The views expressed in this paper are the views of the author and do not necessarily reflect the

views or policies of the Asian Development Bank (ADB), or its Board of Governors, or the governments they represent. ADB does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this paper and accepts no responsibility for any consequence of their use. The countries listed in this paper do not imply any view on ADB's part as to sovereignty or independent status or necessarily conform to ADB's terminology.

Puja Gupta, PhD

Associate Professor and Head, Department of Resource Management and Design Application, Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi

February 28 2012, Manila

Gender Issues & Imperatives: An Indian Perspective

Introduction

Entrepreneurship has grown rapidly, visibly so, creating wealth and generating employment, especially in the past twenty years. India enjoys enormous potential for entrepreneurship development. Key drivers for generating Entrepreneurship and Innovation are: Education and information Availability of skilled human resources Access to finance

Enabling environment

Gender Issues & Imperatives: A Perspective

Entrepreneurship in Industrial sector in India

No. Of MSMEs
300
250

261.01

272.79

285.16

298.08

200
150 100 50 0

123.42

No.in lakhs

2009-10 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-20 *Projected data for the year to 2009-20. ** Data for 2005-06 pertain to small scale industries (SSI) only *Projected data for the year 2007-08 to 2009-10. ** Data for 2005-06 pertain to small scale industries (SSI) only

Source: Annual Reports, Ministry of Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME)

Entrepreneurship in Industrial sector in India

SIZE OF REGISTERED MSME SECTOR
Urban Rural Services Manufacturing

33%
45% 55%

67%

100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Series1

Source: Annual Reports, Ministry of Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME)

Gender Issues & Imperatives: A Perspective

Micro 94.94 Small 4.89 Medium 0.17

Entrepreneurship in Industrial sector in India

The Entrepreneurship Pyramid - in terms of sectors and numbers of people engaged

Level 4 EMERGING SECTORS

OLD ECONOMY & TRADITIONAL SECTORS

Level 3

Level 2 TRADING SERVICES

AGRICULTURE & OTHER ACTIVITY

Source: National Knowledge Commission (NKC), 2008

Gender Issues & Imperatives: A Perspective

Level 1

Entrepreneurship in Industrial sector in India

Source: National Knowledge Commission (NKC), 2008

Women Owned Enterprises in MSME

PERCENTAGE OF WOMEN OWNED ENTERPRISES
% of. Women owned Enterprises

14 12 10 8 6 4

2
0 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2009-10

% of. Women owned Enterprises

Source: Annual Reports, Ministry of Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSME)

Gender Issues & Imperatives: A Perspective

100000

120000

140000

160000

20000

40000

60000

80000

0 JAMMU & KASHMIR HIMACHAL PRADESH PUNJAB

CHANDIGARH
UTTARANCHAL HARYANA DELHI RAJASTHAN UTTAR PRADESH BIHAR SIKKIM ARUNACHAL PRADESH NAGALAND

MANIPUR
MIZORAM TRIPURA MEGHALAYA ASSAM WEST BENGAL JHARKHAND ORISSA CHHATTISGARH MADHYA PRADESH GUJARAT MAHARASHTRA ANDHRA PRADESH KARNATAKA GOA LAKSHADWEEP KERALA TAMIL NADU PONDICHERRY ANDAMAN & NICOBAR ISLANDS

No. of Enterprises Managed By Women

Source: Development Commissioner Micro Small and Medium Entreprises

State-wise distribution

STATE-WISE PARTICIPATION OF WOMEN IN MANAGEMENT/OWNERSHIP IN SSI SECTOR

No. of Women owned Enterprises

Women Entrepreneurship in last Five Decades

50

60

70s
Not only aspired but also had ambition. Looked for support

80

90

Compulsive factors led to women entreprene -urship

Women began to aspire but also accepted the social cultural traditions

Acquired technological and professional education.

Changing concept from male heir to the best heir.

