1) Define population and list its components.
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1.3 MEANING OF POPULATION STUDIES

According to Thompson (1958) population studies is concerned with a few relevant
questions :
- What is the change of population size and how it has changed? What is
importance of these changes in terms of human welfare?
- What is the distribution of population in particular area or place of residences?
- What kind of population is living in a group, community and what are the
different characteristics of these group and community of population?
Thus, population study is all about the population size, distribution, composition
and their characteristics. For example population India in 2011 was 1210 million,
in 2001 it was 1027 million and in 1991 it was 864 million. It means during 2001
to 2011 India’s population size has increased by 183 million while during previous
decade (1991 to 2001) increased by 163 million. We can also know the population
change in both rural and urban areas by age and sex from the population studies.
Population of area is changing due to three components of population i.e., birth
(fertility), death (mortality) and migration (movement of the people from one location
to other). Population is cause and consequence of development which is determined
by population growth, socio-economic development and degradation of environment
or natural resources of the country. 11
Population Studies: Why Population Studies?
An Overview
It is a well known facts that universe is for human welfare and human welfare is
being influenced by the use of available natural resources, physical resources, human
resources and environment. Based on population growth and its characteristics, all
the resources are being utilized for the well-being of human resources. For example,
growth of population affects growth of agriculture, industry, educational institution,
energy, transportation, medical care institution, etc. Population studies show the path
of sectoral development. Therefore, population study is important for economical
aspects of population, political issues of government, planning and programmes related
issues and challenges, social phenomenon, administrative process, to know the
situation analysis gap in development and human welfare.
Demography and Population Studies
Demography and population studies are not mutually exclusive in nature of application
and both influences each other in the study of population. Various scholars have
defined demography as per their operational use in the study. Demos is Latin word
which means people and graphy means organizing for study. Thus demography is
the science of people. It is the mathematical and statistical study of the size, composition
and spatial distribution of human population and of the changes over time in these
aspects through the operations of the five processes such as fertility, mortality, marriage,
migration and social mobility. Although, it means a continuous descriptive and
comparative analysis of trends in each of these processes and in their net result, its
long run goal is to develop theories to explain the events that it charts and compares
(Bogue, 1969). Thus, demography deals with statistical model of population studies.
Population studies are the application of demographic techniques for the human welfare
aspects and development of population. A population study covers not only
demographic technique, but also all the aspects of development under the available
resources by using technology and human resources. Thus population studies deals
with the size, composition and distribution of population according the demographic
trends of particular area. Thus, we can say that demography is the part of population
studies. Population studies is method of scientific study of the factors related to
socio-economic, political, health, cultural, environmental, psychological, regional,
agriculture and industrial development, etc., for human welfare. Population studies
are the study of development issues and challenges and factors influencing development.
Demography is quantitative study of population, while population studies are the
qualitative study of the peoples.

