IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. 47, NO.

1, FEBRUARY 2005

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Performance Analysis of Interference Problems Involving DS-SS WLAN Systems and Microwave Ovens
Yasushi Matsumoto, Member, IEEE, Morio Takeuchi, Katsumi Fujii, Member, IEEE, Akira Sugiura, Senior Member, IEEE, and Yukio Yamanaka

AbstractTheoretical and experimental investigations are carried out on the degradation in the performance of DS-SS wireless LAN systems (WLANs) (IEEE802.11b) systems caused by electromagnetic noise radiating from microwave ovens in the 2.4-GHz frequency band. Based on the time-domain oven-noise model, theoretical expressions for short-duration bit-error rates (BERs) and packet-error rate (PERs) are derived. Measurements were done using commercially available microwave ovens and a noise simulator that consisted of a function generator and an RF synthesizer. The PERs measured with actual oven noise were found to correlate well with those derived by simulated noise, and they were in reasonable agreement with the theoretical estimates given by the derived approximate formulae. It is concluded that the noise simulator and the derived approximate expressions were very useful in evaluating the BER and PER of WLAN systems that have incurred interference from microwave ovens. Index TermsAd hoc network, bit-error rate (BER), direct sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS), electromagnetic interface (EMI), industrial, scientic, and medical (ISM), microwave oven, noise model, wireless LAN (WLAN).

I. INTRODUCTION

ARIOUS kinds of wireless LAN (WLAN) systems have come to be widely used in recent years because of their exible operability and cost effectiveness. The IEEE 802.11b WLAN system, however, shares the 2.4-GHz frequency band with industrial, scientic, and medical (ISM) equipment, and, hence, the electromagnetic noise emitted from ISM equipment may cause interference in wireless links. The most popular household appliances utilizing this frequency band are microwave ovens whose noise easily exceeds in magnitude the signal of WLAN links. Thus, microwave-oven noise is considered to be a major cause of degraded performance in 2.4-GHz WLAN systems. Many theoretical and experimental analyses have been done on evaluating and reducing the interference in wireless systems, including WLAN, caused by microwave-oven noise [1][7]. However, these were based on stochastic models of

Manuscript received July 8, 2003; revised May 26, 2003. Y. Matsumoto and Y. Yamanaka are with the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology, Tokyo 184-8795, Japan (e-mail: ymatsumoto@ nict.go.jp). M. Takeuchi was with Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan. He is now with Murata Manufacturing Company, Ltd., Yasu 520-2393, Japan. K. Fujii and A. Sugiura are with the Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8577, Japan. Digital Object Identier 10.1109/TEMC.2004.842114

microwave-oven noise. For example, empirical models were developed using the noises amplitude probability distribution (APD) [1], [2]. Middletons impulse noise model [8] was employed to evaluate the bit-error rate (BER) in wireless links [3], [5]. In recent years, stochastic models of microwave-oven noise have been developed taking into consideration the fact that actual oven noise has periodic burst envelopes. In addition, intermittent Gaussian noise chopped by periodic pulses ( -mixture model) [9] has been applied in analyzing the performance of a direct sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS) system [6]. Mingxin and Ling [7] proposed a method of producing periodic bursts of random noise with a given Middletons class-A APD to simulate microwave-oven noise. These stochastic models have, however, been expressed in terms of statistical parameters such as APD, and, hence, no information has been provided on time-domain noise waveforms. Since microwave-oven noise has burst envelopes, which depend strongly on the observation frequency, APD-based performance analyses of WLAN systems have had the following drawbacks. 1) It is generally difcult to evaluate short-duration BER characteristics, which are necessary in investigating the packet-error rate (PER) performance of WLAN systems with interference. 2) To analyze the BER in spread spectrum systems, we must assume that successive amplitudes of received oven noise sampled at the chip rate take independent random values having a given APD. However, with actual oven noise, there is sometimes a correlation with chip duration, which affects BER performance, as will be discussed in the following sections. To resolve these problems, we proposed a time-domain model for microwave-oven noise and demonstrated its validity in [10], [11]. Using the same model, we investigate degradation in the BER and PER of a DS-SS WLAN system caused by microwaveoven noise. The time-domain noise model is briey explained in the next section. In Section III, we discuss theoretical analysis and numerical simulations on the BER in a DS-SS WLAN system using this model. Useful approximate formulae are also derived. Section IV discusses measurements of PER in a WLAN system obtained using commercially available transceivers and microwave ovens. Measurements were also done using simulated noise that was produced by the set of a function generator and an RF synthesizer based on the time-domain noise model. The experimental results corroborate the validity and usefulness of our theoretical analyses.