Women capacities started getting recognised

Became equal contributing partners

Women Entrepreneurs of 21st Century

- Jill

of all traits

Improved educational status of women

Willing to venture and discover her identity

Increasing number of women in workforce and industries

Striving for non-traditional avenues

Profile of Women Entrepreneurs

Majority are Graduates in the age range of 30-40 years Married and have nuclear families Operate from home or nearby places Traditional items and Service based industry Sole proprietor Ownership Pattern
1.42 0.85 1.05 5.33 Proprietary Partnership Private com Cooperatives Others 91.35 90.34 Not registered Registered

Enterprise Registration
9.66

Women Entrepreneurs Situational Analysis

Established in big cities Having higher level technical & professional qualifications Non traditional Items Sound financial positions Established in cities and towns Having sufficient education Both traditional and non traditional items Undertaking women services-kindergarten, crches, beauty parlors, health clinic etc

First Category

Categories of Women Entrepreneurs in Practice in India

Second Category

Gender Issues & Imperatives: A Perspective

Third Category

Illiterate women Financially weak Involved in family business such as Agriculture, Horticulture, Animal Husbandry, Dairy, Fisheries, Agro Forestry, Handloom, Power loom etc.

Gender Issues in Entrepreneurship

Social Conditioning Access to Information Limitation in building womens human capital

Lack of personal resources

Lack of Societal Sanctions for Networking Lack of Perceived Competence Lack of Women Entrepreneurs as Role Models Low Risk taking Ability

Gender Issues

Limited Mobility
Access to Credit

Gender Issues

Social Conditioning
Stereo Typical Roles of Women

Male Superiority

Lack of confidence

Lack of motivation

Lack of initiative

Gender Issues
Access to information
Not equally available to men and women Reduces the probability of womens initiatives at entry level Makes women more vulnerable to exploitation

Year Person 43.6 52.2 65.4 74.0

Literacy rate Male 56.4 64.1 75.8 82.1 Female 29.8 39.3 54.2 65.4

1981 1991 2001 2011

Male Female Gap 26.6 24.8 21.6 16.7

Source: Census India Data, 1981-2011

Gender Issues
Limitation in Building Womens Human Capital

Higher investment in male child

Women not regarded as being useful to their own families

Results in lack of education and information to women

Directly affects their potential for economic success

Gender Issues
Lack of Personal Resources

Competing demands on Time and Energy

Lack of Capital

Limit their potential to start entrepreneurial ventures

Gender Issues
Lack of Societal Sanctions for Networking

Lack of Perceived Competence

Therefore less access to critical resources, support and information needed to successfully start and mange a new firm

Erodes self-confidence and diminishes the motivation which are so crucial for enterprise creation

Gender Issues
Lack of Women Entrepreneurs as Role Models Low Risk taking Ability

Lowered the pace of emergence of other women in the entrepreneurial world

Women are suppressed by the protected environment and are not allowed most of the time to take any type of risk

Gender Issues
Confidence to travel across day and night and even in different regions is low in women

Limited Mobility

Diminishes their access to effective marketing and resourcing

Gender

Women remain dependent on intermediaries and are Issues & Imperatives: vulnerable to exploitation

A Perspective

Gender Issues
Access to Credit
LAND AND GENDER INDICATORS Score OECD: Measuring Gender in (equality) Ownership right 2006 Womens Access to Land (to acquire and own land) (Range: 01; 0=no discrimination) 0.5

Womens Access to Property other than Land (Range: 0-1; 0=no discrimination)
Womens Access to Bank Loans (Range: 0-1; 0=no discrimination)

0.5 0.5

FAO: Holders of land classified by sex, 1993

Source: USAID, 2011

Gender Issues
Access to Credit

Banks discretion is found to be gender biased.

Women own less than 10% land (USAID, 2011). Thus, unable to provide collaterals.

Inadequate credit ceases women to create enterprises.

Source: SIDBI, 2008

Gender Issues and Imperatives

- AN INDIAN PERSPECTIVE GENDER ISSUES
Social Conditioning Access to Information Limitation in Building Womens Human Capital Lack of Personal Resources Lack of Societal Sanctions for Networking

IMPERATIVES
Research in women entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship education and training Initiatives to off-load womens work pressure Financial assistance Integrated strategy

Lack of Perceived Competence

Lack of Women Entrepreneurs as Role Models Low Risk taking Ability Limited Mobility Access to Credit

Gender Issues and Imperatives

Thank you!
drpujagupta08@gmail.com