1.4 IMPORTANCE OF POPULATION STUDIES

Population studies are complex exercise of administrative process and policy
dimensions as well as development issues. Without knowing population size, distribution,
composition, population characteristics and trends of demography, any development
programmes is like letting loose off the arrow in darkness (Prasad and Das, 2016).
The importance of population studies are as follows-
Economic Development – population studies determined by economic structure
and economic characteristics of the population. Population studies led the working
age population and their dependency on economic working age population. The
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dependency ratio is the best indicator of population studies of economic development Scope of Population
Studies
aspects. Likewise industrial development and agriculture and non agriculture
occupation are also concerned of population studies. Population growth and economic
growth rate go together. Needs of business hubs such as shopping centres, banking
facilities, transportation, economic zone development, marketing centres, etc. are
related population structure.
Political affairs – Population studies are important for political affairs of the country
at national and international level. Firstly, we can find out the increasing rate of voters
and secondly, how immigration and emigration rate is influencing national important
in global politics.
Programme and Planning – Population studies is the base of development
programme and planning based on the rate of population growth, fertility rate, mortality
rate and migration rate. Population growth either by natural or by socio-economic
and political process forces programme planners to formulate effective plan to
implement sectoral development across the social group and at various places.
Agriculture and Food Security – Two thinkers of population and agriculture are
Malthus and Boserup, who have thought about the growth of agriculture and
population. Both thinkers contradicted to each other. Malthus said that growth of
agriculture is arithmetic, while population growth is geometric and after certain point
of time people will die because of shortage of food. While, Boserup was thinking
positively and said that population is assets of the country and if population increases,
it will lead to use technology and human resources to boost agriculture growth.
Social – Population studies is one of the sources of information regarding social
development and social infrastructure need for human population. Population study
is the source of information for fertility differential among the social groups. It is
also base of social security and social welfare schemes. Cinema halls and
Entertainment Parks are developed based on population trends of any area.
Infrastructure – population studies is the best source of data for infrastructure
development such as roads, water, housing, educational institution, power generation,
health care facilities and other facilities. Playground and recreation centre are need
of the hours based on population characteristics.
Law and governance – population studies also ensure the number of security
personnel required for maintaining law and order in the locality.
Cyber and Internet – population study that can provide help to projecting population
and their requirement of the cyber, telecommunication, internet facilities, mobile phones,
sim subscribers to link the world population in the present era. Computer technology
is helping to manage a large population in short duration and computer technology
need arises because of population growth.
Insurance and Health Insurance – Population studies are important tools for
insurance organization and insurance professionals. Insurance for different categories
can be determined by the study of characteristics of the population and demographic
dividend in the country.
Thus, importance of population studies cannot be separated from any developmental
process. Everything is for population and population is for everything available in
the earth.
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Population Studies:
An Overview 1.5 SCOPE OF POPULATION STUDIES
Scope of population studies are wide and linked with all the disciplines. Basically,
population studies comprises the mathematical and statistical approaches for
quantitative studies of the human population. But, it is not exclusive for all the natural
and social sciences to study population across the region and duration. Population
study is multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary in nature which involves life science,
geography, economics, statistics, mathematics, health sciences, agricultural sciences,
politics, behavioural sciences, psychology, ecology, biology, etc. The scope of
population studies can be understood as below.
(i) Population Studies and Demography- Till now you have already studied
population studies and demography in brief. Demography and population
studies are not mutually exclusive and demography includes race,
nationality, language, marital status, place of birth, education status,
occupation, sources of income generation and inheritance, etc. It also
deals with impacts of population on environment, resources, eugenics,
migration, urbanization and its problems, human resource and distribution
of income and expenditure.
(ii) Population Studies and Statistics – Founding father of population studies
is John Graunt. Number is the best indicator of population studies.
Statistics is the heart of population studies and its components. Statistics
measures the growth and trends of population over the time and its rate
and ratio for particular geographic location. Statistics rates the population
change and speed of population change or population tempo. Thus,
statistics is the tool and technique of the population studies for population
projection and construction of life tables.
(iii) Population Studies and Science- Science connotes four steps
“systematic, controlled, empirical and critical investigation of hypothetical
propositions about the presumed relations among natural phenomena”
(Kerlinger, 1970). Similarly, population studies are all about the
systematic, controlled, empirical and critical study of the population
components and factors affecting all the components in demographic
events. All the demographic techniques are universal by acceptable. Jhingan
et. al., (2006) population studies is both positive and normative science
which deals what is and what ought to be respectively.
(iv) Micro and Macro Study of Population – Population study is both
micro and macro study of population. In micro study it measures growth
rate, distribution and redistribution of population within community in
an area (Bogue). In macro study, it has covers multidisciplinary and
interdisciplinary approaches.
(v) Population Studies and Economic Activity of the Population –
Population affects by income, education, occupation, labour force
participation, production of goods, services, industrial activities. These
are important economic variables for population studies. Population density
and capital intensive technology more popular in the world, and both
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 are subject matters of population studies and economics. Labour supply Scope of Population
Studies
and demand is the matter of population studies and economic studies.
A German scholar stated that “I maintain that the timing and the form
of most of our German business cycles have been determined primarily
by waves in our labour supply. Among the most decisive in the economic
life of a country is its population, its people, their number and quantity.”
Another scholar has stated that “developed countries may face the
problem of declining investment opportunities as a result of cessation
of population growth and disappearing of new territories for settlement
and expansion.” Ian Bown is of the view that, “population growth, size
and distribution cannot be discussed rationally except in the context of
economic growth or change” (Hans Raj).
(vi) Population Studies and Policy Data- Population census is the best
source of data for policy purposes. Premi (2001) has stated that complete
and reliable data for population studies is population census of any country.
Census is the complete enumeration of head count in a particular area
for specific duration. Indian Census has been conducting since 1872
every ten years interval (Decadal). First census was de-facto after that