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II. MICROWAVE-OVEN NOISE MODEL [11] A. Time-Domain Noise Model Microwave-oven noise is caused by the leakage of electromagnetic waves generated by a magnetron in the oven at around 2.4 GHz. RF wave generation only occurs during the time interval when the magnetron driving voltage (anode voltage) exceeds a threshold for oscillation. A high driving voltage is produced by directly supplying ac-mains voltage to a step-up transformer (so called transformer-type oven) or through an inverter (inverter-type oven). As a result, microwave ovens generate RF pulses in the 2.4-GHz band at the frequency of the ac mains (50 or 60 Hz) or at the switching frequency of the inverter (typically 30 to 60 kHz). The RF pulse produced is a pulsed sinusoidal wave whose instantaneous amplitude and frequency vary widely with the instantaneous magnetron driving voltage. Considering this mechanism of RF pulse generation, We made the following assumptions in developing their noise model [10], [11]. a) A noise pulse has a width equal to the time interval during exceeds threshold voltage which the driving voltage . b) The instantaneous amplitude of the pulse envelope varies linearly with the driving voltage (amplitude modulation). c) The instantaneous frequency also changes linearly with the driving voltage (frequency modulation). Thus, microwave-oven noise can be expressed with the following noise model:

The instantaneous frequency changes in accordance with in the frequency range of , as represented by (4). The proposed noise model has six independent parameters, , and . All of these can be determined by measuring the spectrum and waveform of actual noise, as detailed in [11]. Since magnetron oscillation is strongly affected by the volume, position, and temperature of food materials inside the oven, the actual values of noise parameters , and vary considerably over time due to the changes in these load conditions. However, the uctuations of the noise parameters in symbol duration or in packet duration of WLAN system are practically negligible. Therefore, the noise parameters can be considered constant in evaluating short-duration BER or PER. The PER for longer durations is given by averaging short-duration PER weighting it with the probability density of noise parameters. B. Band-Limited Noises Since received oven noise is band limited by the RF and IF lters of the receiver, the band-limited noise waveform is necessary to analyze the BER in a WLAN system with interference. If the bandwidth of the receiving lter is wider than the cridened by terion bandwidth (5) band-limited noise can be approximated as (6) repIn (6), denotes the group delay of the lter and resents the Fourier transform of time-shifted impulse response . Equation (6) means that the envelope amof the lter plitude of band-limited noise is modulated with the frequency at the instantaneous frequency of noise. response of the lter From (4) and (6), the amplitude of band-limited noise is related to its instantaneous frequency, as follows: (7) Using (3), the criterion bandwidth following: in (5) is given by the

(1)

denotes the carrier frequency (around 2.45 GHz) for where frequency modulation and is the maximum frequency deviation (typically, from 10 to 50 MHz). The driving voltage is normalized by its maximum value. The maximum amplitude , and the phase of is assumed of the envelope is given by to be uniformly distributed within . The amplitude modis given by ulation with a threshold voltage for for (2)

for transformer type (8a) for inverter type (8b) From typical values of noise parameters, bandwidth is estimated to be around 0.1 MHz for the transformer-type oven and from 2 to 3 MHz for inverter-type ovens. III. THEORETICAL ANALYSIS OF WLAN PERFORMANCE

