SHIELD INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

Advent Term

Name of pupil: _ Year: 4

Week: 1 - 6 Date: ………………………………………………………………
Subject: Science Topic: SKELETAL SYSYTEM
Name of Teacher: Mr. Richard Annang
Indicator
Organ Systems
LEARNING OUTCOME
By the end of the lesson, the learner will be able to:
• Understand what a skeleton is.
• State the functions of the skeleton.
• State the parts of the human skeleton.
• Describe what a joint is.
• State the joints in the skeletal system.
• Describe what a muscle is.
• State some parts of the human muscles.

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 THE SKELETAL SYSTEM
The skeletal system is the framework (shape-form) of an organism. In the image below you can see that
it’s easy to tell which animal it is. Skeleton is made of bones. When you are standing why don’t you
simply fall? You can stand, walk, and run because of the bones of your body. Bones support the human
body. They are the structure on which your skin hangs. Bones provide support and protection for every
part of the human body. The whole bone structure of your body is called the skeleton. You are born with
about 300 bones, but as you grow some of the bones join together resulting in a total of 206 bones as an
adult. One-fourth of them or about 52 bones make up your feet and ankles. The bones work with other
parts of your body too.

TYPES OF SKELETONS
A skeletal system is necessary to support the body, protect internal organs, and allow for the
movement of an organism. There are three different skeleton designs that fulfill these functions:
hydrostatic skeleton, exoskeleton, and endoskeleton.

Hydrostatic Skeleton
A hydrostatic skeleton is a skeleton formed by a fluid-filled compartment within the body, called
the coelom. The organs of the coelom are supported by the aqueous fluid, which also resists
external compression. This compartment is under hydrostatic pressure because of the fluid and
supports the other organs of the organism. This type of skeletal system is found in soft-bodied
animals such as sea anemones, earthworms, jellyfish, and other invertebrates

Earthworms Jellyfish
Anemone
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Exoskeleton
An exoskeleton is an external skeleton that consists of a hard encasement on the surface of an
organism. For example, the shells of crabs, snails and insects have exoskeletons.

Endoskeleton
An endoskeleton is a skeleton that consists of hard, mineralized structures located within the soft
tissue of organisms.

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 FUNCTIONS OF A SKELETON
• For support: the skeleton helps us to stand, hold some organs in place. Without a skeleton, our
bodies will be floppy and wobbly like a paste.

MAN WITHOUT BONE

MAN WITH BONE

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For movement: the skeleton with the help of muscles helps us to perform multiple movements.
Example jumping, walking, swimming, running, skipping, etc.

• For protection: the skeleton protects some fragile organs in our body. For example, the heart and
lungs are protected by the rib cage, the spinal cord is protected by the spine. while the brain is
protected by the skull.

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 THE PARTS OF THE HUMAN SKELETON.

Clavicle (collar bone)

Phalanges
(Finger bones)

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Your head and brain is Arm bones are connected at
protected by the skull. It also the top to the collarbone and
protects your eyes, face, jaw, shoulder bone. They are
nose, and ears. connected at the bottom to
the hand.
[Grab your reader’s attention with a
great quote from the document or
use this space to emphasize a key In the front of the body, the
point. To place this text box bony rib cage covers the
anywhere on the page, just drag it.] chest. The ribs are the bones
which protect the heart,
lungs, and stomach from
injury. The typical human
Another part of the rib cage body has 12 pairs of ribs for a
is the sternum also called the total of 24. The ribs come in
breastbone. It is a hard bone different sizes.
located in the center of the
chest. It also helps protect Leg bones are attached to the
the heart, lungs, and major bottom of the spine by a group
blood vessels. of bones called the pelvis. The
upper part of the leg is the
thigh bone, which runs into the
knee bone. The lower leg is
made up of two bones and are
attached to the foot.

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MUSCLES

You run. You walk. You lift. You jump. You bend and stretch. How can you
make these movements and many others? If you said by using your muscles,
then you are correct. A muscle helps the bones to move your body and
maintains the position of different parts of your body.
The human body contains over 600 muscles. The muscles are located
under the skin and cover the bones. They do everything from pumping
blood throughout the body to help you lift things as light as a feather or as
heavy as a desk. You can control some of your muscles, but others, like the
heart muscle, do their jobs without you having to think about them.

All muscles are made of the same material, a

type of elastic tissue that works like a rubber
band. (They are not made of rubber.) There
are thousands and thousands of these small
fibers that make up every muscle in the human
body. They are long, thin cells that are
grouped into bundles.