each census is conducting as de-jure. De-facto census means count
person wherever found in single night exercise, while, de-jure census
mean count person at their place of birth or place of legal and regular
residence. Census collected, compiled, tabulated and presented
information of population regarding general population, economic
information, socio-cultural information, migration information, fertility
information and household information in the name of A, B, C, D, F,
and H Tables respectively.
(vii) Population Studies and Marital Status- Population studies reveal the
status of nuptiality by age and residence. Marital status in population
studies covers currently married, widowhood, separated, unmarried and
divorcee. Marital status is important to know the natural population growth
rate and maternal and child health care facilities.
(viii) Population and Migration Studies- Population studies not only studies
natural population growth, but it also population growth through socio-
economic and political process. Thus, scope of population studies is
broader in terms of national and global population growth rate through
immigration and emigration process.
(ix) Population Studies and Sociology- Sociology and population studies
are treats population as social animal. Sociology deals with the action
and reaction of social process and social interaction in the society. Both
subjects are studying the social problems such birth, death, marriage,
divorce, social organization, social groups, social race, sex, social
discrimination, social norms, etc. Social stratification and social class
are the main idea of sociologists, while, for demogophen, population
characteristics in different strata of society and different class of society.
Here population studies are quantitative study, while sociology is qualitative
study of the population in the society (Hans Raj).
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Population Studies: (x) Population Studies and Anthropology – Population studies is broader
An Overview
to study all the sects of society, while anthropology is concerned with
the study of few section of society. Both are studying the growth of
population and social behavior of breeding, assertive mating and breeding,
mutation and gene flow, eugenics, etc.
(xi) Population Studies and Legal Studies- Population problems can be
solved not only by socio-economic and political process but also by
using legal process. Most of the problems which is prevalent in the society
cannot be solved by the society, but legal professional can take care of
this by using law and order. For example, marital status under age, voter
rights, social rights, birth rights, domestic violence, gender discrimination,
social discrimination, political rights, Indian Medical Termination of
Pregnancy Act (1972), etc., are the legal matters of the population. Both
differs in terms of rigidity and flexibility, as legal is rigid by written law,
while population studies is the situational flexible studies.
(xii) Population Studies and Human Ecology – Population is the major
factors for environmental degradation and consumers of natural resources.
Population growth and quality of environment are inverse by related to
each other. For example, if population increases the utilization of natural
resources increases that affects environment through growth of industary
and transportation. Hutchinson and Deevy stated that “ecology is nothing
else but bio-demography”. It is well known facts that population and
food are closely related which affects ecology. Population density and
ecology are negatively related which is good and conducive for human
inhabitation. Ecologist concerned only environment and never bother about
the cultural and social institutions while population studies do that (Hans
Raj).
(xiii) Population Studies and Psychology- Both subjects are concerned with
human welfare and social behavior of the population. Family planning
and sex preference are subject matters of both population studies and
psychology. Use of contraception and family planning methods are subjects
of population studies while attitude and perception towards contraction
use and family planning methods are related to the psychology. Thus,
population studies concerned about the physical activity process in the
social system, while psychology concerned about the mental process
of the population in social system.
(xiv) Population Studies and Geography- Population studies is an inevitable
component of the human geography. Geography deals with physical
infrastructure for human welfare, while population studies deal with socio-
economic, biological, political process, etc for human welfare. Spatial
distribution of population can be understood from geography while size,
composition and distribution of the population can be understood from
population studies. According to Ackerman, “geographers have taken
the cultural features of the earth, analyzed them genetically and in their
space relations and established covariant relations of cultural features
with each other and with the physical and biotic environment. These
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 distributional features are common both to population studies and Scope of Population
Studies
geography” (Hans Raj).
It has been observed that geographic forces and demographic forces
are closely related to each other and affects human welfare. Moreover,
social behavior, food habits, span of life, birth and death rates, approaches
to human problems, cultivation and division of labour are linked with
geographical and physical conditions. Urbanization, rural-urban population
and migration are subjects matters of both geography and population
studies. Geographers are interested on uncontrolled phenomenon of the
environmental process, while population experts are interested on
controlled variables of the society. For example, climate, natural resources,
rivers, forests, mountains, etc., are uncontrolled variables of the population
studies, while facts, figures, and data about the population are controlled
variables of the population studies. Geographers and demographers are
stated that in hot regions low capital formation and higher birth rate are
recorded as compared to other regions.
(xv) Population Studies and Agriculture- Population and agriculture are
intimately interconnected. Without knowing population trends agriculture
scientist cannot understand the demand and supply of food to feed the
mass. Earlier we have discussed ideas of Malthus and Boserup regarding
agriculture, food security and population growth. At present, agriculture
professionals have challenges for food and nutrition security owing to
changing demographic characteristics of the nation. In the era of
liberalization, privatization and globalization, population studies and
agriculture studies utmost important issues and challenges for sustainable
development and health.
(xiv) Population Studies and Health Studies – Morbidity rate and hospitality
rate is the interest of population studies and health studies. Due to climate
change, various kind of ailments are emerging year by year. Population
studies indicate requirement of the health facilities infrastructure
development at present and for future based on population growth.
Check Your Progress 2
Note : a) Write your answer in about 50 words
b) Check your answer with possible answers given at the end of the unit.
1) Briefly compare Demography and Population Studies.
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2) What is scope of population studies with special reference to economic affairs?
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Population Studies:
An Overview 1.6 LET US SUM UP
The population studies is concerned with size or numbers, its structure and
characteristics, its distribution and the changes taking place over a period of time.
It is also implied in this description that the subject matter of population studies
includes the study of fertility, mortality, migration and social mobility that is the
components of change in the size, structure, characteristics and distribution of
population. Population structure implies the age and sex structure of the population
and population characteristics include such characteristics as marital status, literacy
and educational status, labour force status, etc. Population characteristics however
can and do change through social mobility that is through movements of individuals
from one status to another for example from single to married status and also through
fertility, mortality and migration (Asha and Tara).