This model can be easily realized by a combination of FM and AM modulators as is described in Section IV. The magnetron driving voltage is represented as

for transformer type (3a) for inverter type (3b) The ac-mains frequency and inverter switching frequency are denoted by and in (3). The instantaneous frequency of this noise model is given by (4)

A. Formulation of BER and PER IEEE802.11b WLAN systems employ a DS-SS scheme with phase-shift keying (PSK) modulation. Table I summarizes the specications for this system. There is a schematic model of the WLAN receiver we used in analysis in Fig. 1. Received SS , receiver noise , and microwave-oven noise signal are band limited by a band pass lter (BPF) with center fre(channel frequency) and bandwidth (chip rate), quency

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TABLE I MAJOR SPECIFICATIONS OF IEEE 802.11b WLAN [12]

denotes frequency response of the receiving where BPF and represents channel frequency. Note that time in (6) has been redened as in (10). The output of the matched lter is

(11) ( or to ) represents the where denotes code length. In (11), Barker code sequence and represents the desired matched pulse. Let have a positive or or , corresponding to transmitted negative peak value, ( ; integer, ). symbol 1 or 0, at has variance . Gaussian noise Oven noise at the matched lters output is given by (12) To evaluate oven noise , the following approximations may be applicable according to the frequency variation rate of the oven noise. ): If symbol a) CW Approximation (Symbol Rate dened by (5), the received oven rate is larger than the noise can be assumed to be a CW in symbol duration, and the approximation (6) can again be applied to oven noise

Fig. 1.

Schematic model of WLAN receiver.

and then down converted to baseband components , . The output of the down converter is sampled at chip and and input to a matched lter, which outputs the correrate lation with the spreading code . Finally, the matched lters output is sampled at symbol rate and bit decision is made according to the phase of the sampled value. In this paper, we focused on the most basic case, i.e., BPSK modulation spread by the Barker code, and we made the following assumptions to simplify analysis. 1) Carrier frequency and chip clock are ideally recovered in the receiver. 2) Intersymbol interference is negligible. 3) Receiver noise is white Gaussian with single-sided power . spectral density 4) The occurrence of transmitted symbols 0 and 1 are equally probable. sampled at time ( ; integer) is Matched-lter input , Gaussian noise with variance a sum of the signal , and oven noise (9) Since the receiving BPF bandwidth ( MHz) is much given by (5) and (8), the wider than the criterion bandwidth approximation (6) can be applied to band-limited oven noise. Hence, oven noise can be represented as

(13) is In (13), the instantaneous frequency of oven noise represents the frequency response of dened by (4), and the matched lter, i.e., the Fourier transform of the impulse response of the matched-lter (14) Fig. 2 shows the frequency response of the matched-lter using the Barker code . Note that amplitude is a periodic function with a period of (11 MHz) has minimal value if frequency is an and that . Amplitude is approximately integer multiple of except for the neighborhood of the above-mentioned at the minima. From (13), the amplitude of oven noise matched-lter output can easily be obtained by weighting the iniwith frequency responses and tial amplitude at the instantaneous frequency of oven noise.

(10)

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY, VOL. 47, NO. 1, FEBRUARY 2005

Fig. 2. Frequency response of matched-lter (length 11).

(f )j with Barker code

Fig. 3.

On the other hand, phase in (13) can be regarded as a random variable having a uniform distribution within because the initial phase of oven noise is distributed uniformly within . has peak value or Recalling that matched pulse at and that Gaussian noise has variance (11), the bit-error probability at for a given phase obtained as follows: in is

N A =(2

Bit-error probability calculated from (17a) as a function of ) and N jI j =(2 ).

or Averaging bit-error probability is obtained

over , the time-dependent

(17a) (15)

differential encoding If the transmitted binary data is differentially encoded, the bit-error probability is given by

(17b)

(16)