All muscles work by receiving a signal from a

nerve; proteins and chemicals then release energy
resulting in the muscle’s contraction. This means
the muscle pulls the bones connected closer
together. At the same time, other muscles may
expand or relax, allowing muscle pairs to work
together and help you move back and forth.
This is how the biceps and triceps in your arms
work. When the biceps contract, the triceps will
relax, allowing your arm to bend. When
straightening the arm again, the opposite takes
place; the biceps will relax and the triceps will
contract. The muscles are working together by
relaxing and contracting.
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 There are two categories of muscles: involuntary and voluntary.

Involuntary muscles are the muscles Voluntary muscles are those you
that move on their own without can control. Examples of two of
your help. these are the biceps and triceps
An example of this type of muscle is in your arms. They do not move
the heart. The heart beats without unless you cause them to
your help. move.

Types ofMuscles

There are also three main types of muscles in the body: smooth, cardiac, and skeletal.

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 • Appear as sheets or layers, with one layer of muscle behind the other
• The brain sends signals through the body to tell the muscle what to do
• Examples include those in the stomach and digestive system, contracting and
Smooth Muscle:
relaxing to allow food to make its journey through the body
involuntary muscle,
moves on its own • If sick, and you throw up, these muscles push food through the esophagus
and out of your mouth
• Found in the bladder, when relaxed, it allows you to hold in urine and is then
contracted when urine is pushed out of the body

• The muscle that makes up the heart also known as the myocardium
Cardiac Muscle: • Thick muscles of the heart contract to pump blood out, and then relax to let
involuntary muscle, blood back in after it has circulated through the body
moves on its own
• A special group of cells within the heart are known as the pacemaker of the
heart because it controls the heart

• They cover the bones and provide strength and flexibility to the body,and
are also called striated muscles

• Are held together to the bones with the help of tendons, acting as connector
Skeletal Muscle: pieces between bone and muscle
voluntary muscle, you
control it • Tendons and bones move together as a muscle is contracted
• Come in many different sizes and shapes, having different jobs to do
• The most powerful muscles are in the back, which helps keep a personupright

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 FACE DELTOIDS

BICEPS
PECTORALS

ABDOMINAL

CARDIAC
(UNDERNEATH )

QUADRICEPS

GLUTEUS MAXIMUS

The face has many muscles that are not attached directly to a bone; attached
Face
under the skin. It takes 17 muscles to smile, and 43 muscles to frown.
Often called the “delts”, located in the shoulders; you use them when
Deltoids
shrugging your shoulders for not knowing an answer.
Found on each side of your upper chest, usually referred to as the “pecs”.
Pectorals
Many athletes and bodybuilders have large pecs.
Below the pecs and under the rib cage are muscles that are most often called
Abdominals
the “abs” for short. You feel these when doing sit-ups.
Located on the front of your thighs, usually called “quads”. Runners, bikers,
Quadriceps
and athletes who use their legs develop strong and large quads.
When you make a muscle in your arm, you are tensing your biceps. You can
Biceps
sometimes see it push up under your skin.
Are you sitting? If yes, then you are sitting on your “glutes”. This is the muscle
Gluteus Maximus
that is under the skin and fat in your behind.

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 Every muscle in your body helps you exercise, smile, cry, sleep, relax, and
live. They are always at work keeping the body functioning. Some work
without your help, others you control, but all work together to keep you in
motion, healthy, and alive.
JOINTS
The point where two or more bones meet is known as a joint. Joints are the
locations where movement takes place. There are two main types of joints; fixed
or immovable joint and movable joint. Under movable joints, we have four types
of movable joints (i.e. Hing joint, Ball and Socket joint, Pivot joint, and Gliding
joint)

THE JOINT (KNEE JOINT)

MUSCLE
BONE

TENDON
CARTILAGE

SYNOVIAL FLUID (SYNOVIA)

LIGAMENT

Tendon is a white hard thread-like tissue that holds two bones together.
Cartilage is a white smooth surface of bones that allows bones to move smoothly
around each other.
A Muscle is an elastic tissue that contracts and relaxes to cause movements around
the joint.
Patella (knee cap) is the small bone found in front of the knee joint.
Synovia is a lubricating fluid that works within the joint to reduce friction.

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 LOCATIONS OF THE MOVABLE JOINTS

PIVOT JOINT

BALL AND SOCKET JOINT

HINGE JOINT

BALL AND SOCKET JOINT

GLIDING JOINT

HINGE JOINT

GLIDING JOINT