1.7 REFERENCES AND SUGGESTED READINGS

Asha A. Bhende and Tara Kanitkar, 2010. Principles of Population Studies, Himalaya
Publishing House, Mumbai.
Donald J Bogue. 1969. Principles of Demography, John Wiley and sons, New York.
Hans Raj, 2003. Fundamentals of Demography. Surjeet Publications, Delhi.
Izabela Grabowska, et al. 2017. Migration, Diaspora and Citizenship, Palgrave
Macmillan, Springer, Landon.
K. Srinivasan, 2011. Training Manual on Demographic Techniques, UNFPA and
Census of India, Registrar General and Census Commissioner, Office of Registrar
General, India, Ministry of Home Affair, Government of India.
M.L. Jhingan, B.K. Bhatt and J.N. Desai, [Link], Vrinda Publication,
Delhi.
R.C. Chandna. 2004. Geography of Population: Concepts, Determinants and Pattterns.
Kalyani Publishers. New Delhi.
Sarda Prasad, 2021. Migration and Rural Development: Pre-covid scenario, Notion
Press, Chennai.
W.T.S. Gould, 2009. Migration and Development, Routledge, London
United Nations, 1970. Methods of Measuring Internal Migration, Manual VI,
Population Division, reference Centre, ST/SOA/series A/47.
[Link]
%20Studies-POPS%201011%20Main%[Link] downloaded on August 04,
2022.

1.8 CHECK YOUR PROGRESS - POSSIBLE

ANSWERS
Check Your Progress 1

18 Q. Define population and list its components

 A. Population is a group of human beings in terms of human population while Scope of Population
Studies
population means mass of living being at a particular location in particular
time. According to Meriam Dictionary “the total number of individuals
occupying an area or making up a whole” is called population. There are
three components of population i.e., Birth (fertility), Death (Mortality) and
Migration (Movement of people).
Check Your Progress 2
Q1. Compare Demography and Population Studies in brief
A. Demography and population studies are not mutually exclusive. Demos is
Latin word which means people and graphy means structural organization
for study. Thus, demography is the science of people. It is the mathematical
and statistical study of the size, composition and spatial distribution of human
population. Population studies is a method of scientific study of the factors
related socio-economic, political, health, cultural, environmental,
psychological, regional, agriculture, technological use, industrial development,
etc., for human welfare. Population studies are the study of development
issues and challenges for the population and the study of factors influencing
development. Thus, we can say that demography is the part of population
studies.
Q2. What is scope of population studies with special reference of economic affairs?
A. Population studies determined by economic structure and economic
characteristics of the population. Population studies led the working age
population and their dependency on economic working age population.
Population affects by income, education, occupation, labour force
participation, production of goods, services, and industrial activities are
important economic variables for population studies.