Bit-error probability is plotted in Fig. 3 as a function of and . It should be noted that the above two parameters correspond to the interference-to-noise ratio (INR) and one half of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the matched lters output, respectively. The dependence of biterror probability on INR is found to be small when the INR is less than dB. Since criterion bandwidth [given by (8)] is typically 0.1 MHz for transformer-type oven noise, as mentioned in Section II, and is much lower than symbol rate (1 Mbps), (17) is considered to be a good approximation yielding the probability of bit error caused by transformer-type oven noise. b) Gaussian Approximation (Symbol Rate ): If frequency variations of oven noise in symbol duration are much greater than the symbol rate, i.e., , the phase of sampled noise in (12) may be distributed

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uniformly within . According to the central limit thesampled at matched-lter output can orem, oven noise be considered to be a mutually-independent Gaussian random variable with variance given by

(18) This equation yields a generalized form for the intermittent Gaussian noise model [9]. Time-dependent bit-error probability can be obtained as follows:

Fig. 4. Comparison of PERs calculated from (21a) and those from (22). Data length = 1000 bits. Solid lines: calculated from (21a). Dotted lines: calculated from (22).

(19a) In practice, it is time consuming to numerically calculate (21a), especially for a large , and an approximated form can be obin (21b) with the detained by replacing the ned by (17a) differential encoding (19b)

for inverter-type The typical value of criterion bandwidth ovens is from 2 to 3 MHz, which is not much greater than symbol rate (1 MHz). However, even though the conditions for the above Gaussian approximation are not fully satised, (19) can still be applied to predicting the BER degradation caused by inverter-type oven noise, as will be discussed in the next section. Using the time-dependent bit-error probability given by (17) or (19), we can evaluate the average BER and PER. The average or over a BER is given by taking an average of to , i.e. period from (20) Since WLAN packets employ differential encoding, symbols are used to recover information bits in the packet. A packet error occurs if there are one or more error bits in the packet because no error correction coding is applied in WLAN packet. Hence, time-dependent PER can be evaluated as

(22) To verify the validity of this approximation, we compared the PERs calculated from (22) with those from (21a) for various at the matched lters output. As can be seen from Fig. 4, (22) provides a very good approximation of (21a) if the PER is less than 0.1. It should also be noted that the last terms in (21a), (21b), and (22) are practically negligible. Since packet transmissions occur randomly, the average PER is given by averaging the time-dependent PER

(23) B. Calculated Results Average BER and PER were calculated using the aforementioned approximations with the oven noise parameters listed in Table II. Although, in general, the actual values of the param, and , gradually change over time, as deeters, scribed in Section II, they were assumed to be constant for the calculations to allow the discussion of fundamental BER characteristics. The receiving BPF was approximated as an ideal Gaussian lter with a bandwidth of 11 MHz. The average BER calculated from (20) is plotted in Fig. 5 as a function of CNR (dened as ). In the gures, the peak power of oven noise normalized by the Gaussian noise power is 20 dB. To verify the validity of the derived approximations, we conducted Monte Carlo simulations employing the exact expression (11) for the matched-lter output.

CW approximation

(21a)

Gaussian approximation

(21b)

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TABLE II NOISE PARAMETERS FOR CALCULATIONS AND NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS

With respect to interference caused by transformer-type oven noise, Fig. 5(a) shows that the BERs yielded by simulation correlate extremely well with the ones calculated by CW approximation. In contrast to this, the simulation for inverter-type oven noise yielded intermediate BER values between those obtained by CW and Gaussian approximations as can be seen from Fig. 5(b). It should be noted that channel frequency chosen for Fig. 5(a) and (b) is nearly equal to , around which oven noise reaches maximum amplitude and minimum frequency variation rate. Fig. 5(c) has the results we calculated and simulated for lower channel frequency, where the BER is generally lower than that in Fig. 5(b) because oven noise has a smaller peak amplitude at the input of the matched lter. Fig. 5(c) also proves that simulation yields results that are closer to those given by the Gaussian approximation compared with the case in Fig. 5(b). This can be understood as follows. From (3) and (4), the frequency variation rate of inverter-type oven noise is given by

(24) Since receiving BPF is tuned to channel frequency , the enhas pulsevelope amplitude of band-limited oven noise like waveform around instants that satisfy )= (note that ). From (24), the frequency variation rate at one such instant is . This means that band-limited oven noise has a larger frequency variation rate if a lower channel frequency is selected. Hence, the successive values of sam, etc., have less correlation, and pled oven noise the Gaussian approximation for (12) improves. Considering the above, we can conclude that Gaussian approximation yields a good estimate of worst-case BER for WLAN links that incur interference from inverter-type oven noise. The average PERs calculated from (22) and (23) and are plotted in Fig. 6 for the same noise parameters and channel frequency used in Fig. 5(a). The horizontal axis represents , i.e., the ratio of signal power to peak power of oven noise. The PER exhibits a steep increase at a threshold value of dB, where peak oven-noise amplitude equals signal amplitude at the matched lters output. Since the CNR is considerably high (20 dB) in this example, BER and PER increase very rapidly as oven-noise amplitude exceeds signal

Fig. 5. Comparison of BER characteristics calculated for noise parameters in Table II. Bit rate = 1 Mbps. (a) Transformer-type oven, f = 2462 MHz. (b) Inverter-type oven, f = 2462 MHz. (c) Inverter-type oven, f = 2442 MHz.

amplitude. Since the repetition rate of oven noise is 50 Hz is about and the pulse width of band-limited oven noise 4 ms in this example, a packet whose length is longer than 16 ms must overlap in part with an oven noise burst, and PER decreases. For a approaches 100% as power ratio shorter packet, there is some possibility of packet transmission without overlap with oven noise bursts, and the upper bound of is limited by packet length and CNR. PER for a low

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11 904 bits.
Fig. 6. Calculated PER with the same noise parameters and channel frequency as those in Fig. 5(a). CNR = 20 dB. Bit rate = 1 Mbps.

Fig. 8. PER measured with Gaussian noise. Bit rate = 1 Mbps. Data length =

Fig. 7. Measurement system simulating WLAN link with interference from oven noise.

IV. COMPARISON WITH EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS We measured the PER of an actual WLAN link employing two types of microwave ovens that are available for domestic use. The layout for the measurement system is in Fig. 7. The transceiver was a commercially available WLAN card of PCMCIA type, which was installed in a notebook PC. The antenna port of the WLAN card was connected to the measurement system with a coaxial cable to form a wired link. WLAN1 and WLAN2 in the gure were the transmitter and the receiver for data packets. WLAN2 returned an ACK (acknowledgment) packet when it received a data packet correctly. The transmitting power of the ACK packet from WLAN2 was set to 15 dBm, which was higher than that of the data packet, to ensure correct reception of the ACK packet by WLAN1. The microwave-oven noise was received with a double ridged guide horn antenna (DRGA) 1 m from the oven in an anechoic chamber and was then injected into the WLAN link through a variable attenuator. The oven was operated with a load of 1.5 L of water. During PER measurement, we measured the noise spectrum with a spectrum analyzer to determine the noise parameters