1.9 IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY OF POPULATION

STUDIES
Census- as the total process of collecting, compiling and publishing demographic,
economic and social data pertaining, at a specified time or times to all person in a
country or delimited territory” (Hans Raj). In other words complete enumeration
of population or counting of each heads and their characteristics is census.
Census Techniques- there are two census techniques De facto method of census
and De jure methods. De facto census means enumeration of person wherever
found over night. That is why de facto is called census night, date system, or one
night enumeration system. De Jure is every person in an area is personally counted
and information obtained from him.
Proportion- it is a kind of particular ratio which express the size of one part of a
whole in relation to the size of another part of the same whole.
Rates- it expressed what has happened in terms of a certain unit of time.
Age structure of population – it is number of full years lived by an individual. In
other words, it is the age at last birthday that is generally used. The change in the
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Population Studies: number of births first affects the child age group. Age structure is influence future
An Overview
demographic events as well.
Population momentum- rapid decline of fertility in the future, the number of births
might keep on increasing because of rise in the number of women in the reproductive
age in the future. This is simply because of there is an increasing number and proportion
of potential parents who will enter the child bearing ages, who are already born
and thus the population will continue to grow in size. This is called population
momentum.
Sex composition- it is simply sex ratio in the society. Sex ratio is number of male
divided by number of female multiply by 1000.
Child sex ratio = female children 0-6 year / male children 0-6 year * 1000
Death- permanent disappearance of all evidence of life at any time after live birth
has taken place. Foetal death is not included in death. Foetal death is the complete
expulsion or extraction from its mother of a product of conception, irrespective of
the duration of pregnancy; foetus does not breathe or show any other evidence of
life.
Fertility- the average number of children that would be born to a woman if she
experiences the current fertility pattern in her life time.
Marriage – legal union of persons of opposite sex either legal court or religious
practices.
Mean age at marriage – it is the average number of years at which a person is
married. In simple terms it is the sum of the ages of marriage of N persons who
are married in the same year to the number N.
Population Density- total number of persons living per square km area.
Infecundity- inability to produce a child
Migration – an event in which people go from one geographical area to another
geographical area to live permanently or for particular duration.
Migration rate – during a particular time period, how much percentage of population
has migrated.
Cohort – a group of persons having common classification or demographic experience
or demographic status of the same period.
Crude Birth Rate (CBR) – number of births per thousand populations per year
in a given area.
Crude Death Rate (CDR) – in a particular area, the number of persons dying
per thousand populations per year.
Urbanization – increasing of urban population owing to any cause i.e., by natural
or migration.
Urbanization rate (%) = urban population / total population *100
Age sex pyramid or population pyramid- age structure of population classified
by sex in the form of histogram.
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Index of Ageing = population aged 60 + years / population aged 0-14 years *100 Scope of Population
Studies
Expectation of life at birth – number of years a new born child is expected to
live under current mortality conditions.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)- number of infants dying under one year of age in
a year per 1000 live births of the same year.
Life Table – mathematical sample which shows the picture of condition regarding
death rate in a country and fulfils the basis of measuring the average expected life
of cohort at each age of life.
Exponential Population Growth- the population continues to change continuously
over time. To compute this rate we use formula: Pt = P0 er t
Pt=population 2011, P0= Population 2001, e= growth rate, t= time at the end of the
period
Dependency Ratio = it is the ratio of the population below the age of 15 years
and those aged 60 years and above per 100 of the population aged 15-59 years.
Work Participation Rate (WPR) = this is the proportion of all workers in a given
geographical area to total population of that area and is normally obtained as a
percentage, it is called crude work participation rate since the denominator includes
even children in 0-4 years age group who are not workers.
WPR= Workers / Population *100
Literacy rate = it is the proportion of literate persons in a given population at any
point of time. It is normally computed as a percentage.

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