to calculate the theoretical values of PER. To allow quantitative discussion, it is important to stabilize oven noise parameters, such as amplitude and frequency, because it takes a few minutes to measure PER. Domestic microwave ovens usually have a mechanism that rotates the food to ensure uniform exposure to microwaves and since this is a major cause of variations in oven-noise parameters, the turntable was mechanically xed during measurement. In addition, to ensure further reproducible measurement, we developed an oven noise simulator using a set made up of a function generator and an RF synthesizer (Fig. 7). The simulator could generate pseudo oven noise with noise parameters determined from measurements of actual oven noise. Table II lists the noise parameters determined during the experiment. As we can see from Table I, the data packet of a WLAN consists of a preamble, a physical layer convergence protocol (PLCP) header segment and a medium access control (MAC) data segment. The header and the MAC data segments are independently coded by the cyclic redundancy check (CRC), which can detect (but cannot correct) bit errors in a corresponding segment. If one or more bit errors are found, the receiver detects packet error. The WLAN transceivers were operated in link-test mode, and we measured the number of received packets including bit errors in the data segment. For comparison, we calculated theoretical values of PER using the noise parameters in Table II and (21)(23). We set the data length of a data packet to 1450 bytes in the experiment. The total length of the MAC bits, including the MAC data segment was header (30 bytes) and the CRC (8 bytes). We xed the number of transmitted packets to 1000 when simulated oven noise was used for PER measurement. We reduced this to 100 using actual oven noises to shorten the measuring time and avoid the adverse effects of time variation in oven-noise characteristics. The PER measured without applying oven noise is in Fig. 8 with the theoretical values. The measured PER differs from calculated values by 1 to 5 dB. One possible cause is the phase error in the carrier or the timing clock recovered in the actual receiver, because theoretical analysis assumed an ideally synchronized system. Measured PERs for two types of oven noises are

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expressions that would explain performance degradation in DS-SS WLAN links that was due to oven noise. We used the time-domain model for oven noise as the theoretical basis of our investigations. Commercially available microwave ovens can be categorized into two types according to the magnetron driving mechanism; i.e., they are either transformer or inverter types. In transformertype ovens, variations in noise frequency in the symbol duration of WLANs are not so rapid compared with the symbol rate. Thus, assuming that noise behaves like a CW, we derived approximate formulae for the BER and the PER. In contrast, inverter-type microwave ovens change noise frequency at a faster rate and we employed the Gaussian approximation in developing a useful formulae for the BER and PER. Measurements were also carried out to validate these theoretical formulae using WLAN transceivers and microwave ovens. Additional measurements were done on simulated oven noise generated by a set made up of a function generator and an RF synthesizer. We found that the PERs measured with actual oven noise correlated well with those derived with simulated noise, and these were in reasonable agreement with the theoretical estimates given by the derived approximate formulae. From these results, we concluded that the noise simulator and the derived approximate expressions were very useful in evaluating the adverse effects of oven noise on WLAN systems. We intend to conduct further studies on performance in wireless systems, taking into account the time variations in oven-noise parameters. REFERENCES
[1] K. L. Blackard, T. S. Rappaport, and C. W. Bostian, Measurements and models of radio frequency impulsive noise for indoor wireless communications, IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 11, no. 7, pp. 9911001, Jul. 1993. [2] Y. Yamanaka and T. Shinozuka, Statistical parameter measurement of unwanted emission from microwave ovens, in Proc. IEEE Int. Symp. EMC, Aug. 1995, pp. 5761. [3] H. Kanemoto, S. Miyamoto, and N. Morinaga, Modeling of microwave oven interference using class-A impulsive noise and optimum reception, IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. E80-B, no. 5, pp. 670677, 1997. [4] A. Karmerman and N. Erkocevic, Microwave oven interference on wireless LANs operating in the 2.4 GHz ISM band, in Proc. 8th IEEE Int. Symp. Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communication, Sep. 1997, pp. 12211227. [5] S. Unawong, S. Miyamoto, and N. Morinaga, A novel receiver design for DS-CDMA systems under impulsive radio noise environment, IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. E82-B, no. 6, pp. 936943, 1999. [6] , EMI suppression technique for ISM-band WLANs using multi code transmission and EMI observation channel, IEICE Trans. Commun., vol. E83-B, no. 3, pp. 532540, 2000. [7] N. Mingxin and L. Ling, Simulation of microwave oven interference on digital radio communication systems, in Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. EMC, Beijing, China, 2002, pp. 513516. [8] D. Middleton, Statistical-physical models of electromagnetic interference, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 106127, Aug. 1997. [9] S. V. Kenneth, Threshold detection in narrow-band non-Gaussian noise, IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. COM-32, no. 2, pp. 134139, Feb. 1984. [10] M. Takeuchi, Y. Matsumoto, A. Sugiura, and Y. Yamanaka, A timedomain noise model for evaluation of interfered communication system performance, in Proc. 3rd Int. Symp. EMC, Beijing, China, 2002, pp. 517520. [11] Y. Matsumoto, M. Takeuchi, K. Fujii, A. Sugiura, and Y. Yamanaka, A time-domain microwave oven noise model for the 2.4 GHz band, IEEE Trans. Electromagn. Compat., vol. EMC-45, no. 3, pp. 561566, Aug. 2003.

Fig. 9. PER measured with actual and simulated oven noises. Thick lines: with actual oven noise. Broken lines: with simulated noise. CNR = 23:3 dB. Bit rate = 1 Mbps. Data length = 11 904 bits. (a) Transformer-type oven, f = 2472 MHz. (b) Inverter-type oven, f = 2462 MHz.

in Fig. 9. The horizontal axis indicates the signal to peak oven shown in Fig. 6. We found that the noise power ratio PERs measured with real oven noise generally agreed well with those obtained through simulated noise, which demonstrates the validity of the noise model given by (1) to (3). Considering the difference in PER between theoretical and experimental results obtained without oven noise in Fig. 8, we can conclude that the measured PER characteristics in Fig. 9 have reasonable agreement with the theoretical values. V. CONCLUSION Since IEEE 802.11b WLANs share a frequency band of 2.4 GHz with microwave ovens, we conducted theoretical and experimental investigations to develop useful numerical

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[12] Wireless LAN Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY) Specications: High-speed Physical Layer Extension in the 2.4 GHz Band. IEEE Standard 802.11b (Supplement to ANSI/IEEE Std 802.11, 1999 Edition).

Katsumi Fujii (M03) received the B.E., M.E., and Ph.D. degrees in electronic engineering from the University of Electro-Communications, Tokyo, Japan, in 1996, 1998, and 2001, respectively. In 2001, he became a Research Associate at the Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan. His research interests include EMC antennas and measurements. Dr. Fujii is a Member of IEICE.

Yasushi Matsumoto (M99) received the B.E., M.E., and Ph.D. degrees from Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, in 1983, 1985, and 1998, respectively. From 1985 to 1999, he was with the Communications Research Laboratory (currently the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology), Tokyo, Japan, where he was engaged in research and development of space communications and satellite antennas. From 1990 to 1994, he was with the National Space Development Agency of Japan, Tokyo (currently the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency). Since 1999, he has been an Associate Professor at Tohoku University. His research interests include electromagnetic compatibility and wireless communications.

Akira Sugiura (M90SM99) received the B.S. degree in applied physics from Fukui University, Fukui, Japan, the M.S. degree in applied physics from Osaka University, Osaka, Japan, and the Ph.D. degree from the Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan, in 1966, 1968, and 1996, respectively. After graduation, he joined Communications Research Laboratory (currently the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology), Tokyo. He became a Professor at the Research Institute of Electrical Communication, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, in 1999. He has been engaged in research work on EMC measurement technology and involved in CISPR activities.

Morio Takeuchi received the B.E. and M.E. degrees in communication engineering from Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, in 2000 and 2002, respectively. In 2003, he joined Murata Manufacturing Company, Ltd., Yasu, Japan. His research interests include wireless communications.

Yukio Yamanaka received the B.S. and M.S. degrees in electrical engineering from Nagoya University, Nagoya, Japan, in 1980 and 1983, respectively. In 1983, he joined the Radio Research Laboratory [renamed the Communications Research Laboratory in 1988 and currently the National Institute of Information and Communications Technology (NICT)], Ministry of Posts and Telecommunications, Tokyo, Japan. He is currently a Group Leader of the EMC Measurement Group at the NICT. He has been engaged in the study of statistical characteristics of man-made noise and EMC measurement. He is a Member of IEICE and IEEJ.